what is reba mcentire's net worth

5Narvel Blackstock and Reba Mc Entire announced Monday that they will divorce. (CNN) Country singer Reba Mc Entire and her husband, Narvel Blackstock, announced Monday that they would split after 26 years of marriage. In a joint statement, they said that they have been separated for a few months. Blackstock is Mc Entire's manager.

Reba McEntire and her husband, Narvel Blackstock, split after 26 years

"Reba Mc Entire and her husband, Narvel Blackstock, split after 26 years By Dana Ford, CNNUpdated 3:55 PM ET, Tue August 4, 201

Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Longtime loves Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy announced August 4 that they had ""made the difficult decision to terminate our romantic relationship."" If this crazy couple can't make it work, what hope is there? Hide Caption 31 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Scott Disick and Kourtney Kardashian called it quits after nine years and three kids. According to E! (which hosts all things Kardashian), Kardashian decided to end it over the July Fourth weekend after photos surfaced of Disick with another woman.

Hide Caption 32 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Amy and Matt Roloff, stars of TLC reality series ""Little People, Big World,"" filed for divorce after 27 years of marriage. Hide Caption 33 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actor Ed Asner has reportedly filed for divorce from wife Cindy Gilmore eight years after the couple first split.

The pair married in 1998 and separated almost a decade later. Hide Caption 34 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits After a year of "" Conscious Uncoupling ,"" Gwyneth Paltrow made her split with Chris Martin official, filing for divorce on April 20.

She's seeking joint legal and physical custody of their two children. The A-list pair, who had been married for 10 years before separating in March 2014, reportedly took a ""breakup-moon"" in the Bahamas following their 2014 announcement.

Hide Caption 35 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits""Good Morning America"" co-host Lara Spencer and husband David Haffenreffer released a statement to Page Six in March 2015 stating that they had decided to divorce after 15 years of marriage. The couple have two children. Hide Caption 36 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Mandy Moore and Ryan Adams divorced six years after tying the knot, according to People magazine. ""Mandy Moore and Ryan Adams have mutually decided to end their marriage,"" a representative for Moore said in a statement.

""It is a respectful, amicable parting of ways, and both Mandy and Ryan are asking for media to respect their privacy at this time. ""Hide Caption 37 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Comedian and actor Chris Rock filed for divorce from his wife, Malaak.

They have been married 19 years and have two children. ""Chris Rock has filed for divorce from his wife, Malaak,"" Rock's attorney, Robert S. Cohen, said in a statement. ""This is a personal matter and Chris requests privacy as he and Malaak work through this process and focus on their family.

""Hide Caption 38 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits People reported that actress Helena Bonham Carter and her husband, director Tim Burton, called it quits after 13 years together.

The pair, who worked together on films such as ""Alice in Wonderland"" and ""Dark Shadows,"" ""separated amicably earlier this year and have continued to be friends and co-parent their children,"" a rep told the magazine. Hide Caption 39 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actress Paula Patton filed for divorce from her husband, singer Robin Thicke, in October 2014.

The couple, who mutually decided to separate in February, have one child together, Julian Fuego. Hide Caption 40 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Kris Jenner filed for divorce from Bruce Jenner on September 22, 2014. The couple acknowledged that they separated in October. ""We will always have much love and respect for each other.

Even though we are separated, we will always remain best friends and, as always, our family will remain our No. 1 priority,"" they told E!. Hide Caption 41 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Neil Young had more than a wife in Pegi Young; he also had a musical collaborator and a muse for some of his most classic love songs.

But according to Rolling Stone, Young filed for divorce from his wife of 36 years in July 2014. Hide Caption 42 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actors Idina Menzel and Taye Diggs surprisingly decided to separate after 10 years of marriage, a rep for the couple confirmed to People magazine in December 2013.

The couple's son, Walker, was born in 2009. Hide Caption 43 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Melanie Griffith and Antonio Banderas ""thoughtfully and consensually"" brought an end to their 20-year marriage in June 2013. The two actors released a statement announcing their breakup after reports indicated Griffith had filed for a divorce.

Hide Caption 44 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actors Evan Rachel Wood and Jamie Bell separated after nearly two years of marriage. The couple, who welcomed a son in July 2013, said in a statement that they plan to remain close friends.

Hide Caption 45 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits After a six-year relationship, Miranda Kerr and Orlando Bloom announced in October 2013 that they had decided to formally separate. TMZ indicated that the pair were planning to divorce. The couple, who share a son, said in a statement that they remain amicable.

Hide Caption 46 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Movie veteran Clint Eastwood and his wife of 17 years, Dina, separated over the summer of 2013, according to People. They have one daughter together. Hide Caption 47 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits George Clooney and Stacy Keibler were going strong -- and looking hot on the red carpet -- for two years. But in July 2013, their photogenic romance came to an end. Hide Caption 48 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Jane Seymour and James Keach announced the end of their 20-year union in April 2013.

The couple are the parents of twin sons. Hide Caption 49 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Julianne Hough and Ryan Seacrest decided to take a break in March 2013 after more than two years together, People reported. The duo's busy schedules were to blame, but they plan to stay friends, sources told the magazine. Hide Caption 50 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In September 2012, Will Arnett and Amy Poehler separated after nine years of marriage.

They have two sons. Hide Caption 51 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes ""amicably settled"" their divorce in July 2012, just two weeks after Holmes filed for it, an attorney said.

Holmes and Cruise, who were married for five years, have one daughter. Hide Caption 52 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Former California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separated in May 2011 after 25 years of marriage. The public has since learned of Schwarzenegger's affair with the family's housekeeper that resulted in the birth of his fifth child. Hide Caption 53 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits After almost seven years together, Kate Winslet and director Sam Mendes went their separate ways in March 2010.

The couple said that the split was mutual and that they would continue raising their children together. Hide Caption 54 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman collaborated on four films together, including the controversial ""Eyes Wide Shut,"" during their 11-year marriage. The couple split in 2001. Hide Caption 55 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Susan Sarandon and Tim Robbins split in 2009 after 23 years together.

The pair, who met on the set of ""Bull Durham,"" have two sons but never married. Hide Caption 56 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Mia Farrow appeared in several of Woody Allen's films before the couple went their separate ways in 1992.

The pair reportedly split after Farrow found out about Allen's sexual relationship with one of her adopted daughters, whom Allen married in 1997.

Hide Caption 57 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits MTV ""Newlyweds"" Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey split in 2005 after their three-year marriage. Hide Caption 58 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Reese Witherspoon and Ryan Phillippe were married for seven years before calling it quits in 2006. The pair, who have two children, finalized their divorce in 2008. Hide Caption 59 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston's seven-year romance came to an end in 2005.

Speculation over whether Angelina Jolie had anything to do with the breakup added a juicy angle to the split. Hide Caption 60 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Perhaps Hollywood's happiest divorced couple, Bruce Willis and Demi Moore, split in 1998 after a 10-year relationship. They have three daughters. Hide Caption 61 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan Tatum announced they are separating after nine years of marriage.

Hide Caption 1 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits The pair announced their separation in a joint statement in February.

They married in 2015. Hide Caption 2 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In February comic Sarah Silverman tweeted that she and ""Masters of Sex"" star Michael Sheen broke up after four years. She chalked it up to their long distance relationship. Hide Caption 3 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actress-singer Jennifer Hudson and pro wrestler David Otunga have broken up, according to a statement from her rep.

The pair were engaged for a decade and have a son, David Daniel Otunga, Jr., who was born in 2009. Hide Caption 4 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In September 2017, Gina Torres announced her separation from Laurence Fishburne.

The couple, who were married in 2002 and share a daughter, quietly split the previous year. Hide Caption 5 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In September 2017, Fergie and Josh Duhamel announced they were separating after eight years of marriage.

""To give our family the best opportunity to adjust, we wanted to keep this a private matter before sharing it with the public,"" the couple said in a joint statement. ""We are and will always be united in our support of each other and our family. ""Hide Caption 6 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actors Chris Pratt and Anna Faris announced August 6 that they were separating after eight years of marriage. ""We tried hard for a long time, and we're really disappointed,"" they said in separate social media posts.

Hide Caption 7 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Tom DAgostino Jr. and his reality star wife, the former Luann de Lesseps, have split. ""The Real Housewives of New York City"" star tweeted on August 3 that she and her husband of seven months had decided to divorce.

Hide Caption 8 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner filed for divorce in April, almost two years after they announced they planned to. The couple took many fans by surprised when, one day after their 10th wedding anniversary, they revealed they were splitting. Hide Caption 9 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits People has reported that Tarek El Moussa and Christina El Moussa are separating following an altercation at their home earlier this year.

The parents of two young children are the stars of HGTV's ""Flip or Flop. ""Hide Caption 10 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits The back and forth relationship between Lamar Odom and Khloe Kardashian is over, after a Los Angeles judge finalized their divorce on December 9, 2016.

Hide Caption 11 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Rapper Big Sean and ""Glee"" actress Naya Rivera called off their engagement in April 2013, six months after announcing their plans to wed. Rivera moved on from Big Sean to marry Ryan Dorsey.

Hide Caption 12 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Naomi Watts and Liev Schreiber announced in September 2016 that they were ending their 11-year relationship. They are the parents of two young sons. Hide Caption 13 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Angelina Jolie Pitt filed for divorce from husband actor Brad Pitt in September 2016.

The couple married in 2014, but had been together almost a decade by then. They are the parents of six children. Hide Caption 14 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actor Ricky Schroder and his wife Andrea Bernard have reportedly split after almost 24 years of marriage. The couple share four children together. Hide Caption 15 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits People reported that singer Taylor Swift and producer Calvin Harris split after 15 months. Hide Caption 16 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Keshia Knight Pulliam's husband of only seven months, former football player Ed Hartwell, filed for divorce in July.

The ""Cosby Show"" star said she was blindsided by the news which came soon after she announced she was pregnant with her first child. Hide Caption 17 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Lady Gaga said on July 20, 2016, that she and fiance Taylor Kinney were taking a break.

The singer and the actor got engaged on Valentine's Day 2015. Hide Caption 18 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In a statement, Gavin Rossdale said Monday, August 3, that he and Gwen Stefani will ""will no longer be partners in marriage.""

He went on to say that the couple will jointly raise their three children. Hide Caption 19 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Lisa Marie Presley reportedly filed for divorce in June from her husband of 10 years, musician Michael Lockwood. He was Presley's fourth husband after Danny Keough, Michael Jackson and Nicolas Cage. Hide Caption 20 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actress Amber Heard has filed for divorce from actor Johnny Depp, according to documents obtained by CNN.

Heard, 30, and Depp, 52, have been married since February 2015. Hide Caption 21 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In May it was reported that rocker Ozzy Osbourne moved out of the Beverly Hills, California, home he shared with his wife of more than 30 years, Sharon Osbourne. Hide Caption 22 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits""How to Get Away With Murder"" co-star Liza Weil has split from her husband, ""Scandal"" actor Paul Adelstein. According to People, the couple, who wed in 2006, separated in January. They are the parents of a daughter, Josephine, 5. Hide Caption 23 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Once called the Beyonce and Jay Z of country music, singers Miranda Lambert and Blake Shelton have split. The couple confirmed July 20 that they were ending their marriage after four years. Both have since moved on to new relationships. Hide Caption 24 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity split

s After 26 years of marriage, Narvel Blackstock and Reba Mc Entire divorced on October 28, after a separation of a few months, Mc Entire announced in late December. Though their marriage has ended, the couple will continue to work together. Blackstock is Mc Entire's manager.

"Reba Mc Entire and her husband, Narvel Blackstock, split after 26 years By Dana Ford, CNNUpdated 3:55 PM ET, Tue August 4, 201

The pair married in 1998 and separated almost a decade later. Hide Caption 34 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits After a year of "" Conscious Uncoupling ,"" Gwyneth Paltrow made her split with Chris Martin official, filing for divorce on April 20.

She's seeking joint legal and physical custody of their two children. The A-list pair, who had been married for 10 years before separating in March 2014, reportedly took a ""breakup-moon"" in the Bahamas following their 2014 announcement.

""It is a respectful, amicable parting of ways, and both Mandy and Ryan are asking for media to respect their privacy at this time. ""Hide Caption 37 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Comedian and actor Chris Rock filed for divorce from his wife, Malaak.

They have been married 19 years and have two children. ""Chris Rock has filed for divorce from his wife, Malaak,"" Rock's attorney, Robert S. Cohen, said in a statement. ""This is a personal matter and Chris requests privacy as he and Malaak work through this process and focus on their family.

""Hide Caption 38 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits People reported that actress Helena Bonham Carter and her husband, director Tim Burton, called it quits after 13 years together.

Hide Caption 44 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Actors Evan Rachel Wood and Jamie Bell separated after nearly two years of marriage. The couple, who welcomed a son in July 2013, said in a statement that they plan to remain close friends.

They have two sons. Hide Caption 51 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes ""amicably settled"" their divorce in July 2012, just two weeks after Holmes filed for it, an attorney said.

The pair, who met on the set of ""Bull Durham,"" have two sons but never married. Hide Caption 56 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Mia Farrow appeared in several of Woody Allen's films before the couple went their separate ways in 1992.

The pair reportedly split after Farrow found out about Allen's sexual relationship with one of her adopted daughters, whom Allen married in 1997.

Hide Caption 1 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits The pair announced their separation in a joint statement in February.

The pair were engaged for a decade and have a son, David Daniel Otunga, Jr., who was born in 2009. Hide Caption 4 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In September 2017, Gina Torres announced her separation from Laurence Fishburne.

The couple, who were married in 2002 and share a daughter, quietly split the previous year. Hide Caption 5 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In September 2017, Fergie and Josh Duhamel announced they were separating after eight years of marriage.

Hide Caption 7 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Tom DAgostino Jr. and his reality star wife, the former Luann de Lesseps, have split. ""The Real Housewives of New York City"" star tweeted on August 3 that she and her husband of seven months had decided to divorce.

The parents of two young children are the stars of HGTV's ""Flip or Flop. ""Hide Caption 10 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits The back and forth relationship between Lamar Odom and Khloe Kardashian is over, after a Los Angeles judge finalized their divorce on December 9, 2016.

Hide Caption 11 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Rapper Big Sean and ""Glee"" actress Naya Rivera called off their engagement in April 2013, six months after announcing their plans to wed. Rivera moved on from Big Sean to marry Ryan Dorsey.

The ""Cosby Show"" star said she was blindsided by the news which came soon after she announced she was pregnant with her first child. Hide Caption 17 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits Lady Gaga said on July 20, 2016, that she and fiance Taylor Kinney were taking a break.

The singer and the actor got engaged on Valentine's Day 2015. Hide Caption 18 of 61Photos: Shocking celebrity splits In a statement, Gavin Rossdale said Monday, August 3, that he and Gwen Stefani will ""will no longer be partners in marriage.""

s After 26 years of marriage, Narvel Blackstock and Reba Mc Entire divorced on October 28, after a separation of a few months, Mc Entire announced in late December. Though their marriage has ended, the couple will continue to work together. Blackstock is Mc Entire's manager.

How much is reba mcentire worth. 25 oct 2014 reba mcentire net worth the legendary how blue country singer is widely regarded as one of the best selling artists of all time; With about 80 6 jun 2014 i came across this website called celebrity net worth and they i doubt jackie and marlon are so much worse with money compared to 6 jul 2017.

How Much Money Is Reba Worth?

How Much Money Is Reba Worth? Question Time Subscribe 379Add to Share More1,576 views20Published on Sep 6, 2017The album paid tribute to many of mcentire's favorite artists and included cover versions 'talking in your sleep' originally 23 aug 2016 the actress country music singer's lebanon property includes 12816 square foot mansion search did not match any documents. Reba mcentire net worth how rich is the queen of country music who's richer? or kelly clarkson? Net reba what each jackson member?

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In addition to many other major talents, blake shelton is also managed 1 jul 2012 according celebrity detective, reba mcentire's beverly hills, calif. 17 jan 2017 like many other celebrities, parton is a charitable star who gives back don't miss theme park attractions that are totally worth the money 27 jan 2016 reba mcentire is a phenomenal talent, aside from being a country music icon she is also a sweet and very funny person, so it isn't surprising 15 aug 2017 celebrity breakups are as much a part of hollywood as the glamour and fame.

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Reba Mcentire Reba Mcentire Net Worth is $65 Million. Reba Mc Entire is a country music star and actress, originally from Oklahoma, with an estimated net worth of $65 million dollars. Reba Mc Entire began performing on the rodeo circuit and was discovered by Red Ste. Reba Nell Mc Entire (born Mar...

How Much Is Reba Mcentire Salary

"Profession: Singer, Record producer, Singer-songwriter, Actor, Television Producer, Songwriter Date of Birth: Mar 28, 1955 Nicknames: Reba, Reba Mc Intire, Reba Nell Mc Entire, Mc Entire, Reba, Big Red Height: 1.7 m Country: United States of America How Much Is Reba Mcentire Salary· In Celebrities, Singers Read more...

Reba Mcentire Net Worth is $65 Million. Reba Mcentire Net Worth is $65 Million. Reba Mc Entire is a country music star and actress, originally from Oklahoma, with an estimated net worth of $65 million dollars. Reba Mc Entire began performing on the rodeo circuit and was discovered by Red Ste Reba Nell Mc Entire is an American country music artist and actress.

She began her career in the music industry as a high school student singing in the Kiowa High School band, on local radio shows with her siblings, and at rodeos. As a solo act, she was invited to perform at a rodeo in Oklahoma City, which caught the attention of country artist Red Steagall.

He brought her to Nashville, Tennessee, where she eventually signed a contract with Mercury Records in 1975. She released her first solo album in 1977 and released five additional studio albums under the label until 1983.

Signing with MCA Nashville Records, Mc Entire took creative control over her second MCA album, My Kind of Country , which had a more traditional country sound and produced two number one singles: ""How Blue"" and ""Somebody Should Leave"".

The album brought her breakthrough success, bringing her a series of successful albums and number one singles in the 1980s and 1990s. Mc Entire has since... Read more about How Much is Reba Mcentire Salary Reba Mcentire Latest News Congratulations to Reba Mc Entire, America's first female Colonel Sanders When we look back over our lives, there are moments that are unforgettable, shared trials and triumphs that unite us as a culture.

We remember where we were on 9/11. During the election of Barack Obama. And now, tonight, the first time that we heard Reba ... Posted: January 29, 2018, 3:11 am JUST ANNOUNCED: Reba Mc Entire returning to town for summer concert Fraze Pavilion in Kettering just announced that country megastar Reba Mc Entire is returning to town this summer for a concert at the outdoor music venue.

>> New Dayton women’s coach niece of country music legend The concert will be on Saturday, Aug. 4 ... Posted: February 2, 2018, 10:08 am Reba Mc Entire Shares Adorable Photo With Her Son and ‘Grandson’Reba Mc Entire had a fun breakfast with her son, Shelby, on Friday (Feb. 2), and she shared a precious Instagram picture of them together with his dog, Watson. ""My grandson, Watson, was a very good puppy yesterday during breakfast and my visit with Shelby ... Posted: February 3, 2018, 12:41 pm Reba Mc Entire walks Grammys red carpet with new boyfriend Skeeter Lasuzzo Reba Mc Entire won a Grammy Award Sunday night for best roots gospel album category for her project, “Sing It Now: Songs of Faith and Hope.” It’s Reba’s third Grammy overall and her first win since 1994.

>> Read more trending news The country ... Posted: January 29, 2018, 6:52 pm Little Big Town’s Kimberly Schlapman talks Elton John, Taylor Swift and Reba Mc Entire as Colonel Sanders The first month of 2018 was a busy one for Little Big Town.

The popular country vocal quartet based in Nashville is preparing to embark on The Breakers tour, which might be its biggest trek yet.

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e”. The sales of these singles have also added up a lot to the total amount of Reba Mc Entire net worth. In addition to her career in music, she is also known for her career as an actress as she has appeared in a variety of films.

Net Worth: $65 Million

Net Worth: $65 Million About Reba Mcentire It has been estimated that the total amount of Reba Mc Entire net worth currently is as much as 65 million dollars.

Reba Mc Entire has been a very popular name in music industry where she is a country music singer and song writer. In addition to her involvement into music, Reba Mc Entire is also known into cinema world, where she is an actress.

Thus, her involvement into show business has been the main one when it comes to increasing the overall amount of Reba Mc Entire net worth. The singer was born in Oklahoma in 1955. When she was a teenager, she got interested into performing and at that time she appeared in rodeo circuit. Reba Mc Entire, before becoming a singer, was studying at Southeastern Oklahoma University and had aims to become an elementary school teacher.

When she was studying there, in Oklahoma City she sang the National Anthem during the National Rodeo. There, she caught an eye of Red Steagall who in 1975 invited Reba Mc Entire to come to Nashville to start her career in music. Two years later, her debut album was released. In the beginning of the 1980s, Reba Mc Entire started to get more success.

This was also the time when instead of singing country music songs she switched to pop music. Reba Mc Entire is well known from a lot of songs, such as “How Blue”, “Does He Love You”, “New Fool at an Old Game”, “Till You Love Me”, “Somebody Should Leave”, “I Know How He Feels”, “The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter” and “The Heart Won’t Li

Moreover, she has also performed on Broadway stage and had some parts in TV shows and series. In 1990, she appeared as an actress for the first time when she got a part in the film called “Tremors”.

Reba Mc Entire later appeared in a Broadway play called “Annie Get Your Gun”. In the period of 2001-2007 Reba Mc Entire was a star on her own TV show called “Reba”, which has also added up to the total size of Reba Mc Entire net worth.

Thus, her appearances in films and TV shows as well as Broadway performances have made her more popular.

Now you have an idea why Reba Mcentire net worth is this huge More in Richest Singers Tatyana Ali net worth Kenny Chesney net worth Bob Dylan net worth Dee Snider net worth Cassie net worth Boy George net worth Jesse Mccartney net worth Jenni Rivera net worth Bob Geldof net worth Abby Lee Miller net worth


what is chaff and flare

ast 12. Air Force one is a military aircraft, designed to withstand an air attack. Among other things, the plane is outfitted with electronic counter measures (ECM) to jam enemy radar. The plane can also eject flares to throw heat-seeking missiles off course.

Nairaland Forum

"1. ""Air Force One"" isn't technically a plane: It's simply the radio call name for any U. S. Air Force plane carrying the president of the United States. As soon as the president steps aboard an Air Force plane, that plane is referred to as Air Force One by the crew and all air traffic controllers, in order to avoid confusion with any other planes in the area.

If the president rides on an Army aircraft, that aircraft is Army One, and whenever he boards his specialized helicopter, that craft is Marine One. Civilians generally refer to the physical plane itself as Air Force One 2. Today, there are actually two customized Boeing 747-200B jets that regularly fly under this designation. They are nearly identical and are almost as tall as a six story building, and as long as a city block.

3. Air Force One is one of the most recognizable symbols of the presidency. Emblazoned with the words ""United States of America,"" the American flag, and the Seal of the President of the United States, it is an undeniable presence wherever it flies 4. Air Force One has unlimited range and can carry the President wherever he needs to travel. The onboard electronics are hardened to protect against an electromagnetic pulse, and Air Force One is equipped with advanced secure communications equipment, allowing the aircraft to function as a mobile command center in the event of an attack on the United States.

The media refer to it as “The flying Oval Office” or the “ The flying White House”. On September 11th, 2001, the president's plane showed that it was much more than an executive jet -- it became a mobile bunker when all ground positions seemed vulnerable to attack 5. Airforce One has four General Electric CF6-80C2B1 jet engines, which provide 56,700 pounds of thrust a piece.

The top speed is between 630 and 700 miles (about 1,126km) per hour and the ceiling maximum (i.e how high the plane can fly) is 45,100 feet (commercial 747s fly at about 30,000 feet) 6. The plane carries 53,611 gallons (about 203,000 litres) of fuel and weighs 833,000 pounds (about 377,000 kg) fully loaded for a long-range mission.

With a full tank, the plane can fly half way around the world. The plane has mid-ir refueling capability.

As with the B-2 and other combat craft, in-flight refueling gives Air Force One the ability to stay up in the air indefinitely, which could be crucial in an emergency situation 7. Inside, the President and his travel companions enjoy 4,000 square feet of floor space on three levels, including an extensive suite for the President that features a large office, lavatory, and conference room.

The president has onboard living quarters, with his own bedroom, bathroom, workout room/gym and office space. Air Force One also includes a medical suite that can function as an operating room, and a doctor is permanently on board.

The plane’s two food preparation galleys can feed 100 people at a time 8. Air Force One also has quarters for those who accompany the President, including senior advisors, Secret Service officers, traveling press, and other guests. Several cargo planes typically fly ahead of Air Force One to provide the President with services needed in remote locations 9.

The two planes are military aircraft, designed to withstand an air attack. Among other things, the plane is outfitted with electronic counter measures (ECM) to jam enemy radar.

The plane can also eject flares to throw heat-seeking missiles off course. 10. The plane is completely off limits to Many. Even visiting politicians and journalists aren't allowed in some parts of the plane, and the Air Force is careful to conceal specific details of the craft's layout including its advanced avionics and defenses 11.

One of the most remarkable feature on the plane is its extensive electronics. It has 85 onboard telephones, a collection of two-way radios, fax machines and computer connections. It also has 19 televisions and assorted office equipment. The phone system is set up for normal air to ground connections and secure lines. The president and his staff can reach just about anybody in the world while cruising tens of thousands of feet in the air. The onboard electronics include about 238 miles of wiring (twice the amount you'd find in a normal 747). Heavy shielding is tough enough to protect the wiring and crucial electronics from the electromagnetic pulse associated with a nuclear bl

Some of the most interesting parts of the plane -- its advanced avionics and defenses -- are classified 13. Every Air Force One flight is classified as a military operation, and it is handled as such. Air Force crews at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland carefully inspect the plane, and the runway, before every flight.

When it's time to head off, the Marine One helicopter brings the president from the White House to Andrews Air Force Base. Teams all over the base keep an eye out for any unauthorized craft in the area and are authorized to shoot on sight.

In advance of every Air Force One flight, the Air Force crew sends C141 Starlifter cargo carrier planes, toting the president's motorcade, to the destination.

This collection of bulletproof limousines and vans, loaded with weaponry, keeps the president safe on the ground. 14. Air Force One can comfortably carry 70 passengers and 26 crew members . These crew members are carefully screened military personnel, with exemplary service histories. Even the crew members who prepare meals must operate with a high level of security. For example, when buying food, they must hit the stores undercover, and they must select markets at random, in order to protect the president from a poison attack.

Onboard the plane, the crew provides 24-hour first class service. 15. Most presidents form close connections with their flight crew, and the final Air Force One flight is always an emotional trip.70 Likes "

Marine One and Airforce One in a picture with President Obama and the First Lady Boarding. Air Force one is designed to withstand an air attack. The plane is outfitted with electronic counter measures (ECM) to jam enemy radar. The plane can also eject flares to disable enemy missiles.

18 Mind Blowing Facts about Airforce One, The Flying White House.

18 Mind Blowing Facts about Airforce One, The Flying White House. Reshmanth 21/01/20151.6k SHARESShare on Facebook1. Its the Presidential Factor. President Obama and the first lady boarding Airforce one.“Air Force One” is not the name of one particular plane. Its the name given to any plane that the President of United States is travelling at that particular moment.

Basically a radio call name given to the plane carrying the president in order to avoid confusion with other planes travelling in that particular area. Similarly the Army aircraft the president is travelling is called Army One, his helicopter is called Marine One.2. The Airforce one are Twins. Guess the right one. !The view of Air Force One from its Twin. The president regularly flies in either of the two customized Boeing 747-200B jets specifically designed for him and they are very identical to each other and stand as tall as a six story building.3.

The Official Airplane standing as a Symbol of Presidency. President Obama Boarding Airforce One in Rome, Italy.

Air Force One is designed to be recognized as one of the main symbols of the presidency. It is made sure to be looked intimidating and be its presence noticed wherever it goes. Its symbol consists of the words “United States of America” , The American flag and the Seal of the President of the United States.4. Unlimited Range of Travel and Refueling in Air. Is that Like super Awesome.? !The Air Force One has unlimited range and can carry the President wherever he needs to travel without a stop.

So, you might be wondering how is the plane refueled?? Its done on air. A fuel plane arrives when needed and refuels Airforce one in its flight so that it doesn’t need to stop for a refueling session.5.

The Flying White House. President Obama talks to senior advisors aboard Airforce one. The onboard electronics are designed to withstand an electromagnetic pulse, the plane is equipped with electronic counter measures (ECM) to jam enemy radar so that no one can trace the flight path of the plane, 85 onboard telephones, a collection of two-way radios, It is also capable of ejecting flares to disarm missiles from enemy crafts, and the plane is equipped with advanced secure communications equipment allowing it to function as a mobile command center in the event of an attack on the United States for which reason it is called as “The flying White House”.6.

The Mobile Bunker and the Safest Fleet on the Planet Earth. On the terrorist attacks of September 11 of 2001 the Airforce One is showed that it is capable of performing functions as a mobile bunker when all ground positions felt insecure because of the attacks. Cockpit view of Airforce One as President Obama arrives in Marine One.7. A Real Fast and High Flying Bird. President Obama’s Arrival at Brussels- The Airforce One. It can travel at a top speed of 1,126 km/hour and fly at a maximum height of 45,100 feet ( Commercial flights fly about 30,000 feet).8.

Custom Designed For the President.“Work Goes On” aboard Airforce One. The Airforce One is custom Designed by Boeing in design collaboration with The White House and the Secret Services.9. The Long Range Flight for the President’s Visits around the World. It can carry about 203,000 litres of fuel and weighs 377,000 kgs when it is fully loaded for a long-range flight and is capable of flying half way around the world.10.

A Huge Office for the President in the Air. The 3 floors of the plane gives 4,000 square feet of floor space which includes a living space for the President which features a Hi-tech office, conference room living quarters with his own bedroom, bathroom, workout gym, a mini hospital with medical personnel, an operating room, and a kitchen which can feed 100 people at a time.11.

A Mobile Quarters for the Officers and the Staff. White house staff boarding airforce one in boeing fields, Seattle.

Air Force One is also capable of providing living quarters for people travelling with the President which includes the senior advisors, Secret Service officers, traveling press, and other guests.12. Airforce One is received by The Presidential Limousine which flies prior in a Cargo Flight. A set up of Several cargo planes typically fly surrounding of Air Force One to provide the President with services needed in remote locations if needed.

Img Src13. Every Detail of Air Force One is a Top Secret. President Obama and former president George Bush aboard Airforce One enroute South Africa. Many people even from the higher political sect doesn’t have the permission to even visit the plane.

Even the smallest details of the plane are kept a secret from everyone.14. EM waves from Nuclear Blast can also not Stop the Communication System of the Airforce One. President Obama talks to Hamid karzai of Afganisthan aboard Airforce One. The president and his staff can reach just about anybody in the world while cruising tens of thousands of feet in the air using the telecommunications system of Airforce one. The onboard electronics include about 238 miles of wiring and the Heavy shielding is tough enough to protect the wiring and crucial electronics from the electromagnetic pulse associated with a nuclear blast.15. Designed to withstand Air Attacks.

16. A Star Service all the time. President Obama has an Aerial View of Cairo from Airforce One Air Force One can comfortably carry 70 passengers and 26 crew members . These crew members are carefully screened military personnel, with exemplary service histories. Even the crew members who prepare meals must operate with a high level of security.

For example, when buying food, they must hit the stores undercover, and they must select markets at random, in order to protect the president from a poison attack. Onboard the plane, the crew provides 24-hour first class service.17. Its all a family once it takes off. Most presidents form close connections with their flight crew, and the final Air Force One flight is always an emotional trip.

The Air Force One is maintained and operated by the Presidential Airlift Group which is a part of the White House Military Office. It was founded in 1944 as the Presidential Pilot Office at the direction of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Various propeller-driven aircraft were used till 1962. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy became the first President to fly in a jet specifically built for presidential use – a modified Boeing 707.

Over the years, several other jet aircraft have been used. The the current aircraft is delivered in 1990 during the administration of President George H. W. Bush.18. Every Flight is a Crucial Military Operation with Extremely high Security. Every Air Force One flight is considered as a military operation.

The air Force crews inspect the plane, and the runway, before every flight. When it’s time to head off, the Marine One helicopter brings the president from the White House to Andrews Air Force Base. Teams all over the base keep an eye out for any unauthorized craft in the area and are authorized to shoot on sight.

In advance of every Air Force One flight, the Air Force crew sends C141 Starlifter cargo carrier planes, toting the president’s motorcade, to the destination. This collection of bulletproof limousines and vans, loaded with weaponry, keeps the president safe on the ground. Img Src Image Source: The White House. ALSO READ: Most Secure Car on Planet Earth

Mechanical jamming is caused by devices which reflect or re-reflect radar energy back to the radar to produce false target returns on the operator's scope. Mechanical jamming devices include chaff, corner reflectors, and decoys.

Radar jamming and deception

" [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.

( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. (July 2012)This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)Radar jamming and deception ( electronic countermeasures) is the intentional emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the operation of a radar by saturating its receiver with noise or false information.

There are two types of radar jamming: Mechanical and Electronic jamming .also there are extreme CATS (California Auto tracking systems) that can interfere with jamming Contents [ hide ]1 Mechanical jamming2 Electronic jamming2.1 Noise jamming2.2 Radar burn-through3 Inadvertent jamming4 Countermeasures5 Stealth6 Interference7 Jamming police radar8 Jamming in nature9 See also10 References Mechanical jamming [ edit]

Chaff is made of different length metallic strips, which reflect different frequencies, so as to create a large area of false returns in which a real contact would be difficult to detect. Modern chaff is usually aluminum coated glass fibers of various lengths. Their extremely low weight and small size allows them to form a dense, long lasting cloud of interference. This cloud is unfortunately only effective in the range cell that it occupies. The slow movement of the chaff (compared to lets say a flying target) makes it easily discriminated, based on the lacking doppler shift.

Ships on the other hand can benefit greatly from a slow moving chaff cloud. The cloud is released within the resolution cell of the ship, and moves with the wind in one direction.

The ship then escapes in another direction. It is desirable for the decoy (chaff cloud) to have a larger RCS than the target, so the radar tracks it. Corner reflectors have the same effect as chaff but are physically very different. Corner reflectors are many-sided objects that re-radiate radar energy mostly back toward its source. An aircraft cannot carry as many corner reflectors as it can chaff. Decoys are maneuverable flying objects that are intended to deceive a radar operator into believing that they are actually aircraft.

They are especially dangerous because they can clutter up a radar with false targets making it easier for an attacker to get within weapons range and neutralize the radar.

Corner reflector s can be fitted on decoys to make them appear larger than they are, thus furthering the illusion that a decoy is an actual aircraft. Some decoys have the capability to perform electronic jamming or drop chaff. Decoys also have a deliberately sacrificial purpose i.e.

defenders may fire guided missiles at the decoys, thereby depleting limited stocks of expensive weaponry which might otherwise have been used against genuine targets. Electronic jamming [ edit]German Luftwaffe Tornado ECR (Electric Combat / Reconnaissance). This fighter specializes in electronic warfare. Electronic jamming is a form of electronic warfare where jammers radiate interfering signals toward an enemy's radar, blocking the receiver with highly concentrated energy signals.

The two main technique styles are noise techniques and repeater techniques. The three types of noise jamming are spot, sweep, and barrage.

Spot jamming occurs when a jammer focuses all of its power on a single frequency. While this would severely degrade the ability to track on the jammed frequency, a frequency-agile radar would hardly be affected because the jammer can only jam one frequency. While multiple jammers could possibly jam a range of frequencies, this would consume a great deal of resources to have any effect on a frequency-agile radar, and would probably still be ineffective.

Sweep jamming is when a jammer's full power is shifted from one frequency to another. While this has the advantage of being able to jam multiple frequencies in quick succession, it does not affect them all at the same time, and thus limits the effectiveness of this type of jamming.

Although, depending on the error checking in the device (s) this can render a wide range of devices effectively useless. Barrage jamming is the jamming of multiple frequencies at once by a single jammer. The advantage is that multiple frequencies can be jammed simultaneously; however, the jamming effect can be limited because this requires the jammer to spread its full power between these frequencies, as the number of frequencies covered increases the less effectively each is jammed.

Base jamming is a new type of Barrage Jamming where one radar is jammed effectively at its source at all frequencies.

However, all other radars continue working normally. Pulse jamming produces noise pulses with period depending on radar mast rotation speed thus creating blocked sectors from directions other than the jammer, making it harder to discover the jammer location. Cover pulse jamming creates a short noise pulse when radar signal is received thus concealing any aircraft flying behind the EW craft (escort) with a block of noise.

Digital radio frequency memory, or DRFM jamming, or Repeater jamming is a repeater technique that manipulates received radar energy and retransmits it to change the return the radar sees. This technique can change the range the radar detects by changing the delay in transmission of pulses, the velocity the radar detects by changing the doppler shift of the transmitted signal, or the angle to the plane by using AM techniques to transmit into the sidelobes of the radar.

Electronics, radio equipment, and antenna can cause DRFM jamming causing false targets, the signal must be timed after the received radar signal.

By analysing received signal strength from side and backlobes and thus getting radar antennae radiation pattern, false targets can be created to directions other than one where the jammer is coming from.

If each radar pulse is uniquely coded it is not possible to create targets in directions other than the direction of the jammer Deceptive jamming uses techniques like "" range gate pull-off "" to break a radar lock. [1] [2]Protective/Standoff jamming Protective/Escort jamming Noise jamming [ edit]. [3]Radar burn-through [ edit]Radar range, and burn-through range The burn-through range is the distance from the radar at which the jamming is ineffective. When a target is within this range, the radar receives an adequate target skin return to track it.

The burn through range is a function of the target RCS ( Radar cross-section ), jamming ERP ( Effective radiated power ), the radars ERP and required J/S (for the jamming to be effective). Inadvertent jamming [ edit]In some cases, jamming of either type may be caused by friendly sources. Inadvertent mechanical jamming is fairly common because it is indiscriminate and will affect any nearby radars, hostile or not.

Electronic jamming can also be inadvertently caused by friendly sources, usually powerful EW platforms operating within range of the affected radar. Unintentional electronic jamming is most easily prevented by good planning and common sense, though sometimes it is unavoidable.

Countermeasures [ edit]Home-on-jam missile attacking an SPJ aircraft Home-on-jam countermeasure Blip enhancement Constantly alternating the frequency that the radar operates on ( frequency agility) over a spread-spectrum will limit the effectiveness of most jamming, making it easier to read through it.

Modern jammers can track a predictable frequency change, so the more random the frequency change, the more likely it is to counter the jammer. Cloaking the outgoing signal with random noise makes it more difficult for a jammer to figure out the frequency that a radar is operating on.

Limiting unsecure radio communication concerning the jamming and its effectiveness is also important. The jammer could be listening, and if they know that a certain technique is effective, they could direct more jamming assets to employ this method.

The most important method to counter radar jammers is operator training. Any system can be fooled with a jamming signal but a properly trained operator pays attention to the raw video signal and can detect abnormal patterns on the radar screen.

The best indicator of jamming effectiveness to the jammer is countermeasures taken by the operator. The jammer does not know if their jamming is effective before operator starts changing radar transmission settings.

Using EW countermeasures will give away radar capabilities thus on peacetime operations most military radars are used on fixed frequencies, at minimal power levels and with blocked Tx sectors toward possible listeners (country borders)Mobile fire control radars are usually kept passive when military operations are not ongoing to keep radar locations secret Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radars are innately harder to jam and can operate in low probability of intercept (LPI) modes to reduce the chance that the radar is detected.

A quantum radar system would automatically detect attempts at deceptive jamming, which might otherwise go unnoticed. [4]Anti-radiation missile (ARM) also known as Home-On-Jam (HOJ) missiles: When a target is self-protective jamming (SPJ), it essentially broadcasts its position. An ARM could be deployed and take out the jamming source. The missile utilizes passive RF homing which reduces its probability of detection.

A countermeasure to ARM is not to use self-protective jamming (one could use stand-off jamming, assuming that the missiles has a range no longer than the radar), or have a decoy taking the missile (see ADM-160 MALD and AN/ALE-55 Fiber-Optic Towed Decoy ). By towing a decoy/jammer, the decoy maintains a realistic doppler shift (which tricks the tracker) and lures an ARM away from the target.

An anti- drone equipment was used at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast in April. [5] The 'Anti-drone gun' is a non-lethal weapon used by Queensland Police Service to safely detect, and disrupt unauthorised drone activity in high-security areas of the event.

The Drone Shield Drone Gun MKII works by intercepting the signal between a person holding the drone controller and the drone, disabling video transmission from a camera on the drone, and allowing the anti-drone controller to safely bring the drone to the ground.

Stealth [ edit]For protective jamming, a small RCS of the protected aircraft improve the jamming efficiency (higher J/S). A lower RCS also reduce the ""burn-through"" range. Stealth technologies like radar-absorbent materials can be used to reduce the return of a target. Interference [ edit]While not usually caused by the enemy, interference can greatly impede the ability of an operator to track. Interference occurs when two radars in relatively close proximity (how close they need to be depends on the power of the radars) are operating on the same frequency.

This will cause ""running rabbits"", a visual phenomenon that can severely clutter up a radar display scope with useless data. Interference is not that common between ground radars, however, because they are not usually placed close enough together.

It is more likely that some sort of airborne radar system is inadvertently causing the interference—especially when two or more countries are involved.

The interference between airborne radars referred to above can sometimes (usually) be eliminated by frequency-shifting the transmitter (s). The other interference often experienced is between the aircraft's own electronic transmitters, i.e. transponders, being picked up by its radar. This interference is eliminated by suppressing the radar's reception for the duration of the transponder's transmission.

Instead of ""bright-light"" rabbits across the display, one would observe very small black dots. Because the external radar causing the transponder to respond is generally not synchronised with your own radar (i.e. different PRFs [pulse repetition frequency]), these black dots appear randomly across the display and the operator sees through and around them. The returning image may be much larger than the ""dot"" or ""hole"", as it has become known, anyway.

Keeping the transponder's pulse widths very narrow and mode of operation (single pulse rather than multi-pulse) becomes a crucial factor. The external radar could, in theory, come from an aircraft flying alongside your own, or from space.

Another factor often overlooked is to reduce the sensitivity of one's own transponder to external radars; i.e., ensure that the transponder's threshold is high. In this way it will only respond to nearby radars—which, after all, should be friendly. One should also reduce the power output of the transponder in like manner.

Jamming police radar [ edit]Jamming radar for the purpose of defeating police radar guns is simpler than military-grade radar jamming. [6] The laws about jamming police radars are different in every country, sometimes it is illegal and in other countries it's legal.

[7]Jamming in nature [ edit]The jamming of bat sonar by certain tiger moth species has recently been confirmed. [8] This can be seen as nature's equivalent of radar jamming. See also [ edit]36th Bombardment Squadron No.

100 Group RAFAssociation of Old Crows Echolocation jamming Electronic warfare Electronic attack Infrared countermeasure AN/ALE-55 Fiber-Optic Towed Decoy Low-probability-of-intercept radar Active electronically scanned array Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses References [ edit]^ Radar Countermeasures: Range Gate Pull-Off^ EW 101: a first course in electronic warfare By David Adamy, page 196^ ELECTRONIC WARFARE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE^ ""Quantum Imaging Technique Heralds Unjammable Aircraft Detection.

""^ ""Anti-drone gun used for 2018 Commonwealth Games security"". 9News. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.^ ""What is a (Police) Radar Jammer?"". Retrieved 2013-03-14.^ ""Radar Jammer Laws"".^ Corcoran, A. J.; Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (16 July 2009). ""Tiger Moth Jams Bat Sonar"". Science. 325 (5938): 325–327. doi: 10.1126/science.1174096. PMID 19608920. "

Chaff and flares are used by fighter and bomber units over a wide range of altitudes and flight maneuvers or tactics. Deployment of chaff and flares does not interfere with the flight characteristics of the dispensing aircraft.

Flares - Infrared Countermeasures

"Flares - Infrared Countermeasures Chaff and flares are defensive mechanisms employed from military aircrafi to avoid detection and/or attack by adversary air defense systems. Flares are high-temperature heat sources ejected from aircraft that mislead heat-sensitive or heat-seeking targeting systems and decoy them away corn the aircraft. Self-protection flares are magnesium pellets that, when ignited, burn for a short period of time (less than 10 seconds) at 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

The burn temperature is hotter than the exhaust of an aircraft and therefore attracts and decoys heat-seeking weapons targeted on the aircraft. Flares ejected from the target with an object of decoying a hostile missile have been extensively utilized for IR countermeasures because even a two-pound unit can provide up to 10-seconds protection against IR-seeking missiles.

Typically, flares are wrapped with an aluminum-filament-reinforced tape and inserted into an aluminum (0.03 inches thick) case that is closed with a felt spacer and a small plastic end cap. The top of the case has a pyrotechnic impulse cartridge that is activated electrically to produce hot gases that push a piston, the flare material, and the end cap out of the aircraft into the airstream.

There are two types of flares, pyrotechnic and pyrophoric. The pyrotechnic flares produce highly visible white light and smoke. When ejected they ignite and produce a large amount of infrared energy for 5 to 10 seconds to distract and confuse the missile's seeker.

They can start fires if they land on the ground before they have burned out. The pyrophoric flares are much less visible since they are small pieces of foil that oxidize (rust) very quickly, producing heat, and then cool in the atmosphere as they fall to the ground as rusted metal debris.

Aircraft, especially military aircraft, often carry pyrotechnic decoy flares as countermeasures for luring incoming anti-aircraft missiles away from the aircraft. A particular type of anti-aircraft missile known as a heat-seeking missile is designed to seek infrared (""IR"") radiation emissions of the aircraft.

As a countermeasure to the anti-aircraft missiles, the decoy flares produce heat output designed to attract the anti-aircraft missiles. The decoy flares typically are ejected from the aircraft and remotely or automatically ignited in flight.

More sophisticated flares contain a propulsion system for propelling the flare over a flight path similar to, but divergent in direction from, the path of the aircraft. The propulsion system is designed to confuse anti-aircraft missiles that can discriminate between a free-falling flare and a propulsion-powered object, e.g., the aircraft.

If the decoy flares function correctly, the anti-aircraft missile will lock into and follow the decoy flare, and cease pursuit of the aircraft, allowing the aircraft to proceed unharmed by the missile.

Since the introduction of compositions based on the magnesium-fluorocarbon in 1959, infrared (IR) decoy flares have utilized this energy source. Flares which are currently in use are made from a solid pyrotechnic composition of magnesium, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and VITON.

RTM. brand fluoroelastomer copolymers or similar synthetic rubber binders. These are commonly called MTV flares and are ejected from an aircraft and simultaneously ignited by the action of a pyrotechnic squib. The burning MTV emits IR radiation that is essentially a spectral continuum attenuated by atmospheric absorption. It is intended that the falling flare will cause a missile seeker head to turn away from the target aircraft. The MTV flares are quite effective against older type missiles that seek heat in a single IR band.

Many attempts have been made in the past two decades to increase the intensity of IR decoys and to modify the spectral distribution of the radiation they emit. These attempts have not met with significant success. The reports on these attempts make it evident that the work has been based on schemes to modify or increase the mass flow rate, the energy of the chemical reaction or the emitting species.

While a large increase in radiance can be achieved either by a modest temperature increase or by a proportional increase in the radiating area, another largely ignored method for increasing the intensity depends on increasing the efficiency with which the flare flame is utilized as a source of radiant energy.

One way in which this can be done is by insuring that the optical thickness of the flame is optimum. Another largely neglected concept is that intensity may be increased by increasing the area of the pyrotechnic flame.

The goal of the latest development in infrared seeker heads is to make the seeker heads ""intelligent"" and thus to make them immune to conventional infrared fake targets, i.e., to design them in such a manner that they respond to the object signature, in particular the aircraft signature.

A method to eliminate false targets consists of a frequency analysis by means of the seeker head, which can distinguish between the radiation characteristics of the infrared radiators (for example aircraft engines) of the target that exhibit a comparatively low temperature and the radiation characteristics of a hot fake target cloud. Thus, in summary the known infrared fake target clouds are not in a position to defend an object against missiles equipped with intelligent seeker heads.

Magnesium/PTFE flares may either exhibit an entirely inappropriate adaptation of the aircraft's IR radiation and, moreover, radiate excessively in the UV band, or when they function as area flares on the basis of red phosphorus, they can not only be recognized as such because of the absence of independent motion, but because they do not emit their IR radiation until after they are beyond the sighting window of the IR searchhead which is locked onto the true target.

In addition, flares will also be ineffective against imaging searchheads expected to be available in the future because such decoys, in contrast to true targets, exhibit no contours or edges in the low-frequency range.

Currently, the EW community has turned its attention to the very latest dual spectral IR seeking MANPAD of which there is significant proliferation, particularly in geographical areas of major concern. This generation of weapon uses a dual sensor system that can discriminate between the low energy IR output of an aircraft and the high energy IR output of a classic magnesium based countermeasure flare.

Pyrotechnic flare's spectral signature are, in fact, very different from that of an aircraft because they emit principally in the first spectral band that would be analyzed by newer guided missiles IR seeker equipped with spectral CCM, whereas a jet aircraft's signature shows high intensities in the second and third bands. This spectral mismatched signature generally limits the usefulness of current pyrotechnic flares to the previous generation of IR guided missiles. This ability to compare target energy with flare energy has provided the weapon with a counter-countermeasure (CCM), which is extremely effective.

Further, the quality and reliability in the manufacturing of this dual seeker is so variable that its CCM trigger level against flares is equally as variable. In other words, for each level of discrimination an aircraft would need a flare of matched performance.

Pyrophoric flares are readily made from foils that are continuously activated. Thin foils or screens of nickel or iron, or steel, or alloys of these materials with each other or with other metals, can be made highly pyrophoric. The pyrophoricity can thus be arranged to bring the temperature of the metal to 1800.degree. F. or even higher.

Pyrophoricity is very effectively provided by a Raney type activation using pack diffusion to form on the surface of the metal. Such activated foils about 1 inch wide and wet with propylene oxide, can be continuously chopped into 1/2 inch lengths that are stacked in groups of about 500 per stack.

Three or four of these stacks can be stuffed into a casing of a flare cartridge. When such a cartridge is fired the pyrophoric foils are blown out in a scattered mass, their blocking coating promptly evaporates, and they then undergo pyrophoric reaction as they flutter down. When so discharged from airplanes at high altitudes, the temperature dwell time is significantly longer than at sea level.

For packing strips of activated metal in a container such as a flare cylinder, a protective packing atmosphere is preferably used. The strips can also be wet with a volatile protective liquid such as propylene oxide or ethyl ether and even n-butylamine.

Operational analysis, based on measured experimental flare performance, show that pyrophoric flares offer a strong potential to provide the required performance to decoy the newer generation of IR seeking missiles. The spectral signature of a pyrophoric liquid, such as alkyl aluminum compounds that burn spontaneously when sprayed into the air, more closely resemble a jet aircraft's spectral signature so that an IR seeking missile would not recognize that type of flare as a countermeasure.

The basic functioning principles of any pyrophoric flare would have very little in common to the existing pyrotechnic flares except for the fact that they are both ejected from a launcher by an impulse cartridge. A pyrophoric flare would require a liquid in a perfectly sealed reservoir since pyrophoric liquids react and burn on exposure to air using the oxygen of the air as an oxidant.

Some attempts were made to develop effective flares using pyrophoric liquids during the 1980's but were unsuccessful.

Once again the flare manufacturing community has risen to the challenge in providing the answer. The manufacture of dual spectral flare countermeasures is already here and in all of the usual formats, deployed by warfighters. These new flares are already being flown and successfully deployed by the coalition forces operating in Iraq.

However, the development of these next generation spectral flares has been a hard fought battle. If it were not for the continued liaison between the flare manufacturing industry, government officials, and (ultimately) the warfighter, this successful result may not have been achieved.

The effective employment of chaff and flares in combat requires training and frequent use by aircrews to master the capabilities of these devices and to ensure safe and efficient handling by ground crews.

Training is conducted through simulated battle conditions within Department of Defense (DOD) weapons ranges and electronic combat ranges and other airspace areas, such as MOAs, MTRs, that have been assessed and approved for chaff or flare use. Chaff and flares are also used in field exercises such as Red Flag at Nellis Air Force Range.

Chaff and flares are used by fighter and bomber units over a wide range of altitudes and flight maneuvers or tactics. Deployment of chaff and flares does not interfere with the flight characteristics of the dispensing aircraft.

Fighters can drop chaff or flares at any approved altitudes during any flight maneuvers (turns, climbs, descents), airspeed, and G-loading. Although less maneuverable than fighters, bombers can drop chaff or flares at any approved altitudes while in a turn, climb, or descent.

Specific descriptions of how chaff or flares are actually employed in training for a combat situation are not releasable. Fighter aircraft flight profiles are more diverse in vertical movement than bomber profiles, due to their low altitude air-to-ground and higher altitude air-to-air roles. Fighter-type aircraft may ingress to a low level target at 200 to 300 feet AGL and 480 to 600 knots to establish their climb angle, climb to 4,000 to 4,500 feet AGL, release the weapon, execute a hard turn while descending to 200 to 300 feet AGL, with multiple hard turns to exit the target area.

If target defenses contain infkred capability, flares will be dispensed in place of chaff. High altitude ingress to a target area may require a ""combat descent"" to the target or to a lower approach altitude. Depending on the defensive capabilities of the target area, chaff and/or flares may be used in the descent.

Aircraft dependent, the descent may be accomplished at 30 to 60 degrees or near vertical angle at airspeeds ranging f%om 500 to 600 knots to supersonic speeds. Some B-52 aricrews drop chaff on virtually all training missions except local sorties in the traffic pattern.

This includes their low- and high-altitude flights on which they drop from 500 AGL to 40,000 feet MSL. Military self-protection flares vary in composition, with the primary flare body comprised of a molded mixture of magnesium and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon).

Attached to the primary flare body are additional compounds to aid in proper flare ignition. These include the first fire mixture, the intermediate fire mixture, and the dip coat. These compounds are more sensitive than the main magnesium and Teflon flare body and help to ensure proper ignition. The entire flare is protected in a primarily aluminum casing. In order to be effective, the self-protection flare is designed to be ejected from the aircraft and be consumed (bum out) prior to reaching the ground.

If the flare performs as designed, it will be completely consumed while still in the air, leaving only reaction gases released to the air and solid by-products to reach the ground. Toxicity is not a concern with flares, since the primary material in flares, magnesium, is not highly toxic, and it is highly unlikely that humans or animals would ingest flare material.

The main issue with flares is their potential to start fires that can spread and have significant adverse impacts on the environment. Fires can cause a wide variety of significant secondary effects on personnel safety, soil, water resources, biological resources, land use, visual resources, and cultural resources. Another issue is the potential for dud flares and falling debris to pose safety risks. Although the probability of injury from falling debris was found to be extremely remote, there may be a risk associated with untrained people finding dud flares dropped over land that is not controlled by the Department of Defense.

The hazard associated with flare-induced fires depends on a number of factors, including the probability of a burning flare or flare material reaching the ground (or a flare igniting after reaching the ground), the probability of the burning flare/material igniting vegetation on the ground, and the probability of a fire spreading and causing significant damage.

The frequency of burning flares or associated materials landing on the ground is not information collected in mishap databases, and calculating a probability would involve too many unknown variables to be accurate.

However, methodologies exist for predicting the risk that a fire will start and spread. Using a combination of computer modeling and input databases, with information on meteorological conditions and the flammability of various types of vegetation, the relative risk of wildfires can be predicted.

This analysis can only be conducted on a site-specific basis because conditions vary so widely from location to location.

A flare fire risk assessment methodology is presented in this report. Impulse cartridges and initiators used with some flares contain chromium and, in some cases, lead, which are hazardous air pollutants under the Clean Air Act.

A screening health risk assessment concluded that they do not present a significant health risk. Laboratory analyses of flare pellets and flare ash indicate that these materials have little potential for affecting soil or water resources, except possibly in small, confined freshwater habitats that support threatened or endangered species. Potential impacts on biological resources are primarily related to fire. Flare debris is similar to chaff debris, and litter may be a concern in certain pristine areas.

However, field studies indicated that debris does not tend to accumulate in noticeable quantities. The principal issues concerning potential effects on cultural resources are related to fire and associated suppression activities. No specific studies were conducted on whether Native Americans perceive that flare use affects traditional resources. As with other resources, traditional resources can be adversely affected by ff are-caused fires. Fires resulting from flare use have the potential to cause impacts on a variety of resources.

The degree of impact from fires will depend on the extent and intensity of the fire, the sensitivity of resources to damage by fire, and the value of the affected resources.

Fire is part of the natural ecosystem of most plant communities (except for the antarctic, hot deserts, and tropical wetlands), and is a major force in all arid, temperate, boreal, and austral zones.

The more fire-prone an ecosystem, the greater the role of natural fire in shaping the ecosystem. Very little has been done in the way of assessing the probability of ignition of a wildland fire by a single source (such as a flare). Since there can be such an abundance of ignition sources, the probability associated with a single source becomes irrelevant to fire management.

The release altitude would have to be above 1,500 feet AGL to ensure complete burn-out of a 10 second flare. The actual burn times of flares are classified, and based on that information, the safe altitude is likely to be significantly lower.

If a burning flare reaches the ground or the canopy of a tree or shrub, it may or may not start a fire. A review of the fire history data in existing flare use areas is documented in Technical Report on Chaff and Flares, Technical Report No.

6, Flare Fire Risk Assessment (USAF 1995). Fires caused by training operations occur in both dry and temperate or humid environments and can occur during times of relatively low fire hazard conditions if ignition sources are present.

The flare training areas examined covered a range of environments, both ecologically and in terms of management and regulations. In most areas, the percentage of fires caused by flares was unknown but usually considered to be low to nonexistent. The Alliant Kilgore Flares Company develops and produces infrared countermeasure flares, and a wide spectrum of pyrotechnic devices for the U. S. and foreign governments. It also makes pyrotechnics for various commercial activities. Kilgore is the world's leading supplier of infrared countermeasure products.

Production programs include the MJU-7A/B, M206, MJU-10/B, MJU-32/B and MJU-38/B U. S. countermeasures. In addition, Kilgore-designed flare products, such as the 55mm KC-004/A flares, are routinely provided for export. Kilgore is currently manufacturing an Israeli flare design under a Foreign Military Funding contract. Kilgore manufactured over six million infrared flares during the 1990s. Kilgore was the original designer of the MJU-10/B and first sequenced version of the MJU-7 and 1x1 inch flares.

Kilgore has patented a variety of advanced countermeasure designs. As a world leader in the countermeasures marketplace, Tracor is best known for its development and production of the AN/ALE-47 countermeasures dispenser system, the most advanced system capable of deploying chaff, flares, active radio frequency decoys, and other decoys from military aircraft.

The ALE-47 has been installed in more than 15 aircraft types for the U. S. Air Force, U. S. Navy, and more than 15 international customers. With the win of three flare contracts in 1997, Tracor also maintained its position as one of the world's top developers and producers of expendable decoys.

Under these contracts, Tracor has added new flares to its product line, which includes flares for Air Force F-15, A-10, C-17, C-5, and C-130 aircraft, as well as U. S. Army AH-64, CH-47, and UH-60 helicopters. These flares are deployed by the ALE-47 and other dispenser systems to protect aircraft from heat-seeking missiles. Also, Tracor continues to be the world's largest supplier of chaff expendables, which decoy radar-guided missiles.

The Esterline Technologies Advanced Materials segment develops and manufactures thermally engineered components and high-performance products used in a wide range of military applications, combustible ordnance components and electronic warfare countermeasure devices for military customers. On June 26, 2006, an explosion occurred at the Company's Wallop facility, which resulted in one fatality and several minor injuries. The incident destroyed an oven complex for the production of advanced flares and significantly damaged a portion of the facility.

The facility was expected to be closed for more than two years due to the requirement of the Health Safety Executive (HSE) to review the cause of the accident, normal operations are continuing at unaffected portions of the facility.

The HSE investigation would not be completed until the Coroner's Inquest was filed, possibly in 2008. The operation was insured under a property, casualty and business interruption insurance policy and in June 2007, the Company settled its insurance claim for £24.0 million, including payments already received. In fiscal 2007, insurance recoveries totaled $37.5 million, net of the write-off of the damaged facility. The Company recorded business interruption insurance recoveries of $4.9 million for losses incurred in fiscal 2006. NEWS LETTERJoin the Global Security.org mailing list Enter Your Email Address "

The ALE-47 is capable of dispensing the new generation active expendable decoys POET and GEN-X in addition to the conventional chaff and flare decoys which are compatible with the previous generation ALE-40 and ALE-39 dispensers.

The C-17 is equipped with Tracor AN/ALE-47 countermeasure flare dispensers and the Lockheed Martin/ Alliant Techsystems AN/AAR-47 missile warning system. AN/AAR-47 is a passive missile warning system which detects missiles by detecting the heat emitted in the exhaust during the missile launch and boost phase.

The system is composed of a suite of thermal sensors with four photomultipliers, a signal processing unit and a cockpit mounted control indicator. The suite of surface mounted thermal sensors around the aircraft provide 360 degree coverage. Frequency selection and signal processing techniques are used to minimise the false alarm rate. The system provides a warning to the crew via the cockpit indicator unit of the presence and direction of the missile threat.

A signal is automatically sent to the ALE-47 countermeasures dispenser. AN/ALE-47 is capable of carrying a mix of expendable countermeasures including expendable jammers.

The system interfaces to the C-17 aircraft's sensors. The aircrew can select the mode of operation of the dispenser for fully automatic, semi-automatic or manual operation. The cockpit control unit can be used to input mission data together with the numbers and types of expendable countermeasures systems loaded into the ALE-47. The cockpit controller updates and displays the status of the dispenser and the numbers and types of countermeasures remaining.

In fully automatic mode the dispenser receives the threat data from the aircraft's sensor system, selects the appropriate response in the choice of expendable, the dispersal sequence and pattern, and dispenses the selected expendable decoy.

The ALE-47 automatically downloads data to programme active expendable decoys before the launch sequence. In semi-automatic mode the launcher analyses the threat data input, selects the best response and provides a signal to the aircrew that the system is ready.

In a fully manual mode the crew are able to select one of six pre-programmed responses in which the quantities, sequences and types of expendables produce the required decoy pattern.

ft. Chaff are aluminium coated glass fibers of varying length that are made to be reflective to a broad spectrum of radar waves so as to throw off the radar of a plane or missile that has locked on to your aircraft.______

"06-09-2014, 08:18 PM # 1guitarxe Member Join Date: Aug 2013Posts: 169What is difference between flares and chaff?

When to use which? Sorry if this question is dumb obvious to some, but this is my first modern military flight sim, and I can't find information anywhere when to use chaff and when to use flares? There is no explicable difference described in the manual. When should I use which?06-09-2014, 08:25 PM # 2joey45Veteran Join Date: Jul 2006Location: West London UKPosts: 9,653Flare is for heat seaking missiles Chaff is fore radar seeking missiles.__________________ General 3D modeling thread and reference sitesnew UK liveries for planes, ships and MODS.

The only way to make sense out of change is to plunge into it, move with it, and join the dance. ""Me, the 13th Duke of Wybourne, here on the ED forums at 3 'o' clock in the morning, with my reputation.

Are they mad.."" It's not the Devs that destroy games it's the communities that control it. Please send all hate mail to No11 if anyone wants to help test Hermes give me a PM..06-09-2014, 08:33 PM # 3sobek Veteran Join Date: May 2008Location: Austria Posts: 11,790Flares are just that, flares that burn with very carefully tailored light emissions so as to prevent an infrared seeker from locking onto the aircra

____________ Good, fast, cheap. Choose any two. Come let's eat grandpa! Use punctuation, save lives!06-24-2014, 05:35 PM # 4guitarxe Member Join Date: Aug 2013Posts: 169But don't some missiles have both IR and Radar tracking? I think especially those carried by fighters? Or do those not exist in DCS?06-24-2014, 05:52 PM # 5Exorcet Senior Member Join Date: Jun 2009Posts: 2,476Not many have both.

None of the air to air missiles in DCS do.__________________ Win 7 64 i5-6600K 3.6 GHz 32 GB RAM GTX970 4GB -- A-10C, F-5E, Su-27, F-15C missions in User Files06-24-2014, 06:04 PM # 6GGTharos Veteran Join Date: Nov 2004Posts: 29,391Quote: Originally Posted by guitarxe But don't some missiles have both IR and Radar tracking?

I think especially those carried by fighters? Or do those not exist in DCS? For the most part they don't exist in reality as far as air to air missiles go.__________________ Reminder: SAM = Speed Bump I used to play flight sims like you, but then I took a slammer to the knee - Yoda06-25-2014, 04:50 PM # 7guitarxe Member Join Date: Aug 2013Posts: 169Well then why is it that in all videos I see on youtube, whenever someone has been fired on by a radar sam, they drop flares?06-25-2014, 05:04 PM # 8GGTharos Veteran Join Date: Nov 2004Posts: 29,391Because they don't know if it's only the radar missile that has been launched.

Or, because they don't know any better. Why can't you read their minds?__________________ Reminder: SAM = Speed Bump I used to play flight sims like you, but then I took a slammer to the knee - Yoda06-25-2014, 05:23 PM # 9Exorcet Senior Member Join Date: Jun 2009Posts: 2,476Quote: Originally Posted by GGTharos Because they don't know if it's only the radar missile that has been launched.

Or, because they don't know any better. Why can't you read their minds? While this is true, rumor also has it that some people are too lazy to use two buttons when Q works just fine.

Whoever those people may be... On an unrelated note, I'm taking donations for HOTAS with more buttons.__________________ Win 7 64 i5-6600K 3.6 GHz 32 GB RAM GTX970 4GB -- A-10C, F-5E, Su-27, F-15C missions in User Files06-25-2014, 05:42 PM # 10Kaktus29Member Join Date: Jul 2012Location: Slovenia Posts: 535well in theory enemy could punch IR and radar missile at you, and you wouldn't have a warning that IR is in the mix of those two missiles.. IR is autonomous anyway not being detected by your plane when targeted by EOS, and radar missile would make your RWR alert u.. but in reality in our pc gamers ppl yes i think ppl just lazy and punch ""Q"" a bit too much not differentiating the two decoys.. "