who was the book of philemon written to

The Epistle of Paul to Philemon, known simply as Philemon, is one of the books of the Christian New Testament. It is a prison letter, co-authored by Paul the Apostle with Timothy, to Philemon, a leader in the Colossian church. It deals with the themes of forgiveness and reconciliation. Paul does not identify himself as an apostle with authority, but as "a prisoner for Jesus Christ", calling Timothy "our brother", and addressing Philemon as "fellow labourer" and "brother."[1] Onesimus, a slave that had departed from his master Philemon, was returning with this epistle wherein Paul asked Philemon to receive him as a "brother beloved."[2]

Epistle to Philemon

Philemon was a wealthy Christian, possibly a bishop[3] of the house church that met in his home (Philemon 1:1â€“2) in Colosse. This letter is now generally regarded as one of the undisputed works of Paul. It is the shortest of Paul's extant letters, consisting of only 335 words in the Greek text.[4]

The epistle of Philemon is attributed to the apostle Paul, and this attribution has rarely been questioned by scholars.[5] Along with six others, it is numbered among the "undisputed letters", which are widely considered to be authentically Pauline. The main challenge to the letter's authenticity came from a group of German scholars in the nineteenth century known as the Tübingen School.[6] Their leader, Ferdinand Christian Baur, only accepted four New Testament epistles as genuinely written by Paul: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians and Galatians. Commenting on Philemon, Baur described the subject matter as "so very singular as to arouse our suspicions,"[7] and concluded that it is perhaps a "Christian romance serving to convey a genuine Christian idea."[8]

The opening verse of the salutation also names Timothy alongside Paul. This, however, does not mean that Timothy was the epistle's co-author. Rather, Paul regularly mentions others in the address if they have a particular connection with the recipient. In this case, Timothy may have encountered Philemon while accompanying Paul in his work in Ephesus.[9]

According to the majority interpretation, Paul wrote this letter on behalf of Onesimus, a runaway slave who had wronged his owner Philemon. The details of the offence are unstated, although it is often assumed that Onesimus had fled after stealing money, as Paul states in verse 18 that if Onesimus owes anything, Philemon should charge this to Paul's account.[10] Sometime after leaving, Onesimus came into contact with Paul, although again the details are unclear. He may have been arrested and imprisoned alongside Paul. Alternatively, he may have previously heard Paul's name (as his owner was a Christian) and so travelled to him for help.[10] After meeting Paul, Onesimus became a Christian believer. An affection grew between them, and Paul would have been glad to keep Onesimus with him. However, he considered it better to send him back to Philemon with an accompanying letter, which aimed to effect reconciliation between them as Christian brothers. The preservation of the letter suggests that Paul's request was granted.[11]

Onesimus' status as a runaway slave was challenged by Allen Dwight Callahan in an article published in the Harvard Theological Review and in a later commentary. Callahan argues that, beyond verse 16, "nothing in the text conclusively indicates that Onesimus was ever the chattel of the letter's chief addressee. Moreover, the expectations fostered by the traditional fugitive slave hypothesis go unrealized in the letter. Modern commentators, even those committed to the prevailing interpretation, have tacitly admitted as much."[12] Callahan argues that the earliest commentators on this work – the homily of Origen and the Anti-Marcion Preface – are silent about Onesimus' possible servile status, and traces the origins of this interpretation to John Chrysostom, who proposed it in his Homiliae in epistolam ad Philemonem, during his ministry in Antioch, circa 386–398.[13] In place of the traditional interpretation, Callahan suggests that Onesimus and Philemon are brothers both by blood and religion, but who have become estranged, and the intent of this letter was to reconcile the two men.[14] Ben Witherington III has challenged Callahan's interpretation as a misreading of Paul's rhetoric.[15] Further, Margaret M. Mitchell has demonstrated that a number of writers before Chrysostom either argue or assume that Onesimus was a runaway slave, including Athanasius, Basil of Caesarea and Ambrosiaster.[16]

The only extant information about Onesimus apart from this letter is found in Paul's epistle to the Colossians 4:7â€“9, where Onesimus is called "a faithful and beloved brother":

All my state shall Tychicus declare unto you, who is a beloved brother, and a faithful minister and fellowservant in the Lord: 8Â Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose, that he might know your estate, and comfort your hearts; 9 With Onesimus, a faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They shall make known unto you all things which are done here.

The letter is addressed to Philemon, Apphia and Archippus, and the church in Philemon's house. Philemon is described as a "fellow worker" of Paul. It is generally assumed that he lived in Colossae; in the letter to the Colossians, Onesimus (the slave who fled from Philemon) and Archippus (whom Paul greets in the letter to Philemon) are described as members of the church there.[17] Philemon may have converted to Christianity through Paul's ministry, possibly in Ephesus.[18] Apphia in the salutation is probably Philemon's wife.[10] Some have speculated that Archippus, described by Paul as a "fellow soldier", is the son of Philemon and Apphia.[10]

The American John Knox proposed that Onesimus' owner was in fact Archippus, and the letter was addressed to him rather than Philemon. In this reconstruction, Philemon would receive the letter first and then encourage Archippus to release Onesimus so that he could work alongside Paul. This view, however, has not found widespread support.[10] In particular, Knox's view has been challenged on the basis of the opening verses. According to O'Brien, the fact that Philemon's name is mentioned first, together with the use of the phrase "in your house" in verse 2, makes it unlikely that Archippus was the primary addressee.[10] Knox further argued that the letter was intended to be read aloud in the Colossian church in order to put pressure on Archippus. A number of commentators, however, see this view as contradicting the tone of the letter.[19][11] J. B. Lightfoot, for example, wrote: "The tact and delicacy of the Apostle's pleading for Onesimus would be nullified at one stroke by the demand for publication."[20]

The opening salutation follows a typical pattern found in other Pauline letters. Paul first introduces himself, with a self-designation as a "prisoner of Jesus Christ," which in this case refers to a physical imprisonment. He also mentions his associate Timothy, as a valued colleague who was presumably known to the recipient. As well as addressing the letter to Philemon, Paul sends greetings to Apphia, Archippus and the church that meets in Philemon's house. Apphia is often presumed to be Philemon's wife and Archippus, a "fellow labourer", is sometimes suggested to be their son. Paul concludes his salutation with a prayerful wish for grace and peace.[21]

Before addressing the main topic of the letter, Paul continues with a paragraph of thanksgiving and intercession. This serves to prepare the ground for Paul's central request. He gives thanks to God for Philemon's love and faith and prays for his faith to be effective. He concludes this paragraph by describing the joy and comfort he has received from knowing how Philemon has shown love towards the Christians in Colossae.[22]

As a background to his specific plea for Onesimus, Paul clarifies his intentions and circumstances. Although he has the boldness to command Philemon to do what would be right in the circumstances, he prefers to base his appeal on his knowledge of Philemon's love and generosity. He also describes the affection he has for Onesimus and the transformation that has taken place with Onesimus's conversion to the Christian faith. Where Onesimus was "useless", now he is "useful" â€“ a wordplay, as Onesimus means "useful". Paul indicates that he would have been glad to keep Onesimus with him, but recognised that it was right to send him back. Paul's specific request is for Philemon to welcome Onesimus as he would welcome Paul, namely as a Christian brother. He offers to pay for any debt created by Onesimus' departure and expresses his desire that Philemon might refresh his heart in Christ.[23]

In the final section of the letter, Paul describes his confidence that Philemon would do even more than he had requested, perhaps indicating his desire for Onesimus to return to work alongside him. He also mentions his wish to visit and asks Philemon to prepare a guest room. Paul sends greetings from five of his co-workers and concludes the letter with a benediction.[24]

Paul uses slavery vs. freedom language more often in his writings as a metaphor.[25] At this time slavery was common, and can be seen as a theme in the book of Philemon. Slavery was most commonly found in households. This letter, seemingly, provided alleviation of suffering of some slaves due to the fact that Paul placed pastoral focus on the issue.[26]

Although it is a main theme, Paul does not label slavery as negative or positive. Some scholars see it as unthinkable in the times to even question ending slavery. Because slavery was so ingrained into society that the “abolitionist would have been at the same time an insurrectionist, and the political effects of such a movement would have been unthinkable.[27] Paul doesn’t question it in this epistle. Paul may have envisioned slavery as a fixed institution. He was not questioning the “rightness or wrongness” of it. Paul did however view slavery as a human institution, and believed that all human institutions were about to fade away.[27] This may be because Paul had the perspective that Jesus would return soon. Paul viewed his present world as something that was swiftly passing away.[28] This is a part of Pauline Christianity and theology.

When it comes to Onesimus and his circumstance as a slave, Paul felt that Onesimus should return to Philemon but not as a slave, but under a bond of familial love. Paul also was not suggesting that Onesimus be punished, but Roman law allowed the owner of a runaway slave nearly unlimited privileges of punishment, even execution.[28] This is a concern of Paul and a reason he is writing to Philemon, asking that Philemon accept Onesimus back in a bond of friendship, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Paul is trying to break through the social barriers dividing people.[28] We see this in many of Paul’s other epistles, including his letters to the Corinthians, delivering the message of unity with others and unity with Christ – a change of identity. As written in Sacra Pagina Philippians and Philemon, the move from slave to freedman has to do with a shift in “standing under the lordship of Jesus Christ”. So in short, Onesimus’ honor and obedience is not claimed by Philemon, but by Christ.[citation needed]

Verses 13–14 suggest that Paul wants Philemon to send Onesimus back to Paul (possibly freeing him for the purpose). Marshall, Travis and Paul write, "Paul hoped that it might be possible for [Onesimus] to spend some time with him as a missionary colleague.... If that is not a request for Onesimus to join Paul’s circle, I do not know what more would need to be said".[29]

Sarah Ruden, in her Paul Among the People (2010), argues that in the letter to Philemon, Paul created the Western conception of the individual human being, "unconditionally precious to God and therefore entitled to the consideration of other human beings." Before Paul, Ruden argues, a slave was considered subhuman, and entitled to no more consideration than an animal.[30]

Diarmaid MacCulloch, in his A History of Christianity, described the epistle as "a Christian foundation document in the justification of slavery".[31]

In order to better appreciate the Book of Philemon, it is necessary to be aware the situation of the early Christian community in the Roman Empire; and the economic system of Classical Antiquity based on slavery. According to the Epistle to Diognetus: For the Christians are distinguished from other men neither by country, nor language, nor the customs which they observe... They are in the flesh, but they do not live after the flesh. They pass their days on earth, but they are citizens of heaven. They obey the prescribed laws, and at the same time surpass the laws by their lives.[32]

Pope Benedict XVI refers to this letter in the Encyclic, Spe salvi, highlighting the power of Christianity as power of the transformation of society. In fact Christianity was decisive to the virtual disappearance of slavery during the Middle Ages:

Those who, as far as their civil status is concerned, stand in relation to one an other as masters and slaves, inasmuch as they are members of the one Church have become brothers and sisters—this is how Christians addressed one another... Even if external structures remained unaltered, this changed society from within. When the Letter to the Hebrews says that Christians here on earth do not have a permanent homeland, but seek one which lies in the future (cf. Heb 11:13–16; Phil 3:20), this does not mean for one moment that they live only for the future: present society is recognized by Christians as an exile; they belong to a new society which is the goal of their common pilgrimage and which is anticipated in the course of that pilgrimage.[33]


who played for the patriots before tom brady

Following a period of declining success and two consecutive seasons where the Patriots missed the playoffs, Bledsoe suffered a near-fatal injury early in the 2001 season and was replaced as starter by Tom Brady. He was unable to regain his starting position after he was medically cleared to play due to Brady's success with the team, which culminated with the franchise's first Super Bowl win, although Bledsoe relieved Brady in the AFC Championship game and led the Patriots to victory to secure their berth in the Super Bowl.[4][5] Bledsoe then retired after short stints with the Bills and the Cowboys. For his accomplishments in New England, he was inducted into the Patriots Hall of Fame in 2010. He also gave the Patriots a trophy at the end of the AFC Championship game in 2018.

Drew Bledsoe

Drew McQueen Bledsoe (born February 14, 1972)[1] is a former American football quarterback who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Bledsoe is best known as the starting quarterback for the New England Patriots from 1993 to 2001, before losing his job after sustaining an injury. He also played for the Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys.

The first overall pick in 1993 NFL Draft, Bledsoe helped improve the fortunes of the Patriots, who had fallen on hard times.[2][3] Under his tenure as starting quarterback, the Patriots ended a seven-season postseason drought, qualified for the playoffs four times, and made one Super Bowl appearance. In his second season with the team, he was named to the 1995 Pro Bowl and was the youngest quarterback to appear in the NFL's all-star game at the time.

Bledsoe attended Walla Walla High School and was a letterman in football, basketball and track. In football, he was named a first team All-State selection by the Tacoma News Tribune. In track, he competed in the throwing events, recording top-throws of 45.34 meters in the discus throw and 54.70 meters in the javelin throw.[6]

Bledsoe had a record-setting career in his three years at Washington State. After gaining the starting job in the end of the 1990 season as a true freshman (joined later by Jeff Tuel as the only two in school history), he quickly became the face of the Cougars offense. In 1992 Bledsoe led his team to a 9–3 record (ranking #10 in the coaches poll and #12 in the AP) and a 31–28 win against the Utah Utes in the Copper Bowl. Bledsoe completed 30-46 passes for 476 yards and 2 TDs in the game. He also established WSU records in single-game passing yards (476), single-season pass completions (241), and single-season passing yards (3,946). He was named the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year.

Following an impressive junior year Bledsoe decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 1993 NFL Draft. In the 34 starts of his collegiate career he amassed 9,373 yards, 532 completions and 66 touchdowns.[7]

Bledsoe was drafted first overall in the 1993 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He started right away for the Patriots in his rookie season, as they improved from two to five wins.

On November 13, 1994, the Patriots had won just three of their first nine games and were losing, 20–3, to the Minnesota Vikings at halftime. Bledsoe led a comeback victory in which the Patriots won, 26–20, in overtime, as he set single game records in pass completions (45) and attempts (70).[8] Due to his performance, Bledsoe was selected to his first Pro Bowl as an alternate.

Following a difficult 1995 season, Bledsoe turned it around in 1996 ranking among the top passers in the league with the help of wide receiver Terry Glenn, thus pushing the Patriots to reach the playoffs again and winning the AFC championship against the Jacksonville Jaguars, 20–6. This led to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXI, where they lost to the Green Bay Packers by the score of 35–21. Bledsoe completed 25 of 48 passes for 253 yards, with two touchdowns and four interceptions in the loss. He was also named a starter for the Pro Bowl that season, the second of his career.

During the 1997 season, Bledsoe helped the Patriots win five of their final seven games to once again qualify for the playoffs, the fourth time in eight years as a Patriots starter he would lead the team to a postseason appearance. The Patriots lost in the second round to the Pittsburgh Steelers, however Bledsoe built a career-high 87.7 passer rating, passed for 3,706 yards, tossed 28 touchdowns, and earned his third Pro Bowl invitation.

The following year, he became the first NFL quarterback to complete game-winning touchdown passes in the final 30 seconds of two consecutive games.[9] In doing so, he propelled New England into the postseason for the third straight year. He completed these come-from-behind efforts while playing with a broken index finger on his throwing hand, an injury that would later sideline him for the postseason.

Bledsoe started the 1999 season very strong, with 13 touchdowns and only four interceptions as the Patriots held a 6–2 mid-season record. However, Bledsoe subsequently threw only six touchdowns versus 17 interceptions, and the team finished with an 8–8 record. The team's slide continued into the 2000 season as the Patriots ended with a record of 5–11. While Bledsoe threw a then career low 13 interceptions that year, he was sacked 45 times.[citation needed]

In March 2001, Bledsoe was signed to a then-record ten-year, $103 million contract.[10] Bledsoe did not finish his career with the Patriots, nor see the opening of the new Gillette Stadium. During the second game of the 2001 season, Bledsoe was hit by New York Jets linebacker Mo Lewis and suffered a sheared blood vessel in his chest - which almost resulted in his death.[11] Replacing Bledsoe, backup Tom Brady took the starting position and led New England to the playoffs. Though he never regained his starting role, Bledsoe proved integral to his team's playoff run when he replaced a hobbled Brady in the AFC Championship Game against Pittsburgh. Bledsoe, starting from the Steelers 40-yard line, capped a scoring drive with an 11-yard touchdown pass to David Patten to seal a 24â€“17 victory. In winning the conference championship game, Bledsoe completed 10 of 21 passes for 102 yards and a touchdown, with no interceptions. It was the second time in six years (1996 and 2001) that Bledsoe was an integral part in leading the Patriots to a Super Bowl appearance, and during the on-field trophy presentation Bledsoe tossed his father a game ball.[12] Tom Brady started as quarterback as the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, with kicker Adam Vinatieri hitting a game-winning 48-yard field goal as time expired.[13]

Appreciative of his lengthy tenure with the team, Patriots fans cheered Bledsoe in each of his three returns to New England as a visiting player.[14]

A change of scenery—by way of a trade[15]—to Bledsoe's former division rival Buffalo seemed to give him a bit of rejuvenation in 2002. He had one of his best seasons ever, passing for 4,359 yards and 24 touchdowns and making his fourth trip to the Pro Bowl. In Week 2 against the Minnesota Vikings, Bledsoe set a team record with 463 yards passing in an overtime win. He continued his strong play in 2003 as the Bills began the year 2–0. However, a flurry of injuries stymied the Bills offense; they failed to score a touchdown in three consecutive games en route to a 6–10 season. In 2004, they fell one game short of making the playoffs; a late season winning streak went for naught when Bledsoe and the Bills performed poorly against the Pittsburgh Steelers backups in the season finale.[16]

Bledsoe was released by the Bills after the 2004 season to make way for backup quarterback J. P. Losman. When Bledsoe was later signed by the Dallas Cowboys, he expressed bitterness with the Bills for the move, stating "I can't wait to go home and dress my kids in little stars and get rid of the other team's [Buffalo's] stuff."[17]

Bledsoe went on to sign with the Dallas Cowboys, where he was reunited with former coach Bill Parcells. Bledsoe was intended to be a long-term solution as quarterback for the Cowboys. Said Bledsoe on the day he signed with Dallas, "Bill [Parcells] wants me here, and being the starter. I anticipate that being the case and not for one year." He signed for $23 million for three years.[18]

During his tenure with the Cowboys, he threw for over 3,000 yards in a season for the ninth time in his career, tying Warren Moon for fourth in NFL history. That season, Bledsoe led five 4th quarter/OT game-winning drives to keep the Cowboys' playoff hopes alive until the final day of the season.[19] Though the team ultimately failed to reach the playoffs, Bledsoe had led them to a 9-7 record, an improvement over the 6-10 mark that Vinny Testaverde had finished with in 2004.

However, in 2006, his final season with the Cowboys, Bledsoe's play became erratic, so much so that six games into the season he was replaced by then-backup and soon to be Pro-Bowler Tony Romo. Shortly after the end of the 2006 season, Bledsoe was released by the Cowboys. Unwilling to be relegated to a backup position, Bledsoe announced his retirement from the NFL on April 11, 2007.[20]

When Bledsoe retired in April 2007, he left fifth in NFL history in pass attempts (6,717) and completions (3,839), seventh in passing yards (44,611), and 13th in touchdown passes (251).[citation needed]

On May 16, 2011, Bledsoe was voted by Patriots fans into the Patriots Hall of Fame.[21] He was formally inducted in a public ceremony outside The Hall at Patriot Place on September 17, 2011. Bledsoe beat former head coach Bill Parcells and defensive lineman Houston Antwine in a fan vote.

In July 2012, Bledsoe was named the 30th greatest quarterback of the NFL's post-merger era by Football Nation.[22]

In January 2018, Bledsoe was named honorary captain of the New England Patriots as they hosted the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game. Bledsoe's Patriots had beaten the Jaguars 20-6 in the 1997 AFC Championship Game to advance to their second Super Bowl. Patriots owner Robert Kraft said in a statement "Drew Bledsoe played such an integral role in our efforts to rebuild the Patriots. He gave fans hope for the future by providing many memorable moments during his record-breaking career. For a franchise that had only hosted one playoff game in its first 35 years, winning the AFC Championship Game at home in Foxboro and taking the Patriots to the playoffs for three consecutive years were unimaginable goals prior to his arrival."[23][24] The Patriots defeated the Jaguars 24-20 to advance to their tenth Super Bowl appearance and Bledsoe presented the Lamar Hunt Trophy to Kraft.[25]

Bledsoe's parents were school teachers in Ellensburg, Washington. His father was a coach who ran a football camp in Washington state, and Drew was able to interact with the professional players and coaches who helped his father run the camp.[26]

The Bledsoe family moved five times before Drew was in the sixth grade. They finally settled in Walla Walla, Washington, where Bledsoe's father coached football at the high school. The only time Drew played a whole season of football without ever starting at quarterback was in seventh grade at Pioneer Junior High. In high school, with his father as his coach, he won numerous awards, including selection to the Western 100 and Washington State Player of the Year. He was heavily recruited by colleges such as the University of Miami and the University of Washington, but he decided to attend Washington State, which was a mere two-hour drive from home.[26]

Drew and his wife Maura live in Bend, Oregon and have four children: sons Stuart, John, Henry, and daughter Healy. He coached his sons, Stuart and John, at Summit High School.[27] His son John was a walk-on player on the Washington State football team in 2017.[28]

While playing for the New England Patriots, Drew Bledsoe lived in Bridgewater, Massachusetts on Tabway Lane, and in Medfield, Massachusetts, in a house that was later purchased by retired Major League Baseball player Curt Schilling.[29]

After his retirement in 2007, Bledsoe founded the Doubleback Winery along with close friend Chris Figgins.[30] The company's grapes, mostly Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay, are harvested from McQueen Vineyards and Flying B Vineyards, located in and around Walla Walla, Washington[31]. The wine has had success recently,[when?] placing 53rd overall in Wine Spectator's Top 100 wines.[32] His first vintage which was 2007 vintage quickly sold out of its initial 600 cases.[33] In 2012, Marvin R. Shanken invited Ernie Els, Greg Norman, Tom Seaver and Bledsoe to introduce his wines, despite Shanken's disdain for the New England Patriots.[34] He also recorded a message to both Tony Romo and Dak Prescott in 2017 in his home, which also showed his red wine collection.[35]

In his spare time, Bledsoe works with many philanthropic organizations.[27]

Drew is the offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach at Summit High School in Bend, Oregon, having held the position since 2012.[36]

While Bledsoe has thrown for a high number of yards and attempts, a frequent criticism is that they are based on volume (attempts, completions, yards) rather than efficiency (passer rating, TD-to-INT ratio, yards per attempt) proving only that he has thrown a great number of times, not that he has thrown well.[37] According to sports writer Don Banks, Bledsoe's large career totals "reveal more about his longevity than about his excellence".[38]

Bledsoe ranks fifth all-time in completions (3,839), seventh in passing yards (44,611), and 13th in touchdown passes (251). Bledsoe's career (57.2) completion percentage is lower than all recent[when?] Hall of Fame quarterbacks with the exception of John Elway. Bledsoe's NFL career passer rating of (77.1) surpasses nine Hall of Fame Quarterbacks. Bledsoe's 37 regular season 300-yard passing games ranks 9th in league history. He also ranks 6th (with 6) in most career regular season 400-yard passing games by an NFL quarterback. He was selected to the Pro Bowl four times (in 1994, 1996, 1997, 2002). Bledsoe was eligible for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.


where does made in america festival take place

Budweiser Made in America Festival is an annual music festival held in Philadelphia and formerly simultaneously held in Los Angeles.[1] Sponsored by Anheuser–Busch and produced by Live Nation, the event features several stages that continuously host live music from a wide range of genres including hip hop, rock, pop, R&B, and EDM.[2]

Budweiser Made in America Festival

Budweiser Made in America Festival was founded in 2012 by American rapper, record producer and business mogul Jay-Z, as a way to bring together music and culture. The inaugural event was held on September 1â€“2, 2012 on Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia. It grossed $5 million in ticket sales and attracted nearly 80,000 people.[3] Philadelphia city officials reported that the festival generated at least $10 million in economic impact for the city and covered all municipal costs associated with the event.[4]

In 2012 Pearl Jam were joined onstage by Jay-Z to perform the song "99 Problems".[5][6] For their appearance at the festival, the band earned $2 million.[7]

As of 2012, the festival features three stages of live music: Rocky Stage, Liberty Stage, and Freedom Tent (which features primarily electronic music).[8] The festival also features an array of vendors, food trucks, carnival games, refillable water stations, and portable toilets.

In Budweiser's 'Makers of Tomorrow' ad, which promoted the theme of the festival, Jay-Z narrated, "Through all the lines and things that are put in place to divide each other, all like-minded people gather together. We're more curious than ever. We create music to express ourselves. And when the world relates, ya know, that's beautiful things. We're all trading off each other's culture. So no matter what lines you put—country, indie rock, rap—we're all somehow gonna find a way to come together cause the lines and the titles can never keep us apart. This is what we've been. To put that on display for the world is, is just being honest. That's it, that's what it's all about. We are finally living out our creed."[9]

The festival was the subject of the 2013 documentary Made in America, directed by Ron Howard and produced by Brian Grazer and Jay-Z.[10] In a statement to the press, Howard called the documentary "a reflection of the fabric of what it means to be 'Made in America'â€”what the festival represents, why Jay is doing it and how he relates to each artist."[11]

On April 16, 2014, Jay-Z and Eric Garcetti (the mayor of Los Angeles) held a press conference at Los Angeles City Hall and announced that the Made in America festival would take place not only in Philadelphia, but in Los Angeles as well during the 2014 Labor Day Weekend. The location of the Los Angeles festival would be Grand Park. "On Labor Day weekend we are going to celebrate our golden state of mind right here in LA with a sellout crowd right on the steps of city hall and into Grand Park," Garcetti said. "The 'Made in America Festival' will attract 50,000 fans Saturday and Sunday. Fans who will inject millions of dollars into the LA economy."[1] [12]

On May 19, 2015 it was announced the festival would return to its original format of being solely held in Philadelphia after disappointing ticket sales from last year's LA edition of the festival. In 2015 Budweiser also replaced its Made In America tour with its new Monument Series. The Monument Series which leads up to the main festival took place at both the Statue of Liberty in New York and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California.

The 2015 festival in Philadelphia saw record breaking sold-out crowds for both day. 140,000 tickets were sold and over 64K fans attended each day of the festival. Made in America returns to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway on September 3 and 4 in 2016 for the 5th year of its current 5-year contract.

The 2016 edition held in Philadelphia was headlined by Rihanna and Coldplay.[13] 2016 also included DJ Khaled, Martin Garrix, FKA Twigs, Lil Wayne and 2 Chainz, Edward Sharpe, Jamie xx, Travis Scott, Grimes, Chance the Rapper, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeroes, Madeon, Desiigner, Gary Clark, Jr., A$AP Ferg, Bibi Bourelly, Lil Yachty, Bryson Tiller, Sza, and Levi Carter.

The 2015 line-up featured and included BeyoncÃ©, The Weeknd, Bassnectar, Modest Mouse, Axwell and Ingrosso, and J. Cole.

Saturday, September 5th[14]

Sunday, September 6th[14]

In April 2014, it was announced that the 2014 Made in America festival would take place not only in Philadelphia, but also in Los Angeles. A press conference given by Jay-Z and the mayor of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti, explained how the added location was designed to involve both the west and east coasts of the United States in the multi-genre festival.[1] The 2014 festival reportedly delivered "twice the amount of music" as the previous years of the festival, and also benefitted the United Way of Greater Los Angeles, United Way of Philadelphia and Southern New Jersey, and United Way of Lancaster County.[15]

Saturday, August 30[16]

Sunday, August 31[16]

Saturday, August 30[17]

Sunday, August 31[17]

Saturday, August 31[18]

Sunday, September 1[18]

Saturday, September 1[19]

Sunday, September 2[19]


how many seasons of log horizon are there

A 25-episode anime adaptation produced by Satelight aired on NHK Educational TV from October 5, 2013 to March 22, 2014.[65] The series was streamed as a simulcast by Crunchyroll in North America and other select parts of the world.[66] A 25-episode second season produced by Studio Deen began airing on October 4, 2014.[67][68][69] Both seasons have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America for digital and home video release.[70][71] For both seasons, the opening theme is "database" by Man with a Mission featuring Takuma while the ending theme for the first season is "Your song*" and for the second season it is "Wonderful Wonder World*", both performed by Yunchi.[72] [73]

Log Horizon

Adventure, Fantasy, Sci-fi, Romance

Log Horizon (Japanese: ログ・ホライズン, Hepburn: Rogu Horaizun) is a Japanese novel series written by Mamare Touno and illustrated by Kazuhiro Hara, published by Enterbrain in Japan since 2011. Yen Press began publishing the novels in English translation in 2015. The series follows the strategist, Shiroe, and the other players of the long-lived MMORPG Elder Tales after they find themselves whisked away into the game world following a game update. The novel has received four manga adaptations, with one based on the main story and the other three revolving around characters in the series. An anime adaptation aired on NHK Educational TV between October 5, 2013 and March 22, 2014. A second season aired between October 4, 2014 and March 28, 2015.

By its eleventh expansion pack, the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) Elder Tale (エルダー・テイル, Erudā Teiru) has become a global success, with a user base of millions of players. However, during the release of its twelfth expansion pack: Homesteading the Noosphere (ノウアスフィアの開墾, Nōasufia no Kaikon, sometimes mistranslated as Novasphere Pioneers),[2][3] thirty thousand Japanese gamers who are logged on at the time of the update suddenly find themselves transported into the virtual game world and donning their in-game avatars. In the midst of the event, a socially awkward gamer named Shiroe, along with his friends, Naotsugu and Akatsuki, decide to team up so that they may face this world, which unfortunately has now become their reality, along with the challenges and obstacles ahead of them.

Log Horizon began as a light novel written by Mamare Touno. It initially appeared in installments on the user-generated content site Shōsetsuka ni Narō ("So You Want to be a Novelist") starting on April 13, 2010 and subsequently published in book form by Enterbrain since March 2011. Yen Press obtained the rights on its light novel imprint to release the novels in English from 2015.[4]

Several additional volumes have been released as web-novels.[29]

The novel series has received four manga adaptations, all written by Mamare Touno. The first adaptation is illustrated by Motoya Matsu and titled, Log Horizon Gaiden: Honey Moon Logs.[30] It began serialization on January 27, 2012, and is published by ASCII Media Works in the Dengeki Daioh magazine.[30] The second adaptation is illustrated by Kazuhiro Hara and titled Log Horizon.[31] It began serialization on May 18, 2012, and is published by Enterbrain in the Famitsu Comic Clear web magazine.[31] Yen Press obtained this manga for an English release.[32] The third adaptation is illustrated by Koyuki and titled, Log Horizon: The West Wind Brigade.[33] It began serialization on July 9, 2012, ended Mar 9, 2018, and is published by Fujimi Shobo in the Age Premium magazine.[33] The last adaptation is illustrated by Sōchū and titled, Log Horizon Gaiden: Nyanta-honcho Shiawase no Recipe.[34] It began serialization on December 21, 2012, and is published by Enterbrain in the Comic B's LOG magazine.[34]

Log Horizon Gaiden: Honey Moon Logs (ログ・ホライズン 外伝: Honey Moon Logs)

Log Horizon (ログ・ホライズン, Rogu Horaizun)

Log Horizon: The West Wind Brigade (ログ・ホライズン: 西風の旅団)

Log Horizon Gaiden: Nyanta-hancho Shiawase no Recipe (ログ・ホライズン: にゃん太班長 幸せのレシピ)

Rebecca Silverman of the Anime News Network noted that the series has "its own unique take on what has become a subgenre of fantasy" when compared to the previous Sword Art Online and the earlier.hack series.[74] With respect to the anime adaptation, Silverman noted that one of the major drawbacks was the artistry. She held the designs of the characters with small regard, calling them "somewhat bland and generic in design, which is a bit of an accomplishment given how many character creation options there apparently are". She used the design of Akatsuki as an example, explaining that the character's beauty has to be constantly reminded to the audience despite the fact that "she's one of the less striking female characters on screen". Another issue Silverman pointed out was the apparent overuse of Naotsugu's perverted nature for comedic relief and finding that for some viewers he may be "line-crossingly obnoxious". Despite these drawbacks, Silverman remarked that the "show shouldn't be dismissed as 'just another ripoff' before giving it a chance" since "it has the potential to expand rather than rehash the basic premise of players trapped in a game".[74]


when was the last time the emergency broadcast system was used

The Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), occasionally called the Emergency Broadcasting System and sometimes called the Emergency Action Notification System (EANS), is a former emergency warning system used in the United States. It replaced the previous CONELRAD system and was used from 1963 to 1997, at which point it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System.

Emergency Broadcast System

"The system was established to provide the President of the United States with an expeditious method of communicating with the American public in the event of war, threat of war, or grave national crisis."[1] The Emergency Broadcast System replaced CONELRAD on August 5, 1963.[2] In later years, it was expanded for use during peacetime emergencies at the state and local levels.[1]

Although the system was never used for a national emergency, it was activated more than 20,000 times[citation needed] between 1976 and 1996 to broadcast civil emergency messages and warnings of severe weather hazards.

An order to activate the EBS at the national level would have originated with the President and been relayed via the White House Communications Agency duty officer to one of two origination points – either the Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) or the Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA) – as the system stood in 1978. Participating telecommunications common carriers, radio and television networks, the Associated Press, and United Press International would receive and authenticate (by means of code words) an Emergency Action Notification (EAN) via an EAN teletypewriter network designed specifically for this purpose. These recipients would relay the EAN to their subscribers and affiliates.[1]

The release of the EAN by the Aerospace Defense Command or the Federal Preparedness Agency would initiate a process by which the common carriers would link otherwise independent networks such as ABC, CBS, and NBC into a single national network that even independent stations could receive programming from. "Broadcast stations would have used the two-tone Attention Signal on their assigned broadcast frequency to alert other broadcast stations to stand by for a message from the President."[1] The transmission of programming on a broadcast station's assigned frequency, and the fact that television networks/stations and FM radio stations could participate, distinguished EBS from CONELRAD. EBS radio stations would not necessarily transmit on 640 or 1240 on the AM dial, and FM radio and television would carry the same audio program as AM radio stations did.

Actual activations originated with a primary station, which would transmit the  Attention Signal (help·info). The Attention Signal most commonly associated with the system was a combination of the sine waves of 853 and 960 Hz—suited to attention due to its unpleasantness. Decoders at relay stations would sound an alarm, alerting station personnel to the incoming message. Then, each relay station would broadcast the alert tone and rebroadcast the emergency message from the primary station. The Attention Signal was developed in the mid-1960s.

A nationwide activation of the EBS was called an Emergency Action Notification (EAN), and was the only activation that stations were not allowed to ignore; the Federal Communications Commission made local civil emergencies and weather advisories optional (except for stations that agreed to be the "primary" source of such messages).

To activate the EAN protocol, the Associated Press and United Press International wire services would notify stations with a special message. It began with a full line of X's, and a bell inside the Teletype machine would sound ten times. To avoid abuse and mistakes, the message included a confirmation password which changed daily. Stations that subscribed to one of the wire services were not required to activate the EBS if the activation message did not have proper confirmation.[citation needed]

Despite these safeguards, the system was accidentally activated at 9:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on February 20, 1971.[3] Teletype operator W. S. Eberhardt "played the wrong tape" during a test, which sent an activation message authenticated with the codeword "HATEFULNESS" through the entire system, ordering stations to cease regular programming and broadcast the alert of a national emergency.[4] A cancellation message was sent at 9:59 a.m. EST, but it used an incorrect codeword. A cancellation message with the correct word, "IMPISH", was not sent until 10:13 a.m. EST[4] After 40 minutes and six incorrect cancellation messages, the accidental activation was terminated.

This false alarm demonstrated major flaws in the EBS. Many stations had not received the alert but more importantly, the vast majority of those that did either ignored it (because it came at the time of a scheduled test), or did not know what to do in an emergency.[4] Some stations followed the procedures for an activation, but cancelled them prematurely. It is estimated that only 20% of the stations that received the activation followed the procedures completely.[3] While several stations went off the air, the one best remembered was WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana, which broadcast the 1971 events as they happened, a recording of which has become available. Another recording of how the error sounded on WCCO in Minneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota can be heard on RadioTapes.com.

Numerous investigations were launched, and several changes were made to the EBS. Among them, the on-air alert announcement was streamlined, eliminating one version of the script that warned the audience of an imminent attack against the country (the WOWO broadcast above does not contain the reference to an attack). Another change was moving the tapes for genuine alerts away from the broadcasting machines to prevent them being mistaken for the weekly test tapes.

Though it was never used, the FCC's EBS plan involved detailed procedures for stations to follow during an EAN. It included precise scripts that announcers were to read at the outset of the emergency, as well as whenever detailed information was scarce. Among other things, citizens were instructed not to use the telephone, but rather continue listening to broadcast stations for information.

The initial scripted announcement was: "We interrupt this program. This is a national emergency. The President of the United States or his designated representative will appear shortly over the Emergency Broadcast System."

As official information began to emerge from various sources, non-primary stations were to broadcast it according to the following priority list:

A presidential message was always required to be aired live during an EAN. For other information, stations were to follow the priority list to decide what should be disseminated first. Lower priority official programming was to be recorded for the earliest available rebroadcast.

Participation in EAN emergency broadcasting was done with the "voluntary cooperation" of each station (as noted in the classic test announcement). Stations that were not prepared to be part of the national EBS network were classified as "non-participating" by the FCC. During an EAN, a non-participating station was required to advise listeners/viewers to tune elsewhere to find emergency bulletins. The station's transmitter would then be turned off. Non-participating stations had to remain off the air until the EAN was terminated. Under no circumstances could any broadcast station continue with normal programming during a national emergency.

Until the system was superseded, radio and television stations were required to perform a Weekly Transmission Test Of The Attention Signal and Test Script at random days and times between 8:30Â a.m. and local sunset. Stations were required to perform the test at least once a week, and were only exempt from doing so if they had activated the EBS for a state or local emergency, or participated in a coordinated state or local EBS test during the past week. Additionally, stations were required to log tests they received from each station they monitored for EBS messages. This served as an additional check, as these stations could expect to hear a weekly test from each source. Failure to receive a signal at least once a week meant that either the monitored station was having a problem transmitting the alert signal, or the monitoring station was having a problem receiving it.

Early on, tests and activations were initiated in a similar way to CONELRAD tests. Primary stations would turn their transmitters off for five seconds, back on for five seconds, off for five seconds more, then would go back on air and transmit a 1000Â Hz tone for 15 seconds to alert secondary stations. Television stations adhere to similar rules, but stations switch only their sound carriers off.[5] This quick off-and-on became known to broadcast engineers as the "EBS Stress Test", as older transmitters would sometimes fail after the quick cycling on and off.[6] This became unnecessary as broadcast technology advanced and the two-tone alarm was developed.

Beginning in 1976, the old CONELRAD signaling method (the "EBS Stress Test") was scrapped in favor of the following procedure:[7]

1. Normal programming was suspended, though tests were typically done during commercial breaks for continuity reasons. Television stations would transmit a video slide such as the one illustrated at the beginning of the article; numerous designs were available over the years. One of the following announcements was transmitted:

Alternatively, the name "Emergency Broadcasting System" could be used.

2. The Attention Signal was transmitted from the EBS encoder for 20 to 25 seconds. At the special request of the FCC, however, this step was occasionally (though rarely) skipped.[citation needed] In mid-1995, a new rule was put in place that gave stations the option to transmit the attention signal for anywhere from eight to 25 seconds.

3. The announcement written below (depending on the variation) was transmitted. The first part read:

There were a number of variations for the second half of the statement. During the system's early days, stations other than the designated primary station for an operational area were required to shut down in the event of an emergency (reminiscent of the CONELRAD days), and the message was a variation of:

By the early 1980s, it was easier for stations to record and relay messages from a primary station, and the risk of hostile bombers using broadcast signals to navigate lessened due to the development of ICBMs. As a result, the requirement to shut down during an activation of the system was dropped, and the message became:

Some stations also listed the types of emergencies that the EBS would be activated for (i.e., tornado warning, flash flood warning, hurricane warning, or earthquake); at least one version of the announcement made explicit reference to an attack on the United States as being a possible scenario for EBS activation. In the late 1980s, several television stations in the Los Angeles area had specific test scripts that emphasized earthquake preparedness.

As the EBS was about to be replaced by its successor, the Emergency Alert System, some stations used the following message:

4. The test concluded with one of the following phrases:

These variations were heard in different parts of the country throughout the years depending on FCC regulations at the time, local preferences, and whether the specific station performing the test was a primary EBS station or not. The announcement text was mandated by the FCC. Stations had the option of either reading the test script live, or using recorded versions. WHEN radio in Syracuse, New York and WGR radio in Buffalo, New York both had a sung version of the most common script.[8] There was also a version done by Los Angeles-based Cheap Radio Thrills, as well as another by the comedy team of Bob and Ray. The FCC declared it illegal to sing the test message, or read it as a joke. However, it was acceptable to read it in another language (for example, French or Spanish), if a station broadcast in a language other than English. Copies of the warning message script had a note saying that it was acceptable to broadcast in any other language, so long as it was broadcast in English as well.[9] Usually the post-test recorded announcement began with the phrase, "This has been a test of the Emergency Broadcast System...", followed by the here-in-above stated recitations.

The purpose of the test was to allow the FCC and broadcasters to verify that EBS tone transmitters and decoders were functioning properly. In addition to the weekly test, test activations of the entire system were conducted periodically for many years. These tests showed that about 80% of broadcast outlets nationwide would carry emergency programming within a period of five minutes when the system was activated.

The weekly broadcasts of the EBS attention signal and test script made it a significant part of the American cultural fabric of its time, and became the subject of a great number of jokes and skits, such as the sung versions of the test script in the late 1970s. In addition, many people have testified to being frightened by the test patterns and attention signal as children.


where did 1 direction finish in x factor

For their qualifying song, and their first as a group, at judges' houses, One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn".[9] In week 1 of the live shows, they performed "Viva la Vida" and were safe for the week. Week 2 was "Musical Heroes" and One Direction sang "My Life Would Suck Without You", which received positive comments from the judges; Minogue called them "five heartthrobs"[151] and praised their performance, Cole called them "cute",[citation needed] and Cowell said "You are the most exciting pop band in the country right now."[152] They sang "Nobody Knows" in week 3 and "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in week 4. In week 4, girl band Belle Amie were eliminated, leaving One Direction as Cowell's last remaining act. They sang "Kids in America" in week 5, "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" in week 6, and "All You Need Is Love" in week 7. They were safe each week, never once being in the bottom two. For weeks 8 and 9, they performed "Summer of 69" and "You Are So Beautiful" in week 8 and "Only Girl (in the World)" and "Chasing Cars" in week 9. They were safe both times, making it to the final live show, being the first ever manufactured group to do so. In week 10, they performed "Your Song". After performing "Torn" in the final, One Direction finished in third place behind runner-up Rebecca Ferguson and winner Matt Cardle.

List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 7)

The seventh UK series of The X Factor was broadcast on ITV between 21 August and 12 December 2010. The final 12 were declared on 3 October 2010. Four wildcards were announced on the first live show of the finals on 9 October 2010, bringing the number of finalists up to 16.[1]

The Boys category was mentored by Dannii Minogue. Contestants in this category are males aged 16 to 28. The eight candidates were Karl Brown, Matt Cardle, Nicolo Festa, Aiden Grimshaw, Marlon McKenzie, Tom Richards, Paije Richardson and John Wilding. Minogue chose:

Matt Cardle (born 15 April 1983)[2] is a former painter and decorator from Little Maplestead, Essex.[3] Born to parents David and Jennifer Cardle, he was diagnosed with Wilms' tumour, a form of cancer, when he was a toddler. He recovered after one of his kidneys was removed at age 2.[4] Before applying to The X Factor, he was the frontman and acoustic guitar player of the band Seven Summers,[5] alongside Alex Baker (drums), Jon Holland (bass), and Neillo (guitars). The band had alternative rock, pop, urban, and folk influences and released a debut album[6] on 22 January 2010 with their debut single being "Picture of You".[7]

Cardle auditioned for The X Factor with "You Know I'm No Good".[3] He sang "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" at bootcamp[8] and "If I Were a Boy" at judges' houses.[9] In the first week, Cardle sang "When Love Takes Over". Show bosses asked him to perform a "secret gig" at the Five Bells pub, in Colne Engaine, providing footage for the Saturday ITV show.[10] In week two, he sang "Just the Way You Are" and in week 3, "...Baby One More Time". After reaching the final two singers, it was revealed that his winning single would be a cover of Biffy Clyro's "Many of Horror", retitled as "When We Collide". He was announced overall winner of the competition during the final held on 12 December 2010. His debut album, Letters, was released in the UK on 17 October 2011.[11]

NicolÃ² Festa is a 21-year-old student from Treviso, Italy.[12][13] He is the son of Michele Festa, deputy commissioner of the police flying squad in Verona, who apprehended notorious Mafia boss Felice Maniero after his 1994 escape from prison.[12][13][14] He studied Languages at Ca' Foscari University of Venice and then moved to London a few months before applying for The X Factor. His father said his son's dream is to remain living there.[12] He auditioned with "A Song for You", after which Louis Walsh called him "a diva in the making".[15] At bootcamp, he sang "Life on Mars?", and made it through to the next round.[16] He said that his fame was "inevitable" before performing "New York" in the judges' houses stage and was picked for the live shows by Minogue.[17] For the first live show, he sang "Just Dance" and was eliminated in the series' first double elimination, after receiving the fewest public votes. In answer to host Dermot O'Leary's question regarding how he felt being the first one to exit, he replied: "I feel like crap".[18] In April 2011, he began collaborating with independent label Aztec Records writing and recording new songs.[19]

Aiden Grimshaw (born 4 December 1991) is a student from North Shore, Blackpool.[20] He attended the Michael Hall Theatre School.[20] Before auditioning for The X Factor, he played Tom Holmes in an episode of CBBC show Half Moon Investigations.[21][22] He auditioned with "Gold Digger",[23] prompting Cowell to say "Now that's what I call a pop star!".[23] He then auditioned with "This Year's Love" during Bootcamp[16] and "Cannonball" at judges' houses.[24] His mentor Dannii Minogue selected Grimshaw as one of her three contestants to continue in the competition for the live shows. For the first live show, he sang "Mad World", which the judges praised. In the second live show, he sang "Jealous Guy". In the third live show, his performance of "Diamonds Are Forever" was praised by the judges. In live show 4, he sang a slower rendition of Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Grimshaw sang "Nothing Compares 2 U" in week 5 and in week 6, Grimshaw sang "Rocket Man". Grimshaw was in the bottom two that week, along with Katie Waissel. Simon Cowell and Cheryl Cole voted to eliminate Grimshaw while Minogue and Louis Walsh voted to save him. This meant the result went to deadlock, and he was eliminated.[25] His debut album, Misty Eye, was released on 13 August 2012 via RCA Records. It was preceded by his debut single, Is This Love, which was released on 3 June 2012 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 35. A second single from the album, "Curtain Call", features Labrinth's sister ShezAr and charted at number 49 in the UK. Grimshaw has since worked on his second album, and released a free EP titled Aiden on 26 November 2013. In 2013, he dropped his surname from his stage name, now becoming simply Aiden.

Paije Richardson (born 15 November 1990) is a cinema usher and former fashion student from Islington, London.[26] He finished a BTEC National Diploma in Art and Design (Fashion and Clothing) at City and Islington College.[26] Richardson also had a cameo appearance in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. He appeared again in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, playing an extra in the Battle of Hogwarts.[27] He first auditioned with "Fly Me to the Moon", but Walsh was the only judge to enthuse over his performance, Cowell compared him to a wedding singer and joined Cole in giving him a no.[28] Walsh went backstage to ask him to come back at the end of the day with another song.[28] When Richardson returned, he performed "It's a Man's Man's Man's World",[28] to which he received a yes from all three judges, with Cowell complimenting his taste in music.[28]

At judges' houses, he performed "True Colors"[24] but failed to make it into the initial top 12.[9] He was then chosen by Minogue as her wildcard.[1] For the first live show, he sang "Killing Me Softly with His Song", in the second live show, he sang "If I Ain't Got You" in the third live show, he sang "Ain't Nobody", and in week 4, he sang "Back to Black" by Amy Winehouse. After performing "Let It Be" in week 7, Richardson was in the final showdown with Cher Lloyd. Only Minogue voted to send Richardson through to the quarter-final, while Cowell, Cole and Walsh voted to send Lloyd through to the quarter-final, and he was eliminated.[29] After the series finished, voting statistics confirmed that Richardson had actually received more public votes than Lloyd meaning if Walsh sent the vote to deadlock, Richardson would have been sent through to the quarter-final and Lloyd would have been eliminated.

On 25 April 2012, Richardson unveiled his debut single, "Bang Bang", which was released on 16 July 2012. His debut album was funded via donations made through PledgeMusic and was released during September 2012.[30]

The Girls category was mentored by Cheryl Cole. Contestants in this category are females aged 16 to 28. The eight candidates were Keri Arrindell, Annastasia Baker, Treyc Cohen, Rebecca Ferguson, Cher Lloyd, Gamu Nhengu, Raquel Thomas and Katie Waissel. Cole chose:

Treyc Cohen, (born 11 October 1983) is from Stonydelph in Tamworth,[31] is a call-centre worker[32] and former music student, who quit studying at the University of Wolverhampton in the summer.[31] In Series 6, Cohen was in the over-25s category, getting through to the final twenty-four, but was eliminated at the judges' houses stage.[33] This series, Cohen was placed in the girls' category (after the age limit was changed to 28) and she once again was through to the judges' houses, where she sang "Ave Maria".[31] She was not picked to be in the initial top 12 acts,[9] but Cole chose her as a wildcard for the live finals.[1]

Cohen faced controversy after it was revealed that she signed a management deal with Artimis Music Management Ltd[34] that landed her a contract in October 2009 with Birmingham-based Ajoupa Records, that released her debut single entitled "A Time to Be Heard",[35] which was also the debut single of Ajoupa Records itself. It was released on 14 December 2009, featuring the a cappella group The Black Voices.[36] The rules of The X Factor strictly forbid record deals while a contestant is on the show and the show's legal team worked to free her from her contract.[35]

Her rendition of "One" in the first live show brought her rave comments, including Cowell saying: "I am amazed that we overlooked you in this competition. I didn't like what you're wearing, but honestly that's not an issue, because by a far mile, that was the best vocal for the entire competition thus far".[37] Cohen went on to sing "Purple Rain" in the second week, progressing on to the third week, when she sang "Whole Lotta Love". Cohen landed in the final showdown with John Adeleye, but was able to progress onto the fourth week after her performance of "One Night Only" convinced the judges to keep her in the competition. Cohen then went on to sing "Relight My Fire" and got through to the fifth week. On week 5, Cohen sang "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". Cohen was once again in the bottom two, against Katie Waissel, and sang "Un-Break My Heart". Cheryl Cole, being both the girls' mentor, refused to send home either act and, after offering to go last to send the result to deadlock, the majority of votes was used. Only Minogue was in Treyc's favour, thus eliminating her from the competition and finishing tenth overall.[38][39] After the series ended, it was revealed that Cohen received more votes than Waissel, meaning if Cole had been allowed to send the vote to deadlock, Waissel would have been eliminated.

From 24 June 2011, Cohen starred as Dorothy Gale in a West Yorkshire Playhouse production of The Wiz; a re-telling of the 1978 film The Wiz.[40]

Rebecca Ferguson (born 21 July 1986)[41] is a student and single mother to Lillie May and Karl (aged 5 and 4, at the time) from Anfield, Liverpool.[42] She is a qualified legal secretary, having studied at Hugh Baird College, Bootle.[43] She had previously unsuccessfully auditioned for The X Factor and for P. Diddy's Starmaker in New York.[42] She sang "A Change Is Gonna Come" during her audition in front of judges Simon Cowell, Louis Walsh and guest judge Nicole Scherzinger.[42] At her bootcamp audition, she sang "Like a Star", to which Cowell said "That is a recording voice!". Scherzinger said, "I told you first time I saw her, she is our generation's songbird."[44] She sang "Fireflies" at judges' houses and was sent through to the live shows by mentor Cheryl Cole and assistant, will.i.am.[9] For the first live show, she sang "Teardrops" and in the second live show, she sang "Feeling Good". In the third live show, she sang "Why Don't You Do Right?" and in the fourth live show, she sang "Wicked Game". In the fifth live show, Rebecca received a standing ovation from Cowell and Cole, following her performance of "Make You Feel My Love". In the following week, Ferguson received another standing ovation from Dannii Minogue and Cole after singing "Candle in the Wind". In the final, she performed a duet with Christina Aguilera, performing Aguilera's hit single "Beautiful". Ferguson's winner's song was a cover of Duffy's "Distant Dreamer", but she finished as the runner-up to Matt Cardle, making her the first female runner-up on The X Factor. After the final, it was announced that Ferguson had been signed by Syco Music.[45]

In January 2011, it was reported by The Sun that she had signed a joint record deal between Syco and Epic Records.[46] Her debut album has been confirmed and is due for release on 5 December 2011.[47]

She is the new face of Walkers crisps Sunbites as of June 2011.[48]

On 20 November 2011, Ferguson released her debut single "Nothing's Real But Love", which debuted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. Nothing's Real But Love also charted at no.23 in Ireland, 16 in Italy and 24 in Switzerland. On 5 December 2011, Rebecca released her debut album, "Heaven", and it debuted at number 3 in the United Kingdom, Heaven also charted at number 7 in Switzerland, 9 in Ireland, and 30 in Italy. Her second single, "Too Good to Lose", was released on 4 March 2012 and charted at 186 on the UK Singles Chart. "Glitter & Gold" was released as her third single on 29 April 2012 and charted at 152 on the UK Singles Chart.[citation needed]

Cher Lloyd, (born 28 July 1993), is from Malvern, where she lives with her parents Darren and Dina, brother Josh, and sisters, Sophie and Rosie (aged 15, 14, and 12 at the time).[49] She is of gypsy ancestry through her mother.[50][51] She studied performing arts at Dyson Perrins CE Sports College in 2009.[49] She auditioned for The X Factor twice before (when the minimum age was lower) singing ballads but it was only after reinventing herself that she got through to see the judges.[52] Lloyd has previously performed at holiday camps and said she gets a mixed reaction to her music.[53] She auditioned singing the Soulja Boy version of "Turn My Swag On".[53] At bootcamp, she sang a rap version of "Viva La Vida",[8] adding lyrics she claimed to have written herself, but this was disputed and reports claimed she took them from a song by rapper Swizz Beatz.[54][55] At the judges' houses, she performed "Cooler Than Me",[24] but was unable to complete her song after suffering from tonsillitis.[9] She was given a second chance, but broke down sobbing and could not complete the song. She was still picked, however, as one of the final three girls by mentor Cheryl Cole.

Lloyd sang a rendition of "Just Be Good to Me" in the first of the live shows. In the second live show, she sang "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)". In the third live show, she sang a mashup of "No Diggity" and "Shout", and in the fourth live show, she sang "Stay". This was the first time Lloyd did not rap in her performance, and Cowell said, "I think it was the performance of the entire season". In week five, Lloyd sang "Empire State of Mind", but judges stated that after last week they were disappointed and Cowell said it was copycat. In the seventh week, Lloyd was in the final showdown for the first time against Paije Richardson after her rendition of "Imagine", but Simon Cowell, Cole, and Louis Walsh all voted to send Lloyd through to the quarter-final with only Dannii Minogue voting to send Richardson through to the quarter-final. However voting statistics showed that Richardson received more votes than Lloyd meaning if Walsh sent the vote to deadlock, Richardson would've been sent through to the quarter-final and Lloyd would've been eliminated. In the quarter-final, Cher performed "Girlfriend", followed by "Walk This Way". Both performances were credited by the judges and she was saved by the public vote the following night, securing her a place in the semi final.[29] In the semi-final, Lloyd performed "Nothin' on You" and "Love the Way You Lie" and was in the final showdown with Mary Byrne. She was saved again when Minogue, Cole and Cowell voted to send Lloyd through to the final, with only Walsh voting to send Byrne through to the final. However once again, voting statistics revealed that Lloyd received the fewest public votes meaning if there wasn't a Final Showdown or if Cowell sent the result to deadlock, Byrne would've been sent through to the final and Lloyd would've been eliminated.[56] In the final, she performed a mash-up of "The Clapping Song" and "Get Ur Freak On", followed by a duet with will.i.am, which was a mashup of "Where Is the Love?" and "I Gotta Feeling". Lloyd was then eliminated in fourth place, having received the fewest public votes.[57]

After the final, it was announced that Lloyd had been signed by Syco Music.[45] Her debut album was released 7 November 2011.[58] She has worked with songwriter Autumn Rowe and producer RedOne.[59][60] Her debut single, "Swagger Jagger", received its first airplay on 20 June. The single was leaked onto the internet on 15 June[61] but this version was later confirmed as only the demo of the track on Lloyd's Twitter account.[62] Lloyd performed at T4 on the Beach in 2011.[63]

Katie Waissel, (born 27 January 1986), is a recording artist from Harefield, Middlesex.[64] She is a former receptionist, waitress and once worked at OK! magazine.[65] She has previously performed under the name Katie Vogel on the series Green Eyed World[66] and had a recording contract under the name Lola Fontaine.[67][68] Waissel has been on tour with East 17 and Andy Abraham[69] and has performed in Hollywood for Paris Hilton, together with friend and fellow contestant Storm Lee.[70]

At her audition, she sang Queen's "We Are the Champions", but forgot some of the words.[68] She then sang "At Last" by Etta James, and was put through to bootcamp by Cole and Cowell. At bootcamp, she sang "Make You Feel My Love" and reacted with shock when she was the first girl put through to the judges' houses.[16] She fell to pieces when performing the song "Smile" in front of Cole and will.i.am at the judges' houses stage[68] and had to stop to compose herself after crying, stating that "it's an emotional song for me".[71] Despite stumbling through her song for the second time, Cole picked her as one of her final three girls. This was a very controversial decision as many viewers did not feel that Waissel deserved her place in the live shows over girls who did not forget their words or break down during their performance.

In week 1 of the live shows, she sang "We Are the Champions". She was put in the bottom three as a result of the public vote, but because Nicolo Festa polled the fewest votes, Waissel had to sing in the final showdown with F.Y.D., the other bottom three acts from week 1. She sang "Don't Let Me Down" in the final showdown and was saved from elimination by the judges by a majority vote, with only Cowell (F.Y.D.'s mentor) voting against her. In the second week of the live shows, Katie sang "I'd Rather Go Blind". She managed to avoid the bottom three this week and secured a place to the third week, where she sang "I Wan'na Be Like You". In the fourth week, she sang "Bewitched" and was in the final showdown with Belle Amie. Waissel was saved after the result went to deadlock and Belle Amie were eliminated.[72] She was in the final showdown again the next week after performing "Don't Speak", but was saved by a majority vote over Treyc Cohen when Cole refused to vote for either of her acts, while Cowell and Walsh voted to eliminate Cohen.[38]

Waissel was in the final showdown for a third successive week when she sang "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting", and this had been the fourth time Waissel had been in the final showdown. The result once again went to deadlock but was saved when Aiden Grimshaw received fewer votes and was eliminated.[25] This was the first time in the show's history that a contestant was put into the final showdown four times and survived. In week 8, she performed "Sex on Fire" and "Everybody Hurts". In the series' third double elimination, Waissel received the fewest number of votes and was automatically eliminated.[73]

In March 2011, Waissel released her self-titled debut album, which she stated was recorded before X Factor. In June 2011, Waissel announced she was currently working on her debut album, and promised it would be a "dirty, sexy, rock 'n' roll" album.[74] In July, she revealed her new band, called "Red Velvet Lovers", who, according to Waissel are a "proper band".[75] In 2016, she joined Celebrity Big Brother 18, where she was later evicted 3 days before the final with Samantha Fox, and finished in eighth place.

The Over 28s category was mentored by Louis Walsh. Contestants in this category are of either sex, aged 29 or over. There is no upper age limit. The eight candidates were John Adeleye, Mary Byrne, Wagner, Stephen Hunter, Justin Vanderhyde, Storm Lee, Yuli Minguel, and Elesha Moses. Walsh chose:

John Adeleye, 30â€“31, is a care worker and award-winning songwriter from Harlesden, London[76] and had an artistic career under the stage name J'Nay. He was a founding member of the band Nu-park, with fellow musician Shad. The band was further expanded to become a 5-piece band by including Mylz (Tyga), Raheem and Anton Gordon.[77] and a solo artist after the break-up of the group. In 2008, J'Nay released his EP Merry Go Round containing 5 tracks.[77]

Adeleye was working as an activity co-ordinator at Forrester Court care home in Westminster helping people with early onset dementia for two years,[76] where he says he was inspired to enter The X Factor by the residents and his distinctive singing means they always remember him. He said one resident said to him, "'When you sing, I feel a lot better'. That's when I decided to enter."[78] Adeleye, under the name J'Nay, won the MOBO Unsung Award at the 2003 MOBO Awards.[79] He has appeared on GMTV[80] and Newsround,[81] was signed by record company Universal-Island, and has toured with Jamelia.[82] At his first audition, he sang "You Are So Beautiful",[82] at the judges' house stage, he sang "Billionaire".[24] In week 1 of the live shows, Adeleye sang "One Sweet Day" and in week 2, "A Song for You". After performing "Zoom" in week 3, he was voted in final showdown by the public and was up against Treyc Cohen. In the final showdown, he sang "Because of You", but was eliminated when Dannii Minogue, Cheryl Cole and Simon Cowell voted to save Cohen while his mentor Louis Walsh voted to save him. However, at the end of the series, it was revealed that Adeleye had received more votes than Cohen, meaning if Cowell sent the vote to deadlock, Cohen would've been eliminated. On 17 July 2011, Adeleye released a single called "Coming Home" under the name "Jnay (John Adeleye)"; it was a charity single that he released independently.

Mary Byrne (born 3 November 1959) is a supermarket worker from Ballyfermot, Dublin, Ireland.[83] She says she wanted to be a singer all her life but never had the confidence until now. She is a single mother to her (then 23-year-old) daughter Deborah.[84][85] She has performed with her brother Tommy under the name The Tommy Lee Experience.[86] In 2008, she won the Irish television singing contest Nollaig No. 1 using the name Mary Lee, releasing the single "SiÃºil Leat".[83][87]

At her first audition, she sang "I (Who Have Nothing)"[9] and at the judges' houses, she performed "Fix You",[9] though she forgot the words to the song.[88] Her employer, Tesco Ireland, started a campaign for all staff to support her.[89] Before the first live show, Byrne suffered a throat infection and the show's bosses asked her to quit smoking to avoid making the infection worse.[88] She performed "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" in the first week, "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" in week 2, and "I Who Have Nothing" in week 3 –  the song she had sung in her audition. In the quarter-final, she performed "All I Want Is You" and "Brass in Pocket" and was in the bottom three with Katie Waissel and Wagner. After Waissel received the fewest public votes and was eliminated, Byrne was in the Final Showdown with Wagner. She was sent through to the semi-final by judges, Louis Walsh, Dannii Minogue and Cheryl Cole. This meant Simon Cowell didn't have to vote but confirmed that he would've also sent Byrne through to the semi-final.[73] In the semi-final, she performed "Never Can Say Goodbye" and "The Way We Were" and was in the bottom two with Cher Lloyd. She sang "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" as her sing-off song but was eliminated with only her mentor, Walsh voting to send Byrne through to the final, finishing in fifth place. However Byrne had received more votes than Lloyd meaning if there wasn't a final showdown or if Minogue and/or Cowell voted to send Byrne through to the final or if the result went to deadlock, Byrne would've been sent through to the final and Lloyd would've been eliminated.[56]

Byrne's debut album, Mine & Yours, was released on 28 March 2011.[90] The album charted at number-one on the Irish Album Charts[91] The album also charted at no.6 in the UK Album Chart[92]

Storm Lee Gardner (born 1973) is a singer songwriter born in Edinburgh,[93] who later moved to the United States when he was 17.[94] Lee's mother, Arras Robertson, left the family home when he was four years old, after her marriage with his father Robert Gardner collapsed in 1977. Lee and his mother only speak through Facebook. He has a half-sister Susan and older brother Gary.[95] He came out as gay in the Edinburgh Evening News in 2007, saying it's not a "huge part of my life, it's just part of my personality".[96] His previous jobs include make-up artist, furniture re-upholster, and a cleaner at KFC.[97] Lee has performed in Hollywood for Paris Hilton, together with friend and fellow contestant Katie Waissel[70] and at the 2009 NewNowNext Awards.[98] Lee appeared on US show The Singing Bee as part of the house band.[93][99] and has a credit for original music on Bridezillas.[100]

Lee released his own album Soulfillapopkilla in January 2007.[99][101] He collaborated with Andy Caldwell on the track, "Black Diamond Sky", on Caldwell's Obsession album[102] and with Ricky Martin on four tracks for Martin's album.[103] Lee has recorded backing vocals for many artists, including Meat Loaf, Ozzy Osbourne, and Carrie Underwood.[93][97] He can be heard on backing vocals on Meat Loaf albums Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose[104] and It's All Coming Back to Me Now,[105] Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers,[106] and Naked Truth[107] by Sarah Hudson. Lee co-wrote a track on the album Confessional[108] by Bryan Rice and he was nominated for a Latin Grammy for the composition on the Lipstick album by Alejandra Guzmán.[99][109] He also played tenor saxophone on Utopía[110] by Belinda.

Lee's first audition was with "Every Breath You Take" and "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For".[93] At the bootcamp, he sang "Sweet Child O'Mine"[8] and at the judges' houses stage, sang "Without You".[9] He was eliminated from the live shows on 17 October, after singing "Born to Run" and receiving the fewest public votes for week 2. He finished 14th overall. His album Soulfillapopkilla was re-released on 1 March 2011.[111]

Wagner Fiuza-Carrilho (/ˈvɑːɡnə/; born 13 December 1956), the oldest of the finalists, is a Brazilian born retired PE teacher and karate enthusiast now living in Colley Gate, Cradley, West Midlands.[112] Fiuza-Carrilho previously owned a martial arts and dance gym in Cradley Heath before becoming a P.E. teacher for a year at Leasowes Community College; he has also worked for a conservatory fitting company.[113][114] He said he entered the contest to get a "new start" and to be able to provide for his son.[112] At the judges houses Fiuza-Carrilho performed "You Got The Love",[24] to which Walsh joked to his assistant judge Sharon Osbourne that "He fancies you".[115] Although he was not picked to be one the initial top 12 acts,[9] mentor Walsh chose him as his wildcard for the live finals.[1] Wagner moved out of The X Factor house after the second live show after complaining about his fellow contestants' behaviour.[116]

In the quarter-final, Wagner performed "Creep" and "Addicted to Love" and was in the bottom three. Katie Waissel was automatically eliminated and then Wagner and Mary Byrne performed in the final showdown. Wagner received three votes from the judges to be eliminated and left the competition.[73]

During his time on the show, it was revealed that Wagner was presently a UK incapacity benefit claimant, based on his frozen shoulder. After his elimination, Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith commented on Sky News to Adam Boulton: "One of the people who was working on his case, I understand this, I don't know precisely, noticed [Wagner] was managing to leap in the air with his arms held above him when I am told that he had a frozen shoulder and frozen shoulders tend to mean that you can't have your arm in the air; it's impossible and therefore he was off work. I suspect he will find he will be asked to come in and explain himself as to why he was on benefits in the first place. If you don't mind me saying so, [Wagner's case] illustrates the biggest problem we have got, which is incapacity benefit has grown like mad."[117] However, it was revealed that Wagner was telling the truth and kept the DWP informed as he appeared on the show only 6 months after his second shoulder surgery â€“ he is no longer on incapacity benefit.[citation needed]

The Groups category was mentored by Simon Cowell. Acts in this category are duos or vocal groups. All members must be aged 16 or over. The eight candidates were Belle Amie, Diva Fever, F.Y.D., Husstle, One Direction, Princes & Rogues, The Reason (since 2011 named The Reason 4), and Twem. Cowell chose:

Belle Amie are a four-member girl band made up of Rebecca Creighton,(born 19 May 1989) 21, an unemployed hairdresser from Tallaght,[118] Esther Campbell, (born 16 August 1992) 17, a student from London,[119] Geneva Lane, (born 28 November 1989) 20, a student from Guildford[119] and Sophia Wardman, (born 17 July 1987) 23, a student from Scarborough.[120] Lane has previously won 2008 Spanish singing contest The WOW Factor,[121] while Wardman was a contestant on reality TV show Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands 2007.[122]

They all applied as solo candidates to the competition, but failed to qualify in the Girls category. The judges, after a suggestion by Cowell, put them together in a band, qualifying them for the Groups category. Their qualifying song, as well as their first song ever as a group, was an acoustic version of "Faith".[9] In the first week of live shows, they sang "Airplanes" by B.o.B and were safe. On the second week of live shows, they sang "You Really Got Me". As a result of the public vote, they were put in bottom three and had to sing in the final showdown on 17 October, after Storm Lee polled the least amount of votes and was eliminated. They sang "Big Girls Don't Cry" and were saved by all other three judges. Walsh, Minogue, and Cole voted to save them and eliminate Diva Fever, leaving no need for their mentor Cowell to vote. In the third week, they sang "I'll Stand by You", in which they progressed to the fourth week, where they performed "Venus". However, they ended up in the bottom two with Katie Waissel, and sang "Breakaway" in the final showdown. After the vote went to deadlock, Belle Amie had the fewest public votes and were eliminated.[123]

In January 2011, Genava Lane left the group to continue her musical career as a solo artist. Lane has recorded a new song, titled "Karma", which was released in 2012. The video for the single premiered in September 2011. In March 2011, Belle Amie released a snippet of their debut single, titled "Girls Up". They signed a record deal with Dodient Records, and their single "Girls Up" was released in June 2011; it failed to make the Top 200, though it peaked at 25 on the indie chart. In September 2011, they released a snippet of their new song, titled "Shine", which was slated for release in 2012. However, in April 2012, Rebecca left the group to pursue a solo career, leaving original members Sophia and Esther to form a Duo and re-record material for their debut album.

In July 2013, Campbell and Wardman found two members: Jessica Batist and Clarissa "Risa" White. The new formed girl group are in thoughts[when?] of maybe adding a fifth member. Dodient Records have since taken Belle Amie off the label. The girls are now looking to find a new firm that can take the newly formed Belle Amie to success. "Girls Up" was re-recorded with Batist and White's voices, and their debut album as a new group will be entitled Fresh Girl.

Diva Fever is a duo consisting of Craig Saggers, 21, and Josef Al-Smadi, 26.[124] Saggers, from Longthorpe, Peterborough,[124] is studying English Language and has recently completed his second year.[125] Al-Smadi, from Wigston, Leicestershire[125] is studying English through the Open University while working for British Gas in Leicester.[125] Saggers has previously performed in his home town of Peterborough at Fireworks and Christmas Lights events[124] and won an X Factor style contest called the Top Notch Factor.[126] Josef was in a Leicester four piece boy band called "Horizon". They initially auditioned with "Let It Be" until Simon asked them to change it after expecting them to be "more interesting".[127] Saggers said "Iâ€™m singing for my life, because I ain't having a 'no'." and they then performed "Proud Mary" and received three yeses.[127] At bootcamp, they decided to apply facepaint to stand out and sang "Bad Romance".[16] At the judges' house, they performed "Love Machine"[8] but weren't picked to be in the initial top 12 acts.[9] However, a wildcard option was introduced for this year's show and Simon Cowell chose them as his wildcard act for the live shows.[1]

In week 1 of the live shows, they performed "Sunny". However, Josef was stuck down with Laryngitis and lost his voice, so Craig was forced to sing the entire song. They made it through and were safe. In week 2, they sang "Gotta Go Home" / "Barbra Streisand". In the song, they made tributes not only to Barbra Streisand, as in the original, but also to Judy Garland and to judge Louis Walsh, in addition to shouting their own name as well. As a result of the public vote, they were put in Bottom Three and had to sing in a showdown with another of Cowell's acts, girl group Belle Amie. After singing "I Will Survive", they were eliminated by the judges vote 3â€“0, with Walsh, Dannii Minogue, and Cheryl Cole voting to eliminating Diva Fever. Cowell, didn't have to vote after all the independent judges eliminated Diva Fever in favour of saving Belle Amie. Minogue based her vote on the performance of both bands on the final showdown, whereas Walsh said he based his vote on who he thought had the greater potential to grow in the coming weeks. Cole decided to eliminate Diva Fever without giving her reason,[128] and Diva Fever finished 13th overall. Simon Cowell apologised to the boys for letting them down and Josef retaliated by saying, "You need to make it up to us Cowell". When the voting statistics were released after the show, it revealed that Belle Amie received fewer votes than Diva Fever meaning if the judges vote went to deadlock, Belle Amie would've been eliminated.

Since leaving the show, the vibrant duo have performed all over the UK. They even had a couple of gigs in China. They appeared on Celebrity Juice, "Most shocking reality TV moments" alongside fellow contestant Treyc Cohen on The Alan Titchmarsh Show. Their mix of cheesy camp and live vocals make them a great live act to watch and they have been very busy gigging. On 6 December 2011, the duo were signed by Chicago Town Pizza to create a video advertisement to promote Chicago Town's X-Factor Pizza. They recorded a parody version of 'Don't Stop Believin' but changed the lyrics to sing about Chicago Town Pizza's. The duo have been in the studio recording songs and posted previews of both songs on YouTube and promise a song in the near future.[citation needed]

Since their appearance on season seven of the X Factor, Diva Fever have been invited back twice to perform live at Wembley alongside other memorable acts. In 2013, they returned for the live final performing mashup of memorable songs alongside Jedward, Wagner, Rylan, Kitty Brucknell, Johnny Robinson, and Two Shoes. In the 2014 final, they also returned as part of the X Factor 10 year celebration performing alongside Wagner, Chico, Stevie Ritchie, Chloe Jasmine and Katie Waissell; they performed The Black Eyed Peas' hit The Time "Dirty Bit". Diva Fever entered dressed all in silver accompanied by four dancers on dog leashes in a very S&M inspired entrance.[citation needed]

F.Y.D were a five-member boy band made up of Matthew Newtion,[129] 26 (a dancer and barman from London), Kalvin Lamey, 25 (a dance teacher from London), Alex Murdoch, 22 (a dance teacher from Sussex), Ryan-Lee Seager, 22 (a dance teacher from London), and Jordan Gabriel, 22 (a customer support co-ordinator from London).[119] F.Y.D stands for "Follow Your Destiny".[130] The group met while taking dance classes at Pineapple Studios.[131] The band was originally called F.Y.E, which stands for For Your Entertainment, and auditioned as such at The X Factor, but they changed it to F.Y.D upon the insistence of The X Factor management, when it was discovered another band already had the name.[130]

All F.Y.D members have dancing, singing and acting experience.[130] Newtion played in 2008 the role of Jimmy in a production of ChÃ© Walker's musical The Frontline[132][133] that played at the Globe Theatre in London. In 2009, Newtion toured the United States with the musical The Harder They Come.[134] Seager has performed with Only One Direction and sang backing vocals for Paolo Nutini and Alphabeat. Murdoch was a contestant on the second series of Living TV show Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life[135] and danced and sang on occasions for JLS. Both Newtion and Lamey have performed on several occasions as backing singers for previous winners of The X Factor, Alexandra Burke and Joe McElderry.[136] Lamey has additionally worked with singer Duffy and rappers DJ Ironik and Chipmunk. In 2007, Kalvin Lamey was a contestant on BBC show Dance X but was chosen to leave in show six and didn't make the final.[137] The Sun newspaper website posted a video with Lamey performing with cross dressing cabaret artists The Globe Act at a number of events and venues.[138][139]

For their qualifying song in the judges' houses, they sang "Beggin'".[9] In week 1, they sang "Billionaire", adding a reference to Cowell in the lyrics.[140] As a result of the public vote, they were classified as Bottom Three and had to have a sing-off showdown with Katie Waissel, also a bottom three contestant. They sang "Don't Stop the Music". After the judges' votes, they were eliminated by a vote of 3â€“1 with all three judges Cole, Minogue and Walsh voting them out. Only F.Y.D's own mentor Cowell voted in their favour. They finished 15th place overall. After the series ended, voting statistics revealed that they had received more votes than Waissel meaning if Walsh sent the vote to deadlock, Waissel would've been eliminated.

One Direction was a five-piece, boy band consisting of Liam James Payne (born 29 August 1993 in Wolverhampton), a music technology student at City of Wolverhampton College;[141] Louis William Tomlinson (born 24 December 1991[142] in Doncaster), a student at Hall Cross School;[143] Niall James Horan (born 13 September 1993 in Mullingar, Westmeath, Ireland), a student at Coláiste Mhuire, Mullingar;,[144] Harry Edward Styles (born 1 February 1994 from Holmes Chapel, Cheshire), a student at Holmes Chapel Comprehensive School;..[145] and Zain Javadd "Zayn" Malik,[146][147][148] from West Lane Baildon, Bradford,[149] a student at Tong High School.[148]

Horan, Malik, Payne, Styles, and Tomlinson all applied as solo contestants, but failed to qualify for the Boys category. After a suggestion by guest judge Nicole Scherzinger, they were put together to form the band One Direction, thus qualifying for the Groups category.[150]

Payne had auditioned in 2008 to The X Factor's fifth series when he was 14 and reached judges' houses, but Cowell thought he was not ready for the competition and asked him to come back in two years.[141] This time, Cowell chose him to be part of One Direction. Harry Styles was the frontman for the band White Eskimo with lead guitarist Haydn Morris, bass guitarist Nick Clough and drummer Will Sweeny.[145] Malik was noted for becoming nervous in bootcamp, and when he was told he had to dance, he decided to remain backstage, effectively running the risk of elimination. Cowell noticed Malik missing from the dance routine and went backstage and convinced him to return.[8]


where was the legend of the lost filmed

Wayne liked the location work in Rome and Libya. The plot is vaguely similar to another of Wayneâ€™s movies crossing the Mojave Desert. The Roman remains of Leptis Magna in Libya were used extensively as a location for the ancient city. In the script Wayne's character refers to 'Timgad' in sardonic reference to the apparent delusions of Paul's father, despite the fact this places a considerable strain on the geography of the plot. The lost city of Timgad referred to in the film was actually the Leptis Magna ruins, a Roman city dating back to the 7th century B.C. near Tripoli, in northwest Libya, while "Timbuktu" was actually in Zliten, Libya. Headquarters for the film were located in Ghadames, where, according to the publicity material, citizens of the villages were employed on set, as well as some native Tuaregs, an ancient desert tribe.[2]

Legend of the Lost

Legend of the Lost is a 1957 Technicolor Italian-American adventure film produced and directed by Henry Hathaway, shot in Technirama by Jack Cardiff, and starring John Wayne, Sophia Loren, and Rossano Brazzi. The location shooting for the film took place near Tripoli, Libya.

In Timbuktu, experienced guide Joe January (John Wayne) reluctantly joins a Saharan treasure hunting expedition led by Paul Bonnard (Rossano Brazzi), a man obsessed with confirming his dead father's claim to have found a lost city. Dita (Sophia Loren), a woman of dubious reputation, becomes infatuated with Paul and his willingness to overlook her past. She invites herself along, despite Joe's protests. During the tough dry ordeal, Joe and Dita become attracted to each other, raising tensions.

Just as they run out of water, they stumble upon the ancient city and a well. There, they find three human skeletons, a woman and two men. It becomes evident that Paul's father found his woman in the arms of his guide, killed them and then himself. There is also no treasure to be found. Paul's faith in his father is shattered and he becomes drunk.

They find the treasure after Joe deciphers the clues left by Paul's father. They load it and prepare to leave in the morning. Paul makes an attempt to seduce Dita; she rejects him and he gets into a fight with Joe.  Later, Paul sneaks away during the night taking all the animals, supplies, and  treasure with him and leaving the other two to die.

Joe and Dita chase after him on foot and eventually catch up. Paul is unconscious from dehydration. While Joe and Dita dig for desperately needed water, Paul regains consciousness and thinks they are digging his grave.  He buries the treasure and attacks Joe from behind with a knife. Dita is forced to shoot and kill Paul. When they spot a caravan, Joe and Dita are saved.

Legend of the Lost was directed by Henry Hathaway. Wayne and Hathaway worked together six times, beginning with The Shepherd of the Hills (1941) and ending with Wayne's Oscar-winning role in True Grit (1969). Co-author Robert Presnell, nearing the end of his career at this time, was one of Hollywood's most successful screenwriters. None of this talent managed to keep Legend of the Lost from being harshly reviewed by critics.

This film was Wayne's only collaboration on film with international cinema stars Sophia Loren and Rossano Brazzi.

The film was photographed by noted British cinematographer Jack Cardiff in Technicolor and Technirama (the wide screen process developed by the Technicolor Corporation).