who got married the first season of bachelor in paradise

Marcus and Lacy were wed by Chris Harrison on the season premiere of season 2 of Bachelor in Paradise.[10] However, in July 2016 Marcus admitted that the two were never legally married and have since broken up.[11]

Bachelor in Paradise (season 1)

The first season of Bachelor in Paradise premiered on August 4, 2014, a week after season ten of The Bachelorette, with the season finale airing on September 8, 2014. Chris Harrison reprised his role from The Bachelor and The Bachelorette as the host of the show.

In March 2013, ABC canceled Bachelor Pad after three seasons. ABC then announced a new spin-off series, Bachelor In Paradise. The season was filmed in Tulum, Mexico.[1][2]

The first batch of contestants were revealed on June 4, 2014, but only 14 contestants were confirmed. On July 14, 2014, an additional 11 contestants were revealed, resulting in 25 contestants.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Airdate: August 4, 2014

Arrival Order: Clare, Marcus, Sarah, Marquel, Daniella, Graham, Lacy, Ben, Michelle K., Robert, Dylan, Elise and AshLee.

Chris Harrison asked everyone if they were single and Michelle K. said "maybe". Throughout the first day, Lacy went into the ocean with Robert and Marcus in an 8-hour span. She went into the ocean while Marcus went in there by himself feeling rejected over bachelorette Andi Dorfman.

Clare's date: Clare initially wanted to take Graham on the date, but AshLee "claimed" Graham at the start, which made Clare go on a date with Robert. Clare and Robert went to the ruins; while climbing the ruins, Robert got attacked by fire ants.

Sarah's date: Sarah took Marcus on a date and went cliff diving. During the date, Michelle Money joined the cast in Mexico.

Michelle M.'s date: Michelle M. arrived with a date card and took Marquel, they went horseback riding on a beach in Playa del Carmen.

Lacy's date: Lacy took Robert on a date and they had dinner on a beach.

Rose ceremony: The rose ceremony came after a cocktail party. Before the first rose was handed out Michelle K. stepped out and left because she never had any feelings for a guy. In order Marquel gave his rose to Michelle M., Graham gave his rose to AshLee, Dylan gave his rose to Elise, Marcus gave his rose to Lacy which upset Robert who then gave his rose to Clare, Ben had the final rose which he gave to Sarah over Daniella eliminating her.

Airdate: August 11, 2014

Chris's Date: Chris showed up with a date card and he took Clare to Papaya Playa on a trip to a spa. During the date Dylan tells Elise to talk to other men in paradise.

Marcus's Date: Marcus took Lacy on a date and they had dinner in Zcaret. During the date Elise did what Dylan requested which was hooking up with Chris in the ocean, they had a conversation about this the next day and Dylan told Elise if she offered him a rose, he would reject it.

Zack's Date: Zack showed up with a date card and took Clare to the city to explore, then went swimming in the ocean.

Dylan's Date: Dylan took Sarah on a date and had dinner.

Before the Rose Ceremony, Marcus and Marquel confronted Ben upon finding a love letter in his backpack from a girl back home. Ben admitted to being in love with her, upsetting everyone especially Michelle, and decided to go home.

Rose Ceremony Lacy gives her rose to Marcus, Ashlee gives hers to Graham, Clare to Zack, Michelle to Marquel, Elise gives hers to Dylan but he declines, so she gives it to Chris instead, Sarah gives her rose to Robert over Dylan, eliminating him.

Airdate: August 18, 2014

Elise's Date: Elise asked Chris out. Before the date began, Chris sprained his knee. He decided to go through with the date, despite being in great pain. Immediately after the date he went to the hospital for treatment.

Danielle: Danielle showed up at the bachelor house with a date. She asked Marquel to go on the date and they went swimming.

At the house, Michelle and Clare decided to take Zack and Robert on a mini double date. Sarah was pretty upset about this.

Jackie: Jackie showed up with a date card. She decided to take Marquel as well for his second date this week. Danielle and Michelle were a little upset about this. They went the Campeche Mexico and explored. They shared a kiss after Marquel and Jackie both said they don't usually kiss on the first date.

Sarah and the others expressed their concern to Elise about being careful with Chris and not getting too serious too fast.

AshLee: Ashlee asked Graham to go on her date with her. They went to dinner. AshLee started talking about living together and Graham asked her to not put pressure on forever anymore. They got a card from Chris Harrison with two room keys. Graham wanted to use both rooms, but Ashlee wanted to share a room. They ended up using both rooms.

Rose Ceremony: Graham gave his rose to Ashlee. Zack gave his rose to Clare. Marcus gave his rose to Lacy. Marquel gave his rose to Jackie. Robert gave his rose to Sarah. Chris asked Elise to come forward. He told Elise that he could not give her the rose, because he had decided to leave the show due to his knee injury. Instead, he asked Elise to leave along with him so they could continue to pursue their relationship back home, and she accepted. Chris decided to give his rose to Michelle so she could continue her journey of true love. Danielle was eliminated.

Airdate: August 25, 2014

Robert: Robert gets the first date and decides to take Sarah. They go sailing and swimming in the ocean.

Cody's Date Card: Cody arrived with a date card. He asks Clare, but she decided to pass on the date because of Zack. Cody then decided to pass it to his friend Marcus, so he could have more time to get to know the people in the house. Many of the women thought that was a very nice gesture. Marcus takes Lacy.

Kalon's Date: Kalon arrived with a date card. He asked Michelle and she accepted, but then she cancelled on him. He asked a few other girls, but none of the women would go out with him (recalling how badly he had upset Emily Maynard in The Bachelorette (season 8). Feeling certain that he would be eliminated later at the Rose Ceremony, he decided to go by himself and enjoy it rather than pass the card, creating the show's first "one on none" date.

Jesse: Jesse shows up with a date card and he invites Jackie to go out with him. She accepts and Marquel is kind of upset. They go to an ancient Mayan Cave. The date is a little awkward at first, but gets better toward the end. Andrew Ripp performs.

Before the Rose Ceremony, AshLee said disrespectful things about Clare to Zack and her remarks were caught on camera. Word got back to Clare and she confronted AshLee about it. Michelle informed Graham about the situation right before the Rose Ceremony began. Graham started to have second thoughts about AshLee.

Rose Ceremony: Lacy gives her rose to Marcus. Clare gives her rose to Zack. AshLee asked Graham to come forward. At that point Graham turned and left the room. Michelle followed after him. AshLee continued to stand in the Rose Ceremony room and did not follow Graham. After seeing a medic, Graham returned and accepted the rose from AshLee. Then Lacy became ill and departed in an ambulance, accompanied by Marcus. The rose ceremony continued. Michelle gave her rose to Cody. Sarah gave her rose to Robert. Jackie gave her rose to Jesse. Kalon and Marquel were eliminated at the Rose Ceremony.

Airdate: August 26, 2014

Christy: Christy shows up with a date card and asks Zack to go with her, but he turns her down. Christy then asks Jesse to join her on the date. They go shopping in Mexico.

Lacy and Marcus return from the hospital.

Sarah: Sarah got a date card and asked Robert to join her. They go out to dinner and go swimming. They share a kiss.

Clare was still upset about the disrespectful comments from AshLee. She came to Zack to let him know that she had decided to quit.

Lucy's Date: Lucy arrived with a date card. She asked Jesse out and they went to some ruins.

Michelle's Date: Michelle asked Cody out and they had their 'engagement' photos taken on the beach, even though it was their first date.

AshLee's Date: She asked Graham out and they drove sports cars on a road course.

Christy began to feel insecure about her status with Jesse. She spoke to him and was reassured. They started to make out in private and were joined by Lucy.

Rose Ceremony: Sarah accepts Robert's rose. AshLee accepts Graham's rose. Cody gives his rose to Michelle. Lacy accepted Marcus' rose with a very long kiss. Zack gives his rose to Jackie. Jesse chose Christy over Lucy, so Lucy was eliminated.

Airdate: September 1, 2014

Marcus's Date: Marcus took Lacy on a date exploring in a cave. Lacy told Marcus she was falling in love with him.

Brooks' Date: Sarah was hoping that Brooks would ask her out, and Brooks wanted to do it, but Robert informed Brooks that he and Sarah were a couple and Brooks should pick someone else. Brooks asked Jackie out.

Tasos's Date: Tasos arrived with a date card. Tasos pulled Michelle aside first and told him he should take Christy. Tasos told her how great of a guy Cody was. Tasos asked Christy on the date and Jesse wasn't happy because he doesn't want to leave Paradise. On the date, Tasos and Christy go swimming in a lazy river.

Zack's Date: Zack asked Jackie on the date, and Brooks wasn't too thrilled. AshLee was also upset it wasn't Graham who got the date card. Zack and Jackie went swimming in a cave. They kissed.

Before the Rose Ceremony, Jesse had a talk with Christy and realized that he would not be getting a rose from her. He decided to quit at that point rather than be eliminated later. Before he could depart, Christy came to the car and told him all of the reasons that she was angry with him. Jesse didn't seem concerned by this, saying later that he had fun and he knew there would be lots of emails and party invitations waiting for him when he got home.

Rose Ceremony: Lacy gave her rose to Marcus. AshLee gave her rose to Graham. Sarah gave her rose to Robert. Michelle gave her rose to Cody. Christy to Tasos. Jackie gave her rose to Zack. Brooks was eliminated. Then Chris Harrison announced that there would be no more newcomers; the final episode would be a test of their new relationships.

Airdate: September 8, 2014

Chris Harrison asked each of the couples to have a serious talk with each other and decide whether to continue or go home. AshLee and Graham decided to split up after some prompting by Michelle. Zack, Jackie, Tasos and Christy all decided to break up. That left three couples: Sarah and Robert, Michelle and Cody, and Lacy and Marcus.

The three couples went on romantic overnight dates in fantasy suites. Lacy and Marcus and Michelle and Cody came back convinced that they should remain as couples. However, Sarah complained that there was little intimacy on their date. She confronted Robert about this and he just apologized and left with no explanation.

The two remaining couples were joined by three couples (Jason/Molly Mesnick, Sean/Catherine Lowe and Desiree Hartsock/Chris Seigfried) who had found love on the show in the past. They agreed that the two remaining couples had a good chance of making it work.

Rose Ceremony: Michelle and Cody exchanged roses and left as a couple. Marcus proposed to Lacy and she accepted.

In the epilogue, it was revealed that Chris and Elise broke up after less than two weeks. Michelle and Cody were still in a relationship at the time. Clare was still in Sacramento searching for her soulmate.

In December 2014, Michelle and Cody announced that they decided to end their relationship, and got back together in June 2015, but later broke up again. In 2016 they appeared on Marriage Boot Camp, where they broke up again.

Clare returned to Paradise for season 2. She was eliminated in week 3.


the study of kinesics refers to perception and use of personal and interpersonal space

Edward T. Hall, the cultural anthropologist who coined the term in 1963, defined proxemics as "the interrelated observations and theories of humans use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture".[3] In his foundational work on proxemics, The Hidden Dimension, Hall emphasized the impact of proxemic behavior (the use of space) on interpersonal communication. According to Hall, the study of proxemics is valuable in evaluating not only the way people interact with others in daily life, but also "the organization of space in [their] houses and buildings, and ultimately the layout of [their] towns".[4] Proxemics remains a hidden component of interpersonal communication that is uncovered through observation and strongly influenced by culture.

Proxemics

Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction.[1]

Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of nonverbal communication, including haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time).[2]

Hall described the interpersonal distances of man (the relative distances between people) in four distinct zones: (1) intimate space, (2) personal space, (3) social space, and (4) public space.

The distance surrounding a person forms a space. The space within intimate distance and personal distance is called personal space. The space within social distance and out of personal distance is called social space. And the space within public distance is called public space.

Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their personal space is encroached.[5] Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering somebody else's personal space are indicators of perception of those people's relationship. An intimate zone is reserved for close friends, lovers, children and close family members. Another zone is used for conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions. A further zone is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances. A fourth zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences.[6]

Entering somebody's personal space is normally an indication of familiarity and sometimes intimacy. However, in modern society, especially in crowded urban communities, it can be difficult to maintain personal space, for example when in a crowded train, elevator or street. Many people find such physical proximity to be psychologically disturbing and uncomfortable,[5] though it is accepted as a fact of modern life. In an impersonal, crowded situation, eye contact tends to be avoided. Even in a crowded place, preserving personal space is important, and intimate and sexual contact, such as frotteurism and groping, is unacceptable physical contact.

The amygdala is suspected of processing people's strong reactions to personal space violations since these are absent in those in which it is damaged and it is activated when people are physically close.[7] Research links the amygdala with emotional reactions to proximity to other people. First, it is activated by such proximity, and second, in those with complete bilateral damage to their amygdala, such as patient S.M., lack a sense of personal space boundary.[7] As the researchers have noted: "Our findings suggest that the amygdala may mediate the repulsive force that helps to maintain a minimum distance between people. Further, our findings are consistent with those in monkeys with bilateral amygdala lesions, who stay within closer proximity to other monkeys or people, an effect we suggest arises from the absence of strong emotional responses to personal space violation."[7]

A person's personal space is carried with them everywhere they go. It is the most inviolate form of territory.[8] Body spacing and posture, according to Hall, are unintentional reactions to sensory fluctuations or shifts, such as subtle changes in the sound and pitch of a person's voice. Social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance, as are intimate and personal distance, according to the delineations below. Hall did not mean for these measurements to be strict guidelines that translate precisely to human behavior, but rather a system for gauging the effect of distance on communication and how the effect varies between cultures and other environmental factors.

The distances mentioned above are horizontal distance. There is also vertical distance that communicates something between people. In this case, however, vertical distance is often understood to convey the degree of dominance or sub-ordinance in a relationship. Looking up at or down on another person can be taken literally in many cases, with the higher person asserting greater status.[9]

Teachers, and especially those who work with small children, should realize that students will interact more comfortably with a teacher when they are in same vertical plane. Used in this way, an understanding of vertical distance can become a tool for improved teacher-student communication. On the other hand, a disciplinarian might put this information to use in order to gain psychological advantage over an unruly student.[9]

Hall used biometric concepts to categorize, explain, and explore the ways people connect in space. These variations in positioning are impacted by a variety of nonverbal communicative factors, listed below.

Whereas Hall's work uses human interactions to demonstrate spatial variation in proxemics, the field of neuropsychology describes personal space in terms of the kinds of "nearness" to an individual body.

Previc[11] further subdivides extrapersonal space into focal-extrapersonal space, action-extrapersonal space, and ambient-extrapersonal space. Focal-extrapersonal space is located in the lateral temporo-frontal pathways at the center of our vision, is retinotopically centered and tied to the position of our eyes, and is involved in object search and recognition. Action-extrapersonal-space is located in the medial temporo-frontal pathways, spans the entire space, and is head-centered and involved in orientation and locomotion in topographical space. Action-extrapersonal space provides the "presence" of our world. Ambient-extrapersonal space initially courses through the peripheral parieto-occipital visual pathways before joining up with vestibular and other body senses to control posture and orientation in earth-fixed/gravitational space. Numerous studies involving peripersonal and extrapersonal neglect have shown that peripersonal space is located dorsally in the parietal lobe whereas extrapersonal space is housed ventrally in the temporal lobe.

While personal space describes the immediate space surrounding a person, territory refers to the area which a person may "lay claim to" and defend against others.[2] There are four forms of human territory in proxemic theory. They are:

These different levels of territory, in addition to factors involving personal space, suggest ways for us to communicate and produce expectations of appropriate behavior.[12]

In addition to spatial territories, the interpersonal territories between conversants can be determined by "socio-petal socio-fugal axis",[13] or the "angle formed by the axis of the conversants' shoulders".[2] Hall has also studied combinations of postures between dyads (two people) including lying prone, sitting, or standing.

Personal space is highly variable, due to cultural differences and personal preferences. On average, preferences vary significantly between countries. A 2017 study[14] found that personal space preferences with respect to strangers ranged between more than 120 cm in Romania, Hungary and Saudi Arabia, and less than 90 cm in Argentina, Peru, Ukraine and Bulgaria.

The cultural practices of the United States show considerable similarities to those in northern and central European regions, such as Germany, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom. Greeting rituals tend to be the same in Europe and in the United States, consisting of minimal body contact—often confined to a simple handshake. The main cultural difference in proxemics is that residents of the United States like to keep more open space between themselves and their conversation partners (roughly 4 feet (1.2 m) compared to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) in Europe).[15] European cultural history has seen a change in personal space since Roman times, along with the boundaries of public and private space. This topic has been explored in A History of Private Life (2001), under the general editorship of Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby.[16] On the other hand, those living in densely populated places likely have lower expectations of personal space. Residents of India or Japan tend to have a smaller personal space than those in the Mongolian steppe, both in regard to home and individual spaces. Different expectations of personal space can lead to difficulties in intercultural communication.[5]

Hall notes that different culture types maintain different standards of personal space. The Francavilla Model of Cultural Types,[17] also known as The Lewis Model, lists the variations in personal interactive qualities, indicating three poles:[18]

Realizing and recognizing these cultural differences improves cross-cultural understanding, and helps eliminate discomfort people may feel if the interpersonal distance is too large ("stand-offish") or too small (intrusive).

People make exceptions to and modify their space requirements. A number of relationships may allow for personal space to be modified, including familial ties, romantic partners, friendships and close acquaintances, where there is a greater degree of trust and personal knowledge. Personal space is affected by a person's position in society, with more affluent individuals expecting a larger personal space.[19] Personal space also varies by gender and age. Males typically use more personal space than females, and personal space has a positive relation to age (people use more as they get older). Most people have a fully developed (adult) sense of personal space by age twelve.[20]

Under circumstances where normal space requirements cannot be met, such as in public transit or elevators, personal space requirements are modified accordingly. According to the psychologist Robert Sommer, one method of dealing with violated personal space is dehumanization. He argues that on the subway, crowded people often imagine those intruding on their personal space as inanimate. Behavior is another method: a person attempting to talk to someone can often cause situations where one person steps forward to enter what they perceive as a conversational distance, and the person they are talking to can step back to restore their personal space.[19]

Implementing appropriate proxemic cues has been shown to improve success in monitored behavioral situations like psychotherapy by increasing patient trust for the therapist (see active listening).[21] Instructional situations have likewise seen increased success in student performance by lessening the actual or perceived distance between the student and the educator (perceived distance is manipulated in the case of instructional videoconferencing, using technological tricks such as angling the frame and adjusting the zoom).[22] Studies have shown that proxemic behavior is also affected when dealing with stigmatized minorities within a population. For example, those who do not have experience dealing with disabled persons tend to create more distance during encounters because they are uncomfortable. Others may judge that the disabled person needs to have an increase of touch, volume, or proximity.[23]

The theory of proxemics is often considered in relation to the impact of technology on human relationships. While physical proximity cannot be achieved when people are connected virtually, perceived proximity can be attempted, and several studies have shown that it is a crucial indicator in the effectiveness of virtual communication technologies.[24][25][26][27] These studies suggest that various individual and situational factors influence how close we feel to another person, regardless of distance. The mere-exposure effect originally referred to the tendency of a person to positively favor those who they have been physically exposed to most often.[28] However, recent research has extended this effect to virtual communication. This work suggests that the more someone communicates virtually with another person, the more he is able to envision that person's appearance and workspace, therefore fostering a sense of personal connection.[24] Increased communication has also been seen to foster common ground, or the feeling of identification with another, which leads to positive attributions about that person. Some studies emphasize the importance of shared physical territory in achieving common ground,[29] while others find that common ground can be achieved virtually, by communicating often.[24]

Much research in the fields of communication, psychology, and sociology, especially under the category of organizational behavior, has shown that physical proximity enhances peoples' ability to work together. Face-to-face interaction is often used as a tool to maintain the culture, authority, and norms of an organization or workplace.[30][31] An extensive body of research has been written about how proximity is affected by the use of new communication technologies. The importance of physical proximity in co-workers is often emphasized.

Part of Facebook's earning comes from on site advertising. During these years, Facebook has offered companies the ability to post and present content in a timeline format on their free brand or business page. By doing so, companies can deliver a more comprehensive promotional message and increase audience engagement. If a user "likes" a brand page, corporate content posted on the brand page will appear in the user's news feed. Many users felt angry about the overly implanted ads that showed up in their Facebook timeline.[32]

Users that consider Facebook advertising "annoying" and "intrusive" may do so because companies are invading their social domain (territory) with targeted, paid-for, corporate communications. Those that "hate" receiving targeted messages on their social media profiles could be experiencing frustration.[33] It is likely that these users are devoting effort to the creation and maintenance of boundaries around their social role, only to have advertisers break through these boundaries with promotional content.

Proxemics is an essential component of cinematic mise-en-scène, the placement of characters, props and scenery within a frame, creating visual weight and movement.[34] There are two aspects to the consideration of proxemics in this context, the first being character proxemics, which addresses such questions as: How much space is there between the characters? What is suggested by characters who are close to (or, conversely, far away from) each other? Do distances change as the film progresses? and, Do distances depend on the film's other content?[35] The other consideration is camera proxemics, which answers the single question: How far away is the camera from the characters/action?[36] Analysis of camera proxemics typically relates Hall's system of proxemic patterns to the camera angle used to create a specific shot, with the long shot or extreme long shot becoming the public proxemic, a full shot (sometimes called a figure shot, complete view, or medium long shot) becoming the social proxemic, the medium shot becoming the personal proxemic, and the close up or extreme close up becoming the intimate proxemic.[37]

A long shotâ€”the public proxemic

A full shotâ€”the social proxemic

A medium shotâ€”the personal proxemic

A close-upâ€”the intimate proxemic

Film analyst Louis Giannetti has maintained that, in general, the greater the distance between the camera and the subject (in other words, the public proxemic), the more emotionally neutral the audience remains, whereas the closer the camera is to a character, the greater the audience's emotional attachment to that character.[38] Or, as actor/director Charlie Chaplin put it: "Life is a tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in long shot."[39]

Cyberbullying is a communication phenomenon in which a bully utilizes electronic media in order to harass peers. Adolescents favor CMC [clarification needed] forms of bullying over more direct face-to-face interactions because it takes advantage of social norms for displaying female aggression.[40] Online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school: Both behaviors include harassment, humiliation, teasing and aggression. Cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of day or night.[41]

The main factor that encourages cyber bullying is the fact that a cyber bully can hide behind the shield of online anonymity. In other words, social media magnifies the face-to-face social space into a virtual space where a cyber bully can say anything about the victims without the pressure of facing them.

Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, and Loomis conducted an experiment in 2001, testing Argyle and Dean's (1965) equilibrium theory's speculation of an inverse relationship between mutual gaze, a nonverbal cue signaling intimacy, and interpersonal distance. Participants were immersed in a 3D virtual room in which a virtual human representation (that is, an embodied agent) stood.[42] The focus of this study is on the subtle nonverbal exchanges that occur between a person and an embodied agent. Participants in the study clearly did not treat the agent as a mere animation. On the contrary, the results suggest that, in virtual environments, people were influenced by the 3D model and respected personal space of the humanoid representation. The result of the experiment also indicated that women are more affected by the gaze behaviors of the agent and adjust their personal space more accordingly than do men. However, men do subjectively assign gaze behavior to the agent, and their proxemic behavior reflects this perception. Furthermore, both men and women demonstrate less variance in their proxemic behavior when the agent displays mutual gaze behavior than when the agent does not.

Other researchers have established that proxemics can be a valuable tool for measuring the behavioral realism of an agent or an avatar. People tend to perceive nonverbal gestures on an implicit level, and degree of personal space appears to be an accurate way to measure people's perception of social presence and realism in virtual environments. Nick Yee in his PhD thesis at Stanford discovered that real world proxemic distances also were applied in the virtual world of Second Life[43] Other studies demonstrate that implicit behavioral measures such as body posture can be a reliable measure of the user's sense of presence in virtual environments. Similarly, personal space may be a more reliable measure of social presence than a typical ratings survey in immersive virtual environments.


who established game management as a profession in the united states

The profession of wildlife management was established in the United States in the 1920s and '30s by Aldo Leopold and others who sought to transcend the purely restrictive policies of the previous generation of conservationists, such as anti-hunting activist William T. Hornaday. Leopold and his close associate Herbert Stoddard, who had both been trained in scientific forestry, argued that modern science and technology could be used to restore and improve wildlife habitat and thus produce abundant "crops" of ducks, deer, and other valued wild animals.

Wildlife management

Wildlife management attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people using the best available science. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control. Wildlife management draws on disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.[1]

Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss in the Earth's biodiversity[2][3] by taking into consideration ecological principles such as carrying capacity, disturbance and succession and environmental conditions such as physical geography, pedology and hydrology with the aim of balancing the needs of wildlife with the needs of people.[4][5][6][7] Most wildlife biologists are concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats although rewilding is increasingly being used. Techniques can include reforestation, pest control, nitrification and denitrification, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying.

Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the well being of game and may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his 1933 book Game Management, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use".

Pest control is the control of real or perceived pests and can be used for the benefit of wildlife, farmers, game keepers or safety reasons. In the United States, wildlife management practices are often implemented by a governmental agency to uphold a law, such as the Endangered Species Act.

In the United Kingdom, wildlife management undertaken by several organizations including government bodies such as the Forestry Commission, Charities such as the RSPB and The Wildlife Trusts and privately hired gamekeepers and contractors. Legislation has also been passed to protect wildlife such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The UK government also give farmers subsidies through the Countryside Stewardship Scheme to improve the conservation value of their farms.

The history of wildlife management begins with the game laws, which regulated the right to kill certain kinds of fish and wild animal (game). In Britain game laws developed out of the forest laws, which in the time of the Norman kings were very oppressive. Under William the Conqueror, it was as great a crime to kill one of the king's deer as to kill one of his subjects. A certain rank and standing, or the possession of a certain amount of property, were for a long time qualifications indispensably necessary to confer upon any one the right of pursuing and killing game.

The Game Act of 1831 protected game birds by establishing close seasons when they could not be legally taken. The act made it lawful to take game only with the provision of a game licence and provided for the appointment of gamekeepers around the country. The purposes of the law was to balance the needs for preservation and harvest and to manage both environment and populations of fish and game.[8]

Early game laws were also enacted in the US; - in 1839 Rhode Island closed the hunting season for white-tailed deer from May to November.[9] Other regulations during this time focused primarily on restricting hunting. At this time, lawmakers did not consider population sizes or the need for preservation or restoration of wildlife habitats.[9]

The late 19th century saw the passage of the first pieces of wildlife conservation legislation and the establishment of the first nature conservation societies. The Sea Birds Preservation Act of 1869 was passed in Britain as the first nature protection law in the world[10] after extensive lobbying from the Association for the Protection of Seabirds.[11]

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds was founded as the Plumage League in 1889 by Emily Williamson at her house in Manchester[12] as a protest group campaigning against the use of great crested grebe and kittiwake skins and feathers in fur clothing. The group gained popularity and eventually amalgamated with the Fur and Feather League in Croydon to form the RSPB.[13] The Society attracted growing support from the suburban middle-classes as well as support from many other influential figures, such as the ornithologist Professor Alfred Newton.[12]

The National Trust formed in 1895 with the manifesto to "...promote the permanent preservation, for the benefit of the nation, of lands,...to preserve (so far practicable) their natural aspect." On 1 May 1899, the Trust purchased two acres of Wicken Fen with a donation from the amateur naturalist Charles Rothschild, establishing the first nature reserve in Britain.[14] Rothschild was a pioneer of wildlife conservation in Britain, and went on to establish many other nature reserves, such as one at Woodwalton Fen, near Huntingdon, in 1910.[15] During his lifetime he built and managed his estate at Ashton Wold[16] in Northamptonshire to maximise its suitability for wildlife, especially butterflies. Concerned about the loss of wildlife habitats, in 1912 he set up the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, the forerunner of The Wildlife Trusts partnership.

During the society's early years, membership tended to be made up of specialist naturalists and its growth was comparatively slow. The first independent Trust was formed in Norfolk in 1926 as the Norfolk Naturalists Trust, followed in 1938 by the Pembrokeshire Bird Protection Society which after several subsequent changes of name is now the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales and it was not until the 1940s and 1950s that more Naturalists' Trusts were formed in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Cambridgeshire. These early Trusts tended to focus on purchasing land to establish nature reserves in the geographical areas they served.

The institutional foundations of the profession of wildlife management were established in the 1930s, when Leopold was granted the first university professorship in wildlife management (1933, University of Wisconsin, Madison), when Leopold's textbook 'Game Management' was published (1933), when The Wildlife Society was founded, when the Journal of Wildlife Management began publishing, and when the first Cooperative Wildlife Research Units were established. Conservationists planned many projects throughout the 1940s. Some of which included the harvesting of female mammals such as deer to decrease rising populations. Others included waterfowl and wetland research. The Fish and Wildlife Management Act was put in place to urge farmers to plant food for wildlife and to provide cover for them.

In 1937, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (also known as the Pittman-Robertson Act) was passed in the U.S.. This law was an important advancement in the field of wildlife management. It placed a 10% tax on sales of guns and ammunition. The funds generated were then distributed to the states for use in wildlife management activities and research. This law is still in effect today.

Wildlife management grew after World War II with the help of the GI Bill and a postwar boom in recreational hunting. An important step in wildlife management in the United States national parks occurred after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone National Park. In 1963, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management. In a paper known as the Leopold Report, the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective, and recommended active management of Yellowstone's elk population.[17]

Elk overpopulation in Yellowstone is thought by many wildlife biologists, such as Douglas Smith, to have been primarily caused by the extirpation of wolves from the park and surrounding environs. After wolves were removed, elk herds increased in population, reaching new highs during the mid-1930s. The increased number of elk apparently resulted in overgrazing in parts of Yellowstone. Park officials decided that the elk herd should be managed. For approximately thirty years, the park elk herds were culled: Each year some were captured and shipped to other locations, a certain number were killed by park rangers, and hunters were allowed to take more elk that migrated outside the park. By the late 1960s the herd populations dropped to historic lows (less than 4,000 for the Northern Range herd). This caused outrage among both conservationists and hunters. The park service stopped culling elk in 1968. The elk population then rebounded. Twenty years later there were 19,000 elk in the Northern Range herd, a historic high.

Since the tumultuous 1970s, when animal rights activists and environmentalists began to challenge some aspects of wildlife management, the profession has been overshadowed by the rise of conservation biology. Although wildlife managers remain central to the implementation of the Endangered Species Act and other wildlife conservation policies, conservation biologists have shifted the focus of conservation away from wildlife management's concern with the protection and restoration of single species and toward the maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity.

There are two general types of wildlife management:

The control of wildlife through killing and hunting has been criticized by animal rights and animal welfare activists.[18] Critics object to the real or perceived cruelty involved in some forms of wildlife management.

Environmentalists have also opposed hunting where they believe it is unnecessary or will negatively affect biodiversity.[19] Critics of game keeping note that habitat manipulation and predator control are often used to maintain artificially inflated populations of valuable game animals (including introduced exotics) without regard to the ecological integrity of the habitat.

Game keepers in the UK claim it to be necessary for wildlife conservation as the amount of countryside they look after exceeds by a factor of nine the amount in nature reserves and national parks.[20]

Wildlife management studies, research and lobbying by interest groups help designate times of the year when certain wildlife species can be legally hunted, allowing for surplus animals to be removed. In the United States, hunting season and bag limits are determined by guidelines set by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for migratory game such as waterfowl and other migratory gamebirds. The hunting season and bag limits for state regulated game species such as deer are usually determined by State game Commissions, which are made up of representatives from various interest groups, wildlife biologists, and researchers.

Open and closed season on deer in the UK is legislated for in the Deer Act 1991 and the Deer Act (Scotland) 1996

Open season is when wildlife is allowed to be hunted by law and is usually not during the breeding season. Hunters may be restricted by sex, age or class of animal, for instance there may be an open season for any male deer with 4 points or better on at least one side.

Where the number of animals taken is to be tightly controlled, managers may have a type of lottery system called limited. Many apply, few are chosen. These hunts may still have age, sex or class restrictions.

Closed season is when wildlife is protected from hunting and is usually during its breeding season. Closed season is enforced by law, any hunting during closed season is punishable by law and termed as illegal hunting or poaching.

In wildlife management one of the conservation principles is that the weapon used for hunting should be the one that causes the least damage to the animal and is sufficiently effective so that it hits the target. Given State and Local laws, types of weapon can also vary depending on type, size, sex of game and also the geographical layout of that specific hunting area.


what is the difference between uae and saudi arabia

However, the UAE and Saudi Arabia continue to take somewhat differing stances on regional conflicts such the Yemeni Civil War, where the UAE opposes Al-Islah, and supports the Southern Movement, which has fought against Saudi-backed forces, and the Syrian Civil War, where the UAE has disagreed with Saudi support for Islamist movements.[4]

Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations

Saudi Arabia â€“ United Arab Emirates relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Arabia maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate in Dubai while the U.A.E. has an embassy in Riyadh and consulate in Jeddah. Both countries are neighbours and as part of the Middle East and Persian Gulf region, share extensive political and cultural ties.

The two countries are also known for being close allies in terms of foreign policy and geopolitical interests,[1] collaborating closely during the 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis and backing anti-Muslim Brotherhood governments in Libya and Egypt.[2][3]

Relations have strengthened with the rise of Mohammed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia, with Emirati leader Mohammed bin Zayed aiding his ascension and serving as a "mentor" to the younger prince.[5][6]


where was the house of the spirits filmed

Principal photography took place in Denmark, but some scenes were filmed in Lisbon and Alentejo, Portugal.

The House of the Spirits (film)

The House of the Spirits is a 1993 German-Danish-Portuguese period drama film directed by Bille August and starring Jeremy Irons, Meryl Streep, Glenn Close, Winona Ryder, Antonio Banderas and Vanessa Redgrave. The supporting cast includes María Conchita Alonso, Armin Mueller-Stahl, and Jan Niklas.

Based on the 1982 novel La Casa de los Espíritus by Isabel Allende, the film is about the life of a young lady named Clara during the military dictatorship in Chile, and her recollection of her family history, mainly the rise of her husband, Esteban Trueba. The film won some awards, (Bavarian Film Awards, German Film Awards, the Golden Screen (Germany), Havana Film Festival, and Robert Festival (Denmark), the German Phono Academy and the Guild of German Art House Cinemas).

A young woman, Blanca Trueba (Winona Ryder), arrives at a house with an old man and the young woman starts remembering her life.

Clara and Esteban

Blanca's mother, Clara del Valle (Meryl Streep) was a child with psychic power when Esteban Trueba (Jeremy Irons) came to propose to Clara's older sister, Rosa del Valle. Esteban left his fiancÃ©e with her family to earn money for their wedding. One day, Clara has a vision and tells her sister Rosa that there will be a death in the family. The next day, Rosa dies after drinking poison intended for her father, Senator Severo. Clara blames herself for her sister's death, and after watching her sister's autopsy, decides never to speak again.

Esteban was heartbroken. At home, his sister, Férula (Glenn Close) lives and takes care of their sick mother. Esteban used the money he earned from mining and bought a hacienda, Tres Marías. He finds many natives living on his land and tells them to work for him for food and shelter. For the next twenty years, Esteban makes Tres Marías an example of a successful Hacienda. One day he rapes a peasant girl, Pancha García (Sarita Choudhury) and she gave birth to a son. He spends some nights with Tránsito, a local prostitute (María Conchita Alonso), to whom he lends money so she can start a new career in the capital.

Twenty years later, Esteban receives a letter that his mother has died. After her funeral, Esteban decides to ask for Clara's hand, despite FÃ©rula's protests that Clara is too sickly and will not take care of him properly. When he shows up at the Del Valle family's house, Clara asks him right away if he has come to ask her to marry him, thus speaking again for the first time in twenty years.

Férula meets Clara at a coffee shop to talk about her own future, and Clara, sensing Férula's worries, promises her that she can live with her and Esteban in Tres Marías after the wedding and the two will be like sisters.

Clara gives birth to a girl as she predicted, and names her Blanca. One day, the girl whom Esteban raped, Pancha García appears at the family house with Esteban's illegitimate teenage son, Esteban García and asks for money. Esteban Trueba gives them some money and harshly orders them never to come back threatening to have his dogs attack them both if they return.

Clara holds classes for the peasant children and Blanca. Pedro Tercero, the young son of Esteban's foreman Segundo at Tres Marias befriends Blanca and the two become playmates. Esteban Trueba does not like his daughter playing with a peasant boy and sends Blanca to a boarding school.

Blanca and Pedro Tercero

After graduating from school, Blanca returns home to Tres Marías and meets with Pedro Tercero (Antonio Banderas) by the lagoon every night. One night while Esteban attends a political meeting, there is an earthquake; he worries about Clara and Blanca, goes home to Tres Marías and finds that Férula has climbed into bed with Clara. He is so angry that he throws Férula out of the house telling her never to come back. Férula curses Esteban but leaves. Clara is deeply disappointed that Esteban would kick his sister out of their family home.

One day Esteban brings the French Count Jean de Satigny (Jan Niklas) to his home intending to arrange a marriage between him and Blanca. Clara senses that the French "nobleman" is a fraud while reading cards, but Esteban dismisses her folly. While Satigny is still visiting, Esteban catches Pedro preaching revolutionary ideas that are critical of wealthy landowners like Esteban to the peasant workers. Esteban orders the workers to return to work and punishes Pedro with a fierce whipping and banishes him from Tres Marías. That night at dinner, Férula suddenly appears in the house, kisses Clara on the forehead and leaves again. Clara tells the rest of the family that Férula has died. Clara and Esteban drive into town to Férula's modest house where they find her dead on the bed.

Pedro returns to Tres MarÃas to talk to the peasants about their rights and nearly gets shot by Esteban. That night, Count Jean de Satigny, who is visiting again, watches Blanca and Pedro meeting secretly at the lagoon. He reveals Blanca's lover to her father who immediately drags Blanca back to the house. When Clara tries to persuade him not to be violent, Esteban hits his wife and she falls. Esteban immediately expresses his regret, but Clara tells him in shock and agony that she will never speak to him again. Clara moves with Blanca to her parents' home in the capital.

Blanca becomes pregnant with Pedro's child and gives birth to a girl named Alba.

Esteban is busy with his political career as a senator, but as an old man he is lonely and finds comfort in the arms of TrÃ¡nsito, who now runs a high-class prostitution establishment.

During the national election, Esteban believes his Conservative Party will win as usual, but the People's Front ends up winning control of the government. Blanca goes out on the street to celebrate and to meet Pedro, now a leading figure in the People's Front. Clara stays home with Alba to decorate the house for Christmas, where after what seems like a heart attack she passes away, instructing the little girl to give the diaries she had kept all her life to her mother Blanca, so that "she may understand better that and how events are related".

Meanwhile, a conspiracy between some Conservative Party members and the military leads to a coup d'état, and the military takes control of the country. At first, Esteban believes it is good for the country and that the military will hand power back to the Conservative Party, but he soon learns that the military have other plans. Under the control of the military, people associated with the People's Party are captured and even killed. Blanca is very involved and eventually the police come to arrest her for being with Pedro Tercero. Blanca reveals to her father that Pedro has been hiding in their house's cellar and begs him to help Pedro get out of the country.

In the coming days, Blanca is tortured and abused by her half-brother, Esteban García, who had joined the military with his father's help. Esteban honours his daughter's wishes and helps Pedro Tercero find exile in Canada. Esteban then turns to Tránsito, now an influential Madam with lots of connections to high level military figures, to help free Blanca. One morning, a beaten and raped Blanca arrives at her home and Esteban tells her that Pedro is waiting for her in Canada.

Blanca and Esteban return to Tres MarÃas with Alba. Esteban is finally visited by Clara's spirit who has come to help the old man on to the next world. Blanca sits outside and ponders her life, looking forward to a life with Pedro and her daughter Alba.

The music was composed by award winner Hans Zimmer. Additionally, two songs appear in the film: "La Paloma", a Spanish–Cuban–Mexican tune sung by popular Chilean singer Rosita Serrano; and "La Cumparsita", a classic Uruguayan tango tune performed by German bandleader Adalbert Lutter and his orchestra.

The film grossed only $6 million in the United States and more than $55 million in Europe.[2] It has a 'rotten' 31% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 35 reviews. It received several awards:


when does old man with a gun come out

The film is scheduled to be released on September 28, 2018, by Fox Searchlight Pictures.

The Old Man & the Gun

The Old Man & the Gun is an upcoming American crime comedy film written and directed by David Lowery.  The film is based on the true-life story of Forrest Tucker, a career criminal and prison escape artist. The script is based on David Grann's 2003 article in The New Yorker titled "The Old Man and the Gun", which was later collected in Grann's book The Devil and Sherlock Holmes. It stars Robert Redford, Casey Affleck, Danny Glover, Tika Sumpter, Tom Waits and Sissy Spacek. It is reportedly Redford's final role, as he announced his intent to retire from acting in August 2018.[2]

In October 2016, it was announced Casey Affleck and Robert Redford had joined the cast of the film, with David Lowery directing the film, from a screenplay he wrote. James D. Stern, Jeremy Steckler, Dawn Ostroff, Redford, Anthony Mastromauro, and Bill Holderman will serve as producers on the film under their Endgame Entertainment, Condé Nast banners, respectively.[3][4] In March 2017, Tika Sumpter, Sissy Spacek, Danny Glover, Tom Waits, Elisabeth Moss, and Isiah Whitlock, Jr. joined the cast of the film.[5][6] In April 2017, Keith Carradine joined the cast of the film.[7]

Principal photography began in Ohio on April 3, 2017.[8]

In March 2017, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film.[9] It will premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2018.[10] The film was scheduled to be released October 5, 2018,[11] but was pushed up to September 28, 2018.[12]


what tools did the sumerians use for writing

The clay tablet was thus being used by scribes to take down the events of what was happening during his time. Tools that these scribes used were styluses with sharp triangular tips, making it easy to leave markings on the clay,[5] the clay tablets themselves came in a variety of colors such as bone white, chocolate, and charcoal.[6] Pictographs then began to appear on clay tablets around 4000 BC, and after the later development of Sumerian cuneiform writing, a more sophisticated partial syllabic script evolved that by around 2500 BC was capable of recording the vernacular, the everyday speech of the common people.[6]

Clay tablet

In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian á¹uppu(m)

Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed (reed pen). Once written upon, many tablets were dried in the sun or air, remaining fragile. Later, these unfired clay tablets could be soaked in water and recycled into new clean tablets. Other tablets, once written, were fired in hot kilns (or inadvertently, when buildings were burnt down by accident or during conflict) making them hard and durable. Collections of these clay documents made up the very first archives. They were at the root of first libraries. Tens of thousands of written tablets, including many fragments, have been found in the Middle East.[2][3]

In the Minoan/Mycenaean civilizations, writing has not been observed for any use other than accounting. Tablets serving as labels, with the impression of the side of a wicker basket on the back, and tablets showing yearly summaries, suggest a sophisticated accounting system. In this cultural region the tablets were never fired deliberately, as the clay was recycled on an annual basis. However, some of the tablets were "fired" as a result of uncontrolled fires in the buildings where they were stored. The rest are still tablets of unfired clay, and extremely fragile; some modern scholars are investigating the possibility of firing them now, as an aid to preservation.

Writing was not as we see it today. In Mesopotamia, it started out as simple counting marks, alongside which sometimes a non-arbitrary well understood the sign, in the form of a simple picture image, that was cut into wood, stone, pots but more often pressed onto clay tokens. In that way, recorded accounts of amounts of goods involved in a transaction could be made. This convention began when people developed agriculture and settled into permanent communities that were centered on increasingly large and organized trading marketplaces[4] These marketplaces traded sheep, grain, and bread loaves, recording the transactions with clay tokens. These initially very small clay tokens were continually used all the way from the pre-historic Mesopotamia period, 9000 BC, to the start of the historic period around 3000 BC, when the use of writing for recording was widely adopted.[4]

Sumerians used what is known as pictograms.[4] Pictograms are symbols that express a pictorial concept, a logogram, as the meaning of the word. Early writing also began in Ancient Egypt using hieroglyphs. Early hieroglyphs and some of the modern Chinese characters are other examples of pictographs. The Sumerians later shifted their writing to Cuneiform, defined as "Wedge writing" in Latin, which added phonetic symbols, syllabograms.[5]

Text on clay tablets took the forms of myths, fables, essays, hymns, proverbs, epic poetry, laws, plants, and animals.[6] What these clay tablets allowed was for individuals to record who and what was significant. An example of these great stories was The Story of Gilgamesh. This story would tell of the great flood that destroyed Sumer. Remedies and recipes that would have been unknown were then possible because of the clay tablet. Some of the recipes were stew, which was made with goat, garlic, onions and sour milk.

By the end of the 3rd Millennium BC, (2200-2000 BC), even the "short story" was first attempted, as independent scribes entered into the philosophical arena, with stories like: The Debate between Bird and Fish, and other topics, (List of Sumerian debates).

Communication grew faster as now there was a way to get messages across just like mail. Important and private clay tablets were coated with an extra layer of clay, that no one else would read it. This means of communicating was used for over[6] 3000 years in fifteen different languages. Sumerians, Babylonians and Eblaites all had their own clay tablet libraries.

As Sumerian writing on clay tablets became mainstream, others began to complain that the Sumerian word-signs, were indeed too complicated to master. Not everyone could interpret the signs and they wanted a writing system that was simple yet got the message across. Elamites, Hurrians and Ugaritans then eliminated this from their style or form of writing. Tablets that were found south of Baghdad were made up of literary works, dictionaries, prayers, omens and astronomical recordings that were still in their own positions. Ugarites took advantage and created the first of the Alphabets.[6] The tablet was said to have 32 cuneiform letters which was discovered in Syria about 1450 B.C. Egyptians took it to the next level by becoming the earliest individuals to have their very own writing system. Mentioned earlier they used “hieroglyphics” instead of the normal alphabets. Defining hieroglyphics you get the Greek phrase “sacred writing” because of the early belief, that knowledge was a gift from their gods. The two main types of hieroglyphics were logograms and phonograms. Logograms represented ideas while phonograms focused on sounds that were closely alike to the alphabet.

The Tărtăria tablets, the Danubian civilization, may be still older, having been dated by indirect method (bones found near the tablet were carbon dated) to before 4000 BC, and possibly dating from as long ago as 5500 BC, but their interpretation remains controversial because the tablets were fired in a furnace and the properties of the carbon changed accordingly.[7]


what is the equation for the aggregate expenditure function (ae)

Aggregate expenditures is defined as : AE = C+Ip+G+NX,

Aggregate expenditure

In economics, aggregate expenditure (AE) is a measure of national income.[1] Aggregate expenditure is defined as the current value of all the finished goods and services in the economy.[2] The aggregate expenditure is thus the sum total of all the expenditures undertaken in the economy by the factors during a given time period. It refers to the expenditure incurred on consumer goods, planned investment and the expenditure made by the government in the economy. In an open economy scenario, the aggregate expenditure also includes the difference between the exports and the imports.

Aggregate expenditure is one of the methods to calculate the sum total of all economic activities in an economy, which is referred to as the gross domestic product of an economy. The gross domestic product which is an important measure of the growth of the economy is calculated through the aggregate expenditure model, also known as the Keynesian cross. AE is also used in the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model which advances the aggregate expenditures model with the inclusion of price changes.

Components of aggregate expenditure (AE) â€“ defined as the total amount that firms and households plan to spend on goods and services at each level of income. Also, it can be seen that the aggregate expenditure is the sum of expenditures on consumption, investment, government expenses and net exports. It is normally derived from all the components of the aggregate demand. Aggregate demand (AD) refers to the sum total of goods that are demanded in an economy over a period and thus AD is defined by the planned total expenditure in an economy for a given price level.

Various schools of thoughts use various components to come up with the Aggregate Expenditure. The major school of economic thoughts which are the classical and Keynesian economists use the following components:

Consumption refers to the household consumption over a given period of time. The total household consumption can be divided into two parts, they are: Autonomous Consumption and Induced consumption. Autonomous Consumption refers to the amount of consumption regardless of the amount of income, hence, even if the income is zero, the autonomous consumption would be the total consumption. Induced consumption refers to the level of consumption dependent on the level of income.[3]

Investment is the amount of expenditure towards the capital goods. Investment refers to the expenditure towards goods that are expected to yield a return or increase their own value over time. The investment expenditure can be further divided into two parts, planned investment and unplanned investment. Over the long run the sum of differences in the unplanned investment would equal to zero as economy approaches equilibrium.

The Keynesian model propagates an active state to control and regulate the economy. The government can make expenditure in terms of infrastructure, thus increase the total expenditure in the economy as advocated by Keynes. Transfer payments (such as pensions and unemployment benefits) are NOT included in G as that would mean a double count.

In an open economy, the total expenditure of the economy also includes the components of the net exports which is the total exports minus the total imports.[4]

Classical economists relied on the Say's law which states that supply creates its own demand, which stemmed from the belief that wages,prices and interest rates are all flexible.[5] This comes from the classical thought that the factor payments which are made to the various factors of production during the production process, would create enough income in the economy to create a demand for the products produced.

This supports the classical thought which revolves around Adam Smith's invisible hand which states that the markets would achieve equilibrium via the market forces that impact economic activity and thus there is no need for government intervention. Moreover, the classical economists believed that the economy was operating at a full employment Hence the classical Aggregate expenditure model is:[6]

Aggregate Expenditure = Aggregate Consumption + Planned Investment

−
−

A
E
=
C
+
I

{\displaystyle --~~~~AE=C+I}

Classical economics has been criticized for its assumptions that the economy works on a full-employment equilibrium which is a false assumption in reality, where the economy often operates at an under-employment equilibrium mainly because of "sticky" wages, which in turn provides the foundation for the Keynesian model of aggregate expenditure.

Keynesian economics believes, contrary to the classical thought that the wages, prices and interest rates are not flexible and hence violating Say's law, which provided the foundation for the maxim that "supply creates its own demand". Keynes believed that the economy was subject to sticky prices and thus the economy was not in a state of perpetual equilibrium and also operated at an under-employment equilibrium.

Keynesian economics calls for a government intervention and is called demand side economics as it believes that aggregate demand and not the aggregate supply determines the GDP because of the difference between the aggregate supply and planned expenditure in an economy. Hence Keynes believed that the government played an important role in the determination on the aggregate expenditure in an economy and was thus included government expenditure in the aggregate expenditure function.

Keynesian economics preaches that in times of a recession, the government must undertake the expenditure to compensate for the lack in the components of Household expenditure (C) and private investment (I) so as to ensure that the demand is maintained in the markets. This also leads to the Keynesian multiplier which suggests that every dollar spent on investment creates a multiplier effect and leads to an increased expenditure of more than one dollar.

An economy is said to be in equilibrium when aggregate expenditure is equal to the aggregate supply (production) in the economy. According to Keynes, the economy does not stay in a perpetual state of equilibrium but the Aggregate expenditure and Aggregate Supply adjust each other towards equilibrium. When there is an excess supply over the expenditure and hence the demand there is an inventory leftover with the producers, which leads to a reduction in either the prices or the quantity of output and hence reducing the total output (GDP) of the economy. On the other hand, if there is an excess of expenditure over supply, then there is excess demand leading to an increase in prices or output. Hence the economy constantly keeps shifting between excess supply (inventory) and excess demand. Thus, the economy is constantly moving towards an equilibrium between the aggregate expenditure and aggregate supply.[8] In an under-employment equilibrium the Keynesian cross refers to the point of intersection of the aggregate supply and the aggregate expenditure curve. The rise in the expenditure by either Consumption (C), Investment (I) or the Government (G) or an increase in the exports or a decrease in the imports leads to a rise in the aggregate expenditure and thus pushes the economy towards a higher equilibrium and thus reaching a higher level towards the potential of the GDP.[9]


when do elena and stefan get back together season 1

After taking Caroline home, Stefan gets back to school to find Elena. He tells her that they cannot be together and she offers to drive him home. Elena tries to convince him that he is not responsible for what is happening in her life since her life was painful way before his arrival. Stefan is not convinced though and he walks away. Elena shouts at him that she loves him. Stefan, hearing that, gets back to her and kisses her. The two of them get into the house and sleep together for the first time.

The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries)

"The Turning Point" is the tenth episode of the first season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the tenth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 19, 2009. The episode's story was written by Barbie Kligman and the teleplay by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. It was directed by J. Miller Tobin.

The episode starts where the previous one ended, with Logan (Chris Johnson) asking Jenna (Sara Canning) to invite him in the house. Jenna slams the door in his face and an upset Logan attacks, bites and kills a woman who passes by at the moment.

Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) goes through his dad's stuff and an old journal he found. The journal is filled with notes and drawings of strange creatures, something that makes him start drawing again.

Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan (Paul Wesley) discuss where they should go now that they are leaving Mystic Falls when the doorbell rings. Stefan opens the door and sees Sheriff Forbes (Marguerite MacIntyre), who asks for Damon. She tells Damon that there was a new vampire attack in the town, something that surprises him. Stefan overhears their conversation and asks Damon if it was him. Damon reassures him that there is a new vampire in town and they decide not to leave till they find him.

Caroline (Candice Accola) and Matt (Zach Roerig) get closer. Everyone notices including Tyler (Michael Trevino), who grills Matt about it. Bonnie (Kat Graham) is still a little freaked out about being attacked by Damon but she is grateful to Stefan who saved her life. Stefan shows up at school to inform Elena (Nina Dobrev) about the new vampire and to be careful till they find out who it is.

Damon tries to track down the new vampire using the watch he took from Logan but because he cannot do it himself (its signal interferes with his vampire nature) he asks for Caroline's help and then he compels her to forget everything. The watch leads him to a warehouse where he is ambushed and shot by Logan. Damon is surprised seeing him and wants to know who turned him. Logan believes Damon was the one who did it and he asks him how he can walk in the sun.

Back at the school, there is a career fair where Jeremy sees a sketch that Tyler drew. He tries to talk to him but Tyler gets aggressive and they end up fighting. Tyler's dad, the Mayor, separates them and takes them outside where he asks them to fight and solve their differences as men. Alaric (Matt Davis), who followed them outside, asks what is going on and he faces off the Mayor stopping him from making the two boys fight.

Elena catches up with Matt asking him about Caroline and telling him about Stefan. Matt says that he and Caroline are only friends while Caroline watches the two of them talking from a distance. Stefan interrupts them and he tries to update Elena about the new vampire when Jenna comes and tells them that Logan is at the school. Stefan, who knows that Logan was supposed to be dead, realizes that he is the new vampire and leaves to find him. Elena asks what is going on and Stefan asks her to take Jenna and go. Elena understands his tone and leaves, telling Jenna not to talk again to Logan. Meanwhile, Logan asks Stefan how he can walk in the sunlight and he threatens to expose him if he will not tell him. Stefan stands up to him and he leaves.

In the meantime, Caroline announces to her mom that she wants to be a broadcast journalist but her mom is not impressed stating that Caroline does not even read the paper. Caroline leaves and Logan confronts the Sheriff for whom he believes is the one who buried him and covered his "death". He threatens her and then leaves while Sheriff calls for backup. Logan sees Caroline outside being stood up by Bonnie and offers to drive her home. Matt sees Caroline getting into Logan's car but he does not see Logan knock her unconscious before driving away.

Stefan is at the phone with Damon talking about Logan. Damon is angry about the ambush and wants to kill Logan. He is heading right at the school as soon as Stefan tells him that Logan is there. Elena comes to Stefan asking about Logan when Matt comes and tells them that Caroline left with him. Elena is terrified and Stefan leaves to find Caroline.

Logan calls the Sheriff to tell her that he has her daughter and he will turn her into a vampire when Stefan and Damon appear and pull him out of the car. Damon shoots him with wooden bullets and sends Stefan off to take Caroline home. Damon informs the Sheriff where they are via the radio and then he starts interrogating Logan trying to find out who turned him. Logan still says he does not know but the moment Damon is about to kill him, Logan says to Damon that he and the vampire who turned him have another way to raise the vampires who are trapped under the Fell's Church, including Katherine. Damon is shocked but he wants to believe him and, while the Sheriff approaches, he asks Logan to knock him down and make it look real. Logan throws Damon away and escapes.

Logan heads to his car to go and find Damon but he runs into Alaric. Alaric warns him to stay away from Jenna because she deserves the best. Logan makes fun of how stupid he is and then tries to attack him but Alaric stakes him in the heart and kills him. The Sheriff finds Logan's body and calls Damon to thank him, thinking that he killed him. Damon, who was waiting for Logan at the Fell's Church, is shocked hearing the news and has no idea who might have killed Logan.

Back at Stefan's bedroom, Stefan leaves the room to bring Elena something to drink, leaving her alone. Elena starts walking around the room checking on Stefan's things when she sees Katherine's picture. She is in shock seeing how much she looks like her and she immediately leaves. Stefan comes back looking for her but he cannot find her. He sees the necklace he gave her on Katherine's picture and understands that Elena saw it.

The episode ends with Elena driving back home in tears when suddenly a figure appears in front of her. She tries to avoid him but she hits him and her car flips over trapping her in the driver's seat. She turns her head and watches that the figure reanimates itself, gets up and starts walking towards her.

In "The Turning Point" we can hear the songs:[1]

In its original American broadcast, "The Turning Point" was watched by 3.57 million; down by 0.53 from the previous episode.[2]

"The Turning Point" received positive reviews.

Robin Franson Pruter from Forced Viewing rated the episode with 3/4 saying that ultimately, the episode was strong just not outstanding. "A solid episode moves the plot as characters examine their futures and learn about new threats in town. This episode covers a lot of ground, with a number of little developments in multiple storylines. And, while all the material in this episode is solid, nothing in the episode reaches the level of excellence that the scenes between the Salvatore brothers reached in "History Repeating.""[3]

Lauren Attaway of Star Pulse gave a B- rate to the episode saying: "Last night's episode of The Vampire Diaries could not have had a more fitting title, because it was all about turns in the storylines and the characters' lives."[4]

Josie Kafka from Doux Reviews rated the episode with 3.5/4 saying that it was the one who made her a convert when she first watched the show. "Looking back, I think the past five episodes have been pretty darn awesome. I also realize the comedy inherent in being turned by an episode called "The Turning Point.""[5]

Matt Richenthal from TV Fanatic gave a good review to the episode saying that "...this was yet another outstanding installment of the best new show on television...". He continued by commenting on the relationship between the two Salvatore brothers: "They may never truly be on the same side, but a good show finds interesting ways to develop characters and keep their interactions fresh. The Vampire Diaries is a good show."[6]

Popsugar of Buzzsugar gave a good review to the episode highlighting that she can't wait for the show to come back after its hiatus. "I was already bummed knowing this was the last week of new episodes of The Vampire Diaries until January; and now, having seen it, I'm freaking out a little bit. I knew there was going to be an epic cliffhanger, I just didn't know how epic! [...] I don't know how I'm going to deal with the show's hiatus for two long months, let alone waiting that long to find out what was coming for Elena. Or, who Alaric is; did he kill Logan to protect Jenna, eliminate a problem-causing newborn, or something more insidious?"[7]

Lucia from Heroine TV also wrote a good review saying: "...the plot twists keep on coming in this increasingly mythology-driven show. Last nightâ€™s episode was no exception, as we were treated to one surprise after another, culminating in a seemingly dire cliffhanger."[8]

Tiffany Vogt from The TV Watchtower stated that the episode has a little bit of everything for everyone. "This was indeed the turning point for everyone. It was no longer a show about the discovery of vampires. This is now a story about how virtually everyone knows there are vampires and how they interact with them."[9]


what is the meaning of fida in telugu

Fida (Arabic: فدا), is an Arabic name given meaning redemption. It is a common female given name but also can be a male one.

Fida (name)


where was the movie nim's island filmed

Shooting took place on Hinchinbrook Island, off the northeast coast of Queensland, Australia over three weeks and ended in October 2007.[8]

Nim's Island

Nim's Island is a 2008 American-Australian adventure film written and directed by Jennifer Flackett and Mark Levin. It stars Abigail Breslin, Jodie Foster, and Gerard Butler. The story is based on the children's story of the same name by Wendy Orr. A young girl, Nim, seeks help from the author of her favorite adventure series when her scientist father goes missing. Nim, though, lives on an island in the South Pacific. The author, Alexandra Rover, is agoraphobic and lives in San Francisco. While Rover attempts to overcome her agoraphobia in order to set out in search of her, Nim tries to overcome her fear of losing her father. In the meantime, a cruise ship company attempts to invade Nim's island with uncouth Australian tourists. Nim's Island was released on 4 April 2008 by 20th Century Fox. The film received mixed reviews from critics and earned $100,076,342 on a $37 million budget.

Nim (Abigail Breslin) is an 11-year-old girl whose mother, Emily, has died. Nim's father, Jack Rusoe (Gerard Butler), a marine biologist, has told her that Emily was swallowed  by a blue whale after it was scared by a ship called The Buccaneer. Nim lives with her father on a South Pacific island and has several local animals for company: Selkie the sea lion, Fred the bearded dragon, Chica the sea turtle, and Galileo the pelican. Jack takes the boat for a two-day scientific mission to find Protozoa nim (a new species of plankton he named after his daughter); he wants to take his daughter along, but she convinces him that she needs to stay to oversee the imminent hatching of Chica's eggs and can manage on her own; they will be able to communicate by satellite phone.

Nim, who is fond of Alex Rover adventure books written by Alexandra Rover (Jodie Foster), receives an email addressed to her father with an inquiry about his field of knowledge. The sender, "Alex Rover", seems to be the explorer, but is actually Alexandra, a neurotic San Franciscan who constantly imagines that she is speaking to her fictional character Alex Rover (also portrayed by Butler). An email conversation follows. She goes to the island with the volcano, but is injured.

Jack suffers a shipwreck in a cyclone, making it impossible for him to communicate with Nim, and does not return as planned. Galileo brings Jack things he needs to fix his ship. Nim explains the situation to "Alex", but Alexandra suffers from agoraphobia and never leaves the house or even opens the door. The island is visited by loud, ugly tourists from Brisbane, Australia, whom Nim believes to be pirates. As the tourists approach the island, Nim makes it seem uninhabitable by catapulting lizards to shore. She also makes a fire in the crater of the volcano, which fools the tourists into thinking the volcano is erupting. By rolling down boulders to simulate an avalanche. While doing this, she inadvertently triggers an actual eruption. Without revealing herself, she gets out of the crater just in time as a plume of ash bursts out. Down at the beach the tourists scramble to the boats. One of them, a boy, Edmund, sees and catches up with Nim. He is confused by her presence and she tells him she lives on the island. He tells the others, but they do not believe him. Meanwhile, Alexandra travels to the island to "rescue" Nim, but she, expecting "Alex" (the fictional male character), at first rejects Alexandra.

Nim later relents and they share a meal. The next day, Nim starts to cry, reasoning that her ever-successful father would be back by then if he were still alive. Fortunately, Jack reaches the island windsurfing on a makeshift catamaran. Jack and Alex meet and begin to get to know each other (Alex amazed at Jack being identical to how she pictured her fictional character), and the film ends with them all playing on the beach using a coconut as a ball.

The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 51% of 101 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite good intentions, Nim's Island flounders under an implausible storyline, simplistic stock characters, and distracting product placement."[9] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 55 out of 100 based on 24 reviews.[10] In its opening weekend, Nim's Island grossed $13.3 million in 3,513 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #2 at the box office behind 21.[11] The film had a US box office gross of $48 million and a foreign gross of $52 million, for a total gross of $100 million worldwide.[2] The film was nominated by the Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture.[12]

Nim's Island was released on DVD on 5 August 2008. It opened at #1 at the DVD sales chart, selling 466,326 DVD units and earning $8.4 million. As per the latest figures, 1,013,100 DVD units have been sold, grossing $21.4 million in the US.[13]

The score to Nim's Island was composed by award-winning composer Patrick Doyle. He recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage during the week of 3 February 2008. This marked the first time in a decade that he recorded a score in Los Angeles.[14]

The song playing over the closing credits is "Beautiful Day" by U2.

The film's soundtrack CD was released on 8 April 2008 from Varèse Sarabande.[15]

A sequel, Return to Nim's Island, was released theatrically in Australia on 4 April 2013 in 77 screens with an opening weekend box office take of AUS$176,848. It aired on the Hallmark Channel on 15 March in the U.S. and was released on DVD 19 March 2013, exclusively to Wal-Mart, and two days later on 21 March worldwide. Box Office Mojo reports AUS$1.1 million in revenues overall.[16]

Bindi Irwin replaced Abigail Breslin as Nim Rusoe, Toby Wallace replaced Maddison Joyce as Edmund, and Matthew Lillard replaced Gerard Butler as Jack Rusoe, Nim's father.


which city is known as manchester of germany

By the early 19th century, Chemnitz had become an industrial centre (sometimes called "the Saxon Manchester"). In 1913, Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and, like Leipzig and Dresden, was larger at that time than today. After losing inhabitants due to the first World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930. Before the world economic crises, it was supposed[by whom?] that the city would keep on growing and would become a "Millionenstadt" (engl. Megacity, literally: city with at least one million inhabitants) by incorporating also fast growing smaller towns and municipalities around it.

Chemnitz

0371 037200 (Wittgensdorf) 037209 (Einsiedel) 03722 (RÃ¶hrsdorf)

Chemnitz (German pronunciation: [ˈkɛmnɪt͡s] ( listen)), known from 1953 to 1990 as Karl-Marx-Stadt, is the third-largest city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitz is an independent city which is not part of any county and seat of the Landesdirektion Sachsen. Located in the northern foothills of the Ore Mountains, it is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region. The city's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry. Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students.

Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz, a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde. The word "Chemnitz" is from the Sorbian language (Upper Sorbian: Kamjenica), and means "stony [brook]". The word is composed of the Slavic word kamen meaning "stone" and the feminine suffix -ica.

It is known in Czech as SaskÃ¡ Kamenice and in Polish as Kamienica Saska. There are many other towns named Kamenica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement.

An early Slavic tribe's settlement was located at Kamienica, and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew. Circa 1170 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city. In 1307, the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen (the predecessor of the Saxon state). In medieval times, Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade. More than one third of the population worked in textile production.

Allied bombing destroyed 41% of the built up area of Chemnitz during World War II.[2] Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp (500 female inmates) for Astra-Werke AG.[3] The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II, and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids:

The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged. At the end of the war, the company's executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, where it evolved into Audi, now a brand within the Volkswagen group.

The World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins,[citation needed] and post-war, the East German reconstruction included large low rise (and later high-rise plattenbau) housing. Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification. It was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945.

After dissolution of the states in the GDR in 1952, Chemnitz became seat of a district (bezirk). On 10 May 1953, the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to Karl-Marx-Stadt after Karl Marx. GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said:

"The people who live here do not look back, but look forward to a new and better future. They look at socialism. They look with love and devotion to the founder of the socialist doctrine, the greatest son of the German people, to Karl Marx. I hereby fulfill the government's decision. I carry out the solemn act of renaming the city and declare: From now on, this city bears the proud and mandatory name Karl-Marx-Stadt".[5]

After the city center was destroyed in World War II, the East German authorities strove to rebuild it to symbolize the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city. The then layout of the city center was rejected in favor of a new road network. However, the original plans were not completed. In addition, the rapid development of housing took priority over preservation of old buildings. So in the 1960s and 1970s, both in the center as well as in peripheral areas, large areas were built in Plattenbau apartment-block style, for example Yorckstraße. The old buildings of the period, which still existed in Kassberg, Chemnitz-Sonnenberg (de) and Chemnitz-Schloßchemnitz (de) especially, were neglected and fell increasingly derelict.

On April 23, 1990, a referendum on the future name of the city was held: 76% of the voters voted for the old name "Chemnitz". On 1 June 1990, the city was officially renamed.

After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, the city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks. Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities, but this was increasingly demanded,[6]. Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s.

Chemnitz is the only major German city whose center was re-planned after 1990, similar to the reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years. Plans for the recovery of a compressed city center around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition. This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of Düsseldorf. The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin.[6]

Numerous internationally renowned architects such as Hans Kollhoff, Helmut Jahn and Christoph Ingenhoven provided designs for a new city center. The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfields around the town hall to a new town. In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged. With the construction of office and commercial building on the construction site "B3" at the DÃ¼sseldorf court, the last gap in 2010 was closed in city center image. The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable monuments from the period and was controversial.[7][8] Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 monuments were leveled.

Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre: opera, plays, ballet and Figuren (puppets), and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie.

Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel, nicknamed "Nischel" (a Saxon dialect word for head) by the locals. Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal (15th century), the castle on the site of the former monastery, and the area around the opera house and the old university. The most conspicuous landmark is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall.

The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz. It is one of the very few in existence, and dates back several million years. Also within the city limits, in the district of Rabenstein, is the smallest castle in Saxony, Rabenstein Castle.

The city has changed considerably since German reunification. Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres. Many of these shops are international brands, including Zara, H & M, Esprit, Galeria Kaufhof, Leiser Shoes, and Peek & Cloppenburg. The large "Galerie Roter Turm" (Red Tower) shopping centre is very popular with young people.

The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH, the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

The Museum Gunzenhauser, formerly a bank, opened on 1 December 2007. Dr Alfred Gunzenhauser, who lived in Munich, had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art, including many paintings and drawings by Otto Dix, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and others. The Botanischer Garten Chemnitz is a municipal botanical garden, and the Arktisch-Alpiner Garten der Walter-Meusel-Stiftung is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants.

Old and new city hall

Chemnitz Opera at Opernplatz

St. Petri church

Castle church over the Castle Lake

The Mercure Hotel, tallest building in Chemnitz

The Transparent department store

View over Falkeplatz during night time

Bust of Karl Marx, the city's erstwhile namesake

Chemnitz University of Technology

View over the city halls and the inner city

Chemnitz-Kulturhaus

Guest houses at Castle park

Chemnitz petrified forest inside the Kulturkaufhaus Tietz

Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been. Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification, it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre. Comparable to Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years. New buildings include the Kaufhof Department store by Helmut Jahn, Galerie Roter Turm with a faÃ§ade by Hans Kollhoff and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by Ingenhofen and Partner.

Chemnitz is the largest city of the Chemnitz-Zwickau urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germany's new federal states. Chemnitz had a GDP of about â‚¬6.3 billion in 2004. Since about 2000, the city's economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate. The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies, with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering, metal processing, and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries.

About 100,000 people are employed, of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities.[9] 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree, twice the average rate in Germany.

Volkswagen is the largest employer in the Chemnitz-Zwickau Agglomeration

Deutsche Bundesbank Chemnitz

The Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH is the largest hospital in the former East German states and the second biggest employer in Chemnitz

Chemnitz is the centerpiece of tourism in the Ore Mountains

After German reunification Saxony faced a significant population decrease. Since 1990 Chemnitz has lost more than 20 percent of its inhabitants. In 2006 the BBC reported the city of Chemnitz had the lowest birth rate in the world.[10]

Number of minorities in Chemnitz by nationality as of 2017[update]:

Chemnitz is crossed by the two motorways (Autobahn) A4 Erfurt – Dresden and A72 Hof – Leipzig. The motorway junction Kreuz Chemnitz is situated in the northwestern area of the city. The motorway A72 between Borna and Leipzig is still under construction. Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits (Ausfahrt).

Public transport within Chemnitz is provided with tram and bus, as well as by the Stadtbahn. Nowadays, the city and its surroundings are served by one Stadtbahn line, five lines of the Chemnitz tramway network, 27 city bus lines, as well as several regional bus lines. At night, the city is served by two bus lines, two tram lines, and the Stadtbahn line.

The length of the tram, Stadtbahn and bus networks is 28.73 km (17.85 mi), 16.3 km (10.13 mi) and 326.08 km (202.62 mi) respectively. In August 2012, electro-diesel trams were ordered from Vossloh, to support an expansion of the light rail network to 226 km (140 mi), with new routes serving Burgstädt, Mittweida and Hainichen.[12]

Near Chemnitz there are three airports, including the two international airports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig. Both Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport are situated about 70 km (43 mi) from Chemnitz and offer numerous continental as well as intercontinental flights.

Chemnitz also has a small commercial airport (Verkehrslandeplatz Chemnitz Jahnsdorf) about 13.5 km (8.4 mi) south of the city. When its current upgrade is completed it will have an asphalt runway 1,400 m (4,600 ft) long and 20 m (66 ft) wide.

Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof, the main train station of Chemnitz

Tram station at Main Stadion at night

A tram in Chemnitz

The small commercial airport Flugplatz Chemnitz-Jahnsdorf

Chemnitz is twinned with: