hydrogen is a liquid below what temperature

What Is Neon's State of Matter? Full Answer Hydrogen's state of matter can change when the temperature changes, becoming a liquid at temperatures between minus 423.18 and minus 434.49 degrees Fahrenheit. It becomes a solid at temperatures below minus 434.49 F. Due to its high flammability, hydrogen gas is commonly used in combustion reactions, such as in rocket and automobile fuels.

What State of Matter Is Hydrogen?

Science Chemistry Atoms & Molecules Q: What State of Matter Is Hydrogen? A: Quick Answer Hydrogen's state of matter is gas at standard conditions of temperature and pressure.

Hydrogen condenses into a liquid or freezes solid at extremely cold temperatures. Continue Reading Keep Learning How Does Pressure Affect the States of Matter? What Determines the State of a Substance?

It is also used in the production of fertilizers. Hydrogen is the most commonly found element in the universe, making up 90 percent of all atoms and accounting for 75 percent of all matter by mass.

Learn more about Atoms & Molecules Sources: elementalmatter.info en.wikipedia.org Related Questions Q: Which Elements Turn to Gases at Room Temperature? A: Some examples of elements that turn to gases at or lower than room temperature include nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and neon.

Room temperature is usually def... Full Answer >Filed Under: Atoms & Molecules Q: How Much Hydrogen Is in the Air? A: Only 0.000053 percent of air is composed of hydrogen, making it the ninth most prevalent gas in the air.

Nitrogen takes the lead, making up 78.084 percent ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Atoms & Molecules Q: Is Hydrogen a Metal? A: At normal temperatures and pressures, hydrogen is a gas. It was one of the first elements created after the creation of the universe.

It's the most plentif... Full Answer >Filed Under: Atoms & Molecules Q: What Is Formed When a Metal Reacts With Water? A: A metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas form when a metal reacts with water. The metal hydroxide is a strong base.

Reactions between a metal (especially an alka... Full Answer >Filed Under: Atoms & Molecules You May Also Like Q: What Causes Low Serum Creatinine? Q: Where Is Tungsten Found on the Periodic Table? Q: What Is the Molecular Geometry of NO3? Q: Why Do Atoms Form Bonds? Q: Which of the Noble Gases Is Most Often Used in Neon Signs? Q: What Family Does Manganese Belong To?

The hydrogen gas that makes up most of the atmosphere slowly changes to liquid with depth as the pressure increases. Below the liquid hydrogen rests the heavier liquid helium. Deep in the depths of the body of Saturn, the hydrogen is then under tremendous pressure, and is transformed to liquid metallic hydrogen.

ESA > Our Activities > Space Science > Cassini-Huygens Churning atmosphere on Saturn Saturn's atmosphere Saturn is approximately 75% hydrogen and 25% helium with traces of other substances like methane and water ice. Saturn's atmosphere, although similar to Jupiter's, is much less interesting to look at from a distance. But enhanced-colour images allow us to study the bands across which run parallel to the equator much like Jupiter's, indicating violent winds.

Saturn is one of the windiest places in the Solar System, and wind speeds have been clocked at a staggering 1800 kilometres per hour at the equator. Occasionally, violent 'white' storms break through the cloud layers, each one bigger than Earth. One of these was observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in 1994.

Smaller storms occur as darker spots. There are three regions in Saturn's troposhere (the part of the atmosphere where 'weather' occurs) where clouds of a particular kind, or 'cloud decks', are to be found. The location of the clouds is predicted based on the temperature at which vapour will condense into droplets. The point at which condensation occurs, on a temperature profile, is where the clouds ought to be.

Storms and feathery clouds The temperature in the troposphere ranges from about -130°C to about +80°C. The top visible cloud deck, made of ammonia clouds, is found at about 100 kilometres below the top of the troposhere (tropopause), where the temperature is about -250°C.

The second cloud deck, made of ammonium hydrosulphide clouds, is found at about 170 kilometres below the tropopause, where the temperature is -70°C. The lowest cloud deck, made of water clouds, is found at about 130 kilometres below the tropopause, where the temperature is about 0°C (freezing point of water).

It is believed that a rocky core about ten times the mass of the Earth exists at the centre. Rate this Views Share Currently4 out of 5 Stars. 1 2 3 4 5Rating: 3.9 /5 ( 585 votes cast) 130240Tweet

Liquid hydrogen is non-corrosive. Special materials of construction are not required to prevent corrosion. However, because of its extremely cold temperature, equipment must be designed and manufactured of material, which is suitable for extremely low temperature operation.

Liquid Hydrogen

Laboratory Safety Cryogen Safety Liquid Nitrogen Liquid Helium Liquid Argon Liquid Hydrogen Liquid Oxygen Liquid Hydrogen40Most of what appears below was taken from the Air Products’ website with its permission.

Information Specific to Liquid Hygrogen General Hydrogen is colorless as a liquid. Its vapors are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and highly flammable.

Vessels and piping should be designed to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Pressure Piping Code or Department of Transportation (DOT) Codes for the pressure and temperatures involved. Health Effects Hydrogen gas is odorless and nontoxic but may produce suffocation by diluting the concentration of oxygen in air below levels necessary to support life. Caution: The amount of hydrogen gas necessary to produce an oxygen-deficient atmosphere is well within the flammable range, making fire and explosion the primary hazards associated with hydrogen and air atmospheres.

Flammability The wide flammability range, 4% to 74% in air, and the small amount of energy required for ignition necessitate special handling to prevent the inadvertent mixing of hydrogen with air. Care should be taken to eliminate sources of ignition, such as sparks from electrical equipment, static electricity sparks, open flames or any extremely hot objects.

Hydrogen and air mixtures within the flammable range can explode and may burn with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. Physical Properties Molecular Weight: 2.016Boiling Point @ 1 atm: -423.0°F (-252.8°C, 20o K)Freezing Point @ 1 atm: -434.5°F (-259.2°C, 14o K)Critical Temperature: -399.8°F (-239.9°C)Critical Pressure: 188 psia (12.9 atm)Density, Liquid @ B. P., 1 atm: 4.23 lb./cu.ft.

Density, Gas @ 68°F (20°C), 1 atm: 0.005229 lb./cu.ft. Specific Gravity, Gas (Air = 1) @ 68°F (20°C), 1 atm: 0.0696Specific Gravity, Liquid @ B. P., 1 atm: 0.0710Specific Volume @ 68°F (20°C), 1 atm: 192 cu.

ft./lb. Latent Heat of Vaporization: 389 Btu/lb. mole Flammable Limits @ 1 atm in air 4.00%: -74.2% (by Volume)Flammable Limits @ 1 atm in oxygen 4.65%: -93.9% (by Volume)Detonable Limits @ 1 atm in air 18.2%: -58.9% (by Volume)Detonable Limits @ 1 atm in oxygen 15%: -90% (by Volume)Autoignition Temperature @ 1 atm: 1060°F (571°C)Expansion Ratio, Liquid to Gas, B. P. to 68°F (20°C): 1 to 848Transferring Liquid Two persons should be present when liquid hydrogen is being used or transferred, or a container is moved.

This does not apply where specially trained employees of the liquid hydrogen supplier, who routinely handle liquid hydrogen, are involved. Hydrogen is normally vaporized and used as a gas. Withdrawal of liquid from a tanker, tank, or liquid cylinder requires the use of a closed system, with proper safety relief devices, which can be evacuated and/or purged to eliminate the possibility of creating a flammable atmosphere or explosive mixture of liquid air and liquid hydrogen.

Purging should be done with helium since liquid hydrogen can solidify other gases, such as nitrogen, and cause plugging and possible rupture of the transfer line or storage vessel. Liquid transfer lines must be vacuum insulated to minimize product loss through vaporization or the formation of liquid air on the lines with subsequent oxygen enrichment.

All equipment must be electrically grounded and bonded before transferring liquid. Safety Considerations The hazards associated with handling liquid hydrogen are fire, explosion, asphyxiation, and exposure to extremely low temperatures. Consult the Air Products Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for safety information on the gases and equipment you will be using.

The potential for forming and igniting flammable mixtures containing hydrogen may be higher than for other flammable gases because: Hydrogen migrates quickly through small openings.

The minimum ignition energy for flammable mixtures containing hydrogen is extremely low. Burns may result from unknowingly walking into a hydrogen fire. The fire and explosion hazards can be controlled by appropriate design and operating procedures. Preventing the formation of combustible fuel-oxidant mixtures and removing or otherwise inerting potential sources of ignition (electric spark, static electricity, open flames, etc.)

in areas where the hydrogen will be used is essential. Careful evacuation and purge operations should be used to prevent the formation of flammable or explosive mixtures. Adequate ventilation will help reduce the possible formation of flammable mixtures in the event of a hydrogen leak or spill and will also eliminate the potential hazard of asphyxiation.

Protective clothing should be worn to prevent exposure to extremely cold liquid and cold hydrogen vapors. Cold burns may occur from short contact with frosted lines, liquid air that may be dripping from cold lines or vent stacks, vaporizer fins, and vapor leaks. Air will condense at liquid hydrogen temperatures and can become an oxygen-enriched liquid due to the vaporization of nitrogen.

Oxygen-enriched air increases the combustion rate of flammable and combustible materials. Purging Gaseous and liquid hydrogen systems must be purged of air, oxygen, or other oxidizers prior to admitting hydrogen to the systems, and purged of hydrogen before opening the system to the atmosphere. Purging should be done to prevent the formation of flammable mixtures and can be accomplished in several ways.

Piping systems and vessels intended for gaseous hydrogen service should be inerted by suitable purging or evacuation procedures. If the piping systems are extensive or complicated, successive evacuations broken first by an inert gas and finally with hydrogen are most reliable. Evacuating and purging of equipment in gaseous hydrogen service should include the following considerations: Evacuate the equipment and break vacuum with an inert gas, such as nitrogen.

Purge with an inert gas if equipment design does not permit evacuation. Repeat step 1 at least three times. If analytical equipment is available, purge system until oxygen content of residual gas is either less than or meets the process specification impurity level.

Hydrogen may now be introduced to the equipment. Flush system with hydrogen until required purity is reached. Vent all waste hydrogen through a flue or flare stack. Any purge method should be repeated as often as required to be certain a flammable mixture cannot be formed upon introducing hydrogen or air to the system. Fire Fighting Heat, open flames, electrical sparks, and static electricity easily ignite hydrogen. It will burn with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. Most hydrogen fires will have the flame characteristic of a torch or jet and will originate at the point where the hydrogen is discharging.

If a leak is suspected in any part of a system, a hydrogen flame can be detected by cautiously approaching with an outstretched broom, lifting it up and down.

The most effective way to fight a hydrogen fire is to shut off the flow of gas. If it is necessary to extinguish the flame in order to get to a place where the flow of hydrogen can be shut off, a dry powder extinguisher is recommended.

However, if the fire is extinguished without stopping the flow of gas, an explosive mixture may form, creating a more serious hazard than the fire itself should re-ignition occur from the hot surfaces or other sources. The usual fire fighting practice is to prevent the fire from spreading and let it burn until the hydrogen is consumed.

Dry powder fire extinguishers should be available in the area. A fire blanket should be conveniently located. An adequate water supply should be available to keep surrounding equipment cool in the event of a hydrogen fire. The local fire department should be advised of the nature of the products handled and made aware of the best known methods for combating hydrogen fires.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)One must be thoroughly familiar with the properties and safety precautions before being allowed to handle hydrogen and/or associated equipment. Full face shield, safety glasses, insulated or leather gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and pants without cuffs should be worn when working on liquid hydrogen systems. Pant legs should be worn outside of boots. In the event of emergency situations, a fire-resistant suit and gloves should be worn. SCBA is also recommended, but remember atmospheres that are oxygen-deficient are within the flammable range and should not be entered.

The main job of the tank is to hold about 535,000 gallons of super cold liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The lower portion of the tank holds the liquid hydrogen, which is the fuel for the engines. The second-coldest known chemical, it is stored in the tank at minus 423 degrees Fahrenheit.

"NASA Podcasts Text Size Grow Text Size Shrink Text Size Space Shuttle Era: External Tank and Boosters 12.16.11› View Now NARRATOR: Millions of people watched the roaring engines, and thundering rush of fire and twin pillars of smoke that made up the unique signature of a space shuttle launch. They saw four large machines work together precisely to send astronauts, satellites, observatories and space station sections into orbit. The four elements, when combined ahead of a launch, were called a shuttle stack. They included the shuttle itself, also known as the orbiter, plus a pair of solid rocket boosters and a single external fuel tank.

The external tank, or ET, is the familiar orange structure that dominates most images of the shuttle at liftoff.

At more than 15-stories tall, it is the largest single part of a shuttle stack. It gets its signature orange color from the foam insulation sprayed on the tank's aluminum structure. The insulation helps the tank act as a thermos bottle to keep the super cold propellants from evaporating too quickly. It also helps prevent ice from forming on the tank's exterior and promotes the right aerodynamic shape for launching into space.

The upper part of the tank holds liquid oxygen, chilled to minus 297 degrees. During the space shuttle fleet's 30 years of operation, the tank, like the shuttle itself, has undergone numerous upgrades and weight-saving improvements. For example, designers quickly saved six hundred pounds by not painting the tank white after the first two missions.

Following a few revisions to designs and materials, the latest version of the tank, known as the Super Lightweight tank, is 17,000 pounds lighter than the first one Columbia used in 1981. The tank also received extra attention after 2003's Columbia accident, which was blamed in part on a piece of the insulating foam on the tank breaking off, striking the left wing and creating a hole in the shuttle's heat shield.

Engineers implemented changes to the foam and the way it is applied and refined before the next launch. Some foam was removed altogether to eliminate risk further. The twin solid rocket boosters are bolted to either side of the tank, with the shuttle itself riding piggyback.

This approach was revolutionary in rocket design when it debuted in 1981. Until then, rockets were built by stacking one stage on the top of another and then casting off the stages one at a time until a small spacecraft was left on its own in orbit. Until the space shuttle's first mission in 1981, no astronaut had ridden into orbit on the strength of a solid-fueled rocket. The SRBs hold their own fuel, a mixture of powdered aluminum and a chemical called ammonium perchlorate.

When dry, the combination feels like a pencil eraser. The fuel is the ""solid"" in the solid rocket booster's name. The 15-story-tall boosters work much simpler than liquid-fueled rockets that require complex engines and pumps. They produce nearly 7 million pounds of thrust. The solid rocket boosters do not ignite until the shuttle's main engines are up and running.

At liftoff, flames shoot down through the inside of the booster to ignite the fuel. Once ignited, the boosters cannot be turned off. A pair of boosters combines to burn nine tons of fuel every second. The boosters accelerate the 4.5 million-pound shuttle stack to 3,000 miles per hour and 24 miles high in two minutes. By then, most of the fuel is used up and the boosters fall away, leaving the shuttle's own main engine's to reach orbit.

The boosters parachuted safely into the ocean where they were recovered and reused on later launches. After the shuttle engines shut down and the orbiter was on its way, the tank fell away and safely burned up in the atmosphere over the ocean.

NASA's shuttle fleet performed unprecedented work in orbit during its career, whether deploying spacecraft to distant worlds, setting up the Hubble Space Telescope to view the edge of the universe or building the largest orbiting laboratory in history. Getting into space to perform that historic work took teamwork with the machinery of a shuttle stack. › View Now› Back To Top "

For Hydrogen, the boiling point is -253 degrees Celsius; for mercury it is 357 degrees Celsius, and for iron it is 2,750 degrees Celsius. From these numbers you can see that at room temperature (and indeed for nearly any temperature found on Earth) hydrogen is a gas, mercury is a liquid, and iron is a solid.

"I heard Mercury and water are the only substances to go through all 3 phases of matter. Is that true, and if not what are the other substances? Question Date: 2002-03-19Answer 1: Mercury and water are not the only substances capable of existing in three distinct states of matter.

In fact, all of the elements, of which mercury is one, may exist in solid, liquid, or gas forms. Additionally, many substances exhibit more than one solid form, often with very different properties. For example, both graphite and diamond are composed of carbon, but the arrange of carbon atoms within the solid is different.

For simplicity, consider pure substances such as water. The stable form of matter, or phase, of a single component system depends on the temperature and pressure of the system.

We are typically used to atmospheric pressure. Therefore, we expect water to be a liquid at room temperature, to freeze to a solid below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 deg Celsius), and to boil into the gas phase above 212 deg F (100 deg C). However, if you placed a glass of water inside a vacuum and reduced the pressure to one tenth of the normal atmospheric pressure, the water would boil even in a nicely air conditioned room.

The same is true for other substances, although the temperatures and pressures at which a given phase is stable may be so extreme that for all practical purposes you'll never encounter it. For example, the gas phase of copper is stable at atmospheric pressure only at temperatures above 4643 deg F (2562 deg C); however, if you wanted to obtain the gas phase near room temperature, you would have to reduce the pressure to less than one billionth of atmospheric pressure.

Answer 2: This is not true; in fact all of the elements except for helium go through all three phases of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) as the temperature is varied.

That is to say, at low enough temperatures, all the elements (except Helium) are solids. As the temperature is increased they will melt and become liquids. Each element melts at a different temperature, called it's ""melting point"". Hydrogen melts at -259 degrees Celsius. Mercury melts at -39 degrees Celsius. Iron melts at 1,535 degrees Celsius. As the temperature is increased still further, each element will boil and become a gas. Each element boils at a different temperature, called the ""boiling point"".

This discussion also holds true for small molecules, like water (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), etc. Water is the only substance where all three states can be readily observed in everyday life: solid water as ice, liquid water in a water fountain, and gaseous water as steam.

Carbon dioxide is a good example of a substance which can be a liquid, but only when it is under pressure. For example, at room temperature unpressurized carbon dioxide is a gas, but if it is pressurized to 800 pounds per square inch (as it often is in steel bottles), it becomes a liquid.

Helium (an element) is unique in that it will not freeze no matter how cold it is made unless it is simultaneously very cold (colder than -270 degrees C) and under a great deal of pressure (about 400 pounds per square inch).

Thus you can see that all the elements and all the simple molecules can be made to go through all three phases if you can control the temperature and the pressure they experience. It might seem that this would mean that any substance could be made to be solid, liquid or gas, but this is not quite true.

For example wood, which is made out of very large, complicated molecules containing mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, does not boil - i.e., when you heat it it does not melt into liquid wood and then boil into gaseous wood.

Instead as the wood becomes hot (about 300 degrees Celsius), the big molecules break up into smaller molecules like carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is a gas at 300 degrees Celsius, so it floats away. This process is called ""burning"", and is the result of the big molecules of the solid wood breaking up into small molecules like Carbon Dioxide, which then float away as a gas.

If you are interested, there is a table of all the melting and boiling points of all the elements atchemicalelements Answer 3: This is not true. All substances go through all the phases, but at different temperatures and pressures. Mercury and water are both liquid at room temperature and 1 atmosphere of pressure. You can make water boil, however, by putting it in a vacuum!Boiling is the process of a substance changing from liquid to gas phase.

You can make water do this at room temperature by putting it in a heavy container and removing all the air - putting it in zero air pressure - then the water comes out of liquid phase and changes into gas phase! Substances like hydrogen, methane gas, and carbon dioxide, which are found on earth as gases, are found on the outer planets like Saturn as ices.

Substances like iron, silicon, carbon, that are found on earth as solids, are found in the Sun as ionized gases, or plasmas!Answer 4: What do you mean by phases?.

I presume you mean the solid, liquid or gas phases. If so, your statement is not accurate. Most elements can be made into one of these phases. Metals solid at room temperature can be made into liquids by heating and even into gases by heating the liquid to high temperature.

Even helium which is a very cold liquid in its usual state at atmospheric pressure can be made into a solid by compressing the liquid or into a gas by heating the liquid.

I hope this is clear for you now. Answer 5: Almost all substances have a solid, liquid, and gas state. I think mercury is interesting because (as stated in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics) it is the only common metal that is a liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Water is also very interesting, and makes life as we know it possible, because it is a liquid at room temperature and at one atmosphere. Click Here to return to the search form. "

. At the temperature and pressure of Jupiter's interior hydrogen is a liquid, not a gas. It is an electrical conductor and the source of Jupiter's magnetic field. This layer probably also contains some helium and traces of various "" ices "

Jupiter Facts

"Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and by far the largest. Jupiter is more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined (the mass of Jupiter is 318 times that of Earth). Planet Profileorbit: 778,330,000 km (5.20 AU) from Sun diameter: 142,984 km (equatorial) mass: 1.900e27 kg History of Jupiter

Jupiter (a.k.a. Jove; Greek Zeus ) was the King of the Gods, the ruler of Olympus and the patron of the Roman state. Zeus was the son of Cronus (Saturn). Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus ).

It has been known since prehistoric times as a bright ""wandering star"". But in 1610 when Galileo first pointed a telescope at the sky he discovered Jupiter's four large moons Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto (now known as the Galilean moons) and recorded their motions back and forth around Jupiter.

This was the first discovery of a center of motion not apparently centered on the Earth. It was a major point in favor of Copernicus 's heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets (along with other new evidence from his telescope: the phases of Venus and the mountains on the Moon ).

Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory got him in trouble with the Inquisition . Today anyone can repeat Galileo's observations (without fear of retribution :-) using binoculars or an inexpensive telescope.

Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973 and later by Pioneer 11 , Voyager 1 , Voyager 2 and Ulysses . The spacecraft Galileo orbited Jupiter for eight years. It is still regularly observed by the Hubble Space Telescope . The gas planets do not have solid surfaces, their gaseous material simply gets denser with depth (the radii and diameters quoted for the planets are for levels corresponding to a pressure of 1 atmosphere).

What we see when looking at these planets is the tops of clouds high in their atmospheres (slightly above the 1 atmosphere level). Jupiter is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium (by numbers of atoms, 75/25% by mass) with traces of methane, water, ammonia and ""rock"". This is very close to the composition of the primordial Solar Nebula from which the entire solar system was formed.

Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium. Our knowledge of the interior of Jupiter (and the other gas planets) is highly indirect and likely to remain so for some time.

(The data from Galileo 's atmospheric probe goes down only about 150 km below the cloud tops. )Jupiter probably has a core of rocky material amounting to something like 10 to 15 Earth-masses. Above the core lies the main bulk of the planet in the form of liquid metallic hydrogen . This exotic form of the most common of elements is possible only at pressures exceeding 4 million bars, as is the case in the interior of Jupiter (and Saturn). Liquid metallic hydrogen consists of ionized protons and electrons (like the interior of the Sun but at a far lower temperature)