when did the von trapp family leave austria

According to Maria von Trapp's memoirs, Georg von Trapp found himself in a vexing situation after the German takeover of Austria in 1938. He was offered a commission in the German Navy, a tempting proposition for a Captain without a navy, but decided to decline the offer, being opposed to Nazi ideology. Knowing that he could not decline the offer without the threat of arrest, possibly for his entire family, von Trapp decided to leave Austria. The family took a train to Italy, then sailed to the United States for their first concert tour, then in 1939 went back to Europe to tour Scandinavia, hoping to continue their concerts in cities beyond the reach of the Third Reich.[19] During this time, they went back to Salzburg for a few months before returning to Sweden to finish the tour. From there, they traveled to Norway to begin the trip back to the United States in September 1939.[8]

Georg von Trapp

Corvette Captain Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp[1][2][3][a] (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947), was an Austro-Hungarian Navy officer.[4][5] His naval exploits during World War I earned him numerous decorations, including the prestigious Military Order of Maria Theresa. Under his command, the submarines SM U-5 and SM U-14 sank 13 Allied ships  totaling about 45,669 gross register tons (GRT).

Following Austria-Hungary's collapse after the war, von Trapp returned to his family, but lost his first wife to scarlet fever in 1922. Five years later, von Trapp later remarried to his children's tutor, Maria Augusta Kutschera. Most of the family's wealth was wiped out during the Great Depression, after von Trapp transferred his savings from a bank in London into an Austrian bank. Maria later trained the children to perform at various events as a way of earning a livelihood. The family came under increasing persecution from the Nazis after the Anschluss, when von Trapp refused to serve in the German Navy due to his opposition to Nazi ideology. Fearing persecution, von Trapp fled with his family to Italy and later to the United States, where he set up a ranch and lived the remainder of his life there until his death in 1947.

Maria later wrote of their time together in her memoir, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. The story of the von Trapp family served as the inspiration for Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway stage musical, The Sound of Music in 1959.[5]

Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp was born in Zara, Dalmatia, then a Crown Land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Zadar, Croatia). His father, FregattenkapitÃ¤n August Trapp, was a naval officer who had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in 1876, which entitled him and his descendants to the style of "Ritter von Trapp" for sons and "von Trapp" for daughters.[6]

Georg's mother was Hedwig Wepler. His older sister was the Austrian artist Hede von Trapp, and his brother Werner died in 1915 during the First World War.[7]

August Ritter von Trapp died in 1884, when Georg was four.[7]

In 1894, aged fourteen, the young von Trapp followed in his father's footsteps and joined the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy, entering the naval academy at Fiume (now Rijeka).[7] As part of their required education, all naval cadets were taught to play a musical instrument; Georg selected the violin.[2] He graduated four years later and completed two years of follow-on training voyages, including one to Australia, as a cadet aboard the sail training corvette SMS Saida II.[2]  On the voyage home he visited the Holy Land where he met a Franciscan monk who took him on a tour of all the Biblical sites he wanted to see. Among other things, von Trapp bought seven bottles of water from the Jordan River which were later used to baptize his first seven children.[7] In 1900 he was assigned to the protected cruiser SMS Zenta and was decorated for his performance during the Boxer Rebellion, in which he participated in the assault on the Taku forts.[2] In 1902 he passed the final officer's examination, and was commissioned a Fregattenleutnant (frigate lieutenant, equivalent to sub-lieutenant) in May 1903.[2] He was fascinated by submarines, and in 1908 seized the opportunity to be transferred to the navy's newly formed submarine arm, or U-boot-Waffe, receiving promotion to Linienschiffsleutnant (ship-of-the-line lieutenant, or lieutenant) that November.[2] In 1910 he was given command of the newly constructed SM U-6, which was launched by his wife, the former Agatha Whitehead.[8] He commanded U-6 until 1913.[citation needed]

On 17 April 1915, von Trapp took command of SM U-5 and conducted nine combat patrols. While in command of SM U-5 he sank two enemy warships, including the French armored cruiser Léon Gambetta at 39°30′N 18°15′E / 39.500°N 18.250°E / 39.500; 18.250 on 27 April 1915, 25 kilometres (13 nautical miles; 16 miles) south of Cape Santa Maria di Leuca. In hunting and sinking the Gambetta, von Trapp achieved a notable success as commander of the first submarine to execute the first-ever underwater nighttime (and only the second nighttime) submarine attack on a vessel in the Adriatic.[2] Just over three months later, he sank the Italian submarine Nereide at 42°23′N 16°16′E / 42.383°N 16.267°E / 42.383; 16.267 on 5 August 1915, 250 metres (270 yd) off Pelagosa (Palagruža) Island.[9] He also captured the Greek steamer Cefalonia off Durazzo on 29 August 1915. Now lionised as a hero across the Austro-Hungarian Empire, von Trapp was nominated for the award of the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa for sinking the Gambetta, which he eventually received in 1924.[2]

Trapp has sometimes incorrectly been credited with sinking the Italian troop transport Principe Umberto. In reality, this was sunk by U-5 under Trapp's successor, Friedrich Schlosser (1885–1959), on 8 June 1916, after von Trapp was transferred to SM U-14 which had previously been the French submarine Curie, before it was sunk and salvaged by the Austrian Navy.[10]

Captain von Trapp conducted ten more war patrols, until, in May 1918, he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (equal to Lieutenant commander) and given command of the submarine base at Cattoro in the Gulf of Kotor. At the end of the fighting in 1918, von Trapp's wartime record stood at 19 war patrols; 11 cargo vessels totalling 45,669 GRT sunk, plus Léon Gambetta and Nereide and 1 cargo vessel captured.
The end of the First World War saw the defeat and collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the process, Austria was reduced in size to its land-locked German-speaking heartlands, thus losing its sea-coasts, and had no further need for a navy, leaving von Trapp without a vocation or employment.[7]

The von Trapps traveled to Italy, not Switzerland. Georg was born in Zadar (now in Croatia), which at that time was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Zadar became part of Italy in 1920, and Georg was thus an Italian citizen, and his wife and children as well. The family had a contract with an American booking agent when they left Austria. They contacted the agent from Italy and requested fare to America.[11]

Georg von Trapp was first married to Agatha Whitehead, a niece of St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton and a granddaughter of Robert Whitehead, who invented the modern torpedo. After the British government had rejected Whitehead's invention, the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef invited him to open a torpedo factory in Fiume (present-day Rijeka, Croatia).[7] Trapp's first command, the U-boat U-6, was launched by Agatha.[7][12]

Agatha's inherited wealth sustained the couple and permitted them to start a family, and they went on to have seven children; two sons and five daughters, over the next ten years. Their first child, Rupert,[13] was born on 1 November 1911, at Pola, Istria, while the couple was living at Pina Budicina 11.[Map 1] The marriage produced six more children: Agathe, also born at Pola; Maria Franziska; Werner;[14] Hedwig; and Johanna; all born at Zell am See, at the family home, the Erlhof.[Map 2] and Martina, born at Klosterneuburg at the family home, the MartinsschlÃ¶ssel, for which she was named.[Map 3]

On 3 September 1922, Agatha von Trapp died of scarlet fever contracted from her daughter Agathe.[7] Trapp then acquired Villa TrappÂ (de) in Aigen, a suburb of Salzburg, and moved his family there in 1924.[7][Map 4]

During this period, Georg delivered several lectures and conducted interviews on his distinguished naval career.[2] On 21 April 1924, after reviewing the necessary paperwork from World War I, the Chapter of the Military Order of Maria Theresa granted him the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa in recognition of sinking the Gambetta. In the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, recipients of this honour were entitled to petition the Austro-Hungarian emperor for a grant of hereditary nobility in the rank of Freiherr (Baron).[2] The last Austro-Hungarian emperor having left the throne in 1918, Trapp could no longer exercise this right.

About 1926, Maria Franziska was recovering from an illness and was unable to go to school, so von Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera, from the nearby Nonnberg Abbey, as a tutor.[15]

At the age of 47, von Trapp married Maria Kutschera, then aged 22, on 26 November 1927.[7][16] They had three children: Rosmarie, born on 8 February, 1929 [17], in Salzburg, Austria; Eleonore, born 14 May 1931, in Salzburg; and Johannes, born 17 January 1939, in Philadelphia, bringing the total number of the von Trapp children to ten.

In 1935, von Trapp's money, inherited from his English first wife, was invested in a bank in England. Austria was under economic pressure from a hostile Germany, and Austrian banks were in a precarious position. von Trapp sought to help a friend in the banking business, Auguste Caroline Lammer (1885â€“1937), so he withdrew most of his money from London and deposited it in an Austrian bank. The bank failed, wiping out most of the family's substantial fortune.[8]

At about that time, a Catholic priest, Franz Wasner, around Maria's age, came to live with them and became the group's musical director.[4] Around 1936, Lotte Lehmann heard the family sing, and she suggested they perform paid concerts. When the Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg heard them on the radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna.[18]

After living for a short time in Merion, Pennsylvania, where they welcomed their youngest child, Johannes, the family settled in Stowe, Vermont, in 1941. They purchased a 660-acre (270Â ha) farm in 1942 and converted it into the Trapp Family Lodge.[20] In January 1947, Major General Harry J. Collins turned to the Trapp family in the US pleading for help for the Austrian people, having seen firsthand the residents of Salzburg suffer when he had arrived there with the 42nd Rainbow Division after World War II. The Trapp Family founded the Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc., and the priest Franz Wasner, their pre-war friend, became its treasurer.

Georg Ludwig von Trapp died of lung cancer on 30 May 1947, in Stowe, Vermont.[21]

The Captain has been portrayed in various adaptations of his family's life such as The Sound of Music, both the 1965 film and the Broadway musical, as well as two German films, The Trapp Family (1956) and The Trapp Family in America (1958).[39] However, these adaptations often altered the portrayal of the Captain. In real life and in the memoir "The Story of the Trapp Family Singers", written by his second wife Maria Augusta Trapp,  the Captain has been described as being a warm and loving father who was always around.[40][41]The Captain was portrayed in a more negative light in many adaptations though. For instance, in the 1965 film, Georg von Trapp was portrayed as a disciplinary man who always went away and did not care for his children or their feelings at the beginning of the film.[42]


who does the voiceover for love island 2016

In 2015 he returned to CBBC to celebrate 30 years of the channel in Hacker's Birthday Bash. In June 2015 he became the narrator of ITV2 reality series Love Island,[8] which returned for a second series in May 2016, a third in 2017 and a fourth in 2018.

Iain Stirling

Iain Andrew Stirling (born 27 January 1988)[1] is a Scottish comedian, writer and television presenter from Edinburgh, Scotland.

Having started stand-up whilst in his final year of Law at the University of Edinburgh, a year which saw him make the final of both the Paramount Funniest Student and Chortle Student Comedian Of The Year competitions, he is now a regular on the UK comedy circuit. Having been dubbed one of Scotland's 'Hottest Newcomers' by The Scotsman after his performance in front of 750 people at the Glasgow Fruitmarket,[2] he now gigs all over the UK including The Stand (Glasgow and Edinburgh), The Comedy Store (Manchester and London), Off The Kerb and various smaller clubs. Stirling also appeared in a singing contest in 2002.

In August 2009, Iain performed in the final of the Chortle Student Comedian Of The Year at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, finishing runner-up to winner Joe Lycett.[3]

In 2012, he made an appearance on Russell Howard's Good News Extra. Since October 2012, he has been touring with Russell Kane as a warm up act for Posturing Delivery.

After being spotted at a gig, Iain has since presented the CBBC Channel along with his canine sidekick Hacker T. Dog from the CBBC TV show Scoop, and other sidekicks including Dodge the Dog, 'The Toad of Wisdom', and 'Pig With 'Tasche'. He has also worked as a writer on a number of projects for the likes of CBBC and BBC Scotland. He also appeared in Scoop as the postboy in the first four episodes of the new series.[4]

Iain presents CBBC's show, Help! My Supply Teacher's Magic â€“ the show puts magicians in schools and tricks children into thinking they are teachers. Stirling also presented 12 Again, a show in which celebrities talk about what they were like when they were twelve.
Stirling also co-presents
All Over the Place 2011-2015, 2017.

On 1 February 2013, Stirling left the CBBC office but returned in September 2015 for CBBC's 30th anniversary.

In early October 2013, Stirling began recording for a new series for CBBC, The Dog Ate My Homework, which was commissioned as the CBBC answer to Mock the Week.[5] The show features two teams of comedians or celebrities and a child as team leader. Stirling hosts the show of 'off-the-wall questions, nonsensical studio games, and slapstick challenges'.[6] He was nominated for a BAFTA in 2014 for best children's presenter for his hosting of the programme for two series.[7]

In 2016 Stirling starred in Comedy Central series Drunk History. He occasionally appears as a TV & film reporter on ITV's weekend morning show Weekend. He presented CelebAbility, a six-part entertainment series for ITV2.

On 18 November 2017 Stirling appeared on The Jonathan Ross Show.

On 22 December 2017 Stirling sat in for Chris Stark on the Scott Mills Show on BBC Radio 1.

Stirling hosted Scotland's Big Night Out on 31 December 2017, as part of BBC Scotland's Hogmanay 2017.[9]

In May 2018 Stirling was the voice over for the BAFTA TV awards.


how big is the white mountain national forest

The White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) is a federally managed forest contained within the White Mountains in the northeastern United States. It was established in 1918 as a result of the Weeks Act of 1911;[3] federal acquisition of land had already begun in 1914.[4] It has a total area of 750,852 acres (303,859 ha) (1,225 sq mi).[1] Most of the WMNF is in New Hampshire; a small part (about 5.65% of the forest) is in the neighboring state of Maine.[5] While often casually referred to as a park, this is a National Forest, used not only for hiking, camping, and skiing, but for logging and other limited commercial purposes. The WMNF is the only National Forest located in either New Hampshire or Maine. Most of the major peaks over 4,000 feet high for peak-bagging in New Hampshire are located in the National Forest. Over 100 miles (160 km) of the Appalachian Trail traverses the White Mountain National Forest. In descending order of land area the forest lies in parts of Grafton, Coos, and Carroll counties in New Hampshire, and Oxford County in Maine.

White Mountain National Forest

The Forest Supervisor's office is located in Campton, and there are three ranger districts: the Pemigewasset District, with offices in Campton; the Androscoggin District, based in Gorham; and the Saco District, based in Conway. Furthermore, there are several visitor centers, including those located at Lincoln, Campton (off Interstate 93), and Lincoln Woods (on the Kancamagus Highway). The National Forest consists of three discontinuous areas. The area to the west of Franconia Notch (a narrow north-south valley primarily within a state park) consists of the regions surrounding Cannon Mountain, Kinsman Mountain, and Mount Moosilauke (though the majority of Moosilauke is privately owned). The main body of the National Forest includes the Presidential Range and many other ranges - most notably, the Franconia, Twin, Bond, Sandwich, Willey, and Carter-Moriah ranges. An exclave of the Forest lies to the north of U.S. Route 2 in Stark and Randolph, New Hampshire.

It is home to wildlife species including bald eagle, raccoon, beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, black bear, coyote, peregrine falcon, Canadian lynx, river otter, bobcat, gray and red foxes, fisher, mink, and porcupine.[citation needed]

Six designated Federal Wilderness Areas exist within the Forest: the 27,380-acre (11,080 ha) Presidential Range/Dry River Wilderness, the 5,552-acre (2,247 ha) Great Gulf Wilderness, the 45,000-acre (18,000 ha) Pemigewasset Wilderness, the 35,800-acre (14,500 ha) Sandwich Range Wilderness, the 12,000-acre (4,900 ha) Caribou/Speckled Mountain Wilderness, and the 23,700-acre (9,600 ha) Wild River Wilderness. These areas are protected from logging and commercial industries and are used solely for recreational and scientific purposes. They were formed under the Federal Wilderness Protection Act of 1984, and its amendments. The New England Wilderness Protection Act of 2006 increased the Sandwich Range Wilderness to its present size and created the Wild River Wilderness area.

Because of its beauty, its proximity to major metropolitan areas, its 1,200 miles (1,900Â km) of hiking trails, 23 campgrounds, and the presence of a large number of ski areas within or near its boundaries, the WMNF is one of the most visited outdoor recreation sites east of the Mississippi.[6]

US Forest Service signs on hiking trails at tree line state that the mountain summit areas have "the worst weather in America".[7] The claim is also used by the observatory[8] near the summit of Mount Washington which once recorded a surface wind speed of 231 miles per hour (372Â km/h).[9] Since 1849 over 135 people have died on Mount Washington.[10]


i wanna make love in this club song

"Love in This Club" is a song by American R&B singer Usher. Featuring rapper Young Jeezy, it was released on February 22, 2008 as the lead single from Usher's fifth studio album, Here I Stand. The song was written by Usher, Polow da Don, Young Jeezy, Darnell Dalton, Ryon Lovett, Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas, and produced by da Don with a Las Vegas-inspired synth-driven beat. Its lyrics refer to seducing someone in a nightclub. The song was originally leaked by da Don prior to its release.

Love in This Club

The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 as well as the New Zealand Singles Chart, while appearing on multiple other record charts. The accompanying music video, which received a nomination at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, features cameo appearances from several musicians. In the video, R&B singer Keri Hilson plays Usher's love interest in a club. Usher performed the song at the 2008 BET Awards, as well as on several television programs. A remix of the song, titled "Love in This Club Part II", features Beyoncé and Lil Wayne.

Atlanta-based music producer Polow da Don was inspired to create a beat during his weekend stay in Las Vegas for the MTV Video Music Awards. He said of the song, "If you listen to the beat, the synths and everything has a [Las] Vegas feel to it. Making love in the club, people in [Las] Vegas are kinda wild." He also noted its Euro influences. When he finished working on the material, da Don felt it fit for Usher, hoping that it would keep female listeners interested in Usher's music, as his popularity had declined among women since his marriage to stylist Tameka Foster in July 2007.[1][2] Da Don and Usher wrote the track with rapper Young Jeezy, Darnell Dalton, Ryon Lovett, Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas, and it was recorded at Zac Recording, Atlanta and Hitland Studios, Alpharetta.[3]

It was not originally planned for Young Jeezy to appear on the track. After hearing "Love in This Club", he wanted to contribute to it. Da Don was skeptical, but recorded Young Jeezy's verse. He played the new version to Usher who, enjoying the new version, allowed the verse to stay.[4] Usher has since called Young Jeezy "one of the greatest rappers of our generation".[5] According to Alabama rapper Gucci Mane, it was initially intended that he feature on the track, rather than Young Jeezy.[6]

"Love in This Club" is a mid-tempo R&B slow jam,[7][8] with a brass bassline, and shuddering synth-driven beats that have been called "space age" and "sex-drenched" by critics.[8][9][10] It contains hip-hop influences.[11] Rap-Up likened the song to Lil Jon's song, "Lovers and Friends", on which Usher appeared,[12] while Fraser McAlpine of BBC Radio 1 wrote that it features vague similarities to "No Woman, No Cry" by Bob Marley.[13] According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation at Musicnotes.com, the song is written in common time with a tempo of 70 beats per minute and follows the chord progression of C major–E minor–A minor–F major.[14]

About.com's Mark Edward Nero wrote that "on the song, Usher talks about a lust so immediate, so powerful, that it makes him want to get down [and have sex] right then and there".[15] The song's chorus consists of the hook, "I wanna make love in this club".[16] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly called the lyrics of the song "libidinous".[10]

Early in 2008, several songs for Usher's fifth studio album leaked into the Internet, including "Love in This Club". Usher called the incident an "internal conspiracy" because it was unofficially released beyond his awareness.[1] This also happened to the lead single "Yeah!" off his 2004 album Confessions, which was intentionally leaked by its producer, Lil Jon, in 2003.[17][18] Polow da Don later told that he had leaked "Love in This Club", echoing Lil John's actions. He felt the song would be a hit, but that "it was so much back-and-forth between Usher and his record label" and he was tired of waiting on "label politics".[1] The song was released for sale on February 22, 2008.[19]

The production of "Love in This Club" was praised by the Los Angeles Times, as was Usher's vocal effort.[20] Andy Kellman of Allmusic and Jonathan Tjarks of Austin360.com noted the song as a standout from Here I Stand.[21][22] Blender rated the song two-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it too safe and lethargic.[16] Digital Spy's Nick Levine enjoyed the song, but noted its lack of originality.[8] Jim Farber from Daily News was not impressed, writing "'Love in This Club' doesn't sound like a club anthem at all. It's too slow and quiet, and...its smeary synth hook sounds like a planed-down version of a Justin Timberlake hit."[23]

Young Jeezy's addition received clashing responses from reviewers. Billboard's Sophie Baratta was not impressed with the verse, but called the song "a catchy tune".[11] Bill Lamb of About.com praised the rapper's effort, but expected better from Usher after a four-year break since Confessions, writing that he is "retread[ing] territory familiar to fans of Akon and T-Pain", awarding the song two-and-a-half out of five stars.[24] BBC Radio 1's Fraser McAlpine rated the song four stars out of five, but called Young Jeezy's rap "growling" and "wheezy".[13]

This single ranked at number one on the "10 Best Singles of 2008" list by American magazine Entertainment Weekly,[25] while Time's Josh Tyrangiel placed it at number eight on its 2008 "Songs of Summer" list.[26] MTV News listed the song as the fifth-best R&B tune of the year,[27] and it won the Ozone Award for Best Rap/R&B Collaboration.[28] On "The 50 Sexiest Songs of All Time", compiled by Billboard in 2010, "Love in Thus Club" placed at number twenty-seven.[29][30]

"Love in This Club" debuted at number eighty-three on the Billboard Hot 100, on the issue dated March 1, 2008.[31] The next week it moved to number fifty-one, due to high airplay.[32] The song continued to receive many spins, and in its third week it reached the top of the Hot 100, gaining the 'Airplay Gainer' honor the same week. Replacing "Low" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, "Love in This Club" also sold 198,000 downloads in that week.[33] On April 5, 2008, the song was again named the 'Airplay Gainer', however it was shifted from the number-one spot by Leona Lewis' "Bleeding Love", having spent three weeks atop the chart.[34] It fell off on June 7, having spent twelve weeks on the chart.[35] On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, the song first appeared on February 23, 2008 at number fifty-one making it the highest debut of the week.[36] On April 12 it replaced Keyshia Cole's "I Remember" at number one.[37] After four weeks "Love in This Club" was moved from the top spot by Lil Wayne's "Lollipop".[38] The song also reached number four on the Pop 100,[39] and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[40] On the year-end charts for 2008, it was ranked number eight on the Hot 100,[41] number fifteen on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number thirteen on the Pop 100.[42][43] It was also ranked number eighty-five on the 2000s' Hot 100 list,[44] and number ninety-nine on the decade-end Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[45] As of August 1, 2010, "Love in This Club" has sold 2,453,000 units, according to Nielsen Soundscan.[46]

Internationally, the song reached the top ten of numerous singles charts. It reached number six on the Canadian Hot 100,[47] number four on the UK Singles Chart,[48] number eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart,[49] number three on the Irish Singles Chart,[50] and number five on the Japan Hot 100,[51] and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[52][53] Having been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand,[54] it also topped the New Zealand Singles Chart, replacing "No Air" by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown on May 5, 2008.[55] After one week it was removed by Brown's "Forever",[56] and was certified platinum on June 1, 2008.[54] The single also found chart success in Europe, reaching number three on the European Hot 100 Singles. In individual countries, "Love in This Club" attained top-ten places in Flanders,[57] France,[58] Germany,[59] Norway,[60] Slovakia,[61] Sweden[62] and Switzerland.[63] It also appeared on the singles charts of Austria,[64] Wallonia,[65] Czech Republic,[66] Denmark,[67] Finland,[68] Hungary,[69] and the Netherlands.[70] In 2008, "Love in This Club" sold 5.6 million digital downloads worldwide.[71]

In February 2008 Usher said that the song's music video would be shot "very soon".[1] Directed by the Brothers Strause,[72] it features cameo appearances from Keri Hilson, Kanye West, Diddy, Nelly, Rick Ross and Robin Thicke.[73] Hilson plays Usher's love interest in the video.[74][75] Usher's then-wife, Tameka Foster, worked as the stylist on the video set. It was alleged that Foster was upset with Hilson playing the love interest in the video,[75] and, according to a person on the set, "Tameka dressed Keri very badly â€“ she looked like an extra."[76] However, Usher's manager, Benny Medina, reported that "Keri could not have been happier with Tameka's choices in the styling".[76]

The music video starts with Usher waking up inside an empty nightclub. He calls out to see if anyone is there and sees Hilson, whom he follows into a room full of people dancing as a disc jockey starts playing music. Usher chases Hilson around the club, who at times mysteriously vanishes. The two dance intimately throughout the video at the club's bar, dance floor and lounge. Its choreography was likened to Janet Jackson's "Rhythm Nation" routine.[77] The video concludes with the club burning down and Usher waking up in a valley. The storyline is continued in the "Moving Mountains" clip. During the video Usher is shown using a Sony Ericsson W350i Walkman, as part of Usher's endorsement of the company.[78]

The music video premiered on MTV on April 7, 2008,[72] and was the fourteenth-most streamed video on MTV.com in 2008,[79] and was nominated as the Best Male Video at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards.[80] However, it lost to Chris Brown's "With You" video.[81]

Usher sang "Love in This Club" with Young Jeezy at reality television show The Hills' third season finale on May 12,[82] and again, by himself, at the finale of the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars on May 20, 2008.[83] On June 23, 2008, at the opening of the 2008 BET Awards, Usher performed the song.[84] Usher also appeared on television shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Good Morning America, where he performed the song.[85][86][87]

A remix, "Love in This Club Part II", was released as the second single from Here I Stand in April 2008. Featuring vocals from R&B singer Beyoncé and rapper Lil Wayne, the sequel samples The Stylistics' "You Are Everything",[3] and has a slower tempo than the original. It appeared on the Billboard Hot 100, the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, the Canadian Hot 100 and the ARIA Singles Chart.[88][89]

CD Single and 7" Vinyl[90][91]

12" Vinyl[93]


where did the name dolly mixtures come from

The origins of the name are unknown, but some people[who?] have speculated it originated around the time of the British Raj in India, where dal (or dahl) is a dried mixture of beans, peas, or legumes of different sizes and colours. Over time the name dhal mixture is thought to have led to the name dolly mixture.[2]

Dolly mixture

Dolly mixture is a British confection, consisting of a variety of multi-coloured fondant shapes, such as cubes and cylinders, with subtle flavourings.[1] The mixture consists of small soft sweets and sugar-coated jellies.

In Britain, Dolly Mix is produced under the Barratt brand, now owned by Tangerine Confectionery.

The Goon Show character Bluebottle was frequently rewarded or bribed, with a quantity of dolly mixture, jelly babies, or similar sweets.[3]


radiation is detected by an instrument called a

The Geiger counter is an instrument used for measuring ionizing radiation used widely in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.

Geiger counter

It detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller tube; which gives its name to the instrument.[1] In wide and prominent use as a hand-held radiation survey instrument, it is perhaps one of the world's best-known radiation detection instruments.

The original detection principle was discovered in 1908 at the Cavendish laboratory, but it was not until the development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 that the Geiger-Müller counter became a practical instrument. Since then it has been very popular due to its robust sensing element and relatively low cost. However, there are limitations in measuring high radiation rates and the energy of incident radiation.[2]

A Geiger counter consists of a Geiger-MÃ¼ller tube, the sensing element which detects the radiation, and the processing electronics, which displays the result.

The Geiger-Müller tube is filled with an inert gas such as helium, neon, or argon at low pressure, to which a high voltage is applied. The tube briefly conducts electrical charge when a particle or photon of incident radiation makes the gas conductive by ionization. The ionization is considerably amplified within the tube by the Townsend discharge effect to produce an easily measured detection pulse, which is fed to the processing and display electronics. This large pulse from the tube makes the G-M counter relatively cheap to manufacture, as the subsequent electronics is greatly simplified.[2] The electronics also generates the high voltage, typically 400–600 volts, that has to be applied to the Geiger-Müller tube to enable its operation.

There are two types of radiation readout: counts or radiation dose. The counts display is the simplest and is the number of ionizing events displayed either as a count rate, commonly "counts per second", or as a total over a set time period (an integrated total). The counts readout is normally used when alpha or beta particles are being detected. More complex to achieve is a display of radiation dose rate, displayed in a unit such as the sievert which is normally used for measuring gamma or X-ray dose rates. A G-M tube can detect the presence of radiation, but not its energy which influences the radiation's ionising effect. Consequently, instruments measuring dose rate require the use of an energy compensated G-M tube, so that the dose displayed relates to the counts detected.[2] The electronics will apply known factors to make this conversion, which is specific to each instrument and is determined by design and calibration.

The readout can be analog or digital, and increasingly, modern instruments are offering serial communications with a host computer or network.

There is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the number of ionization events detected. This is the distinctive sound normally associated with hand held or portable Geiger counters. The purpose of this is to allow the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument whilst retaining auditory feedback on the radiation rate.

There are two main limitations of the Geiger counter. Because the output pulse from a Geiger-MÃ¼ller tube is always the same magnitude regardless of the energy of the incident radiation, the tube cannot differentiate between radiation types.[2] A further limitation is the inability to measure high radiation rates due to the "dead time" of the tube. This is an insensitive period after each ionization of the gas during which any further incident radiation will not result in a count, and the indicated rate is therefore lower than actual. Typically the dead time will reduce indicated count rates above about 104 to 105 counts per second depending on the characteristic of the tube being used.[2] Whilst some counters have circuitry which can compensate for this, for accurate measurements ion chamber instruments are preferred for high radiation rates.

The intended detection application of a Geiger counter dictates the tube design used. Consequently, there are a great many designs, but they can be generally categorised as "end-window", or windowless "thin-walled", or "thick-walled", and sometimes hybrids of these types.

The first historical uses of the Geiger principle were for the detection of alpha and beta particles, and the instrument is still used for this purpose today. For alpha particles and low energy beta particles the "end-window" type of G-M tube has to be used as these particles have a limited range even in free air, and are easily stopped by a solid material. Therefore, the tube requires a window which is thin enough to allow as many as possible of these particles through to the fill gas. The window is usually made of mica with a density of about 1.5 - 2.0Â mg/cm2.[1]

Alpha particles have the shortest range, and to detect these the window should ideally be within 10Â mm of the radiation source due to alpha particle attenuation in free air.[1] However, the G-M tube produces a pulse output which is the same magnitude for all detected radiation, so a Geiger counter with an end window tube cannot distinguish between alpha and beta particles.[2] A skilled operator can use varying distance from radiation source to detector to differentiate between alpha and high energy beta particles, but with the detector in close contact with the radiation source the two types are both detected and are indistinguishable.

The "pancake" Geiger-Muller detector is a variant of the end window probe, but designed with a larger detection area to make checking quicker. However the pressure of the atmosphere against the low pressure of the fill gas limits the window size due to the limited strength of the window membrane.

Some beta particles can also be detected by a thin-walled "windowless" G-M tube, which has no end window, but allows high energy beta particles to pass through the tube walls. Although the tube walls have a greater stopping power than a thin end window, they still allow these more energetic particles to reach the fill gas.[1]

End-window G-M detectors are still used as a general purpose portable radioactive contamination measurement and detection instrument, owing to their relatively low cost, robustness and their relatively high detection efficiency; particularly with high energy beta particles.[2][3] However, for discrimination between alpha and beta particles or provision of particle energy information, scintillation counters or proportional counters should be used.[4] Those instrument types are manufactured with much larger detector areas, which means that checking for surface contamination is quicker than with a G-M instrument.

Geiger counters are widely used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. However, efficiency is generally low due to the poor interaction of gamma rays compared with alpha and beta particles. For instance, a chrome steel G-M tube is only about 1% efficient over a wide range of energies.[1]

The article on the Geiger-Muller tube carries a more detailed account of the techniques used to detect photon radiation. For high energy gamma it largely relies on interaction of the photon radiation with the tube wall material, usually 1–2 mm of chrome steel on a "thick-walled" tube, to produce electrons within the wall which can enter and ionize the fill gas.[2] This is necessary as the low pressure gas in the tube has little interaction with high energy gamma photons. However, for low energy photons there is greater gas interaction and the direct gas ionisation effect increases. With decreasing energy the wall effect gives way to a combination of wall effect and direct ionisation, until direct gas ionisation dominates. Due to the variance in response to different photon energies, windowless tubes employ what is known as "energy compensation" which attempts to compensate for these variations over a large energy range.[1]

Low energy photon radiation such as low energy X rays or gamma rays interacts better with the fill gas. Consequently, a typical design for low energy photon detection for these is a long tube with a thin wall or with an end window. The tube has a larger gas volume than a steel walled tube to give an increased chance of particle interaction.[1]

A variation of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons, where the gas used is boron trifluoride or helium-3 and a plastic moderator is used to slow the neutrons. This creates an alpha particle inside the detector and thus neutrons can be counted.

The term "Geiger counter" is commonly used to mean a hand-held survey type meter, however the Geiger principle is in wide use in installed "area gamma" alarms for personnel protection, and in process measurement and interlock applications. A Geiger tube is still the sensing device, but the processing electronics will have a higher degree of sophistication and reliability than that used in a hand held survey meter.

For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable.

In the 1930s a mica window was added to the cylindrical design allowing low-penetration radiation to pass through with ease.[5]

The integral unit allows single-handed operation, so the operator can use the other hand for personal security in challenging monitoring positions, but the two piece design allows easier manipulation of the detector, and is commonly used for alpha and beta surface contamination monitoring where careful manipulation of the probe is required or the weight of the electronics module would make operation unwieldy. A number of different sized detectors are available to suit particular situations, such as placing the probe in small apertures or confined spaces.

Gamma and X-Ray detectors generally use an "integral" design so the Geiger–Müller tube is conveniently within the electronics enclosure. This can easily be achieved because the casing usually has little attentuation, and is employed in ambient gamma measurements where distance from the source of radiation is not a significant factor. However, to facilitate more localised measurements such as "surface dose", the position of the tube in the enclosure is sometimes indicated by targets on the enclosure so an accurate measurement can be made with the tube at the correct orientation and a known distance from the surface.

There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.

Particle detection of alpha and beta can used in both integral and two-piece designs. A pancake probe (for alpha/beta) is generally used to increase the area of detection in two-piece instruments whilst being relatively light weight. In integral instruments using an end window tube there is a window in the body of the casing to prevent shielding of particles. There are also hybrid instruments which have a separate probe for particle detection and a gamma detection tube within the electronics module. The detectors are switchable by the operator, depending the radiation type that is being measured.

In the United Kingdom the HSE has issued a user guidance note on selecting the best portable instrument type for the radiation measurement application concerned.[4][6] This covers all radiation protection instrument technologies and is a useful comparative guide to the use of G-M detectors. The guide does not recommend the G-M detector for mixed alpha and beta contamination detection, and they are only recommended as "satisfactory" for beta-only contamination. However, for gamma and low-voltage X-rays they are recommended as the best instrument type.

In 1908 Hans Geiger, under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford at the Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester), developed an experimental technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-MÃ¼ller tube.[7] This early counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles and was part of a larger experimental apparatus. The fundamental ionization mechanism used was discovered by John Sealy Townsend by his work between 1897 and 1901,[8] and is known as the Townsend discharge, which is the ionization of molecules by ion impact.

It was not until 1928 that Geiger and Walther Müller (a PhD student of Geiger) developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which developed the basic ionization principles previously used experimentally. This was relatively small and rugged, and could not only detect alpha and beta radiation such as prior models but also gamma radiation.[5][9] Now a practical radiation instrument could be produced relatively cheaply, and so the Geiger-Muller counter was born. As the tube output required little electronic processing, a distinct advantage in the thermionic valve era due to minimal valve count and low power consumption, the instrument achieved great popularity as a portable radiation detector.

Modern versions of the Geiger counter use the halogen tube invented in 1947 by Sidney H. Liebson.[10] It superseded the earlier Geiger tube because of its much longer life and lower operating voltage, typically 400-600 volts.[11]

Use of a "hot spot" detector on a long pole to survey waste casks.

G-M pancake detector feeding a microcontroller data-logger sending data to a PC via bluetooth. A radioactive rock was placed on top the G-M causing the graph to rise.

G-M counters being used as gamma survey monitors, seeking radioactive satellite debris


where is survivor heros vs hustlers vs healers filmed

Survivor: Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers is the 35th season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor. This season features 18 new players divided into three tribes based on dominant perceived trait: "Heroes" (courage), "Healers" (compassion), and "Hustlers" (tenacity).[1] This is the fourth season of the show filmed in Fiji, following Survivor: Fiji, Survivor: Millennials vs. Gen X, and Survivor: Game Changers.

This season went back to the pre-Game Changers tie-breaker format, wherein re-votes still would occur in case of a dead-locked tie before it went to open deliberation and then rocks.[2] This season also featured multiple advantages that were hidden during various rewards. These advantages were to be used at the following Tribal Council, whether or not the contestant who found it was required to attend. In this case, the contestant would anonymously gift it to someone who was to attend Tribal Council, for them to open just before leaving.

The season premiered on September 27, 2017.[3]

The entire cast was officially announced on August 30, 2017.[4] The cast is composed of 18 new players, initially split into three tribes containing six members each; Levu ("Heroes"), Soko ("Healers"), and Yawa ("Hustlers").

The 18 players were initially divided into three tribes: Levu (the "Heroes"), Soko (the "Healers"), and Yawa (the "Hustlers").

Jeff welcomed the 18 new castaways to the 35th season of Survivor. He explained to them that they have been divided into three tribes based on the positive traits most associated with them by others: Heroes, Healers, and Hustlers.

During the challenge, Ryan found a secret advantage. The Healers and Heroes came in first and second, respectively, while the Hustlers went completely off course. The Healers tribe had no problem creating fire with their kit, while Jessica developed an attraction towards Cole. The next day, Mike decided to look for a hidden immunity idol, but Joe became suspicious of Mike's absence and confronted him over what he had been doing. At the Heroes tribe, a majority formed between Alan, Ashley, Ben, and JP, but Alan became suspicious over Ashley and JP's bond. Still intimidated by their connection the following night, he pulled JP aside and asked him if he had a hidden immunity idol. Despite JP pulling out his pockets and stripping nude to prove he is not hiding anything on his body, Alan continued to harass JP over having an idol. This irked Ashley, who wondered whether aligning with Alan was a good idea. At the Hustlers tribe, Patrick and Ali aligned, while Ryan learned his "secret advantage," was a "super immunity idol" that can be played after the votes are read. This advantage can only be used at the first Tribal Council. If his tribe does not go to the first Tribal Council, he must send it to someone on the losing tribe, who will not be aware of who sent the advantage. Ryan informed Devon of this advantage, and offered to use it on him in the event they end up at Tribal Council, forming a final 2 deal.

After Ben and Chrissy's poor maneuvering of the maze, the Healers and Hustlers won immunity, sending the Heroes to Tribal Council and forcing Ryan to will his advantage. At the Heroes camp, the majority decided to send Katrina home over Chrissy, but the tension between Alan and Ashley still lingered. Alan later approached Chrissy and Katrina with a plan to vote out Ashley, and tried to convince Ben in joining them. Ben tried to assure Alan that Ashley and JP were loyal to them, but Alan was still paranoid over the potential couple. Before Tribal Council, Chrissy learned that she had been given the secret advantage.

At Tribal Council, Ashley called Alan out for his irrational behavior, while Alan openly stated that he did not trust Ashley or JP and warned his other tribe mates about them becoming a power couple. He also divulged that the initial discussion was between voting out Chrissy and Katrina. Ultimately, the plan to vote out Katrina was followed and she became the first person voted out in a unanimous vote.

After returning from Tribal Council, Chrissy felt more secure about her spot in the game. At the Hustlers camp, Simone was pleased with her conquering of the outdoors, but her bragging and laziness set most of her tribemates off, while Ali approached Simone about working together. At the Healers camp, Cole and Jessica bonded over a fishing trip, while Joe began looking for a hidden immunity idol. After misinterpreting the clue as pointing towards the fishing raft, Joe had Cole help him find the idol. At the Heroes camp, JP established himself as the tribeâ€™s provider to keep the target off his back, while Chrissy formed an alliance with Ben after weighing her options. Back at the Hustlers camp, Patrick tried to amuse his tribemates by acting boisterously around camp, but Lauren saw him as too unpredictable to keep around and voiced her concerns to Ali.

Despite the Hustlers starting the puzzle first, Simoneâ€™s inability to assist resulted in the loss for the Hustlers, while the Healers & Heroes placed first and second, respectively. Simone apologized to the tribe for costing them the victory and asked Lauren to join her in voting out Patrick. Patrick and Ryan agreed on voting out Simone, while Ali weighed her options with Ryan.

At Tribal Council, Patrick and Simone each pled their case, with Patrick stating tribe strength is important while Simone stated that trust is more important. In an accidental slip-up, Patrick said he could trust most of his tribemates, when he meant to say “all,” raising some concern amongst his tribemates. However, Patrick was spared, and Simone was unanimously voted out.

The morning after Simone’s elimination, Ryan and Patrick agreed on a guys’ alliance with Lauren as their first target, while Lauren still wanted Patrick gone, as Patrick’s social game was lacking. Patrick also openly searched for a hidden immunity idol, which caused his tribemates to distrust him. Ali tried convincing Patrick to calm down, and he appreciated that she was looking out for him. At the Heroes camp, Ben and Chrissy were torn between voting out JP or Alan. Ben was wary about JP and Ashley’s perceived status as a power couple, while Alan struggled with camp life. At the Healers camp, Cole and Jessica’s mutual romantic interest continued. Joe believed that Mike would be a unanimous target, but Cole told Jessica about Joe’s idol. After Joe complained about the way Roark prepared food and threw it away instead of offering it to his tribemates, Cole prematurely leaked the idol information to Roark and Desi, to Jessica’s shock and dismay.

The Heroes placed first, while the Healers placed second despite forgetting a block. Patrickâ€™s refusal to swap out during the throwing segment led to another loss for the Hustlers, and he apologized for his actions in the challenge. Lauren was angry with Patrick, and the way he responded to her asking if she was the target due to his selfish competitiveness in the challenge set her off even more. Ali, Devon, and Ryan debated on whether to vote out Lauren or Patrick.

At Tribal Council, Lauren passionately campaigned for Patrickâ€™s elimination. Patrick promised to integrate with his tribe better, but they never gave him the chance; after being voted out unanimously, Patrick had harsh words for his former tribemates as his torch was snuffed, and he became the third person eliminated from the game.

On day 9, the tribes were surprised when Jeff announced a tribe swap. The new Levu tribe consisted of Heroes Alan & Ashley, Healers Desi & Joe, and lone Hustler Devon. The new Soko tribe consisted of Heroes Chrissy & JP, lone Healer Roark, and Hustlers Ali & Ryan. The new Yawa tribe consisted of lone Hero Ben, Healers Cole, Jessica & Mike, and lone Hustler Lauren. Jeff also announced a winner-take-all reward challenge to test how well the new tribes worked together.

By a narrow margin, Jessica and Mike solved their puzzle for Yawa first, winning reward for their tribe. As the new Yawa tribe members got to know each other better, Jessica discovered a secret advantage in her bag of chips that allowed her to block a person from voting to be used only at the next Tribal Council. She told Cole and Mike to build trust and keep the original Healers tribe intact, but Cole used the information to gain trust with Ben and Lauren, confusing the latter as to why he would tell her about it. She told Mike, who confronted Jessica and Cole over telling Lauren. After initial denials, Cole admitted only to telling Ben, which upset Jessica. At the new Soko tribe, Roark worried about her position within the tribe as the lone Healer, while Ryan and Chrissy aligned after he told her he was the one who gave her the super idol for the first tribal council. At the new Levu tribe, Ashley and Alan put aside their differences to target a Healer, while Joe told Devon the Heroes were targeting him so that he would side with the Healers, but Devon saw through the lie.

Yawa easily finished first, while Soko placed second. At the Levu camp, Devon was the swing vote; he asked Ashley if she was targeting him, which she denied. Desi overheard the conversation and relayed it to Joe, who presumed that Devon would side with the Heroes. In an effort to get the target on his back so he would play his immunity idol, Joe confronted his entire tribe, and a heated argument ensued between him and Alan. Desi tried to convince Joe to give her his idol to gain her trust, while Devon saw that he received Jessicaâ€™s advantage, not to be opened until voting takes place.

At Tribal Council, Joe targeted Ashley as the weakest link, while the old Heroes & Healers each campaigned for Devon’s vote. Devon opened his advantage and was shocked to learn his vote had been blocked. Before the votes were read, Joe stood up to play his idol. After some deliberation, he decided to play it for himself after catching Ashley’s facial expression, and the two votes against him were negated. The Healers’ votes went against Alan, and he was eliminated.

At the Yawa camp, the loud crackling of bamboo in the fire reminded Ben of his difficult time in the United States Marine Corps. He removed himself from the camp to clear his head, while his tribemates showed concern for his well-being.

Levu easily cruised to first place, and Yawa placed second after Ryan struggled for Soko in the challenge. Devon still felt threatened by Joe and pledged his allegiance to Ashley, and they discussed bringing in Desi against Joe. At the Soko camp, Ryan apologized for losing the challenge for his tribe, but relied on his social game to further himself. Roark still felt uneasy about her position within the tribe and aligned with Ali, who suggested to Ryan that they target Chrissy. Ryan was reluctant to turn against Chrissy, but he kept his options open. At the Yawa camp, Cole annoyed his tribemates with his poor eating manners, while Mike and Jessica discovered a hidden immunity idol at the water well.

Yawa placed first and Levu placed second, sending Soko to their first Tribal Council of the season. Chrissy approached Roark about strategy for the first time, but Roark targeted Chrissy for her poor challenge performance; to save herself, Chrissy told JP that Roark proposed an all-girlsâ€™ alliance, and JP instantly agreed to vote out Roark. Ali again talked to Ryan about voting out Chrissy, and Ryan realized he was the swing vote. At Tribal Council, Roark and Chrissy each campaigned against the other, but ultimately, Ryan sided with Chrissy to eliminate Roark from the game.

After Tribal Council, Ali confronted Ryan over why he left her out of the vote against Roark, and a defensive Ryan replied that he was scared of Ali and Roark’s bond. Ali and Ryan subsequently got into an argument. At the Yawa camp, Mike caught a small fish and accidentally dropped it in the fire, but he recovered it and even shared the fish with his tribemates, while Cole ate a bigger fish for himself, annoying Ben. Cole continued to rub his tribemates the wrong way by arguing that he hasn’t been eating enough.

Soko placed first and Yawa placed second after Levu was unable to recover from their bad start. Ryan anticipated a merge and considered blindsiding JP for being a physical threat. At the Levu camp, Ashley tried to turn Desi against Joe, and Desi considered making that move. Meanwhile, Devon tried to keep an eye on Joe to make sure he wouldn’t scheme, but when he turned his back, Joe found a clue to a hidden immunity idol. That night, while everyone else was asleep, Joe followed the clue to the idol’s location. At the Yawa camp, Cole passed out from hunger, but after Mike and Jessica checked on him, he felt fine. Ben and Mike subsequently discussed getting rid of Cole due to his perceived weakness.

Each tribe lost their stack at least once, but Yawa and Levu won the challenge, sending Soko to tribal council once again. Ryan and Chrissy were torn between voting out JP or Ali; Chrissy did not trust Ali, but recognized JP as a physical threat. At Tribal Council, the tribe discussed the impending merge and how JPâ€™s laidback approach to strategy has made him tough to read. In the end, Ryan and Chrissy voted against Ali, sending her home.

After returning from Tribal Council, Chrissy felt like she was in a power position due to both Ryan and JP wanting to work with her. At the Levu camp, the tribe's food supply was depleted. When the tribes arrived at what looked like a reward challenge, Jeff announced the merge, as well as a large steak feast. During the feast, Chrissy became irritated at Joe's mannerisms and tried to realign with Ben, who was worried that the others might hear their conversation.

At the new camp, Cole unsuccessfully attempted to find an advantage while building the new shelter. The Healers reunited with plans to bring in Ben and Lauren from the old Yawa tribe, while the Heroes & Hustlers aligned against the Healers. Devon approached Lauren about turning against the Healers, but she instantly told Mike. Devon also approached Chrissy and Ben about voting out either Joe or Cole; Ben still wanted Cole gone for personal reasons, while Jessica and Mike warned Cole that he was in danger.

Desi outlasted Ashley to win the challenge. Cole apologized to Ben, who pretended to forgive him but realized he may have to continue with Cole to benefit his own game. Mike suggested to the rest of the Healers that they target Chrissy due to her intelligence, while Lauren tried to convince Ben to stick with the Healers. Chrissy and her allies came up with a "Plan B" to vote against Jessica in case of an idol.

At Tribal Council, Joe went off on the tribe and openly wore his idol from the Levu camp. Before the votes were read, Joe played the idol for himself, but didn't receive any votes, while Ben and Lauren sided with the Heroes & Hustlers to blindside Jessica.

After Jessicaâ€™s elimination, the Healers lamented being in the minority, while Lauren found the secret advantage Cole looked for after the merge. She learned that she could vote twice at a Tribal Council of her choice, provided she abstains from voting at the next Tribal Council.

Since Joe drew the white rock, he got to join the winning team of Chrissy, Cole, Devon, JP, and Ryan. Jeff revealed the feast would be served family-style, meaning players will eat one at a time and must leave enough food for the next person with Joe choosing the order. Joe ate last and suggested that Devon ate first, in an attempt to build trust with Devon. While eating, Cole found a clue to the location of a new hidden immunity idol under the plate, and he made sure to cover it up using a nearby cloth. However, Chrissy and Ryan both discovered the clue, and Ryan hid the plate in the bushes after he was finished eating. Back at camp, Ryan took advantage of Cole going off on his own and quickly found the idol before asking Chrissy to cover up his tracks. Cole dashed in to ambush Chrissy before most of the tribe joined them. Ben believed he saw Cole find it and began to target him.

Cole outlasted JP to win the challenge, foiling the plans of the majority alliance. Ben suggested splitting the vote between Joe and Desi, who had proven to be a strong competitor. Joe tried to convince Ryan and Devon to blindside Ben, who Joe perceived as the leader of the alliance, but Ben overheard the conversation. Ben confronted Joe, who accused him of swearing on the Marines; this angered Ben, and the two got into a heated argument. Lauren told Ben of her advantage and how it would prevent them from splitting the votes at that nightâ€™s Tribal Council; Ben then asked Mike to join his alliance in voting out Joe in fear of the vote split causing a scenario where he would be voted out.

At Tribal Council, Joe reignited his argument with Ben, who subsequently opened up about his time after the Marines. During the vote, Lauren was able to play her advantage without being caught, Cole and Mike joined in the majority alliance's split-vote plan, and the votes were tied at 4 apiece between Joe and Desi while Ben and Lauren each received a stray vote. On the revote, Desi received 7 votes to Joe's 1 and became the first member of the jury.

The morning after Desi's elimination, Mike pitched an idea to the majority alliance to blindside Cole at the next tribal council. Meanwhile, Lauren told Ben about her successful advantage play, and Ryan told Devon about his immunity idol.

The team of Chrissy, Cole, Joe, JP, and Mike won the challenge. Joe hoped to use the reward to sway Chrissy and JP to his side, but his efforts were for naught. At camp, Joe capitalised on his tribemates' perception of him as obnoxious and abrasive and called Ashley a goat in order to make them believe he would never win a jury vote at Final Tribal and thus, not be voted out. Ryan told Ben about his idol, and while Ben was excited about his ally finding it instead of Cole, he also realized it would make Ryan a threat to him in the future. Ben told Devon, who started to lose trust in Ryan because he wasn't the only one who knew about Ryan's idol.

Lauren outlasted Cole to win immunity. Back at camp, Ben wanted to split the vote between Cole and Mike, but Chrissy and Ashley were fed up with Joe. Ben was very adamant about wanting to vote out either Cole or Mike, causing some discourse among the majority. After Chrissy was shut down by Ben about Joe's status as a threat despite being widely disliked, she discussed deviating from Ben's plan and voting out Joe with her allies and Mike.

Before Tribal Council started, Mike told Joe to follow his lead. Chrissy confronted Joe about insulting her and Ashley before Mike outlined the hypocrisy in her argument, stating that, by keeping Joe in the game, the rest of the castaways were not playing with moral character. Joe accused everyone else of not playing the game at all, and Mike brought up the fact that the majority had 4 Heroes and 3 Hustlers, meaning the Hustlers would be picked off one by one at that point after voting out the rest of the Healers. Ashley countered Mike's point by outlining that his comment was just as hypocritical as Chrissy's opening one, that nobody is just a number and that morals and relationships do serve a purpose in the game. Before the votes were read, Mike played his idol for himself, but received only 2 votes. Ultimately, Ben got his way, and everyone else voted Cole out.

After the heated Tribal Council, Mike revealed his blowup was a calculated plan to ensure the vote went against him so he would play his idol.

Lauren won the challenge and chose to share the reward with Devon, Ben, and Ashley. At camp, Ryan and Chrissy discussed voting out Ben and Lauren after Joe and Mike. While on reward, Lauren revealed she chose Devon, Ben, and Ashley due to her plans for a 4-person alliance to shake up the game, and they were in agreement. The castaways on the reward trip received letters from home. The next morning at camp, while reading his letter, Ben stumbled upon a clue to the location of a new hidden immunity idol, which he eventually found.

Before the challenge started, Jeff tempted the castaways with food; Devon, Ben, and Lauren sat out, and Ashley won immunity. Back at camp, Lauren’s new alliance prepared their revolt, with Devon assigning Ben to be their “double agent”, voting against Mike, while Lauren and Ashley asked Joe and Mike to join them. At Tribal Council, Lauren’s alliance put their plan in motion, completely blindsiding JP and sending him to the jury.

After Tribal Council, a stunned Chrissy and Ryan confronted their former allies about leaving them out of the vote. Ryan tried to make amends with Devon, but he was unable to do so.

The team of Ashley, Ben, Devon, and Joe won the challenge. On the reward trip, Ashley considered turning against Ben. Back at camp, Ryan unsuccessfully tried to sway Mike to his side, and Chrissy also failed with Lauren.

Chrissy won the challenge. At camp, Lauren told her alliance about her second vote, and Devon told Mike and Joe that they would use it to split the votes between Ryan and Ben, when in reality, the alliance would stick together to blindside Joe. In private, Ashley told Lauren and Devon she was having second thoughts about staying loyal to Ben.

At Tribal Council, Ben continued his charade of being on the outside, but he warned Joe and Mike that they were on the bottom of the new alliance. Before the vote, Ryan played his idol but received only 2 votes. Ultimately, the alliance of 4 stuck together and sent Joe to the jury.

After Joe’s elimination, Chrissy angrily confronted Ben about his betrayal, and they got into an argument. When the castaways arrived at the reward challenge, they were reunited with their loved ones: Ashley’s father Jim, Ryan’s father Steve, Mike’s wife Berri, Lauren’s sister Sunny, Chrissy’s husband Keith, Devon’s mother Sonia, and Ben’s wife Kelly.

All except Ben and Chrissy failed to match on the first round. In the second round, Ben failed to match while Chrissy was able to. After winning reward, Chrissy chose Ryan, Mike, and Ashley, as well as their loved ones, to join her and her husband. Chrissy later revealed she chose Ashley because she felt that Ashley would be the easiest to turn against the majority. Ben made a fake idol in hopes that Chrissy would find it, while Lauren found half of a real idol, showing it to Ben and Devon, with the other half hidden at the immunity challenge.

Devon conceded immunity to Ashley for a massage, stating that they were a tight alliance. Lauren picked up the second half of the idol at the challenge, but was seen by Ben. Ashley continued to talk to Devon and Lauren about blindsiding Ben, but he overheard the conversation. After they agreed on voting out Chrissy, a paranoid Ben realized how much power Lauren had in the game, between her idol and the extra vote. He got Mike and Ryan on board with voting out Lauren and tried to convince Chrissy, but she was still angry with him. She told Mike she wanted Ben out, and Mike told Ashley and Devon that Ben told Chrissy about Laurenâ€™s power. Devon warned Lauren that she was in danger, and Lauren gave the other half of the idol to Mike to show him she trusted him.

At Tribal Council, Devon said he stepped down at the immunity challenge to show his trust in his alliance, not including Ben. Ben subsequently confronted his tribemates about potentially voting him out, and he said flat-out that he would vote for Lauren. Lauren revealed she left her extra vote at camp, while Ben revealed his fake idol. Mike then tossed the half of Lauren’s idol that he had into the fire. While the tribe openly quarreled amongst each other, Ryan whispered to Mike that Lauren had to go, but Mike convinced him to vote for Ben. Devon then walked over to Mike and instructed him to vote out Ben, which made Chrissy walk over to Ryan to say she was on board with voting out Lauren. She refused when Mike and Ryan asked her to vote out Ben. In the end, everyone voted for Ben. However, unbeknownst to the others, Ben also had his real idol; he played it on himself, and for the first time in Survivor history, a unanimous vote was successfully negated. Ben’s sole vote sent Lauren out of the game, much to the shock of the other jury members, except Joe.

After the hectic tribal council, the tribe dynamic was Ben vs. everyone else. Ben woke up early the next morning to search for a new hidden immunity idol, and nobody followed him, as they believed he wouldn't find it.

Devon and Chrissy won the challenge; Jeff instructed them to take one more person, and Chrissy suggested to Devon that they select Ryan. They did so, much to Ashley's shock and chagrin. Mike was also frustrated, as he saw himself as a swing vote. Ben tried to talk strategy with Mike and Ashley at camp, but neither of them wanted any part of it. On reward, Chrissy proposed a final 3 deal with Ryan and Devon. She also considered voting out Ashley before Ben, out of fear that she has built better relationships in the game.

Chrissy won immunity. Ben continued his search for an idol, while Ashley suggested splitting the vote between Ben and Mike. Chrissy began campaigning for Ashley's elimination, but Mike desperately wanted Ben out, while Devon was reluctant to turn against Ashley. Ben eventually found a clue saying the idol was hidden under the shelter.

At Tribal Council, final 3 discussions and potential plans were brought up. Devon continued campaigning against Ben, who subsequently revealed he did find the idol. He convinced Ashley to vote for Mike, and when Devon said he wouldn't believe Ben would play the idol, Ben presented the idol to Jeff to play on himself before the votes were to be cast. Ashley did vote for Mike, but everyone else, including Devon, blindsided Ashley, sending her to the jury.

The September 27 premiere episode, titled "I'm Not Crazy, I'm Confident" saw a significant boost in viewership over March's Survivor: Game Changers with 8.33 million people tuning in, compared to the show's all-time low of 7.64 earlier in the year. However, the premiere of the show's 35th season was unable to match Survivor: Millenials vs. Gen X's premiere viewership from fall 2016. That said, the series once again ranked first in it's time-slot (by a significant margin) and once again tied with ABC's The Goldbergs for the critical 18-49 demographic, with both placing behind Fox's Empire. Survivor again edged out favourites Empire, Modern Family and Criminal Minds to rank second overall for the evening behind SEAL Team which also debuted on CBS in the hour proceeding.[28]


who takes over if canadian prime minister dies

Unlike the Vice President of the United States, the deputy prime minister does not automatically assume the office of prime minister if the incumbent of the latter office dies or resigns. Although he or she would become the acting prime minister on a temporary caretaker basis to ensure continuity of government function during the immediate period of transition, the deputy prime minister does not automatically become the new permanent prime minister: constitutional convention actually requires the governor general to consult the governing party regarding the permanent succession, and to call on a member of that party's caucus to assume the prime ministership. No policy or convention precludes the deputy prime minister from being chosen as the new prime minister in such a scenario, but none assures it, eitherâ€”the party caucus would be free to recommend any new leader of its choice to the governor general. Barring extraordinary circumstances, the governor general is expected to follow the wishes of the party, although officially he or she retains the authority to make the final decision. That being the case, no Prime Minister has died in office or resigned suddenly (except following his or her party's electoral defeat) since the 1890s, many decades before the office of Deputy Prime Minister was created.

Deputy Prime Minister of Canada

Provincial and territorial executive councils

The Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (French: Vice-premier ministre du Canada) is an honorary position in the Cabinet, conferred at the discretion of the prime minister. Since 2006, there has been no deputy prime minister.

The deputy prime minister should not be confused with the position of the Clerk of the Privy Council, who is effectively deputy minister to the prime minister. Like other deputy minister positions, the Clerk is a public servant and not a minister of the Crown.

The position of deputy prime minister was created by Pierre Trudeau in 1977, largely to recognize the long years of service of Allan J. MacEachen.[1] Before then, Trudeau had given the title of Senior Minister to a member of his cabinet.[1] The last to occupy that position was Paul Hellyer.[1]

Joe Clark's government did not have a deputy prime minister. Similarly, Prime Minister Stephen Harper did not designate a deputy prime minister,[2] meaning Canada's most recent deputy prime minister was Anne McLellan, who in 2006, was also the first deputy prime minister to lose her seat in the House of Commons.

Harper gave special status in the line of authority to members of his cabinet: under an order-in-council issued by Governor General Michaëlle Jean on February 6, 2006—the day Harper was appointed prime minister—when "the prime minister is unable to perform the functions of his office", Lawrence Cannon, then Jim Prentice, then the balance of the Cabinet by order of precedence, were "authorized to act for the prime minister".[3] This order was followed by a number of others updating the list; in each case, the status as the top person on that list was accorded to the vice-chair of the cabinet's Priorities and Planning Committee.[4] Previous prime ministers have had similar orders-in-council, under which the deputy prime minister and then the balance of the Cabinet, in order of precedence, have been authorized to act for the prime minister. Media analysts generally credited the top person on these lists as being the de facto deputy prime minister,[4] although the title was never conferred. These "order of precedence" lists have no status as a formal line of succession, however, and would carry no special weight in determining who would take over as the new prime minister if an incumbent died in office or was forced to suddenly resign in advance of a leadership convention.

Cannon seconded the pro forma bill to start the first session of the 39th Canadian Parliament; the bill is introduced before the House takes the Speech from the Throne under consideration to maintain the right of the House to consider matters other than those directed to it by the crown. Traditionally, either the Deputy Prime Minister or Government House Leader seconds this bill.[5]

Similarly, no deputy prime minister has been named in the cabinet of incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Ralph Goodale is deputy leader of the Liberal Party and ranks first in the "order of precedence" in the current cabinet, and an order in council designated him as first in line to assume the Prime Minister's duties in the event Trudeau ever became incapacitated.[6] However, media analysts focused on Dominic Leblanc, who despite being lower in the official order of precedence serves on numerous cabinet committees and as the government's liaison with the Senate, as being the "de facto deputy prime minister".[7]

The official duties of the deputy prime minister are to answer questions pertaining to overall government policy during Question Period and to chair the Cabinet in the absence of the prime minister. The office has no standing in law and does not carry any formal duties or tasks—that is, it is without a portfolio—though, the prime minister may negotiate or assign specific tasks in conjunction with the title. With the exception of Herb Gray, all deputy prime ministers have held a portfolio alongside this title.

One deputy prime minister, Sheila Copps, attracted controversy in 1993 after asserting that she was "in charge" of government business while the then Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, was out of the country. After she left politics, she wrote that although the position of deputy prime minister is only ceremonial, "very often, the DPM's job was to protect the prime minister from the political damage that Question Period can inflict on a leader", further citing the experience of Erik Nielsen during the Sinclair Stevens scandal.[8]

In the provinces of Canada, the deputy premier also does not automatically succeed to the office of premier in the event of a sudden resignation or death. Unlike at the federal level, however, there have been instances where the governing party recommended that the deputy premier serve as premier on an interim basis until a permanent successor was chosenâ€”most notably, Dan Miller ascended from the deputy premiership to the premiership of British Columbia in 1999, following the resignation of Glen Clark, and Kathy Dunderdale ascended from the deputy premiership to the premiership of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2010, following the resignation of Danny Williams.

Extended notice is usually given when a sitting prime minister does not plan to lead his/her party into another election. Leadership contests to determine the successor to a prime minister are usually held during the final days of the incumbent's term, and are traditionally a lengthy and competitive process. In almost all cases, the outgoing prime minister hands over power directly to their designated successor, without any interim prime minister. By contrast, during leadership contests for the official opposition party, the leader of the opposition has often (though not always) been occupied by an interim parliamentary leader. The opposition party's deputy leader (assuming that post is occupied) is often chosen for this role unless (s)he plans to run in the leadership election, in which case someone else would be chosen since it would be considered harmful to the election process if the interim leader was to be one of the candidates.

Legally speaking, any "interim" Prime Minister appointed by the Governor General would not merely be an "Acting Prime Minister", and would have the full powers and prerogatives of any other prime minister.

Chrétien is the only deputy prime minister who has become prime minister. However, no deputy prime minister has directly (or within one parliamentary term) ascended to the position of prime minister or party leader. By contrast, five Ministers of Finance have become Prime Minister; Sir Charles Tupper, R.B. Bennett, John Turner, Jean Chrétien, and Paul Martin. All but Chrétien (during his 1984 leadership bid) were considered the front-runners to succeed the outgoing prime minister or party leader. Chrétien was finance minister from 1977–79, deputy prime minister in the short-lived government of John Turner in 1984, was the front-runner when he mounted his successful 1990 leadership bid, and became prime minister after his party won a majority in the 1993 election.

Though Paul Martin did not hold the title of deputy prime minister during his tenure in cabinet, as finance minister, he was considered to be more influential than Copps while she was deputy prime minister. Martin's successor, John Manley, was the only finance minister to also hold the title of deputy prime minister, from 2002â€“2003. When Martin became prime minister, however, Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLellan generally had precedence over Finance Minister Ralph Goodale. McLellan turned out to be Canada's most recent deputy prime minister; the Liberals were defeated in 2006 and she lost her seat, opting to retire from politics afterwards.

In the 2003 Liberal leadership convention the then former and then current deputy prime ministers, Sheila Copps and John Manley (also the finance minister), respectively, were candidates, but neither were successful in their bids, losing to Paul Martin. Copps and Manley did not run for re-election to the House of Commons in 2004, and neither contested the Liberal leadership in 2006 that was triggered when Martin resigned.

Prior to the creation of the position of deputy prime minister, a prime minister would routinely name a member of the cabinet to temporarily act on the prime minister's behalf while the prime minister was away from the regular duties of his job for a period of time, such as being out of the country on a working visit or a vacation. The delegate was thus a caretaker, whose role was to oversee the routine day-to-day functioning of the government and cabinet during the prime minister's absence; for example, in his capacity as acting prime minister, Mitchell Sharp ordered a precautionary one-day shutdown of government offices in Ottawa on August 20, 1970, as the storm that had spawned the Sudbury, Ontario, tornado headed toward Ottawa.[9] An acting prime minister did not otherwise have the authority to act independently of the sitting prime minister in a legislative or political capacity, nor would an acting prime minister be considered to have actually served as prime minister. As well the acting prime minister was not given the title The Right Honourable, even during the acting period.

Due to the routine and relatively minor nature of the role, few to no research sources exist to provide a complete list of everyone who was ever named as acting prime minister. However, John Diefenbaker's selection of Ellen Fairclough as acting prime minister on February 19 and 20, 1958, is historically noteworthy as Fairclough was the first woman ever designated.

Prior to the creation of this position, the position of "Senior Minister" was a ceremonial position used in a similar manner, heading the order of precedence.[1] Upon the absence of the Prime Minister, the Senior Minister would become the Acting Prime Minister.[10]