the first african american to serve as us ambassador to the united nations was

In 1977, President Jimmy Carter appointed Young to serve as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Young was the first African-American to hold the position. Atlanta city councilman Wyche Fowler won the special election to fill Young's seat in Congress.

Andrew Young

Andrew Jackson Young Jr. (born March 13, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, and activist. Beginning his career as a pastor, Young was an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement, serving as executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and a close confidant to Martin Luther King Jr. Young later became active in politics, serving first as a U.S. Congressman from Georgia, then United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and finally Mayor of Atlanta. Since leaving political office, Young has founded or served in a large number of organizations working on issues of public policy and political lobbying.

Andrew Young was born on March 13, 1932 in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Daisy Meyer Young, a school teacher, and Andrew Jackson Young Sr., a dentist. Young's father hired a professional boxer to teach Andrew and his brother how to fight, so they could defend themselves. In a 1964 interview with author Robert Penn Warren for his book, Who Speaks for the Negro?, Young recalls the tensions of segregation in New Orleans, especially growing up in a fairly well-to-do household. He recalls his parents trying to "compensate for segregation" by providing for their children but were reluctant to help less wealthy black communities in the area.[1] Young graduated from Howard University and earned a divinity degree from Hartford Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1955. He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.[2]

Young was appointed to serve as pastor of a church in Marion, Alabama. It was there in Marion that he met Jean Childs, who later became his wife. Young became interested in Mahatma Gandhi's concept of nonviolent resistance as a tactic for social change. He encouraged African Americans to register to vote in Alabama, and sometimes faced death threats while doing so. It was at this time that he became a friend and ally of Martin Luther King Jr.

In 1955 he accepted a pastorate at Bethany Congregational Church in Thomasville, Georgia.[3]

In 1957, Young and Jean moved to New York City when he accepted a job with the Youth Division of the National Council of Churches. While in New York, Young regularly appeared on Look Up and Live, a weekly Sunday morning television program on CBS, produced by the National Council of Churches in an effort to reach out to secular youth.[4]

Young served as a pastor of the Evergreen Congregational Church in Beachton, Georgia during 1957-59.[5]

In 1960, he joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[6] No longer satisfied with his work in New York City, Young moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1961 upon the invitation of Bernard Lafayette and again worked on drives to register black voters. Young played a key role in the 1963 events in Birmingham, Alabama, serving as a mediator between the white and black communities as they negotiated against a background of protests.

In 1964, Young was named executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), becoming, in that capacity, one of King's principal lieutenants. As a colleague and friend of Martin Luther King Jr., he was a strategist and negotiator during the Civil Rights Campaigns in Birmingham (1963), St. Augustine (1964), Selma (1965), and Atlanta (1966). He was jailed for his participation in civil rights demonstrations, both in Selma, Alabama, and in St. Augustine, Florida. The movement gained congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Young was with King in Memphis, Tennessee, when King was assassinated in 1968.[7]

In 1970, Young ran as a Democrat for Congress from Georgia, but was unsuccessful. After his defeat, Rev. Fred C. Bennette Jr. introduced him to Murray M. Silver, an Atlanta attorney, who served as his campaign finance chairman. Young ran again in 1972 and won. He later was re-elected in 1974 and in 1976. During his four-plus years in Congress, he was a member of the Congressional Black Caucus, and was involved in several debates regarding foreign relations, including the decision to stop supporting the Portuguese attempts to hold on to their colonies in southern Africa. Young also sat on the powerful Rules Committee and the Banking and Urban Development Committee. Young opposed the Vietnam War,[8] helped enact legislation that established the U.S. Institute for Peace, established the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area and negotiated federal funds for MARTA and the Atlanta Highways.

Although the US and the UN enacted an arms embargo against South Africa, as President Carterâ€™s UN ambassador, Andrew Young vetoed economic sanctions.[9]

Young caused controversy when, during a July 1978 interview with French newspaper Le Matin de Paris, while discussing the Soviet Union and its treatment of political dissidents, he said, "We still have hundreds of people that I would categorize as political prisoners in our prisons," in reference to jailed civil-rights and anti-war protestors. In response, U.S. Representative Larry McDonald (D-GA) sponsored a resolution to impeach Young, but the measure failed 293 to 82. Carter referred to it in a press conference as an "unfortunate statement".[2]

In 1979, Young played a leading role in advancing a settlement in Rhodesia with Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo, who had been two of the military leaders in the Rhodesian Bush War, which had ended in 1979. The settlement paved the way for Mugabe to take power as Prime Minister of the newly formed Republic of Zimbabwe. There had been a general election in 1979, bringing Bishop Abel Muzorewa to power as leader of the United African National Council leading to the short-lived country of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Young refused to accept the election results, and described the election as "neofascist", a sentiment echoed by United Nations Security Council Resolution 445 and 448. The situation was resolved the next year with the Lancaster House Agreement and the establishment of Zimbabwe.[2]

Young's favoring of Mugabe and Nkomo over Muzorewa and his predecessor and ally, Ian Smith, was, and remains, controversial. Many African-American activists, including Jesse Jackson and Coretta Scott King, supported the anti-colonialism represented by Mugabe and Nkomo.[2] However, it was opposed by others, including civil-rights leader Bayard Rustin, who argued that the 1979 election had been "free and fair",[10] as well as senators Harry F. Byrd Jr. (I-VA) and Jesse Helms (R-NC). It was later criticized in 2005 by Gabriel Shumba, executive director of the anti-Mugabe Zimbabwe Exiles Forum.[11]

In July 1979, Young discovered that an upcoming report by the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights called for the creation of a Palestinian State. Young wanted to delay the report because the Carter Administration was dealing with too many other issues at the time. He met with the UN representatives of several Arab countries to try to convince them the report should be delayed; they agreed in principle, but insisted that the Palestine Liberation Organization also had to agree. As a result, on July 20, Young met with Zehdi Terzi, the UN representative of the PLO, at the apartment of the UN Ambassador from Kuwait. On August 10, news of this meeting became public when Mossad leaked its illegally acquired transcript of the meeting first to Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and then through his office to Newsweek.[12] The meeting was highly controversial, since the United States had already promised Israel that it would not meet directly with the PLO until the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist.[2]

Young's UN ambassadorship ended on August 14.[2][13][14] Jimmy Carter denied any complicity in what was called the "Andy Young Affair", and asked Young to resign. Asked about the incident by Time soon afterward, Young stated, "It is very difficult to do the things that I think are in the interest of the country and maintain the standards of protocol and diplomacy... I really don't feel a bit sorry for anything that I have done."[15] Soon afterward, on the television show Meet the Press, he stated that Israel was "stubborn and intransigent."[13]

After his ambassadorship ended, Young became a frequent guest lecturer at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan.[16]

In 1981, after being urged by a number of people, including Coretta Scott King, the widow of Martin Luther King Jr., Young ran for mayor of Atlanta. He was elected later that year with 55% of the vote, succeeding Maynard Jackson. As mayor of Atlanta, he brought in $70 billion of new private investment.[17] He continued and expanded Jackson's programs for including minority and female-owned businesses in all city contracts. The Mayor's Task Force on Education established the Dream Jamboree College Fair that tripled the college scholarships given to Atlanta public school graduates. In 1985, he was involved in renovating the Atlanta Zoo, which was renamed Zoo Atlanta.[18] Young was re-elected as mayor in 1985 with more than 80% of the vote. Atlanta hosted the 1988 Democratic National Convention during Young's tenure. He was prohibited by term limits from running for a third term. During his tenure, he talked about how he was "glad to be mayor of this city, where once the mayor had me thrown in jail."[19]

After leaving the mayor's office in early 1990,[20] Young launched a bid for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1990.[21] He ran in a primary that included three former or future governors of Georgia: then lieutenant governor Zell Miller, then-state senator Roy Barnes, and former governor Lester Maddox. The field also contained then state representative Lauren "Bubba" McDonald. The first poll put Young at 38 percent to Miller's 30 percent, 15 percent for Maddox and 10 percent for Barnes with McDonald trailing at 7 percent. Young campaigned hard but by the primary, with no central message, his campaign ran into trouble against the well-heeled and prepared lieutenant governor. Miller led the primary with 40 percent to Young's 29 percent and 21 percent for Barnes, Maddox got 7 percent and McDonald rounded out at 3 percent. Future U.S. senator Johnny Isakson won the Republican nomination.[22] After Miller's stunning and broad-based primary win, Young's race floundered. Many think he failed in his effort by trying to garner support amongst rural, conservative white voters, rather than turning out his urban and African-American base. Also, Young never found an issue that roused supporters, unlike Miller, who won voters by championing a state lottery. Miller won the runoff, 2 to 1 and ended Young's gubernatorial aspirations for good.[23]

Young has been a director of the Drum Major Institute for Public Policy, and is also the chairman of the board for the Global Initiative for the Advancement of Nutritional Therapy.[24]

From 2000 to 2001, Young served as president of the National Council of Churches.[25]

In 2003, Young founded the Andrew Young Foundation, an organization meant to support and promote education, health, leadership and human rights in the United States, Africa and the Caribbean.[26]

From February to August 2006, Young served as the public spokesman for Working Families for Wal-Mart, an advocacy group for the retail chain Wal-Mart.[27][dead link] Young resigned from the position soon after a controversial interview with the Los Angeles Sentinel, in which, when asked about Wal-Mart hurting independent businesses, he replied, "You see those are the people who have been overcharging us, and they sold out and moved to Florida. I think they’ve ripped off our communities enough. First it was Jews, then it was Koreans and now it’s Arabs."[28]

In 2007, GoodWorks Productions released the documentary film Rwanda Rising,[29] about Rwanda's progress since the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Young also served as the film's narrator. Rwanda Rising premiered as the opening night selection at the Pan African Film Festival in Los Angeles in 2007.[30]

An edited version of Rwanda Rising served as the pilot episode of Andrew Young Presents,[31] a series of quarterly, hour-long specials airing on nationally syndicated television.[32]

On January 22, 2008, Young appeared as a guest on the television show The Colbert Report. Host Stephen Colbert invited Young to appear during the writers' strike, because, in 1969, Young and Colbert's father had worked together to mediate a hospital workers' strike.[33] Young made another appearance on The Colbert Report on November 5, 2008, to talk about the election of Barack Obama to the presidency.[34]

On January 9, 2015, Young gave the keynote address at Vanderbilt University's Martin Luther King Jr. Commemoration Day. The theme was "Dismantling Segregation: Race, Poverty, and Privilege", and Young spoke about his experiences in Selma, stories of traveling with King, and his advice to the next generation of leaders.[35]

Young has four children with his first wife, Jean Childs, who died of liver cancer in 1994.[36] He married Carolyn McClain in 1996.[37]

In September 1999, Young was diagnosed with prostate cancer which was successfully removed with surgery in January 2000.[38]

Young is played by Andre Holland in the 2014 film Selma.


when did the industrial revolution began in asia

Apart from Japan, where industrialisation began in the late 19th century, a different pattern of industrialisation followed in East Asia. One of the fastest rates of industrialisation occurred in the late 20th century across four countries known as the Asian tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan), thanks to the existence of stable governments and well structured societies, strategic locations, heavy foreign investments, a low cost skilled and motivated workforce, a competitive exchange rate, and low custom duties.

History of industrialisation

This article delineates the history of industrialisation.

Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above subsistence, among that the majority of the population were focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in medieval Europe, as much as 80% of the labour force was employed in subsistence agriculture.[citation needed]

Some pre-industrial economies, such as classical Athens, had trade and commerce as significant factors, so native Greeks could enjoy wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living through the use of slavery[citation needed]. Famines were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the Netherlands and England of the 17th and 18th centuries, the Italian city states of the 15th century, the medieval Islamic Caliphate, and the ancient Greek and Roman civilisations were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and commercialisation of the agricultural sector[citation needed]. It is estimated that during the 17th century, Netherlands imported nearly 70% of its grain supply and in the 5th century BC Athens imported three-quarters of its total food supply.[citation needed]

Industrialisation through innovation in manufacturing processes first started with the Industrial Revolution in the north-west and Midlands of England in the 18th century.[2] It spread to Europe and North America in the 19th century.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the UK experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as the British Agricultural Revolution, which enabled an unprecedented population growth, freeing a significant percentage of the workforce from farming, and helping to drive the Industrial Revolution.

Due to the limited amount of arable land and the overwhelming efficiency of mechanised farming, the increased population could not be dedicated to agriculture. New agricultural techniques allowed a single peasant to feed more workers than previously; however, these techniques also increased the demand for machines and other hardware, which had traditionally been provided by the urban artisans. Artisans, collectively called bourgeoisie, employed rural exodus workers to increase their output and meet the country's needs.

British industrialisation involved significant changes in the way that work was performed. The process of creating a good was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanised in order to boost productivity and thus increase income. The new machines helped to improve the productivity of each worker. However, industrialisation also involved the exploitation of new forms of energy. In the pre-industrial economy, most machinery was powered by human muscle, by animals, by wood-burning or by water-power. With industrialisation these sources of fuel were replaced with coal, which could deliver significantly more energy than the alternatives. Indeed, much of the new technology that accompanied the industrial revolution was for machines which could be powered by coal. One outcome of this was an increase in the overall amount of energy consumed within the economy - a trend which has continued in all industrialised nations to the present day.[4]

The accumulation of capital allowed investments in the scientific conception and application of new technologies, enabling the industrialisation process to continue to evolve. The industrialisation process formed a class of industrial workers who had more money to spend than their agricultural cousins. They spent this on items such as tobacco and sugar, creating new mass markets that stimulated more investment as merchants sought to exploit them.[5]

The mechanisation of production spread to the countries surrounding England geographically in Europe such as France and to British settler colonies, helping to make those areas the wealthiest, and shaping what is now known as the Western world.

Some economic historians argue that the possession of so-called 'exploitation colonies' eased the accumulation of capital to the countries that possessed them, speeding up their development.[6] The consequence was that the subject country integrated a bigger economic system in a subaltern position, emulating the countryside, which demands manufactured goods and offers raw materials, while the colonial power stressed its urban posture, providing goods and importing food. A classical example of this mechanism is said to be the triangular trade, which involved England, southern United States and western Africa. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment.[7]

With these arguments still find some favour with historians of the colonies, most historians of the British Industrial Revolution do not consider that colonial possessions formed a significant role in the country's industrialisation. Whilst not denying that Britain could profit from these arrangement, they believe that industrialisation would have proceeded with or without the colonies.[8]

Belgium was the first country to develop a proper industry in continental Europe and was the second in the world (after the United Kingdom). In Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Scandinavian countries a real modern industrialisation started only in 1840s. In Poland, Slovakia, Hungary after 1880 and in Baltics, Ukraine and Russia after 1890.

After the Convention of Kanagawa issued by Commodore Matthew C. Perry forced Japan to open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade, the Japanese government realised that drastic reforms were necessary to stave off Western influence. The Tokugawa shogunate abolished the feudal system. The government instituted military reforms to modernise the Japanese army and also constructed the base for industrialisation. In the 1870s, the Meiji government vigorously promoted technological and industrial development that eventually changed Japan to a powerful modern country.

In a similar way, Russia which suffered during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The Soviet Union's centrally controlled economy decided to invest a big part of its resources to enhance its industrial production and infrastructures to assure its survival, thus becoming a world superpower.[9]

During the Cold war, the other European socialist countries, organised under the Comecon framework, followed the same developing scheme, albeit with a less emphasis on heavy industry.

Southern European countries such as Spain or Italy saw a moderate industrialisation during the final years of XIX century and then a boom in 1950s-1970s, caused by a healthy integration of the European economy[10][11]

A similar state-led developing programme was pursued in virtually all the Third World countries during the Cold War, including the socialist ones, but especially in Sub-Saharan Africa after the decolonisation period.[citation needed] The primary scope of those projects was to achieve self-sufficiency through the local production of previously imported goods, the mechanisation of agriculture and the spread of education and health care. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to a lack of realism: most countries did not have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a capitalistic development or even a stable and peaceful state. Those aborted experiences left huge debts toward western countries and fuelled public corruption.

Oil-rich countries saw similar failures in their economic choices. An EIA report stated that OPEC member nations were projected to earn a net amount of $1.251 trillion in 2008 from their oil exports.[12] Because oil is both important and expensive, regions that had big reserves of oil had huge liquidity incomes. However, this was rarely followed by economic development. Experience shows that local elites were unable to re-invest the petrodollars obtained through oil export, and currency is wasted in luxury goods.[13]

This is particularly evident in the Persian Gulf states, where the per capita income is comparable to those of western nations, but where no industrialisation has started. Apart from two little countries (Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates), the Persian Gulf states have not diversified their economies, and no replacement for the upcoming end of oil reserves is envisaged.[14]

In the case of South Korea, the largest of the four Asian tigers, a very fast paced industrialisation took place as it quickly moved away from the manufacturing of value-added goods in the 1950s and 60s into the more advanced steel, shipbuilding and automotive industry in the 1970s and 80s, focusing on the high-tech and service industry in the 1990s and 2000s. As a result, South Korea became a major economic power.

This starting model was afterwards successfully copied in other larger Eastern and Southern Asian countries, including communist ones. The success of this phenomenon led to a huge wave of offshoring â€“ i.e., Western factories or Tertiary Sector corporations choosing to move their activities to countries where the workforce was less expensive and less collectively organised.

China and India, while roughly following this development pattern, made adaptations in line with their own histories and cultures, their major size and importance in the world, and the geo-political ambitions of their governments, etc..

Meanwhile, India's government is investing in economic sectors such as bioengineering, nuclear technology, pharmaceutics, informatics, and technologically oriented higher education, exceeding its needs, with the goal of creating several specialisation poles able to conquer foreign markets.

Both China and India have also started to make significant investments in other developing countries, making them significant players in today's world economy.

Since the mid-late 20th century, a few countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, such as Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, and Turkey have experienced substantial industrial growth, fuelled by exporting to countries that have bigger economies: the United States, China, India and the EU. They are sometimes called newly industrialised countries.[citation needed]

Despite this trend being artificially influenced by the oil price increases since 2003, the phenomenon is not entirely new nor totally speculative (for instance see: Maquiladora).

Japan and Russia both were successful in the fact that they imitated many other societies giving them flexibility. Yet they both had very little in common before the 19th century. Japan was isolated from the world with its ongoing traditions and forms of centralised government. Russia featured a more strong centralised government under the emperor.

Both would soon discover that westernisation and industrialism were expanding and their own ways would not hold up against the new changing world of industrialisation. In the late 19th century the requirement for them to begin industrialising would become even more prevalent for the success of their nation in this new, growing society.


what is expelled out of the body as faeces through the anus

Defecation is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus.

Defecation

Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly.[citation needed] Waves of muscular contraction (known as peristalsis) in the walls of the colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum. Undigested food may also be expelled this way, in a process called egestion.

Open defecation, the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind, is still widespread in some developing countries, for example in India.[1]

The rectum ampulla (anatomically also: ampulla recti) temporarily stores fecal waste. As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls, nervous system stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate. This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter. If the urge is not acted upon, the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by reverse peristalsis, where more water is absorbed and the faeces is stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon. If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden, resulting in constipation. If defecation occurs too fast, before excess liquid is absorbed, diarrhea may occur.[2]

When the rectum is full, an increase in intra-rectal pressure forces apart the walls of the anal canal, allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal. The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum. The internal and external anal sphincters along with the puborectalis muscle allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.[citation needed]

Defecation is normally assisted by taking a deep breath and trying to expel this air against a closed glottis (Valsalva maneuver). This contraction of expiratory chest muscles, diaphragm, abdominal wall muscles, and pelvic diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract. Ventilation at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure. Thoracic blood pressure rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases. Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an aneurysm or to dislodge blood clots (see thrombosis). Also, in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls; this, coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet, can result in a blackout.[citation needed] [3]

During defecation, the external sphincter muscles relax. The anal and urethral sphincter muscles are closely linked. Experiments by Harrison Weed at the Ohio State University Medical Center have shown they can only be contracted together, not individually, and that both show relaxation during urination.[citation needed] This explains why defecation is frequently accompanied by urination.

Defecation may be involuntary or voluntary.  Young children learn voluntary control through the process of toilet training.  Once trained, loss of control, called fecal incontinence, may be caused by physical injury, nerve injury, prior surgeries (such as an episiotomy), constipation, diarrhea, loss of storage capacity in the rectum, intense fright, inflammatory bowel disease, psychological or neurological factors, childbirth, or death.[4]

The positions and modalities of defecation are culture-dependent. Squat toilets are used by the vast majority of the world, including most of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.[5] The use of sit-down toilets in the Western world is a relatively recent development, beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing.[6]

Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway (the valsalva maneuver) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a toilet. Cardiac arrest[7] and other cardiovascular complications[8] can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the valsalva maneuver. Valsalva retinopathy is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver.[9][10]

The anus and buttocks may be cleansed after defecation with toilet paper, similar paper products, or other absorbent material. In many cultures, such as Hindu and Muslim, water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively. When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards.

Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role. For example:


who played the crack fox in the mighty boosh

The Crack Fox takes up residence in the pile of bin bags behind the Nabootique. During the episode he tricks Vince into letting him inside, farts in Vince's face and then steals Naboo's shaman juice to enact his scheme to take over the world. After absorbing the magic juice through his syringe fingers in the light of the full moon, which makes the juice all activated, he becomes incredibly powerful (demonstrating telekinesis) before being stopped by a tramp that Vince had befriended – a tramp who had never been given anything prior to being given a wondrous cape. He was going to rape Vince and leave him in a bin, but subsequently decided he was née. The Crack Fox is later crushed to death in a garbage truck while pursuing Vince and Howard who took the shaman juice back during the struggle. It is also implied that the Crack Fox fancies Vince Noir. He also stated having two friends called Nicholas the Tennis Rat and Dante the racist Badger, who hates bloody whites. The Crack Fox is played by Julian Barratt.

List of minor The Mighty Boosh characters

The following is a list of minor characters from The Mighty Boosh, including characters from the television series, the radio series, and the various stage shows. For significant recurring characters see List of recurring characters from The Mighty Boosh.

In the episode "Killeroo",[1] he appears in a dream to Vince to show him how Howard can beat Killeroo. Played by Peter Kyriacou.

Appears in "Fountain of Youth".[2] He is the diminutive leader of the native Xooberon tribe. His head extends upwards under his hat. He is balding, but wears a rather pathetic comb-over. He kills anyone who comes searching for the Fountain of Youth. Howard and Vince are spared as Vince has the amulet, making him the Chosen One. He possesses a lustful obsession for the Chosen One, going so far as to cut off his own hand, gift-wrapping it and giving it to Vince as a present. Howard, on the other hand, was made a slave after mocking his short stature. After Howard loses the amulet, He buries them to their necks in the desert sand. Played by Rich Fulcher on his knees.

Appears in "Call of the Yeti".[3] He delivers The Global Explorer magazine which Howard subscribes to. He asks for an autograph from Vince for "his wife" ("Make it out to Alan") after Vince is featured on the cover. An irate Howard then runs him over with a van. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "Nanageddon".[4] One of the goth girls that Howard and Vince attempt to impress. Played by Dee Plume.

Appears in "Bollo".[5] Vince teaches The Ape of Death about hair products in exchange for Howard's soul. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "Call of the Yeti".[3] A Welsh shaman, whom Naboo meets in Shamansbury's, a spoof on Sainsbury's. Barry has recently upgraded his familiar from a black cat to a bat named Chrissie. Played by Noel Fielding.

Appears in "Fountain of Youth".[2] The fittest, strongest and fastest in the land, Banoo was originally intended to go to Earth from Xooberon instead of Naboo. Unfortunately, he always arrives slightly too late. Played by Ramon Tikaram.

Appears in "The Priest and The Beast".[6] A bandit that has been terrorising a small desert town, killing all the men and having his way with the women. An obsolete format, he is seeking revenge because Spider slept with his wife. The Betamax Bandit consists primarily of unwound Betamax video tape. He sends out tendrils of tape to ensnare his victims, then winds them into himself. He is allergic to peanut butter. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "Tundra", an arctic explorer who found the Egg of Mantumbi before being frozen by Black Frost. His surname is derived from real-life polar explorer Ernest Shackleton.

Appears in "Nanageddon".[4] The caller at the local bingo hall who uses unorthodox rhymes while calling, including that he was 43 when he lost his virginity. The bingo calling style is continued in the page numbering of The Mighty Book of Boosh. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appear in "The Chokes".[7] A performance group blending the Blue Man Group with John McEnroe. Also mentioned in The Mighty Book of Boosh.

Appears in "Tundra".[8] An evil creature who inhabits the Arctic. Is presumably killed, or knocked unconscious by the polar bear befriended by Vince. Releases freezing blasts from his codpiece. Played by Dave Brown.

Appear in "The Chokes".[7] A band portrayed by The Horrors. Their singer was killed by Bollo and Naboo. Vince auditioned for the vacant position of lead singer, but the role eventually went to Sammy the Crab, due to their skinny legs policy. The Horrors include Faris Badwan, Rhys Webb, Joe Spurgeon, Joshua Hayward and Tom Cowan.

A futuristic pleasurebot. It is programmed to "poke and suck off anything in sight". Appears in Boosh Live. Played by Rich Fulcher

Appears in "The Strange tale Of The Crack Fox", Sitting next to the Crack Fox on the train, and saying, "We're On A Train".

Appears in "The Nightmare of Milky Joe".[9] A man made of eggs and sausages who runs away when Vince suggests they should eat him as opposed to each other. Played by Noel Fielding.

A paarody of Chris deBurgh, appearing in the series two episode "The Priest and the Beast", and the series three episode "Party". He spent at least ten years searching for the new sound in the desert.[6] Played by Ray Fielding (Noel and Mike Fielding's father).

Appears in "Charlie". The protagonist of Vince's books, made of used bubblegum. He has a moustache and bowler hat. He is actually real (within the show) despite Howard's scorn and arrives at the zoo to take revenge on Dixon Bainbridge and Hamilton Cork. Also featured in The Mighty Book of Boosh. Played by Peter Kyriacou.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] Colin is the barman at the local pub owned by Jeff. Colin will only serve good honest fisherman's drinks (such as maggot cider) and food (such as maggot bhuna). He is also known to hand out pipes and beards to those he respects. Played by James Bachman.

Appears in "Bollo".[5] He works as the receptionist in Limbo. His wife is dead, but apparently is alright. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "Charlie".[11] A famous publisher who Vince tries to get to publish his Charlie stories. His head resembles a large conker. Played by Simon Farnaby.

Appears in "The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox".[12] A fox who traveled to London from Cambridge in search of fortune, but has fallen on hard times. The fox was called Jerome, living in the woods, in Elderberry wood of England. He spent his days punting down the lazy rivers of Cambridge town, occasionally sitting under Mr. Willow the tree to eat a cucumber sandwich. One day he found a copy of Cheekbone Magazine and he read an article about London life. He read it over and over, and over, and over again, and over. Against his friends' wishes, the wilful little fox goes to the city and gets off his tiny face in a gay bar â€“ fun, fun times for him. But the days of partying burned the fox out as he ends up on the streets homeless, begging for cheese in Dalston.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] A corpse stuck to the roof of Old Gregg's underwater cave. It is believed that Old Gregg killed him because Jefferson did not love him. Curly Jefferson is also the name of a conference room in Mason, OH.

A member of the board of shaman, and is a green witch in appearance. Played by Noel and Mike Fielding's mother, Diane.[citation needed]

Appears in "The Priest and the Beast".[6] A fellow Bongo Brother of Rudi van DiSarzio, Spider is a highly sexually charged drummer with a heavy Mexican accent, having trouble with English idioms. Spider had an affair with Rudi's wife during the 60s, an ongoing source of tension between them. He has come to the attention of Carlos Santana, who tries to recruit him. He defeats Betamax by rewinding him using his newly acquired door. He was named by Rudi after the love of mustard he demonstrated as a child,[13] and the fact that he has "eight of something". Played by Noel Fielding.

Appears in "The Power of the Crimp".[14] Almost complete copies of Howard and Vince, calling themselves The Flighty Zeus. They are somehow able to copy everything Howard and Vince do and somehow know how to play The Boosh's song "Future Sailors" after only hearing a few seconds of it. They are beaten by The Boosh in a crimp-off at the Velvet Onion. Despite this they continue to attempt to steal the Boosh's limelight, vandalising copies of their recent book.[13] Played by Tom Meeten and Simon Farnaby.

Appears in season 3 "The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox".[15] A homeless man who assists Vince in finding Howard (whom he refers to as'shrimp eyes'). Vince gives Donni a 'wondrous cape' which prompts him to admit that he had planned on raping Vince and leaving him in a bin but then gives his own life to save the lives of Howard and Vince. Drinks cans of extra-strong lager, which he refers to as "electric soup". Drinking them turns him into "The Electric Superman." He fights the Crack Fox at the end of the episode, in repayment for Vince giving him the aforementioned 'wondrous cape', giving Howard and Vince time to escape the sewer. Played by Steve Oram.[16]

Appears in "Nanageddon".[4] One of the goth girls that Howard and Vince attempt to impress. Played by Sue Denim.

Appears in "Eels".[17] A "woman" who pays Howard for sexual favours (which he does due to Vince being distracted) so that he can pay the Hitcher. She later arrives in the shop to stop the Hitcher from killing Howard. While speaking some syllables are extremely elongated, including on her business card. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "The Fountain of Youth", is a tree that is summoned by The Hitcher and told to "go about your wicked foul business", he then attempts to attack Howard, Vince, Naboo and Bollo, but is foiled by Sandstorm and sanded down into a table. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Subject of a "gather round everyone..." joke. Played by Dave Brown.

Appears in "Hitcher".[18] Lives in the forest, where he raised the young Vince. Played by Julian Barratt.

Appears in "Jungle".[19] Subject of a "gather round everyone..." joke. Played by Dave Brown.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg". Described as 'a funky ball of tits from outer space'. Howard steals it from Old Gregg and achieves The Funk. Played by Noel Fielding

Appears in "The Chokes".[7] A legendary actor who coaches Howard in his secret woodland acting dojo. Dies at the end of the episode of a heart attack. Played by Noel Fielding. This character is an homage to Peter Sellers' Warrington Minge from his interview with Parkinson in 1974.

Numan appeared as himself in "The Power of the Crimp" in a closet that Howard opened to reveal him in order to comfort Vince.

Appears in "The Chokes". A famous avant-garde director whose works include The Doctor and The Pencil. He is idolised by Howard. In the episode he plans to make an advert about "The angry crab of trapped wind." Initially looks to hire Sammy the Crab but eventually recruits Howard instead. Played by Julian Barratt. His name is a parody on German philosopher Jürgen Habermas.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] He is the only man who has survived an encounter with Old Gregg. When asked about this, he replies by screaming loudly.

Is a Glaswegian fox at the Zooniverse and appears in "Bollo".[5]

Mentioned but not seen in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] He owns the bar in the village, and drinks maggot cider and eats maggot bhunas. He only allows these to be sold in his bar.

Appears in "Killeroo".[1] One of the boxers at the gym. Has exceptionally long arms. He always gets his man. Played by Olly Ralfe.

Appears in "Killeroo"[1] and "Mutants". An Australian zookeeper at the Zooniverse, whose death prompts Howard and Vince to investigate Bainbridge's experiments.[20] Played by Dave Brown.

Appears in "The Power of the Crimp" to eat the Moon's imposter.[14] He is mentioned on many other occasions. Unlike the Moon, Jupiter has no song.[10] Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "Killeroo".[1] A boxing kangaroo that Howard fights in order to gain the affections of Mrs. Gideon. Is defeated by Howard Moon after Vince Noir grabs the Killeroo's testicles.

Appears in "Call of the Yeti".[3] A grizzled hunter who owns the cabin The Boosh stay in. Gives Howard a map to the Yeti's home in exchange for spending the night with Vince. When he attempts to give Vince a "Grizzly Adams bumming", Vince burns his nose with a straightening iron. Kodiak Jack is later set upon by the Yeti after rescuing the others. Played by Rich Fulcher.

One of Vince's friends; appears in the episode "Party". He's French, and he's a cube. Played by Dave Brown

A frequently-mentioned but mostly unseen friend of Howard and Vince. Often mentioned by Vince to back up his arguments with Howard. Played acoustic guitar for Vince's glam-folk band. It has been said that Leroy works at the laser copy center, but it has also been said that he works at the ice rink and "sells slush puppies."

Appears in "Jungle".[19] Appears when summoned mistakenly by Vince using a magic flute given to him by Rudi Van DiSarzio. Played by Martin Trenaman.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] Lucien is a weathered fisherman who now spends his time telling tales rather than fishing. He warns Vince about Old Gregg after Howard has gone out on Black Lake at full moon. Played by Julian Barratt.

Appears in "Charlie". He is the prior incarnation of the character "Hamilton Cork" who was featured in the intro of the show. He is the supposedly struggling actor, with a head that resembles a conker, that plays "Hamilton Cork". Played by Simon Alexander Farnaby.

Appears in "Party".[21] The wife of Dennis and an extreme sports calendar model. She attempts to seduce Vince in order to make her husband jealous. Played by Dolly Wells.

Appears in "Killeroo".[1] One of the boxers at the gym. His face appears to consist entirely of human fists.

Appears in "The Nightmare of Milky Joe". He is the product of Howard's feverish imagination when cast away on a desert island. He is a good listener, but Howard ultimately tires of his boring lectures. Milky Joe composes a hit song called "Isolation" with his band, Milky Joe and the Coconuts.

Appears in "The Priest & The Beast".[6] Seems to take an interest in Rudi and tells him about Betamax. Monkey has visions, drinks her own urine and smells of peanuts. Because of this, she is spurned by the other women. She is described by Spider as 'the woollen bullet'. Played by Alice Lowe.

Appear in "Mutants".[20] A race of mutated animals created by Dixon Bainbridge's splicing experiments. Vince and Howard give them their freedom. They appear to be led by a mutant with a squid for a head, who considers himself the prettiest.

Appears in "Nanageddon".[4] A demon summoned by Howard and Vince to impress goth girls. An exceptionally dangerous creature, she has a five-star rating, kills people using a bus pass and knitting needles and is also capable of quickly creating knitting to bind her victims. Played by Margaret John.

Subject of a "gather round everyone..." joke.[10] Played by Dave Brown

Appears in "Electro".[22] A performer in the band Kraftwork Orange, a band that Vince and Howard join. Also appears in The Mighty Book of Boosh. After leaving the band she co-founds Orange Work-Kraft.[13] Played by Dee Plume.

Appears in "Eels".[17] Lead singer of the Neon Needles, a pop star that Vince is attempting to tag. Has legs similar to a flamingo and flies away when startled. Played by Anthony Rossomando of Dirty Pretty Things.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] He appears briefly after being mentioned by Lucien because he has never been fishing.

Is mentioned but not seen in "Eels".[17] Vince plays him in Howard's improvisational attempt to prove to Vince that his elbow patches are useful.

In the episode "Fountain of Youth", Peppo is the greatest artist ever produced by the Blue-skinned tribe of Xooberon. Peppo paints a portrait of Vince as "the chosen one". When Vince comments that the fringe is a bit short, Peppo kills himself. Played by Tom Meeten.

A friend of Naboo's who works in Dixons, he is first seen in "Bollo" in Naboo's kiosk, he is not a shaman but he does accompany the shaman on a stag weekend in "Eels". He is played by Peter Kyriacou

Appears in "Bollo"".[5] A grim reaper that comes to collect Bollo's soul, but takes Howard by mistake. Has a similar voice to the Hitcher. Played by Noel Fielding.

Henchmen of The Hitcher.[18] Named Jim and Jackie Piper. In "Hitcher" they both appear. In "The Fountain of Youth", the Hitcher's second appearance, only one appears. And in "Eels", his final appearance, none of them appear. They also appear in the 2006 and 2009 stage shows with the Hitcher. Played by Rich Fulcher and Dave Brown.

A picture of a horse Vince Noir draws in "The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox"[12] that helps him find the "Crack Fox".

The second coconut girl to appear in "The Nightmare of Milky Joe". She is accidentally murdered by Howard Moon.

Appears in "The Legend of Old Gregg".[10] An artist who befriends Howard and Vince. He rents them his boat so they can go fishing on Black Lake. Ramsay's art consists of sticking shells to things, including his wife Matilda. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appear in "The Priest and The Beast"[6] as themselves using a metal detector trying to find the "new sound".

Appear in "Journey to the Centre of the Punk".[23] Vince's red blood cells are attacked by the Spirit of Jazz. They are easily lured by promise of beauty products and other such things. Played by Noel Fielding.

Appears at the end of "The Priest and The Beast"[6] as himself, vacuuming the ground in reference to an earlier joke about Woodstock.

The first coconut girl to appear in "The Nightmare of Milky Joe". She is Vince's "girlfriend" while on the island.

An extremely violent and unstable actor.[7] He joins the Black Tubes at the end of "The Chokes". Sammy is the rival of Montgomery Flange.

Appears in "The Fountain of Youth".[2] Has cursed the Xooberon for hundreds of tens of years. Being made entirely from sandpaper, he is incapable of touching or loving anything without wearing it down. Vince gives him gloves so he can "love himself" without being harmed. In return he gives Vince a horn that can be used to summon him. He is summoned at the end of the episode to deal with Evil Tree. Played by Julian Barratt.

One of Vince's friends; appears in the episode "Party". Appears regularly in background alongside Louisa Daish.

Appears in "The Nightmare of Milky Joe".[9] Serge is one of the coconuts that Howard and Vince imagine whilst stranded on the deserted island. He is the cameraman at Vince's Calypso Party and later, he films the death of Precious Lilywhite.

Appears in The Mighty Boosh Live: Future Sailors Tour. Sunflash is a he she, half man-half unicorn from the future. Comes from Camden. Speaks Chavese, a mix between Chinese and Chav. Played by Noel Fielding.

Appears in "Bollo".[5] Guardian of the mirror world (a small room containing "over 17 mirrors")from which you must choose the correct mirror in order to escape. Upon choosing the wrong mirror, you are trapped forever (something which Vince sees as a positive because he can see his hair from all angles). His body consists of chamois cloths and two mirror balls. Cries "Look at them shine" while spraying cleaning fluid on his many mirrors. Played by Julian Barratt.

A "Voodoo shaman" who transferred the blood of Howlin Jimmy Jefferson onto the record "Voodoo Scat". Tiny Robert got ball cancer but spotted it early and had it removed. Tiny Robert was one of the only characters who taught us a valuable lesson, check your balls, twice a week.

Leads Spider to her town populated entirely by "women, desperate for the men".[6] Played by Lucy Montgomery.

The Cheese-headed freak and former owner of the Zooniverse who appeared in Jungle. Played by Rich Fulcher.

Appears in "Electro".[22] He quits as a member of Kraftwork Orange after Vince joins and irritates him. He is first seen wearing two hats although he is next seen wearing 4 after a remark from Vince earlier in the episode. Played by Dan Clark.

Appears in "Electro".[22] A performer in the band Kraftwork Orange, a band that Vince and Howard join. After leaving the band she co-founds Orange Work-Kraft.[13] Played by Sue Denim.

Appears in The Mighty Boosh Radio Series Episode 5 - "Tundra". Pedro is Howard's Spanish Uncle. He is a figure of legend in Spain as he once, according to Howard "built a zoo as big as a house" but he has trouble dealing with his fame and will revert to yelling curses if someone brings it up. For this reason he has become "the Shadow", a masked, caped bandit who is feared by the locals. As well as building the zoo,he once drank an entire litre of water in two days. He is also known by many other names, these include: "Captain Margeret the fantastic dealer of Wounds" and "Fire Boy - watch him go with his legs all over". When he meets Vince he somehow knows that Howard is having a bad time in the Arctic. He is voiced by Julian Barratt.

Appear in "Journey to the Centre of The Punk".[23] Vince's white blood cells attempt to stop Howard and Lester from reaching the brain, but are convinced by Howard that they are trying to help when Howard performs a crimp with them about "the time we had those pancakes". Despite all of them sharing Vince's likeness, one of them claims to be athlete Roger Black. Played by Noel Fielding.

Appeared once in the Radio series, in episode 6 ("The Hitcher"). Howard and Vince are tasked with delivering Tony the Prawn (a "psychological killer") to Wilbur Fossil's (Bob Fossil's brother, the only character who calls Bob "Robert") zoo for animal offenders. After Vince and Howard are "trapped in a box by a cockney nutjob" (The Hitcher), Bob Fossil saves them. The people who live in the box have been trapped there for centuries, living by "the book", which tells them not to open the only door, for the greatest evil lies on the other side. When Bob opens the door, a garden is on the other side, with Wilbur and "Mrs. Fossil" (Fossil's mother). Wilbur threatened Fossil that if he was late, he would tell their mother that Fossil was still alive, and that he didn't die in Vietnam as a war hero. The episode ends with Fossil shouting "It is the greatest evil! Everyone get back in the freakin' box!". Wilbur is constantly referred to as "anal" by Bob, especially over lateness.

Appear in "Call of the Yeti".[3] A tribe of rare creatures who live around Piney Ridge. While normally hibernating, they come out every 25 years to look for a man to breed with. They send their victims into a hippy trance with music and are afraid of malt loaf.


what is the importance of the council of hippo

The synod of 393 is best known for two distinct acts. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and approved a Christian Biblical canon that corresponds to the modern Roman Catholic canon while falling short of the Orthodox canon (including the books classed by Roman Catholics as deuterocanonical books and by Protestants as Apocrypha). The canon was later approved at the Council of Carthage (397) pending ratification by the "Church across the sea", that is, the See of Rome.[1] Previous councils had approved similar, but slightly different, canons. The council also reaffirmed the apostolic origin of the requirement of clerical continence and reasserted it as a requirement for all the ordained, in addition requiring that all members of a person's household must be Christian before that person can be ordained.[2][3]

Synod of Hippo

The Synod of Hippo refers to the synod of 393 which was hosted in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church. Additional synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426. Some were attended by Augustine of Hippo.

Rules regarding clerical succession were also clarified at the Synod,[4] as well as certain liturgical considerations.[5]

The canonical scriptures are listed in Canon xxxvi of Hippo as follows:[6]

In the De doctrina christiana, Augustine explains the relation between the two books of Ezra/Esdras and its separation with the Chronicles (partly included in the Septuagint's 1 Esdras): "...and the two of Ezra, which last look more like a sequel to the continuous regular history which terminates with the books of Kings and Chronicles."[7]


who played george's girlfriend susan on seinfeld

Heidi Swedberg (born March 3, 1966) is an American actress and musician, best known for her role as Susan Ross, the fiancÃ©e of George Costanza, on the television sitcom Seinfeld.

Heidi Swedberg

Swedberg was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, the daughter of Kay, a high school English teacher, and Jim Swedberg, a laser physicist.[2] She was raised in New Mexico and attended Sandia High School in Albuquerque from 1980 to 1984.[citation needed] Since 1994, Swedberg has been married to Philip Holahan, and they have two children together.

Following graduation she moved to Kentucky, where she spent a year at the Actors Theatre of Louisville, following which she acted in her first film role, Norman Jewison's 1989 In Country. She followed that with roles in the 1990 movies Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael and Kindergarten Cop and the 1991 movies Too Much Sun and the Jim Abrahams comedy spoof Hot Shots!

During this time, she also had guest roles in a number of television series, including Matlock, Thirtysomething, Quantum Leap, Brooklyn Bridge, Northern Exposure, Sisters, Roc and Touched by an Angel. The following year she took on the role of Susan Ross in 11 episodes of Seinfeld's fourth season, 17 episodes of the seventh season and one episode of the ninth (via flashback in the 'backward' episode). She made a guest appearance in Wizards of Waverly Place as Jennifer Majorheely.

Swedberg was not in Seinfeld's fifth season in 1994 but acted regularly in parts on other television shows, including Empty Nest, Murder, She Wrote, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and Grace Under Fire.

While living in Hawaii, Swedberg grew up playing the ukulele.[3] In 1992, when playing the role of a singer/songwriter for a television pilot, she began playing the instrument again. She now sings and plays the ukulele in her band, Heidi Swedberg and The Sukey Jump Band. The band released an album entitled PLAY!, in 2009 and "My Cup of Tea" in 2013. She has another band called the Smoking Jackets which plays ukulele festivals and night clubs. The members, Daniel Ward, Craig McClelland and John Bartlit, are multi-instrumentalists who also teach at ukulele festivals.[citation needed]


who did the bears play in 1985 super bowl

Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46â€“10, capturing their first NFL championship (and Chicago's first overall sports victory) since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans.

Super Bowl XX

This was the fourth Super Bowl where both teams were making their Super Bowl debuts. The Bears entered the game after becoming the second team in NFL history to win 15 regular season games. With their then-revolutionary 46 defense, Chicago led the league in several defensive categories, outscored their opponents with a staggering margin of 456–198, and recorded two postseason shutouts. The Patriots were considered a Cinderella team during the 1985 season, and posted an 11–5 regular season record, but entered the playoffs as a wild card because of tiebreakers. But defying the odds, New England posted three road playoff wins to advance to Super Bowl XX.

In their victory over the Patriots, the Bears set or tied Super Bowl records for sacks (seven), fewest rushing yards allowed (seven), and margin of victory (36 points). At the time, New England broke the record for the quickest lead in Super Bowl history, with Tony Franklin's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter after a Chicago fumble. But the Patriots were eventually held to negative yardage (âˆ’19) throughout the entire first half, and finished with just 123 total yards from scrimmage, the second lowest total yards in Super Bowl history, behind the Minnesota Vikings (119 total yards) in Super Bowl IX. Bears defensive end Richard Dent, who had 1.5 quarterback sacks, forced two fumbles, and blocked a pass, was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP).[6]

The telecast of the game on NBC was watched by an estimated 92.57 million viewers.[5] To commemorate the 20th Super Bowl, all previous Super Bowl MVPs were honored during the pregame ceremonies.

NFL owners awarded the hosting of Super Bowl XX to New Orleans, Louisiana on December 14, 1982, at an owners meeting held in Dallas. This was the sixth time that New Orleans hosted the Super Bowl. Tulane Stadium was the site of Super Bowls IV, VI, and IX; while the Louisiana Superdome previously hosted XII and XV.

As of 2016, Super Bowl XX remains the last Super Bowl to feature two teams both making their first appearance in the game. It was the fourth overall following Super Bowl I, Super Bowl III, and Super Bowl XVI. Any future Super Bowl that would have such a combination would have to have the Detroit Lions playing either the Cleveland Browns, Houston Texans, or Jacksonville Jaguars in the game. All 16 NFC teams have played in an NFL championship game (Detroit last made an NFL championship game in the pre-merger era); only the three AFC franchises that began play since 1995 (the technicalities of the Browns franchise contrasting to the revisionism means this version began in 1999) have yet to reach a league championship game.

The nation's recognition of the Bears' accomplishment was overshadowed by STS 51-L two days later, an event which caused the cancellation of the Bears' post-Super Bowl White House visit. Jim McMahon drew controversy after Super Bowl XXXI by wearing a Bears jersey to the Green Bay Packers' visit following their championship, owing to his first official visit never having happened at the time. Twenty-five years after the championship, surviving members of the team would be invited to the White House in 2011 by President Barack Obama.[7]

Under head coach Mike Ditka, who won the 1985 NFL Coach of the Year Award, the Bears went 15–1 in the regular season, becoming the second NFL team to win 15 regular season games, while outscoring their opponents with a staggering margin of 456–198.

The Bears' defense, the "46 defense", allowed the fewest points (198), fewest total yards (4,135), and fewest rushing of any team during the regular season (1,319). They also led the league in interceptions (34) and ranked third in sacks (64).

Pro Bowl quarterback Jim McMahon provided the team with a solid passing attack, throwing for 2,392 yards and 15 touchdowns, while also rushing for 252 yards and three touchdowns. Running back Walter Payton, who was then the NFL's all-time leading rusher with 14,860 yards, rushed for 1,551 yards. He also caught 49 passes for 500 yards, and scored 11 touchdowns. Linebacker Mike Singletary won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award by recording three sacks, three fumble recoveries, and one interception.

But one of the most distinguishable players on defense was a large rookie lineman named William "The Refrigerator" Perry. Perry came into training camp before the season weighing over 380 pounds. But after Bears defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan told the press that the team "wasted" their first round draft pick on him, Perry lost some weight and ended up being an effective defensive tackle, finishing the season with 5 sacks. He got even more attention when Ditka started putting him in the game at the fullback position during offensive plays near the opponent's goal line. During the regular season, Perry rushed for 2 touchdowns, caught a pass for another touchdown, and was frequently a lead blocker for Payton during goal line plays.

The Bears "46 defense" also had the following impact players: On the defensive line, Pro Bowler and future Hall of Famer Richard Dent led the NFL in sacks with 17, while Pro Bowler and future Hall of Famer Dan Hampton recorded 6.5 sacks, and nose tackle Steve McMichael compiled 8. In addition to Singletary, linebacker Otis Wilson had 10.5 sacks and 3 interceptions, while Wilber Marshall recorded 4 interceptions. In the secondary, defensive back Leslie Frazier had 6 interceptions, Mike Richardson recorded 4 interceptions, Dave Duerson had 5 interceptions, and Gary Fencik recorded 5 interceptions and 118 tackles.

Chicago's main offensive weapon was Payton and the running game. A big reason for Payton's success was fullback Matt Suhey as the primary lead blocker. Suhey was also a good ball carrier, rushing for 471 yards and catching 33 passes for 295 yards. The team's rushing was also aided by Pro Bowlers Jim Covert and Jay Hilgenberg and the rest of the Bears' offensive line.

In their passing game, the Bears' primary deep threat was wide receiver Willie Gault, who caught 33 passes for 704 yards, an average of 21.3 yards per catch, and returned 22 kickoffs for 557 yards and a touchdown. Tight end Emery Moorehead was another key contributor, catching 35 passes for 481 yards. Wide receiver Dennis McKinnon was another passing weapon, recording 31 receptions, 555 yards, and 7 touchdowns. On special teams, Kevin Butler set a rookie scoring record with 144 points, making 31 of 37 field goals (83%) and 51 of 51 extra points.

Meanwhile, the players brought their characterizations to the national stage with "The Super Bowl Shuffle", a rap song the Bears recorded during the season. Even though it was in essence a novelty song, it actually peaked at #41 on the Billboard charts and received a Grammy nomination for best R&B song by a group.

The Patriots were a Cinderella team during the 1985 season because many sports writers and fans thought they were lucky to make the playoffs at all. New England began the season losing three of their first five games, but won six consecutive games to finish with an 11–5 record. However, the 11–5 mark only earned them third place in the AFC East behind the Miami Dolphins and the New York Jets.

Quarterback Tony Eason, in his third year in the NFL, was inconsistent during the regular season, completing 168 out of 299 passes for 2,156 yards and 11 touchdowns, but also 17 interceptions. His backup, Steve Grogan, was considered one of the best reserve quarterbacks in the league. Grogan was the starter in six of the Patriots' games, and finished the regular season with 85 out of 156 completions for 1,311 yards, 7 touchdowns, and 5 interceptions.

Wide receiver Stanley Morgan provided the team with a good deep threat, catching 39 passes for 760 yards and 5 touchdowns. On the other side of the field, multi-talented wide receiver Irving Fryar was equally effective, catching 39 passes for 670 yards, while also rushing for 27 yards, gaining another 559 yards returning punts and kickoffs, and scoring 10 touchdowns. But like the Bears, the Patriots' main strength on offense was their rushing attack. Halfback Craig James rushed for 1,227 yards, caught 27 passes for 370 yards, and scored 7 touchdowns. Fullback Tony Collins rushed for 657 yards, recorded a team-leading 52 receptions for 549 yards, and scored 5 touchdowns. The Patriots also had an outstanding offensive line, led by Pro Bowl tackle Brian Holloway and future Hall of Fame guard John Hannah.

New England's defense ranked 5th in the league in fewest yards allowed (5,048). Pro Bowl linebacker Andre Tippett led the AFC with 16.5 sacks and recovered 3 fumbles. Pro Bowl linebacker Steve Nelson was also a big defensive weapon, excelling at pass coverage and run stopping. Also, the Patriots' secondary only gave up 14 touchdown passes during the season, second fewest in the league. Pro Bowl defensive back Raymond Clayborn recorded 6 interceptions for 80 return yards and 1 touchdown, while Pro Bowler Fred Marion had 7 interceptions for 189 return yards.

In the playoffs, the Patriots qualified as the AFC's second wild card.

But the Patriots, under head coach Raymond Berry, defied the odds, beating the New York Jets 26–14, Los Angeles Raiders 27–20, and the Dolphins 31–14 – all on the road – to make it to the Super Bowl. The win against Miami had been especially surprising, not only because Miami was the only team to beat Chicago in the season, but also because New England had not won in the Orange Bowl (Miami's then-home field) since 1966, the Dolphins' first season (then in the AFL). The Patriots had lost to Miami there 18 consecutive times, including a 30–27 loss in their 15th game of the season. But New England dominated the Dolphins in the AFC Championship Game, recording two interceptions from quarterback Dan Marino and recovering 4 fumbles. New England remains the only team to finish third in their division and qualify for the Super Bowl in the same season.

Meanwhile, the Bears became the first and only team in NFL history to shut out both of their opponents in the playoffs, beating the New York Giants 21–0 and the Los Angeles Rams 24–0.

Much of the Super Bowl pregame hype centered on Bears quarterback Jim McMahon. First, he was fined by the NFL during the playoffs for a violation of the league's dress code, wearing a head band from Adidas. He then started to wear a head band where he hand-wrote "Rozelle", after then-league commissioner Pete Rozelle.[8]

McMahon suffered a strained glute as the result of a hit taken in the NFC Championship Game and flew his acupuncturist into New Orleans to get treatment. During practice four days before the Super Bowl, he wore a headband reading "Acupuncture". During a Bears practice before the Super Bowl, McMahon mooned a helicopter that was hovering over the practice.[8]

Another anecdote involving McMahon during the Super Bowl anticipation involved WDSU sports anchor Buddy Diliberto reporting a quote attributed to McMahon, where he had allegedly referred to the women of New Orleans as "sluts" on a local morning sports talk show. This caused wide controversy among the women of New Orleans and McMahon began receiving calls from irate fans in his hotel. A groggy McMahon, who had not been able to sleep well because of all the calls he had gotten, was confronted by Mike Ditka later that morning and denied making the statement, saying he would not have even been awake to make the comment when he was said to have done so. He was supported in his claim by WLS reporter Les Grobstein, who was present when the alleged statements were made.[9] WDSU would later retract the statement, have an on-air apology read by the station's general manager during the noon newscast on January 23; and suspended Diliberto for a time.[10]

The NBC telecast of the game, with play-by-play announcer Dick Enberg and color commentators Merlin Olsen and Bob Griese (who was not in the booth with Enberg and Olsen),[11] garnered the third highest Nielsen rating of any Super Bowl to date, a 48.3 but it ended up being the first Super Bowl to garner over 90 million viewers the highest to date up to that point. While Dick Enberg, Merlin Olsen and Bob Griese called the game, Bob Costas and his NFL '85 castmates,

This was the first year the NFL implemented pregame entertainment. The pregame entertainment show began after the players left the field and ended with kick-off. Lesslee Fitzmorris created and directed the show. To celebrate the 20th Super Bowl game, the Most Valuable Players of the previous Super Bowls were featured during the pregame festivities. The number one song of the year coupled with video plays from each Super Bowl accompanied the presentation of each player. Performers formed the score of each championship game. The show concluded with the question of who would be the next Super Bowl Champions. This would start a tradition occurring every ten years (in Super Bowls XXX, XL and 50) in which past Super Bowl MVPs would be honored before the game.

After trumpeter Wynton Marsalis performed the national anthem, Bart Starr, MVP of Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, tossed the coin.

The performance event group Up with People performed during the halftime show titled "Beat of the Future". Up with People dancers portrayed various scenes into the future. This was the last Super Bowl to feature Up with People as a halftime show, though they later performed in the Super Bowl XXV pregame show. The halftime show was dedicated to the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (the first observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day had been held the previous Monday).

The Last Precinct debuted on NBC after the game.

Super Bowl XX was simulcast in Canada on CTV and also broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Super Bowl XX is featured on NFL's Greatest Games under the title Super Bears with narration by Don LaFontaine.

The national radio broadcast was aired by NBC Radio, which outbid CBS Radio for the nationwide NFL contract in March 1985. Don Criqui was the play-by-play announcer, with Bob Trumpy as the color anlayst. WGN-AM carried the game in the Chicago area (and thanks to WGN's 50,000-watt clear-channel signal, to much of the continental United States), with Wayne Larrivee on play-by-play, and Jim Hart and Dick Butkus providing commentary. WEEI carried the game in the Boston area, with John Carlson and Jon Morris on the call.

The suburban Village of Frankfort has hosted an annual "Super Bowl Sunday" golf outing for over 30 years starting on the morning of Super Bowl XX. The tradition began when two neighbors Alan Heath and Bill Holley broke onto the local golf course to ease their nerves before the game. The first outing lasted 14 holes in the snow with temperatures hovering around 9 degrees.

In the aftermath of the Bear's Super Bowl victory the two made a pact that they would return to the golf course every year until the Bears repeated as Super Bowl Champions. With the dominance of the 1985 Bears squad the pair didn't think they would be starting a local tradition still going strong 30 years later.

The outing has taken place every year in all types of weather and will continue every year until the Bears repeat as Champions. Depending on the weather, the attendance hovers between 2 & 20 people each year.[12]

The Patriots took the then-quickest lead in Super Bowl history after linebacker Larry McGrew recovered a fumble from Walter Payton at the Chicago 19-yard line on the second play of the game[11] (the Bears themselves would break this record in Super Bowl XLI when Devin Hester ran back the opening kickoff for a touchdown).[13] Bears quarterback Jim McMahon took responsibility for this fumble after the game, saying he had called the wrong play. This set up Tony Franklin's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter after three incomplete passes by Tony Eason (the first of which starting tight end Lin Dawson went down with torn ligaments in his knee). "I looked up at the message board", said Chicago linebacker Mike Singletary, "and it said that 15 of the 19 teams that scored first won the game. I thought, yeah, but none of those 15 had ever played the Bears."[14] Chicago struck back with a 7-play, 59-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard pass completion from McMahon to wide receiver Willie Gault, to set up a field goal from Kevin Butler, tying the score at 3â€“3.

After both teams traded punts, Richard Dent and linebacker Wilber Marshall shared a sack on Eason, forcing a fumble that lineman Dan Hampton recovered on the Patriots 13-yard line. Chicago then drove to the 3-yard line, but had to settle for another field goal from Butler after rookie defensive lineman William "The Refrigerator" Perry was tackled (and technically sacked) for a 1-yard loss while trying to throw his first NFL pass on a halfback option play. On the Patriots' ensuing drive, Dent forced running back Craig James to fumble, which was recovered by Singletary at the 13-yard line. Two plays later, Bears fullback Matt Suhey scored on an 11-yard touchdown run to increase the lead to 13â€“3.

New England took the ensuing kickoff and ran one play before the first quarter ended, which resulted in positive yardage for the first time in the game (a 3-yard run by James).

After an incomplete pass and a 4-yard loss, the Patriots had to send in punter Rich Camarillo again, and receiver Keith Ortego returned the ball 12 yards to the 41-yard line. The Bears subsequently drove 59 yards in 10 plays, featuring a 24-yard reception by Suhey, to score on McMahon's 2-yard touchdown run to increase their lead, 20â€“3. After the ensuing kickoff, New England lost 13 yards in 3 plays and had to punt again, but got the ball back with great field position when defensive back Raymond Clayborn recovered a fumble from Suhey at their own 46-yard line. On the punt, Ortego forgot what the play call was for the punt return, and the ensuing chaos resulted in him being penalized for running after a fair catch and teammate Leslie Frazier suffering a knee injury, which ended his career.

Patriots head coach Raymond Berry then replaced Eason with Steve Grogan, who had spent the previous week hoping he would have the opportunity to step onto the NFL's biggest stage. "I probably won't get a chance", he had told reporters a few days before the game. "I just hope I can figure out some way to get on the field. I could come in on the punt-block team and stand behind the line and wave my arms, or something."[14] But on his first drive, Grogan could only lead them to the 37-yard line, and they decided to punt rather than risk a 55-yard field goal attempt. The Bears then marched 72 yards in 11 plays, moving the ball inside the Patriots' 10-yard line. New England kept them out of the end zone, but Butler kicked his third field goal on the last play of the half to give Chicago a 23â€“3 halftime lead.

The end of the first half was controversial. With 21 seconds left, McMahon scrambled to the Patriots' 3-yard line and was stopped inbounds. With the clock ticking down, players from both teams were fighting, and the Bears were forced to snap the ball before the officials formally put it back into play, allowing McMahon to throw the ball out of bounds and stop the clock with three seconds left. The Bears were penalized five yards for delay of game, but according to NFL rules, 10 seconds should have also been run off the clock during such a deliberate clock-stopping attempt in the final two minutes of a half. In addition, a flag should have been thrown for fighting (also according to NFL rules).[15] This would have likely resulted in offsetting penalties, which would still allow for a field goal attempt. Meanwhile, the non-call on the illegal snap was promptly acknowledged by the officials and reported by NBC sportscasters during halftime, but the resulting three points were not taken away from the Bears (because of this instance, the NFL instructed officials to strictly enforce the 10-second run-off rule at the start of the 1986 season).[citation needed]

The Bears had dominated New England in the first half, holding them to 21 offensive plays (only four of which resulted in positive yardage), âˆ’19 total offensive yards, two pass completions, one first down, and 3 points. While Eason was in the game, the totals were six possessions, one play of positive yardage out of 15 plays, no first downs, 3 points, 3 punts, 2 turnovers, no pass completions, and -36 yards of total offense.[16] Meanwhile, Chicago gained 236 yards and scored 23 points themselves.

After the Patriots received the second-half kickoff, they managed to get one first down, but then had to punt after Grogan was sacked twice. Camarillo, who punted four times in the first half, managed to pin the Bears back at their own 4-yard line with a then-Super Bowl record 62-yard punt. But the Patriots' defense still had no ability to stop Chicago's offense. On their very first play, McMahon faked a handoff to Payton, then threw a 60-yard completion to Gault. Eight plays later, McMahon finished the Super Bowl-record 96-yard drive with a 1-yard touchdown run to increase the Bears' lead to 30–3. On New England's second drive of the quarter, Chicago cornerback Reggie Phillips (who replaced Frazier) intercepted a pass from Grogan and returned it 28 yards for a touchdown to increase the lead to 37–3.[11]

On the second play of their ensuing possession, the Patriots turned the ball over again, when receiver Cedric Jones lost a fumble after catching a 19-yard pass from Grogan, and Wilber Marshall returned the fumble 13 yards to New England's 37-yard line. A few plays later, McMahon's 27-yard completion to receiver Dennis Gentry moved the ball to the 1-yard line, setting up perhaps the most memorable moment of the game. William "The Refrigerator" Perry was brought on to score on offense, as he had done twice in the regular season. His touchdown (while running over Patriots linebacker Larry McGrew in the process) made the score 44â€“3. The Bears' 21 points in the third quarter is still a record for the most points scored in that period.

Perry's surprise touchdown cost Las Vegas sports books hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses from prop bets.[17]

The Patriots finally scored a touchdown early in the fourth quarter, advancing the ball 76 yards in 12 plays and scoring on an 8-yard fourth-down pass from Grogan to receiver Irving Fryar. But the Bears' defense dominated New England for the rest of the game, forcing another fumble, another interception, and defensive lineman Henry Waechter's sack on Grogan in the end zone for a safety to make the final score 46â€“10.[11]

One oddity in the Bears' victory was that Walter Payton had a relatively poor performance running the ball and never scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX, his only Super Bowl appearance during his Hall of Fame career. Many people including Mike Ditka have claimed that the reason for this was due to the fact that the Patriots' defensive scheme was centered on stopping Payton.[18] Although Payton was ultimately the Bears' leading rusher during the game, the Patriots' defense held him to only 61 yards on 22 carries, with his longest run being only 7 yards. He was given several opportunities to score near the goal line, but New England stopped him every time before he reached the end zone (such as his 2-yard loss from the New England 3-yard line a few plays before Butler's second field goal, and his 2-yard run from the 4-yard line right before McMahon's first rushing touchdown). Thus, Chicago head coach Mike Ditka opted to go for other plays to counter the Patriots' defense. Ditka has since stated that his biggest regret of his career was not creating a scoring opportunity for Payton during the game.[citation needed]

McMahon, who completed 12 out of 20 passes for 256 yards, became the first quarterback in a Super Bowl to score 2 rushing touchdowns.[citation needed] Bears receiver Willie Gault finished the game with 129 receiving yards on just 4 receptions, an average of 32.3 yards per catch. He also returned 4 kickoffs for 49 yards. Suhey had 11 carries for 52 yards and a touchdown, and caught a pass for 24 yards. Singletary tied a Super Bowl record with 2 fumble recoveries.

Eason became the first Super Bowl starting quarterback to fail to complete a pass,[citation needed] going 0 for 6 attempts. Grogan completed 17 out of 30 passes for 177 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions. Although fullback Tony Collins was the Patriots' leading rusher, he was limited to just 4 yards on 3 carries, and caught 2 passes for 19 yards. New England receiver Stephen Starring returned 7 kickoffs for 153 yards and caught 2 passes for 39 yards. The Patriots, as a team, only recorded 123 total offensive yards, the second-lowest total in Super Bowl history.[citation needed]

at Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XX, USA Today Super Bowl XX Play by Play, Super Bowl XX Play Finder Chi, Super Bowl XX Play Finder NE

1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted

The following records were set in Super Bowl XX, according to the official NFL.com boxscore[20] and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary.[21]

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