the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of a column of gas is calculated as

A relatively simple version [1] of the vertical fluid pressure variation is simply that the pressure difference between two elevations is the product of elevation change, gravity, and density. The equation is as follows:

Vertical pressure variation

Vertical pressure variation is the variation in pressure as a function of elevation. Depending on the fluid in question and the context being referred to, it may also vary significantly in dimensions perpendicular to elevation as well, and these variations have relevance in the context of pressure gradient force and its effects. However, the vertical variation is especially significant, as it results from the pull of gravity on the fluid; namely, for the same given fluid, a decrease in elevation within it corresponds to a taller column of fluid weighing down on that point.

The delta symbol indicates a change in a given variable. Since g is negative, an increase in height will correspond to a decrease in pressure, which fits with the previously mentioned reasoning about the weight of a column of fluid.

When density and gravity are approximately constant (that is, for relatively small changes in height), simply multiplying height difference, gravity, and density will yield a good approximation of pressure difference. Where different fluids are layered on top of one another, the total pressure difference would be obtained by adding the two pressure differences; the first being from point 1 to the boundary, the second being from the boundary to point 2; which would just involve substituting the ρ and Δh values for each fluid and taking the sum of the results. If the density of the fluid varies with height, mathematical integration would be required.

Whether or not density and gravity can be reasonably approximated as constant depends on the level of accuracy needed, but also on the length scale of height difference, as gravity and density also decrease with higher elevation. For density in particular, the fluid in question is also relevant; seawater, for example, is considered an incompressible fluid; its density can vary with height, but much less significantly than that of air.  Thus water's density can be more reasonably approximated as constant than that of air, and given the same height difference, the pressure differences in water are approximately equal at any height.

The barometric formula depends only on the height of the fluid chamber, and not on its width or length.  Given a large enough height, any pressure may be attained. This feature of hydrostatics has been called the hydrostatic paradox. As expressed by W. H. Besant,[2]

The Dutch scientist Simon Stevin was the first to explain the paradox mathematically.[3] In 1916 Richard Glazebrook mentioned the hydrostatic paradox as he described an arrangement he attributed to Pascal: a heavy weight W rests on a board with area A resting on a fluid bladder connected to a vertical tube with cross-sectional area Î±. Pouring water of weight w down the tube will eventually raise the heavy weight. Balance of forces leads to the equation

Glazebrook says, "By making the area of the board considerable and that of the tube small, a large weight W can be supported by a small weight w of water. This fact is sometimes described as the hydrostatic paradox."[4]

Demonstrations of the hydrostatic paradox are used in teaching the phenomenon.[5][6]

If one is to analyze the vertical pressure variation of the Atmosphere of Earth, the length scale is very significant (troposphere alone being several kilometres tall; thermosphere being several hundred kilometres) and the involved fluid (air) is compressible. Gravity can still be reasonably approximated as constant, because length scales on the order of kilometres are still small in comparison to Earth's radius, which is on average about 6371Â km,[7] and gravity is a function of distance from Earth's core.[8]

Density, on the other hand, varies more significantly with height. It follows from the ideal gas law that

Put more simply, air density depends on air pressure. Given that air pressure also depends on air density, it would be easy to get the impression that this was circular definition, but it is simply interdependency of different variables. This then yields a more accurate formula, of the form

Therefore, instead of pressure being a linear function of height as one might expect from the more simple formula given in the "basic formula" section, it is more accurately represented as an exponential function of height.

Note that even that is a simplification, as temperature also varies with height. However, the temperature variation within the lower layers (troposphere, stratosphere) is only in the dozens of degrees, as opposed to difference between either and absolute zero, which is in the hundreds, so it is a reasonably small difference. For smaller height differences, including those from top to bottom of even the tallest of buildings, (like the CN tower) or for mountains of comparable size, the temperature variation will easily be within the single-digits. (See also lapse rate.)

An alternative derivation, shown by the Portland State Aerospace Society,[9] is used to give height as a function of pressure instead. This may seem counter-intuitive, as pressure results from height rather than vice versa, but such a formula can be useful in finding height based on pressure difference when one knows the latter and not the former. Different formulas are presented for different kinds of approximations; for comparison with the previous formula, the first referenced from the article will be the one applying the same constant-temperature approximation; in which case:

where (with values used in the article)

A more general formula derived in the same article accounts for a linear change in temperature as a function of height (lapse rate), and reduces to above when the temperature is constant:

and the other quantities are the same as those above.  This is the recommended formula to use.


who defeated the jets on monday night football in 1970

The 1970 New York Jets season was the 11th season for the team and the first in the National Football League, following the AFL–NFL merger. It began with the team trying to maintain or improve upon its 10–4 record from 1969 under head coach Weeb Ewbank. The Jets finished with a record of 4–10. One of the highlights of the season was the Jets' first game when they appeared on the first ever Monday Night Football game vs. the Cleveland Browns. The Jets lost the game 31–21. In the fifth game of the season, quarterback Joe Namath was lost for the season when he broke his wrist vs. the Baltimore Colts in Shea Stadium, the first meeting between the teams since Namath guaranteed victory in Super Bowl III. Namath's injury occurred when he hit his hand on the helmet of Colts defensive tackle Fred Miller. With Namath on the sidleines, the Jets were forced to play untested Al Woodall, who guided New York to upsets of NFC powerhouses Los Angeles and Minnesota, but only one other victory, over the lowly Boston Patriots.

1970 New York Jets season

Rookies in italics 45 Active, 0 Inactive, 0 Practice squad

Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


how is the sat chemistry subject test scored

The test has 85 multiple choice questions, each consisting of five answer choices, that are to be answered in one hour. Students receive 1 point for every correct answer, lose Â¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and receive 0 points for questions left blank. This score is then converted to a scaled score of 200-800. The mean score for the 2009 test administrations was 638, standard deviation 113.[1] In 2011, the mean score was 648 with a standard deviation of 110.

SAT Subject Test in Chemistry

The SAT Subject Test in Chemistry is a one-hour multiple choice test given on chemistry by The College Board. A student chooses whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student is planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests; until January 2005, they were known as SAT IIs; they are still well known by the latter name.

This test consists of 85 questions. The first 23 questions numbered 1-23 are 'classification questions'. The next 15 questions, numbered 101-115, are called'relationship analysis questions'. The SAT Subject Test in Chemistry is currently the only SAT that incorporates the relationship analysis questions. Relationship Analysis Questions require the student to identify the truth value of two statements. If both statements are true, the student will then have to analyze the relationship between the two statements to see if the second statement correctly explains the first statement. The last 47 questions numbered 24-70 are standard multiple choice questions. The Metric System of measurement is used, rather than United States customary units. This is widely because students across the world take SAT Subject Tests, not just Americans. Additionally, many chemists and scientists use the Metric System, considering the entire world uses it as well.

The College Board's recommended preparation is a one-year college preparatory course in chemistry, a one-year course in algebra, and experience in the laboratory. However, some second-year algebra concepts (including logarithms) are tested on this subject test. Given the timed nature of the test, one of the keys of the mathematics that appears on the SAT II in Chemistry is not the difficulty, but rather the speed at which it must be completed. Furthermore, the oft-quoted prerequisite[who?] of lab-experience is sometimes unnecessary for the SAT Subject Test in Chemistry due to the nature of the questions concerning experiments; most laboratory concepts can simply be memorized beforehand. Some lab-based questions use diagrams, and thus it is helpful to know what common glassware looks like and how the different pieces are used.

Like most of the SAT Subject Tests, the Chemistry SAT Test is relatively difficult. It tests a very wide breadth of content and expects students to formulate answers in a very short period of time. Many high school students find themselves picking up extra resource material, like prep books and online aids, to help them prepare for the SAT Chemistry test.

While the test is challenging, there are distinctions between the SAT Chemistry Test and the AP Chemistry exam, which is a more critical-thinking exam that is used not for college admissions but rather for college placement. Still, an AP course in Chemistry is sufficient preparation for the Chemistry SAT.

The student is not allowed to use notes, textbooks, or a calculator on this test. The only resource a student may use is a periodic table which is provided with the test booklet. This table only provides atomic masses, atomic numbers, and symbols for each element.


where does the pilgrims way start and finish

The Pilgrims' Way (also Pilgrim's Way or Pilgrims Way)[a] is the historical route taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent. This name, of comparatively recent coinage, is applied to a pre-existing ancient trackway dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the stone age.[1][2] The prehistoric route followed the "natural causeway" east to west on the southern slopes of the North Downs.[3]

Pilgrims' Way

The course was dictated by the natural geography: it took advantage of the contours, avoided the sticky clay of the land below but also the thinner, overlying "clay with flints" of the summits.[4] In places a coexisting ridgeway and terrace way can be identified; the route followed would have varied with the season, but it would not drop below the upper line of cultivation.[5][6] The trackway ran the entire length of the North Downs, leading to and from Folkestone: the pilgrims would have had to turn away from it, north along the valley of the  Great Stour near Chilham, to reach Canterbury.

The prehistoric trackway extended further than the present Way, providing a link from the narrowest part of the English Channel to the important religious complexes of Avebury and Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, where it is known as the Harroway.[7][8] The route was still followed as an artery for through traffic in Roman times, a period of continuous use of more than 3000Â years.[2]

From Thomas Becket's  canonization in 1173, until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538, his shrine at Canterbury became the most important in the country, indeed "after Rome...the chief shrine in Christendom",[9] and it drew pilgrims from far and wide. Winchester, apart from being an ecclesiastical centre in its own right (the shrine of St Swithin), was an important regional focus and an aggregation point for travellers arriving through the seaports on the south coast.[4]  Indeed, this was the route taken by Henry II on his pilgrimage of atonement for the death of Bishop Thomas  from France To Canterbury in July 1174.[10][11] Travellers from Winchester to Canterbury  naturally used the ancient way, as it was the direct route, and research by local historians has provided much by way of detail—sometimes embellished—of the pilgrims' journeys. The numbers making their way to Canterbury by this route were not recorded, but the estimate by the Kentish historian William Coles Finch that it carried more than 100,000 pilgrims a year is surely an exaggeration.[12][13]  A separate (and more reliably attested) route  to Canterbury from London was by way of Watling Street, as followed by the storytellers in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Conversely, the concept of a single route called the Pilgrims' Way could be no older than the Victorian Ordnance Survey map of Surrey, whose surveyor, Edward Renouard James, published a pamphlet in 1871 entitled Notes on the Pilgrims' Way in West Surrey. Here he asserted that the route was "little studied" and that "very many persons in the neighbourhood" had not been aware of it.[14] His insertion of the route name on the Ordnance map gave an official sanction to his conjecture; and writers such as Hilaire Belloc were eager to follow it up. In fact, the route as shown on modern maps is not only unsuitable for the mass movement of travellers but has also left few traces of their activity.[15] The official history of the Ordnance Survey acknowledges the "enduring archaeological blunder", blaming the enthusiasm for history of the then Director, General Sir Henry James.[16] Together, romantically inclined authors have succeeded in creating "a fable of...modern origin" to explain the existence of the Way.[2]
However, F.C.Elliston-Erwood, A Kentish historian, notes that tithe records dating from before 1815 use the well established name "Pilgrims' Way" to reference and locate pieces of land. Earlier still, surviving thirteenth century documents show a "Pilgrim Road" by the walls of Thornham Castle, Kent, on what is today considered the route.[17][18]

The Pilgrims' Way is at the centre of the Powell and Pressburger film A Canterbury Tale, with the camera panning along a map of the route at the start of the film.[19]

Anyone walking the 'Pilgrims Way' from Winchester would have started along the Roman road east following the route through New Alresford, Four Marks, Alton and Bentley to Farnham. This roughly follows the modern A31.

The ancient main streets of towns along the route from Farnham (where the old trackway converges with the pilgrims' route)[2] through Guildford, Dorking and Reigate align west to east, strongly suggesting that this was the most important route that passed through them. On modern Ordnance Survey maps, part of the route is shown running east from Farnham via the heights by Guildford Castle, then north of the village of Shere, north of Dorking, Reigate, Merstham, Chaldon, Godstone, Limpsfield and Westerham, through Otford, Kemsing and Wrotham, north of Trottiscliffe, towards Cuxton (where it crossed the River Medway).  South of Rochester, the Pilgrims' Way travels through the villages of Burham, Boxley, Detling and continuing in a south-east direction to the north of the villages of Harrietsham and Lenham.  The route continues south-east along the top of the Downs past Charing, to Wye and then turns north to follow the valley of the Great Stour through Chilham and on to Canterbury.

Along some stretches the pilgrims' route left the ancient trackway to encompass religious sites, examples being Pewley Down, near Guildford, where the later way passed St Martha's Hill and The Chantries, some 500Â metres to the south.[2]  At Reigate the thirteenth-century chapel of St Thomas and a hospice were built for the pilgrims' use, although they were not on the route.[20][21] Boxley Abbey, with its revered Rood of Grace, was another recognised detour.[22]

The North Downs Way National Trail parallels the old Pilgrims' Way between Farnham and Canterbury. Much of the traditional route of the Pilgrims' Way is now part of the modern road network and the Ramblers has previously advised walkers wishing to follow it to use St. Swithuns Way between Winchester and Farnham and the North Downs Way between Farnham and Canterbury as an alternative.[23]

The route also links with the South Downs Way at Winchester.


who died in til death do us part

Alex takes Kate and Peace home from the hospital. Michael goes in the house as Kate takes a shower. Alex comes by, and Michael threatens to kill him if Madison tips him off. She holds it together, but Alex figures out that something is wrong, and bursts through the door and has a fist fight with Michael. Michael strangles Alex, but Madison convinces Michael not to kill him, by faking Michael out about reconciling with him, and stabs him in his side with a knife. She calls for help, and manages to get the handgun Michael had, and kills him in self defense.

'Til Death Do Us Part (film)

'Til Death Do Us Part is a 2017 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher B. Stokes. The film stars Annie Ilonzeh, Stephen Bishop and Taye Diggs, who is also one of the film's producers. The film was released on September 29, 2017.[2]

Michael and Madison Roland have a seemingly perfect marriage, and are celebrating their first wedding anniversary. Madison brings up that she wants to start a family together but Michael becomes irritated as he does not want to start a family. Michael visits his motherâ€™s grave and talks to her headstone, it is revealed his mother and his father died the same year, and later it becomes known that they died in a murder-suicide.

Michael is happy when Madison quits her job to become a full time wife. Madison finds a vial of steroidal testosterone which Michael has been taking in order not to get her pregnant. She confronts him, they argue, and he slaps her, knocking her to the ground.

Later, Madison excitedly shows her friend, Chelsea a positive pregnancy test. Four months later, Madison secretly gets a job working with Chelsea, and confides in her that Michael has questioned the paternity of the baby, and has been abusive. Horrified, Chelsea tries to get Madison to go to the police, but Madison refuses and tries to rationalize the situation. One night, Michael and Madison are driving home from dinner, and he is upset and he pulls over. She gets out of the car, telling Michael she is calling an Uber, and he forces her back into the car saying that he wonâ€™t live without her.

The abuse continues, and Madison is unable to hide the bruises at work. Chelsea reports what is going on to the police, and starts researching options for Madison. Madison, now six months pregnant, packs a bag to go stay at Chelsea’s and manages to get away from Michael when he attacks her by smashing a vase over his head, but wrecks the vehicle shortly after driving away. The doctor tells Michael she died during surgery, and that the baby couldn’t be saved either.

Madison is still alive and in a flashback, it is shown how Chelsea helped her stage the accident and death to get away from Michael. The doctor at the hospital was a hired actor, and Madison took out a life insurance policy, making Chelsea the beneficiary to fund her new life. Madison relocates, gets a waitressing job, and uses a fake name, Kate Smith. Kate meets her next door neighbor Alex, a widower, and his 6-year-old daughter, Rachel, and he invites her over for pie, and they hit it off. Kate and Alex get closer, as he helps her prepare for the birth of her son. Alex begins to suspect that all is not what it seems, and she tells him the truth about her life.

Michael is tipped off about Madison still being alive when he gets a call from Madison's job about her not picking up her final paycheck. Through the call, Michael also discovers there is no record of her death. Michael has Rob start looking into it, and goes to see Chelsea, realizing she was involved. Kate has her baby, and names him “Peace”. Elsewhere, Chelsea is leaving the hospital, and Michael appears and forces her to drive to Kate’s house at gun point.

In North America, 'Til Death Do Us Part was released on September 29, 2017 alongside Flatliners and American Made, as well as the wide expansion of Battle of the Sexes, and was projected to gross around $4 million in its opening weekend.[3] It ended up underperforming, opening to just $1.5 million and finishing 9th at the box office.[4]

The film made its television premiere on BET on February 10, 2018; the film attracted approximately 786,000 viewers.[5]

'Til Death Do Us Part will be available for Blu-ray and DVD on December 4, 2018.[6]


who played wesley crusher on star trek the next generation

Richard William Wheaton III (born July 29, 1972) is an American actor, blogger, voice actor and writer. He portrayed Wesley Crusher on the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, Gordie Lachance in the film Stand by Me, Joey Trotta in Toy Soldiers and Bennett Hoenicker in Flubber. Wheaton has also appeared in recurring roles as Aqualad in Teen Titans, Cosmic Boy on the Legion of Super Heroes and Mike Morningstar/Darkstar in the Ben 10 universe. He has also regularly appeared as a fictionalized version of himself on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory and in the roles of Fawkes on The Guild, Colin Mason on Leverage and Dr. Isaac Parrish on Eureka. Wheaton is also the host and co-creator of the YouTube board game show TableTop.

Wil Wheaton

Wheaton was born July 29, 1972, in Burbank, California, to Debra Nordean "Debbie" (nÃ©e O'Connor), an actress, and Richard William Wheaton, Jr., a medical specialist.[2][3][4] He has a brother, Jeremy, and a sister, Amy.[5] Both appeared uncredited in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "When the Bough Breaks".[6] Amy also appeared alongside Wil in the 1987 film The Curse.[7]

Wheaton made his acting debut in the television film A Long Way Home (1981), and his first cinema role was as Martin Brisby in the animated film The Secret of NIMH (1982), the movie adaptation of Robert C. O'Brien's book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (1971). He had a minor role in The Last Starfighter (1984) as Louis's friend, but it was cut.

He first gained widespread attention for playing Gordie Lachance in Stand by Me (1986), the film adaptation of Stephen King's novella The Body which was originally published in 1982's Different Seasons.[8][9][10]

He played Wesley Crusher for the first four seasons of Star Trek: The Next Generation, from 1987 to 1991. This became a recurring role later in the series. A vocal group of Trekkies disliked his Star Trek character and, by extension, Wheaton himself. Wheaton commented about his critics in an interview for WebTalk Radio:

Later, I determined that the people who were really, really cruel – like the Usenet weenies – really are a statistically insignificant number of people. And I know, just over the years from people who've e-mailed me at my website and people who I've talked to since I started going to Star Trek conventions again in the last five years, that there are so many more people who really enjoyed everything about the show, including my performance, including the character.[11]

Wheaton's notoriety among Star Trek fandom is covered in a number of web comics. For example, ArcaneTimes (March 25, 2005) offers a sympathetic position;[12] Something Positive presents a range of opinions on the storyline Mike's Kid;[13] and Abstruse Goose tries to distinguish between the character and the actor.[14]

Wheaton played Joey Trotta in the action film Toy Soldiers (1991). After leaving Star Trek, he moved to Topeka, Kansas, to work for NewTek, where he helped to develop the Video Toaster 4000 doing product testing and quality control[15][16] and later used his public profile to serve as a technology evangelist for the product.[17] Wheaton said this was a period of growth in his life, and living away from Los Angeles helped him deal with anger problems.

Afterward, he returned to Los Angeles, attended acting school for five years, and then re-entered the acting world.[18][19] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Wheaton appeared in several independent films, including the award-winning The Good Things (2001), in which he portrays a frustrated Kansas tollbooth worker.[citation needed] For his performance in Jane White Is Sick & Twisted (2002) he received the Best Actor award at the Melbourne Underground Film Festival.[citation needed]

Wheaton has worked as a voice actor in animation, video games and audiobooks, beginning with the role of Martin Brisby in The Secret of NIMH at age 10. His most noteworthy credits include the roles of Aqualad in the cartoons Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go!, the voice of radio journalist Richard Burns in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Kyle in the Nickelodeon cartoon, Kyle + Rosemary as well as himself and various other characters on both Family Guy and Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy. Wheaton also featured as the second Blue Beetle, Ted Kord, on Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Dr. Peter Meechum in Generator Rex, Mike Morningstar / Darkstar in Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien & Ben 10: Omniverse. Wheaton also took upon the anime roles of Yakumo in Kurokami: The Animation, Menma in Naruto, Hans in Slayers Evolution-R, Aaron Terzieff in Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn. He also appeared as himself in a skit on nerdcore rapper MC Frontalot's 2008 album Final Boss attempting to be a rapper, whose rhymes only involved shellfish.  Wheaton later collaborated with Frontalot on "Your Friend Wil", a track from the 2010 album Zero Day on the subject of what Wheaton calls "Wheaton's law": "don't be a dick".[20][21]  Wheaton and Frontalot have both appeared at the Penny Arcade Expo (PAX).[citation needed]

Wheaton has also narrated a number of bestselling audiobooks, mostly in the science-fiction and fantasy category, including Ready Player One by Ernest Cline (Wheaton also exists in the novel's universe, described as being joint President, along with Cory Doctorow, of the virtual world Oasis, which is the setting for much of the book), "Armada" also by Cline,  Redshirts by John Scalzi, "Fuzzy Nation" also by Scalzi, and books 6â€“10 of the Chronicles of Amber series by Roger Zelazny.

Wheaton was a contestant on a 2001 episode of The Weakest Link featuring Star Trek actors attempting to win money for charity. He has made guest appearances on the November 23, 2007 episode of the TV series Numb3rs, and the October 22, 2008 episode of the series Criminal Minds, and appeared in Internet presentations, including a cameo in a comedy sketch ("Lock Out") for LoadingReadyRun[22] (and a reprise of the same the following year, in CommodoreHustle 4), and the May 30, 2008 episode of the Internet series Gorgeous Tiny Chicken Machine Show. From 2009-2011, Wheaton appeared in seasons 3, 4, and 5 of the web series The Guild as Fawkes, the leader for a rival guild known as Axis of Anarchy.[23] Wheaton credits his roles in Gorgeous Tiny Chicken Machine Show and The Guild for reigniting his career by encouraging him to seek out roles as the "Villain You Love To Hate" stock character.[24] He also appears in seasons 2, 3, and 4 of the television series Leverage, as rival computer hacker Colin "Chaos" Mason, antagonist to Leverage team hacker Alec Hardison. He makes regular appearances in many web productions for Geek & Sundry, including hosting TableTop, a board game based show,[25] and Titansgrave, a roleplaying game based show.[26]

He appeared as a fictionalized version of himself in several episodes of the sitcom The Big Bang Theory, starting in season 3, episode 5: "The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary" (2009). On the show, Wheaton behaves in comically petty and manipulative ways towards main character Sheldon Cooper, who regards him as an archenemy until the season 5 episode "The Russian Rocket Reaction", when they make amends and become friends. Wheaton appears in 12 episodes in a recurring, guest-starring role on Eureka, playing Dr. Isaac Parrish, the head of the Non-Lethal Weapons Lab at Global Dynamics and a thorn in Fargo's side.[27] Wheaton also voices the character of the former scoutmaster and current sous-chef Earl Harlan in the popular dark, surreal-comedy podcast Welcome to Night Vale.

Wheaton appears as Alexander Rook in the Syfy TV series Dark Matter, based on the eponymous comic book.[28]

From September 2006 to September 2007, Wheaton hosted a Revision3 syndicated video podcast called InDigital along with Jessica Corbin and Hahn Choi. He hosted a NASA video on the Mars Curiosity rover which landed on Monday August 6, 2012.[29] He has also hosted "2nd Watch," interviews with cast members and producers of the science-fiction series Falling Skies that appears on-line after each episode.[30]   On April 3, 2014, Wheaton announced on his blog that his new show called The Wil Wheaton Project would premiere on the SyFy network at 10pm on May 27 for an initial projected run of twelve episodes.[31][32] However, on August 29, Wheaton blogged that SyFy canceled the show after only one season.[33]

In 2003, Wheaton mentioned his love for the game of poker on his blog. The following year, he began writing more extensively about his poker-playing experiences, including stories about playing Texas hold 'em tournaments locally and in Las Vegas. Eventually, he worked up to regular play, including a run at the 2005 World Poker Tour Championships. On June 23, 2005, Wheaton accepted an invitation to join Team PokerStars.[34] He went on to play in that year's World Series of Poker and was the guest speaker for the 2005 BARGE Banquet. In June 2007, he announced he would no longer be on Team Pokerstars due to changes in the US legal system that would cause poker sites to have to focus on European and Asian markets[35] and held a farewell Pokerstars tournament on June 5, 2007, which he titled So Long and Thanks for All the Chips.[36]

Wheaton is a Dungeons & Dragons player,[37] and played during the PAX 2010 event using the 4th edition rules. Wheaton, along with webcartoonists Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik of Penny Arcade, and Scott Kurtz of PvP, played in front of a live audience. The game was hosted and recorded by Wizards of the Coast with Chris Perkins as the dungeonmaster.[38] Wheaton also played D&D 4th edition at the PAX 2011 event using the 4th edition rules, and used the D&D Next play test rules at PAX Prime 2012.

Wheaton hosts the web series TableTop that he created with Felicia Day, where he explains how to play various card, board and dice games, then plays a round with celebrity guests. This web series has had over 4.5 million views[39] and raised $1.4 million on Indiegogo for its third series, a record amount for a web series at that time[40]

Wheaton also starred in the Kickstarter-funded game There Came an Echo by Iridium Studios.[41] In Dungeons and Dragons Online, he became the dungeon master of the Temple of Elemental Evil quests.[42]

Nintendo of America announced on Twitter that Wheaton would be voicing Abraham Lincoln in Code Name: STEAM.[43] Wheaton announced in February 2015 that he was chosen to provide voiceover talent for the upcoming strategy role-playing video game Firefly Online, a game based on Joss Whedon's Firefly sci-fi franchise.[44] Wheaton also does the voice narration on the Secret Hitler companion app for the Secret Hitler social deduction game.[45]

Wheaton has spoken out against misogyny in video game culture,[46][47] and wrote a profile of Anita Sarkeesian for the 2015 Time 100.[48]

A fictionalized version of Wheaton was included in the comic book PS 238, in which he harbors the power of telekinesis. Wheaton's debut comic book The Guild: Fawkes, which he wrote alongside Felicia Day, was released on May 23, 2012.[49]

Wheaton has recorded several of his non-self-published books as downloadable audiobooks. These include Just a Geek, Dancing Barefoot, The Happiest Days of Our Lives, and his Criminal Minds diary from Sunken Treasure. He also released excerpts of Memories of The Future: Vol 1 as free podcasts. He has also narrated several audiobooks by other authors, including Ready Player One and Armada by Ernest Cline;[50][51] Masters of Doom by David Kushner;[52] Homeland by Cory Doctorow;[citation needed] Fuzzy Nation, The Android's Dream, Agent to the Stars, Redshirts, Lock In, and Head On by John Scalzi;[53][54][55][56][57][58] Peter and Max: A Fables Novel by Bill Willingham;[59] "Byways", part of METAtropolis: Cascadia by Tobias Buckell;[60] What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions by Randall Munroe;[61] and Boneshaker by Cherie Priest.[62] Similarly, Wheaton has provided the voice-over for the digital gamebook, Trial of the Clone.[63]

Wheaton has performed improvisational and sketch comedy at the ACME Comedy Theater in Hollywood.[64]  He has a traveling sketch comedy/improv troupe called "EarnestBorg9" that performs science fiction-related comedy at conventions.[65]  Wheaton is one of the three headline acts of the w00tstock shows, appearing in nearly all of them when his filming schedule has allowed.[citation needed] He has also guest starred in one of the Welcome to Night Vale live stage shows, playing the role of a radio station intern named after himself, the character meeting a prompt demise as is the podcast's tradition for interns.[citation needed] He also plays a character in the podcast, Earl Harlan, a friend of the main character. He was originally a 20-something regular guy, when he was dragged away to the "Eternal Scout" ceremony and disappeared. He then returned as a 53 year old with a son, and was the sous chef of Night Vale's top restaurant.[citation needed]

Wheaton runs his own blog, Wil Wheaton Dot Net. Between 2001 and late 2004, he operated a message board, known as "The Soapbox" or "Paracosm," as part of the blog site. Two collections of writings taken from postings to the message board have been published, titled Boxer Shorts (ISBN 1-932461-00-0) and Boxer Shorts Redux (ISBN 1-932461-03-5). He contributes regularly to the Los Angeles-based Metroblogging site. In June 2005, he became that month's featured Tech writer for the SuicideGirls Newswire.[66] He had a monthly column, entitled "Wil Save," in the Dungeons & Dragons-based magazine Dungeon, until May 2005. From January 2005 to October 2006, he wrote a column for The A.V. Club about early video games, called "Games of Our Lives." On December 12, 2008, he returned to his role as Geek in Review editor,[clarification needed] with his editorials being published every second Wednesday of the month.

In early 2003, he founded the independent publishing company Monolith Press and released a memoir entitled Dancing Barefoot. Monolith Press was "founded on the idea that publication should not be limited by opportunity."[67] Most of the entries are extended versions of his blog entries. Dancing Barefoot sold out three printings in four months. In winter 2003, Wheaton signed to publisher Tim O'Reilly with a three-book contract. O'Reilly acquired Dancing Barefoot, and published his extended memoirs, Just a Geek, in summer of 2004. He has since written about his bitterness regarding how the book was marketed, believing it was pitched as a Star Trek book when he intended it as more of a personal memoir.[68] Subsequently, in 2007, his next book, The Happiest Days of Our Lives was again published by Monolith Press.

With the release of Sunken Treasure: Wil Wheaton's Hot Cocoa Box Sampler in February 2009, instead of using traditional publishing, Wheaton decided to self-publish using Lulu Publishing, releasing paperback and digital copies, something he has continued to do with all his publications since. As a chapbook, Sunken Treasure contains several small extracts of various different projects, including two short stories from Ficlets, an ACME comedy sketch, William's Tell and a Criminal Minds production diary. The production diary was later released as an audiobook. Later that same year, Wheaton released Memories of the Future: Volume 1, a humorous critique, as well as an account of Wheaton's own experiences with, and memories of, the first thirteen episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Closing up 2009, Wheaton published a special edition of The Happiest Days of Our Lives, which also included an afterword by his son, Ryan. The Happiest Days of Our Lives and Sunken Treasure were also released on a Creative Commons license.

In 2017, Wheaton wrote the short story "Laina" for the Star Wars anthology From a Certain Point of View. The book features 40 short stories, each by a different author, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Star Wars.

Wheaton described himself as a liberal in 2005.[69] In September 2006, he criticized George W. Bush's plan to suspend habeas corpus and to use torture: "Shame on President Bush. Shame on his Republican allies in Congress, and shame on the spineless, cowardly Democrats who did not stand up to them."[70] In a column that he wrote for Salon.com in 2005, The Real War on Christmas, Wheaton attacked conservative commentators like Bill O'Reilly, Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity for influencing the political views of his parents, with whom Wheaton found himself unable to have political discussions during family get-togethers on holidays like Christmas.[69] Wheaton's parents were very offended by the article, and he posted a lengthy apology on his site and an interview in which his parents clarified their political views.[71]

Wheaton is a supporter of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and has been involved with the organization since 2002.[72]

On August 24, 2007, Wheaton gave the keynote address for the yearly Penny Arcade Expo, which was subsequently made available online.[73] He stepped in following a public battle between the formerly-scheduled keynote debate participants, noted anti-games activist Jack Thompson and Hal Halpin, the president of the  Entertainment Consumers Association (ECA). Much of Wheaton's address focused on the debate over violence in video games. He also gave the keynote at PAX East 2010 in Boston, Massachusetts.

He supported Barack Obama in the 2008 Presidential Election[74] and opposed Proposition 8, calling it "nothing but hate and discrimination".[75]

In September 2015, Wheaton announced that he was supporting Bernie Sanders' bid to be the 2016 Democratic Party presidential candidate nominee.[76] He subsequently campaigned for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 general election.[77]

Immediately following the Sutherland Springs church shooting on November 5, 2017, Wheaton on Twitter stated in response to Congressman Paul Ryan's call for prayers for the victims that "The murdered victims were in a church. If prayers did anything, they'd still be alive, you worthless sack of shit."[78] Wheaton subsequently clarified his opinion after receiving criticism.[79][80][81]

Wheaton was roommates with Chris Hardwick at UCLA.[18][82] They met at a showing of Arachnophobia in Burbank, California.[18]

Wheaton married Anne Prince on November 7, 1999,[83] and lives in Arcadia, California, with her and her two sons from a previous relationship.[84] When one son was 19, he asked Wheaton to legally adopt him, which he did.[1][85]

Wheaton is an aficionado of computers, the internet, and technology in general. He says he is drawn to alternatives like Linux because he is left-handed, though he ceased using Linux when he switched to Windows 2000.[84] Since at least 2003, his operating system of choice has been OS X (now known as macOS), though he still runs Linux (Debian) in a virtual machine.[86] But since his iMac died, he started using Debian on bare metal again on his Xidax gaming rig. [87] He also enjoys brewing his own beer at home,[88] and he collaborated with Fark creator Drew Curtis and Stone Brewing Co. CEO Greg Koch to create a geek-themed stout beer called Stone Farking Wheaton w00tstout.[89]

Wheaton is also a major longtime fan of the Los Angeles Kings ice hockey team and can often be found at the Staples Center at both regular season and playoff games.[90] Wheaton is also a "die-hard" fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers, and has gone to many games at Dodger Stadium.[91]

Wheaton lives with generalized anxiety disorder and chronic depression. He supports mental health nonprofit organizations in raising awareness for these conditions.[92][93]

An asteroid was named after him: 391257 Wilwheaton.[94]


re zero starting life in another world ending song

The first opening theme song was "Redo" by Konomi Suzuki, and the first ending theme was "Styx Helix" by Myth & Roid,[66] while for episode 7 the ending theme was "STRAIGHT BET", also by Myth & Roid.[67] The second opening theme song, titled "Paradisus-Paradoxum", was performed by Myth & Roid, while the second ending theme, "Stay Alive", was performed by Rie Takahashi.[68] Myth & Roid also performed ending theme for episode 14 titled "theater D".[69]

Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World (Japanese: Re：ゼロから始める異世界生活, Hepburn: Ri:Zero kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu, literally "Re: Starting life in a different world from zero") is a Japanese light novel series written by Tappei Nagatsuki and illustrated by Shinichirou Otsuka. The story centers on Subaru Natsuki, a hikikomori who suddenly finds himself transported to another world on his way home from the convenience store. The series was initially serialized on the website Shōsetsuka ni Narō from 2012 onwards. Sixteen volumes have been published by Media Factory since January 24, 2014, under their MF Bunko J imprint.

The series' first three arcs have been adapted into separate manga series. The first, by Daichi Matsue, was published by Media Factory between June 2014 and March 2015. The second, by Makoto Fugetsu, has been published by Square Enix since October 2014. Matsue launched the third adaptation, also published by Media Factory, in May 2015. Additionally, Media Factory has published two anthology manga with stories by different artists. An anime television series adaptation by White Fox aired from April 4, 2016 to September 19, 2016, starting with an hour-long special.  White Fox is also producing an OVA based on the series. In March 2017, game developer 5pb. released a visual novel based on the series.

The novels and all three manga adaptations are published in North America by Yen Press. The anime adaptation has been licensed by Crunchyroll, which released the anime on home video through Funimation in the United States and Anime Limited in the United Kingdom.  The light novels have sold more than three million copies, while the anime series has sold more than 60,000 copies on home video. The light novels have been praised for their fresh take on the "another world" concept, but have been criticized for awkward dialogue and redundancy. The anime series has been praised by critics for its "culturally complex world" and for the actions of its characters. The series received awards at the 2015â€“2016 Newtype Anime Awards and the 2017 Sugoi Japan Awards, and was nominated for Anime of the Year at The Anime Awards 2016.

Subaru Natsuki is a hikikomori who does nothing but play games. One night, after visiting a convenience store, he is suddenly summoned to another world. With no sign of who summoned him, he soon befriends a silver-haired half-elf girl who introduces herself as Satella, and her companion Puck. Satella mentions that her insignia was stolen by a thief named Felt. When he and Satella are mysteriously killed, Subaru awakens and discover that he has acquired the ability "Return by Death", enabling him to reverse time by dying. He greets Satella again, only for her to be offended at being addressed by the name "Satella", which in fact refers to the "Jealous Witch", and is considered a taboo. With the help of Reinhard (a knight) in another timeline, Subaru saves "Satella's" life from the assassin Elsa; she reveals that her real name is Emilia, and as a token of gratitude, Felt returns the insignia to her.

While recovering at the margrave Roswaal's mansion, the mage Beatrice drains Subaru's mana. After waking up, he meets the twin maids Ram and Rem, as well as Roswaal, who hires him as a butler. Roswaal reveals that Emilia needed the insignia to qualify as a candidate in the upcoming royal election. After mysteriously dying again, Subaru decides to investigate the circumstances leading to his death, and tries to recreate these events. Following a series of traumatic deaths and revivals, he learns that a curse had been placed on him, then deduces it came from a village he had visited earlier, also resolving Rem's intense hatred for witches. Eventually, the village is threatened by creatures known as mabeasts, so Subaru, Rem and Ram have to rescue the villagers.

Later, Emilia is summoned to the capital by two members of the Royal Guard, Wilhelm and Felix. There, Subaru and company meet the other royal candidates: Priscilla, Crusch, Anastasia and Felt; and their knights, Aldebaran, Julius, and Reinhard. Felt initially announces that she will not participate in the election, and Subaru declares himself to be Emilia's knight. Following a public fight which leaves Subaru badly injured, he gets into a huge argument with Emilia, and she decides to cut ties with Subaru, leaving him behind.

After recovering, Subaru decides to train under Wilhelm, while Felix advises him to make up with Emilia. Rem then warns Subaru that something is occurring at the mansion, and against Crusch and Felix's warning, Subaru decides to return to the mansion. There, he discovers many dead bodies, including that of Rem, much to his horror. After dying and respawning, he is ambushed by a wicked group known as the Witch's Cult and meets the insane leader, Petelgeuse, who then tortures and kills Rem. Having later been killed by a monstrous Puck, Subaru respawns and curses Petelgeuse.

Knowing that the mansion and village will be attacked, Subaru seeks help from the other royal candidates, but they all decline. While gathering an evacuation, he encounters a legendary mabeast called the White Whale. Rem sacrifices herself to allow Subaru to escape. After returning to the mansion, Subaru encounters Ram and Emilia, who have no recollection of Rem. Disturbed by the situation, Subaru reveals his "Return by Death" ability to Emilia, only for her to die afterwards. Puck, enraged, transforms and kills Petelgeuse and his cult, then freezes Subaru to death as punishment for Emilia's death. After respawning, Subaru, having fallen into utter despair, has a serious conversation with Rem, asking her to run away with him. Rem, however, strongly encourages Subaru not to give up and confesses her love for him, already knowing that his heart is for Emilia. With newfound resolve, Subaru then decides that he will start again from zero.

Subaru and Rem later battle against the White Whale, after successfully striking an alliance with Crusch's and Anastasia's camps. Following a long and hard fought battle, Wilhelm ultimately kills the White Whale, thus avenging the death of his wife. Eventually, with the help of his new allies, Subaru is finally able to defeat Petelgeuse and his cult, saving the lives of Emilia and the villagers. Having reconciled with Emilia, Subaru confesses his love for her, leading Emilia to tearfully thank Subaru for saving her.

The series' editor at MF Bunko J, Ikemoto Masahito, first became aware of the web novel in April 2013, when it began to appear on his Twitter feed.[5]  He was immediately impressed by the series' use of Return by Death, and how it was a "depressing, yet surprising, twist on the fantasy genre", and began working with Nagatsuki to adapt the series into a light novel.[5][6]  Most light novels are around 250 pages in length, but Nagatsuki submitted a manuscript of more than 1,000 pages for the first novel, forcing Ikemoto to edit it heavily.[6]  While Nagatsuki wanted to engage in worldbuilding early on, Ikemoto felt that it was more necessary to make the readers feel engaged with the characters.  He ended up rearranging the story so that parts focusing on the world and its lore were pushed back to the third arc of the series.[6]

Prior to his involvement in Re:Zero, illustrator Shinichirou Otsuka worked on video games, which led him to draw the backgrounds first when illustrating the series.[7]  After reading the web novel, he submitted a number of character designs for the major characters to Ikemoto.[5] Subaru's initial design made him look like a delinquent,[5] with Otsuka later describing it as "not the face of a boy in his teens",[8] leading Ikemoto to request that the character be "more friendly and less fierce" so that the audience could empathize with him during emotional scenes.[6]  Originally, Emilia's character design appeared extremely plain, so a number of features were added to make her more interesting.[6]  Ikemoto specified that she must fit the "archetypal heroine" mold.[5] Rem and Ram also underwent significant changes from the first draft: their original designs lacked the characteristic hair parts, and their maid uniforms were longer and more "traditional".[6]

The possibility of an anime adaptation came up early in the development of the series; Sho Tanaka, a producer at Kadokawa, asked Ikemoto about properties which might lend themselves to being animated, and Ikemoto recommended that Tanaka read Nagatsuki's web novels.[5][6]  Despite an initial miscommunication which led to Ikemoto believing that Tanaka wasn't interested, talks of adapting the series began soon after the web novels began the transition to print.[6]

As part of talks for the potential anime adaptation, Ikemoto and Tanaka spoke to Tsunaki Yoshikawa, an animation producer at studio White Fox, about the possibility of his studio animating the series.[6]  Hoping to adapt the series into an anime similar to Steins;Gate (which White Fox also produced), and having a positive impression of the studio as one that did faithful adaptations, Tanaka then formally approached them about producing the show.  White Fox's president contacted Yoshikawa for his opinion, and Yoshikawa recommended they accept, as long as the series "doesn't violate any broadcasting regulations".[5]

Production on the anime began sometime after the release of the fifth novel in October 2014.[7][9]  Masaharu Watanabe was chosen by Yoshikawa to direct the series because he had previously worked for the studio doing key animation, while Kyuta Sakai was picked to be the series' character designer and animation director because Yoshikawa felt that she would be able to do justice to the novel's art and also maintain the series animation quality over 25 episodes.[5] Masahiro Yokotani was brought on board to compose the anime, his first time working on a "reborn in another world"-type story.[10]  Yoshikawa warned him about the violence in the series, but he was still surprised by the violent and disturbing scenes in novels three and beyond, having only read the first novel when he agreed to work on the project; he delegated the writing of those episodes in the second cour to the other two scriptwriters.[10]  Yoshiko Nakamura joined the project sometime after Masahiro had completed the script for episode 3.  When it proved unfeasible for Yokotani and Nakamura to write the scripts alone, the decision was made to bring another scriptwriter on board.  Gaku Iwasa, the president of White Fox, asked them to hire someone "younger", leading Yokotani to suggest Eiji Umehara.  Nagatsuki had recently been playing Chaos;Child, which Umehara had written for, and he approved the choice, suggesting that they let Umehara write the "painful parts"; Umehara was invited to join the project around the time that the scripts for episodes 8 and 9 were being written.[10] Re:Zero was the first light novel adaptation that either of the screenwriters had worked on.[10]

Original author Tappei Nagatsuki was very active in the production of the anime, attending script meetings and recording sessions.[5]  When the staff would encounter a problem with a scene, he would occasionally write lines for them to use as reference while writing the script.[10]  The series was not initially intended to have 25 episodes, but was extended to give more time to the battle with the White Whale (which was expanded from two to three episodes) and to the content of episode 18 (episodes 16 to 18 were originally supposed to be covered in two episodes).[10]  Watanabe's main directive to the staff was to "capture the mood of the novel as much as possible";[7][10] the scriptwriters had discussions about how to compress the dense source material without losing the central elements of the story, and Nakamura recalls working with composition notes that "went on for pages".[10]  While planning and scripting the anime, choosing a proper conclusion was one of the most difficult parts for the staff, and a significant amount of time was devoted to choosing what to cover in the final episode,[5] which included material not yet covered in the light novel.[a][13][14]

After joining the project, both Nakamura and Umehara had to adjust their views of the main character, and were forced to rewrite scenes where they had made Subaru appear "cool". At Watanabe's direction, Nakamura was made to rewrite Subaru's telling of The Red Ogre Who Cried in episode 6 multiple times.[10]  The staff also had difficulty deciding on a song to use for Subaru's ringtone that plays during the closing scene of episode 19, considering songs like "Kanpaku Sengen", "The Beard Song", and "M" by Princess Princess, before settling on "Yoake no Michi" from Dog of Flanders.[10]

While choosing a composer to produce the series' music, director Watanabe wanted to choose someone who had "hit a nerve" with him.  A fan of drama series, Watanabe was struck by a piece of music in the medical drama Death's Organ (ja), and found that the series' composer, Suehiro Kenichirō, had also worked on a number of his favorite anime and drama series.[15]  After Suehiro was attached to the production, Watanabe gave him three major guidelines: use human voices during the Return by Death sequences; compose the music like he would for a drama or a movie to capture the emotional scenes; and "pull all the stops" for the suspenseful scenes.[15]  Additionally, for the first cour, Watanabe asked for music with a "suspenseful" vibe, while requesting music with a "romantic" feel for the second cour.[15]  Both Watanabe and Suehiro are fans of Italian composer Ennio Morricone, and Suehiro tried to take inspiration from his works while composing the soundtrack.[15]  Watanabe also requested that there be songs that mimicked Hans Zimmer's score from The Dark Knight.[15]  While Suehiro used music that wasn't very "anime-ish" during most of the series, he was asked to use more traditional anime music during the slice of life scenes.[15]  A number of times during the series, such as in episodes 7 and 15, Watanabe made it a point to use an entire song, something which is unusual in most anime.[15]

The series makes limited use of its opening and ending themes, and Watanabe has said that he wished he could use them more frequently.[7]

The Re:Zero web novel was initially serialized by Tappei Nagatsuki (writing under the username Nezumi-iro Neko (鼠色猫, "Mouse-Colored Cat")[16]) on the user-generated content site Shōsetsuka ni Narō from April 20, 2012 onwards.[17][18]  As of  May 4, 2018[update], six novels and two side stories have been published, comprising a total of 452 chapters.[18]

Following the web novel's publication, Media Factory acquired the series for print publication.[17] The first light novel volume, with illustrations by Shinichirou Otsuka, was published on January 24, 2014, under their MF Bunko J imprint. As of March 2018, sixteen volumes have been published, as well as two side story volumes and three short story collections.  Nagatsuki and Otsuka began publishing a series of short side-stories focusing on characters from the series in Monthly Comic Alive, starting with the character Elsa in August 2016.[19][20]  It was followed with one focused on Petra Leyte on November 26, 2016,[21] and one featuring Ram and Rem on January 27, 2016.[20] The light novels are published in English by Yen Press, who announced their acquisition of the license via Twitter on December 2, 2015.[22]  The publisher has also acquired the license to the Re:Zero EX side novels.[23]

A manga adaptation by Daichi Matsue, titled Re:ZERO: -Starting Life in Another World- Chapter 1: A Day in the Capital (Ｒｅ：ゼロから始める異世界生活 第一章 王都の一日編, Re: Zero Kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu Dai-Ichi-Shō: Ōto no Ichinichi-hen), began serialization in the August 2014 issue of Media Factory's seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive on June 27, 2014.[24][22]  The final volume was released on March 23, 2015.[22]  On December 2, 2015, Yen Press announced that they had licensed the series.[22]

A second manga, titled Re:Zero -Starting Life in Another World-, Chapter 2: One Week at the Mansion (Re：ゼロから始める異世界生活 第二章 屋敷の一週間編, Re: Zero Kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu Dai-Ni-Shō: Yashiki no Ishūkan-hen), with art by  Makoto Fugetsu, began serialization in Square Enix's seinen magazine Monthly Big Gangan on October 25, 2014.[22][25][26]  The final chapter was published on December 24, 2016,[27][28] and an extra chapter was published on January 25, 2017.[29][30][31]  The second adaptation has also been licensed by Yen Press.[32]

Daichi Matsue began serializing a third manga, Re:Zero -Starting Life in Another World-, Chapter 3: Truth of Zero (Re:ゼロから始める異世界生活 第三章 Truth of Zero, Re: Zero Kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu Dai-San-Shō: Truth of Zero) in Comic Alive's July 2015 issue on May 27, 2015.[22][33]  Yen will publish the third adaptation as well.[34]

A manga anthology, titled Re:Zero -Starting Life in Another World- Official Anthology Comic (Re:ゼロから始める異世界生活　公式アンソロジーコミック, Re:Zero kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu Kōshiki Ansorojī Komikku), was published by Media Factory on June 23, 2016.[35]  A second anthology was published on September 23, 2017.[36]

An Internet radio show to promote the series named "Re: Radio life in a different world from zero" (Re：ゼロから始める異世界ラジオ生活) began broadcasting on March 27, 2016.[37][38] The show was aired every Monday and was hosted by Rie Takahashi, the voice actress for Emilia.[37] Guests that appeared on the show included Yūsuke Kobayashi (Subaru Natsuki), Inori Minase (Rem), Yumi Uchiyama (Puck), Rie Murakawa (Ram), Satomi Arai (Beatrice), Chinatsu Akasaki (Felt), Kana Ueda (Anastasia Hoshin), and Yui Horie (Felix).[39][40] The show ran for 33 episodes and concluded on December 19, 2016.[41] The first radio CD, which contains episodes 1–8 of the show, was released on June 27, 2016.[39] The second, which contains episodes 9–16 of the show, was released on September 28, 2016.[40]  The third, containing episodes 17–24, was released on November 30, 2016,[42] and the fourth, containing episodes 25–33, was released on March 29, 2017.[43]

An anime television series adaptation was announced by Kadokawa in July 2015.[44] The series is directed by Masaharu Watanabe and written by Masahiro Yokotani, with animation by the studio White Fox. Kyuta Sakai is serving as both character designer and as chief animation director.[45]  Music for the series is composed by Kenichiro Suehiro.[46]  Kentaro Minegishi is the series' director of photography, and Yoshito Takamine serves as art director.  Jin Aketagawa handled sound direction for the anime, and sound effects were produced by Yuji Furuya.  Other staff members include Hitomi Sudo (editing), Yu Karube (3D director), Saaya Kinjō (art configuration), Izumi Sakamoto (color design), and Noritaka Suzuki and Gōichi Iwabatake (prop design).[46]

The 25-episode series premiered on April 4, 2016,[b] with an extended 50-minute first episode. It was broadcast on TV Tokyo, TV Osaka, TV Aichi, and AT-X.[47][48] The series was simulcast by Crunchyroll.[49]  Episode 18 ran 2 minutes longer than a typical anime episode, clocking at 25 minutes and 45 seconds.[50] The final episode ran 4 minutes longer, clocking at 27 minutes and 15 seconds.

The series is licensed by Crunchyroll in the United States; Funimation announced during their Katsucon 2018 panel that they will release it on home video with an English dub as part of the two companies' partnership.[51][52][53]  Crunchyroll also holds the license in the United Kingdom, where the series is distributed by Anime Limited.[54][55]  Both Funimation and Anime Limited's Blu-ray releases received negative attention after it was discovered that they showed visible colour banding and compression artifacts.[56]

A series of anime shorts featuring chibi versions of the characters, titled Re:Zero ~Starting Break Time From Zero~ (Re:ゼロから始める休憩時間(ブレイクタイム), Re:Zero kara Hajimeru Break Time), were produced by Studio Puyukai to accompany the series.[57][58]  The shorts ran for eleven episodes before being replaced by a new series of shorts, titled Re:PETIT ~Starting Life in Another World from PETIT~ (Re:プチから始める異世界生活, Re:Puchi kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu), which began airing on June 24, 2016 and ran for 14 episodes.[c][59]  The shorts are directed, written, and produced by Minoru Ashina, with character designs by Minoru Takehara, who also animated the series alongside Sumi Kimoto and Chisato Totsuka.  Kenichiro Suehiro reprised his role as composer for the shorts, while Tomoji Furuya of Suwara Pro produced the sound effects.  Jin Aketagawa directed the sound at production company Magic Capsule.[57]

The shorts aired on AT-X after each episode of the regular series, starting on April 8, 2016.[57]  Crunchyroll acquired the streaming rights to both shorts.[60]

An original video animation (OVA) episode was announced at the "MF Bunko J Summer School Festival 2017" event on September 10, 2017.[61]  All of the main staff and cast will be returning for the OVA, with Tatsuya Koyanagi joining as chief director.[62] Titled Memory Snow, the OVA will be screened in Japanese theaters starting on October 6, 2018.[63][64][65]

The series' soundtrack was released on CD on October 26, 2016.  The disk contains 21 tracks composed by Kenichiro Suehiro.[70]

"Redo", Suzuki's 10th single, was released on CD on May 11, 2016.[71] The single was also released as a limited edition with a DVD featuring a music video, a live concert video, and a "making of" video.[72]  The songs were performed by Suzuki, with lyrics by Genki Mizuno and arrangement by Makoto Miyazaki.[73]

The CD for "STYX HELIX", the series' first ending theme, was Myth & Roid's 3rd single.  Written, arranged, and performed by the group, it was released on May 25, 2016, and included both regular and instrumental versions of "STYX HELIX" and "STRAIGHT BET".[74][75]

"Stay Alive", the second ending theme, was released as a single on August 24, 2016.  The songs were performed by Takahashi (Emilia) and Minase (Rem).  The songs were written and arranged by Heartâ€™s Cry.[76]

Myth & Roid released the second opening theme as a single on August 24, 2016.  The CD included regular and instrumental versions of "Paradisus-Paradoxum" and "theater D".[77]

In August 2016, game developer 5pb. announced that they were developing a visual novel based on the series, titled Re:Zero -Starting Life in Another World- Death or Kiss (Re:ゼロから始める異世界生活 -DEATH OR KISS-, Re:Zero kara Hajimeru Isekai Seikatsu -Death or Kiss-).[78][79] The game follows an original story that differs from the light novel and the anime, and allows the player to choose between routes featuring Emilia, Rem, Ram, Felt, Beatrice, Crusch, Priscilla, or Anastasia.[80][81]  A DLC will allow players who pre-ordered the game to replace the character's costumes with swimsuits.[82][83]  The opening theme, "yell! magic starts with a kiss" (yell！～くちびるからはじまる魔法～, Yell!~ Kuchibiru kara Hajimaru Mahō ~), was performed by Suzuki, who sung the anime's first opening theme, while the ending theme, "Dai Dai Daisuki" (ダイ・ダイ・ダイスキ), was performed by Minase and Murakawa.[84]

In Japan, the game was originally scheduled to be released for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on March 23, 2017,[80][85] but was delayed to March 30, 2017, due to certain circumstances.[86] The limited edition of the game came with a soundtrack CD and either a Ram (for the PS4 version) or Rem (for the PSVita version) SD figure.[82]

A virtual reality app that allows the user to interact with the character Rem was released for iOS and Android on May 26, 2017.[87]  A version featuring the character Emilia was released on June 6, 2017.[88][89] The game was later ported to both PC and to the PlayStation VR.[90]

Kadokawa published a 272-page guide to the series' first three arcs, titled Re:zeropedia, alongside the 10th volume of the novels on October 24, 2016.[91]  An official dōjinshi art book was published at Comiket, with art by Ponkan 8 (Shirobako and My Youth Romantic Comedy Is Wrong, As I Expected), Yuka Nakajima (Listen to Me, Girls. I Am Your Father!, Amagi Brilliant Park), and TakayaKi (Arifureta Shokugyou de Sekai Saikyou).[92]  A crossover with Natsume Akatsuki's light novel series KonoSuba, titled Re:Starting Life Blessing This World was published on December 21, 2016.[93]  The book featured interviews with each series' authors and illustrators, as well as the principal voice actors in their respective anime adaptations.  A one-shot crossover manga by Daichi Matsuse and Masahito Watari (illustrator of the KonoSuba manga adaptation) was also included.[94]  A fanbook containing commentary on the episodes of the anime, as well as the collected Animate Times cast and staff interviews, was published on December 31, 2016.[95]

According to Japanese light novel news website LN News, the series had 1 million copies in print as of June 2016,[96] over 2 million as of September 2016[97] and over 3.1 million as of May 2017.[98] The light novel series was the tenth best-selling light novel series in Japan between November 2015 and May 2016, selling 263,357 copies.[99] During that period, the first and second volumes were the 35th and 48th best-selling light novel volumes, selling 49,194 and 41,617 copies, respectively.[100]  The series was the fourth best-selling series in 2016, selling 1,007,381 copies between November 2015 and November 2016.[101]  Its first three volumes were the 14th, 21st, and 30th best selling volumes of the year, selling 155,363, 127,970, and 110,574 copies, respectively.[102]  In 2017, the series was the third best-selling series, with 925,671 copies sold.[103]  Its 1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th volumes respectively ranking 19th (60,135 copies), 25th (56,001 copies), 7th (101,480 copies), and 12th (79,431 copies) in the period between November 2016 and May 2017.[104]

The series was the 21st best selling anime series on home video during 2016, selling approximately 68,791 Blu-ray and DVD sets.[105]

Theron Martin of Anime News Network reviewed the first book, praising it for being a somewhat fresher take on the "transported to another world" concept, but leveled criticism at it for bumpy and awkwardly timed dialogue and a tendency for redundancy.[106]

The series ranked number one in a poll of 820 people conducted by the Japanese website Anime! Anime! to determine the best show of spring 2016.[107] Andy Hanley from UK Anime Network considered the anime adaptation as one of 2016's best series.[108]

The Managing Editor from Anime Now!, Richard Eisenbeis lists the anime as his top picks from 2016 for its "culturally complex" world and characters that has "their own plans, faults, and motivations". He praised Subaru as the "most complex character of the year" due to provoking the audience to "cheer him and despise him" in a world that portrayed him as the "least special person in it".[109]

The series took second place in the 2015â€“2016 Newtype Anime Awards. Additionally, director Masaharu Watanabe took first place, as did Subaru, Rem, and Puck (in the best male, female, and mascot character categories, respectively).  Masahiro Yokotani's screenplay took second place, while the series' character designs (by Shinichirou Otsuka and Kyuta Sakai) took third place. The series' soundtrack and second opening theme both took fourth place in their categories.[110]  The light novels and the anime both took first place in their respective categories in the 2017 Sugoi Japan Awards.[111]

In a survey of (primarily female) Otamart users, the series was ranked second on a list of the most successful anime/manga/light novel franchises of 2016.[112] Re:Zero was nominated for "Anime of the Year" in Crunchyroll's The Anime Awards 2016,[113] and was also the service's most-watched series of 2016, topping Yuri on Ice.[114][115]


when did the song crimson and clover come out

"Crimson and Clover" is a 1968 song by American rock band Tommy James and the Shondells. Written by the duo of Tommy James and drummer Peter Lucia Jr., it was intended as a change in direction of the group's sound and composition.

Crimson and Clover

"Crimson and Clover" was released in late 1968 as a rough mix after a radio station leaked it. It spent 16 weeks on the U.S. charts, reaching number one in the United States (in February 1969) and other countries. The single has sold 5 million copies, making it Tommy James and the Shondells' best-selling song.(note: the RIAA did not award a gold record so the 5 million sales number is not officially acknowledged.) [3] It has been covered by many artists such as Joan Jett and Prince.

In 2006, Pitchfork Media named it the 57th best song of the 1960s.[4]

Following the release of "Mony Mony", Tommy James wanted to change direction of the group's sound, and began producing his own material. At the time, James said this was out of "necessity and ambition", wanting to move from singles into albums. He departed from the group's principal songwriters Bo Gentry and Ritchie Cordell, and was given complete artistic control by Roulette Records.

The title, "Crimson and Clover", was decided before a song had been written for it. The combination of unknown meaning came to James as he was waking up, comprising his favorite color – crimson – and his favorite flower – clover. (There is also a species of clover native to Europe called the crimson clover.) A song to fit the phrase was written by Tommy James and bassist Mike Vale, but was scrapped. His following collaboration with drummer Peter Lucia, Jr. was more successful (Lucia has said that he himself came up with the Crimson and Clover phrase while watching a high school football game between his hometown Morristown (NJ) Crimson and Hopatcong (green, or "clover"). During the song's production, Roulette Records wanted a new single, so the group agreed to release "Do Something to Me" to gain time to complete the song.

"Crimson and Clover" was recorded in late 1968 in about five hours and is one of the earliest songs recorded on 16-track equipment. Tommy James played most of the instruments, while Mike Vale played bass and Peter Lucia, Jr. played drums. The song contains a tremolo effect on the guitar, set so that it vibrated in time with the song's rhythm. Near the end of the recording, the band had an idea of utilizing the tremolo effect with vocals. To achieve this, the voice microphone was plugged into an Ampeg guitar amplifier with tremolo turned on, and the output from the amplifier was recorded while James sang "Crimson and clover, over and over".

Tommy James made a rough mix of "Crimson and Clover" to show to Roulette Records executive Morris Levy for evaluation. The band was still intending to improve on the mix with ambient sound and echo. A few days later, James stopped at WLS radio station in Chicago – who he had previously had positive experience with – to get their reaction. After an interview discussing the single, he was convinced to play the rough mix for WLS off-air. Unbeknown to James, the station recorded the song, and they shortly played it on-air in November 1968 as a "world exclusive".

Morris Levy initially pleaded with WLS not to play the record prematurely before its release, but listener response changed his mind. Roulette Records produced a specially pressed single and shipped it to listeners who called about the song. Eight hundred copies of the song were also sent to WLS for promotional purposes. Levy refused to let James produce the final mix he wanted, and the single was released using the rough mix, with "Some Kind of Love" as its B-Side.[5][6]

"Crimson and Clover" entered the U.S. charts on December 14, where it stayed for 16 weeks on Billboard Hot 100 and 15 weeks on Cash Box Top 100. Following a performance of the song on The Ed Sullivan Show on January 26,[7] it became number one on February 1, 1969, a position held for one week on Cash Box Top 100 and two weeks on both Billboard Hot 100 and Record World 100 Top Pops. Internationally, the song reached number one in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, and Switzerland. It also charted in Austria, Brazil, France, Holland, Italy, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Despite this, the song did not chart in the United Kingdom.

Based on suggestions from radio stations, Tommy James and The Shondells chose to create a longer version of "Crimson and Clover" for the album. The first two verses were copied without lead vocals and overdubbed with guitar solos by Shondells guitarist Ed Gray using steel guitars and fuzz guitars. During tape copying a slight speed error was inadvertently introduced. This resulted in a small drop in pitch during the new guitar solo sections, which went unfixed.[10][11] The album, also titled Crimson and Clover, was released in January 1969 and reached a peak of #8 on the Billboard 200.[12]

The version of Crimson and Clover on the 1991 "Crimson and Clover/Cellophane Symphony" CD is the same as the original album version; however, digital technology was used to fix the speed and pitch error mistake made in 1968. The CD booklet states that "Crimson and Clover" is now as it was "meant to be heard," and that Tommy James is "very satisfied" with the reissue of the recordings in CD format.

The reissue single of "Crimson And Clover" (Roulette Golden Goodies GG-73) was also pressed with the longer album version although the label still shows the original single version playing time of 3:23.

"Crimson and Clover" has been covered by many artists, some of whom have charted with the song. Patrick Samson reached #1 in Italy with the 1969 cover "Soli si muore", while Joan Jett and the Blackhearts reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 with their 1982 rendition.[13] Other artists who have covered or interpreted the song include Aguaturbia (1969), The Uniques (1969),[14] Sielun Veljet (1991), Bobby Conn (1995), Spanish Fly (1995, #89 on Billboard Hot 100),[15] Deadsy and Cher (1999), Dolly Parton on Those Were the Days (2005), Prince on Lotusflower (2009), Broken Bells (2010), and Teho Teardo and Blixa Bargeld (2014).

In 2006, Jarvis Cocker sampled the "Crimson and Clover" chords for his song "Black Magic",[16] and Dum Dum Girls' single "Lord Knows," from 2012, also uses this chord progression.[17] There is some question as to the similarities between "Crimson and Clover" and "The Chanukah Song" by Adam Sandler, as the chord structure and melody of the latter song is identical to that in the former song's coda.


what unit of measurement is used in germany

The metric system became compulsory on January 1, 1872, in Germany and on January 1, 1876, in Austria.[1]

Obsolete German units of measurement

The obsolete units of measurement of German-speaking countries consist of a variety of units, with varying local standard definitions. Some of these units are still used in everyday speech and even in stores and on street markets as shorthand for similar amounts in the metric system. For example, some customers ask for one pound (ein Pfund) of something when they want (exactly) 500Â grams.

Some obsolete German units have names similar to units that were traditionally used in other countries, and that are still used in the United Kingdom (imperial units) and the United States (United States customary units).

Before the introduction of the metric system in German, almost every town had its own definitions of the units shown below. Often towns posted local definitions on a wall of the city hall. For example, the front wall of the old city hall of Rudolstädt (still standing) has two marks which show the "Rudolstädter Elle", the proper length of the Elle in that city. Supposedly by 1810, in Baden alone, there were 112 different standards for the Elle around Germany.[citation needed]

A German geographic mile (geographische Meile) is defined as  1⁄15 equatorial degrees, equal to 7,420.54 m (24,345.6 ft). A common German mile, land mile, or post mile (Gemeine deutsche Meile, Landmeile, Postmeile) was defined in various ways at different places and different times. After the introduction of the metric system in the 19th century, the Landmeile was generally fixed at 7,500 m (24,606 ft) (the Reichsmeile), but before then there were many local and regional variants (of which some are shown below):

The Rute or Ruthe is of Carolingian origin,[citation needed] and was used as a land measure. Many different kinds of Ruthe were used at various times in various parts of the German-speaking world. They were subdivided into differing numbers of local FuÃŸ, and were of many different lengths. One source from 1830[2] lists the following:

One hour's travel, used up to the 19th century. In Germany  1⁄2 Meile or 3.71 km (2.31 mi). After 1722 in Saxony  1⁄2 post mile = 1000 Dresden rods = 4531 m.[3] In Switzerland 16,000 ft or 4.88 km.

Originally 6 feet, after introduction of the metric system 10 feet. Regional variants from 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) in Baden to 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in Switzerland.

The Lachter was the most common unit of length used in mining in German-speaking areas. Its exact length varied from place to place but was roughly between 1.9 and 2.1 metres (6 ft 3 in and 6 ft 11 in).

Distance between elbow and fingertip. In the North, often 2 feet, In Prussia  17⁄8 feet, in the South variable, often  2 1⁄2 feet. The smallest known German Elle is 402.8 mm (15.86 in), the longest 811 mm (31.9 in).

The Fuß or German foot varied widely from place to place in the German-speaking world, and also with time. In some places, more than one type of Fuß was in use. One source from 1830[2] gives the following values:

Usually  1⁄12 foot, but also  1⁄11 and  1⁄10.

Usually  1⁄12 inch, but also  1⁄10.

For firewood, 2.905 m3 (102.6 cu ft)

In general, the Nösel was a measure of liquid volume equal to half a Kanne ("jar," "jug," "bottle," "can"). Actual volumes so measured, however, varied from one state or even one city to another. Within Saxony, for example, the "Dresden jar" held approximately 1 US quart or 0.95 litres or 0.83 imperial quarts, so a nösel in Dresden was about 1 US pint (0.47 L; 0.83 imp pt). The full volume of a "Leipzig jar" measured 1.2 liters (1.3 U.S. qt; 1.1 imp qt); the Leipzig nösel was therefore 0.6 liters (0.63 U.S. qt; 0.53 imp qt).

The nÃ¶sel was used in minor commerce, as well as in the household to measure meal, grain, and such. These units of measure were officially valid in Saxony until 1868, when the metric system was introduced. Nevertheless, the old measures have continued in private use for decades.

One interesting modification was introduced in Thuringia. There, the nösel was, by extension, also a measure of area; namely, the area of land which could be sown with one nösel of seed — or about 19.36 square yards (16.19 m2; 0.00400 acres)