who does lesean mccoy play for in the nfl

LeSean Kamel McCoy (born July 12, 1988), also known as "Shady" is an American football running back for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Pittsburgh.

LeSean McCoy

McCoy attended Bishop McDevitt High School in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from 2002 to 2006.[1] In his senior year of high school, McCoy suffered a major ankle injury, which threatened his career. In his first year at Pittsburgh in 2007, McCoy rushed for over 1,300 yards and recorded 14 touchdowns.[2] In 2008, McCoy was selected as a second-team All-American.[3] His 21 rushing touchdowns were third in the nation, only one behind the two leaders. McCoy made his NFL debut on September 13, 2009, against the Carolina Panthers.[4] He rushed for 637 yards that year.[5]

In 2010, McCoy took over as the starting running back for the Eagles, and broke the 1,000 yard rushing barrier.[6] In 2011, McCoy was named First team All-Pro by the Associated Press.[7] In 2012, McCoy suffered a concussion that limited him to only twelve games.[8] In 2013, McCoy led the NFL in rushing yards with 1,607, shattering the team's individual single-season rushing yards record that stood for 34 years.[9] McCoy went on to become the all-time leading rusher for the Eagles after the 2014 season, breaking the record previously held by Wilbert Montgomery. In the 2015 offseason, he was traded to the Bills for linebacker Kiko Alonso.[10] After the trade, he signed a new five-year contract worth $40 million.[11]

McCoy was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. His nickname is "Shady" and was given to him by his mother because of his mood swings where he would one second be happy and laughing and the next second be upset and crying.[12] He attended Bishop McDevitt High School in Harrisburg, the same high school attended by NFL running back Ricky Watters.[13]

As a sophomore, he once rushed for 406 yards in a game.[14] As a junior, he ran for 2,828 yards, scored 35 touchdowns, and earned Associated Press Class AAAA player of the year, Offensive MVP of the Mid-Penn Commonwealth Conference, 1st team Associated Press All-State.[15] As a high school senior, he earned first team Class AAAA Associated Press All-State; During his senior season, McCoy had committed to Miami.[16] However, academic issues and a broken ankle led McCoy to attend prep school at Milford Academy in New Berlin, New York for the 2006â€“07 school year.[17] He had been invited to play in the Big 33 Football Classic and the U.S. Army All-American Bowl that year, but ultimately did not participate in those games as he was still recovering from his injury. Following a coaching change at Miami, McCoy committed to the University of Pittsburgh on February 16, 2007.[18]

At the 2004 State College NIKE Training Camp, McCoy recorded a 4.23 forty yard dash, the fastest forty time of the event.[19]

McCoy was "rated the nation's number 11 high school prospect" by recruiting analyst Tom Lemming.[20] A 2006 ESPN evaluation described him as "lightning in a bottle every time he touches the ball."[21]

In 2012, McCoy's high school number (20) was retired at Bishop McDevitt. The only other McDevitt player whose number has been retired is Ricky Watters.[22]

McCoy entered Pittsburgh as a transfer from Milford Academy. He started the season as a backup to Larod Stephens-Howling who was the starting running back in 2006 and rushed for over 890 yards the previous season.[23] In August 2007, Dave Grdnic wrote for Panthers Digest, "After just one week, LeSean McCoy has been as amazing as advertised. He's been dynamic on the field and off, banging up the middle on runs as hard as he bolts around end and talking just as good a game to the media.[24]

As a freshman, McCoy was the point-man for the "Wildcat offense" which the Pittsburgh Panthers unveiled in a September 2007 game against the Michigan State Spartans. In the Wildcat offense, McCoy lined up as quarterback in a shotgun formation and took direct snaps from center,[25] A Sporting News article credited him for having one of the "best starts by a freshman running back at Pittsburgh since Tony Dorsett", while the Wildcat offense was criticized. "McCoy might need to be a combination of both Dorsett and Dan Marino for the Panthers to start producing some offense other than through his running."[26] On October 2, 2007, ESPN writer Pat Forde featured McCoy under the "instant impact" section of his column. Forde had this to say, "Pittsburgh. When starting running back LaRod Stephens-Howling got hurt, McCoy stepped in and Wally Pipped him. McCoy has 503 rushing yards and six touchdowns, averaging six yards a carry."[27] McCoy had a streak of four consecutive games, from October 10 to November 3, where he rushed for at least 120 yards.[2] He rushed for a season high 172 yards against Michigan State on September 15, just his third game at Pittsburgh.[28] McCoy finished his freshman year 3rd in the Big East Conference and 25th in the NCAA Division I FBS (formerly I-A) in rushing yards with 1,328.[29][30] McCoy was named to the Freshman All-American team by Rivals.com[31] and was also a first team All-Big East selection by Rivals.com.[32] In his final game of his freshman year, McCoy ran for 148 yards against rival West Virginia in the 100th Backyard Brawl to help the 28-point underdog Panthers knock off the then #2 Mountaineers.[33] That win also knocked West Virginia from a probable spot in the BCS National Championship Game.

McCoy entered his sophomore year as one of the top running backs in college football.[34] In an article written by Paul Zeise of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in late July 2008, McCoy's coach Dave Wannstedt had this to say about McCoy's his approach in the off-season, "He's been very mature, he's taken the right approach," Wannstedt said. "I like to see a talented young guy who takes the initiative to want to be the best he can be and he clearly is doing his part."[35] In mid August 2008, Pro Football Hall of Famer, Tony Dorsett told the Associated Press that "He (McCoy) reminded me of me. That looked a lot like No.33 (Dorsett).[36]

Pittsburgh started the 2008 season inside the top 25 for the first time in 5 years.[37] The Panthers faced Bowling Green at home to start the season, but fell to the Falcons 27-17. McCoy had one rushing touchdown and 71 rushing yards in a losing effort.[38] This was McCoy's second lowest rushing total of the season.[39] McCoy and the Panthers proceeded to win 7 out of their next 8 games. He had a streak of 5 games from September 27 to November 1 where he recorded over 140 rushing yards per game.[40] During that 5 game streak he had 762 rushing yards and 10 rushing touchdowns. McCoy's best game was still ahead of him.[41] After suffering a loss on the road to Cincinnati, a game in which McCoy led Pittsburgh in both rushing and receiving yards,[42] Pittsburgh got a win at home against the Cincinnati Bearcats and McCoy rushed for 183 yards that day, setting a career-high which was previously 172, set during his freshman year. He also added 2 touchdowns that day, both coming in the fourth quarter.[42] McCoy closed out the regular season with 95 rushing yards a touchdown in a winning effort 34-10 against the Connecticut Huskies.[43] The Panthers were ranked #18 in the AP Poll following the win against the Huskies.[44] McCoy's final college football game of his career was the 2008 Sun Bowl played on New Year's Eve in El Paso, Texas. He rushed for 85 yards, and the Panthers fell in a defensive battle, 3-0.[45]

McCoy had said in November 2008 and in January 2009 that he was coming back to Pittsburgh for his junior year. On January 7, 2009, McCoy notified Wannstedt of his decision to go pro. However, he delayed the decision until January 14, when he officially announced he was leaving for the NFL. Talking to Larry Fitzgerald of the Arizona Cardinals, who also left after two years, helped sway McCoy. The team's performance in the Sun Bowl, did not have any influence though.[46] On January 14, 2009, the University of Pittsburgh announced that McCoy declared himself eligible for the NFL Draft, forgoing his final two years of eligibility.[47] The serious injury he sustained his senior year at Bishop McDevitt was a factor in his decision to enter the draft early. "As a result of a season-ending injury my senior year, I learned a humbling lesson," McCoy said. "Nothing is promised to us and it can all be taken away in a moment."[46]

McCoy was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the second round (53rd overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft.[52] He was the fourth running back to be selected that year.[53] He signed a four-year contract for $3.47 million, including $1.72 million guaranteed, with the team on June 29, 2009.[54]

McCoy was pressed into service as a starter in Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs on September 27, 2009, when the Eagles deactivated starter Brian Westbrook due to an ankle injury.[55] He scored his first touchdown in the first quarter of the game on a five-yard rush.[56] McCoy started against the New York Giants on November 1, 2009.[57] He carried the ball eleven times for 82 yards and a touchdown and caught two passes for ten yards.[58] McCoy made his third start for a NBC Sunday Night Football game against the Dallas Cowboys. McCoy rushed 13 times for 54 yards and caught five passes for 61 yards in a 20–16 losing effort.[59] Westbrook sustained a concussion against San Diego[60] and McCoy was called on again to be the starter in a road game against the Chicago Bears on NBC Sunday Night Football. He rushed 20 times for 99 yards and a touchdown, as the Eagles won the game 24–20.[61]

On December 20, 2009, against the San Francisco 49ers, McCoy broke the all-time Eagles rookie rushing record with 606 yards on the year. The record was previously set by Correll Buckhalter with 586 yards in 2001.[62] Also in December, the New York Daily News wrote about the top ten rookies in 2009. McCoy was listed fourth on the list and this was what writer Ralph Vacchiano had to say, "The fact that the Eagles are rolling without Brian Westbrook is, in part, a testament to how good this rookie is."[63] Overall, in the 2009 season, he finished with 637 rushing yards, four rushing touchdowns, and 308 receiving yards.[64]

During McCoy's rookie season, he wore the number 29. On March 18, 2010, McCoy changed to number 25, which he had worn at the University of Pittsburgh.[65] Number 25 was previously worn by Lorenzo Booker.[66] Coach Reid had this to say in August, "... He wants it every carry. He’s been running very hard. He’s in great shape, and I think he is ready to roll."[67] McCoy took over the starting running back duties in 2010 after previous starter Brian Westbrook was released in the off-season.[68]

McCoy carried the ball seven times for 35 yards in an early season loss against the Green Bay Packers.[69] He followed this game up with a three-touchdown performance against the Detroit Lions the following week in a winning effort.[70] Head coach Andy Reid had this to say about McCoy after his game against the Lions, "He added more strength in the off-season, really bought into the off-season program, worked his tail off and it's showing up now. He's going out and he's running more physical, he's more deliberate and accurate with his cuts, seeing the daylight and getting North and South, which you have to do in this league..."[71] During a game against the San Francisco 49ers on October 10, McCoy broke a rib and continued to play through the injury, rushing for 92 yards and catching 5 passes for 47 yards, and helping lead his team to a victory.[72] McCoy failed to break the 100 rushing yard barrier again until Sunday November 21 playing the New York Giants. Both the Eagles and Giants headed into this Sunday night contest at Lincoln Financial Field with a 6-3 win-loss record. McCoy ran for 111 yards and scored a touchdown, and caught 5 passes for 29 yards in the 27-17 win.[73] After only receiving 22 carries in the next 2 games combined, McCoy ran for 149 yards on 16 carries, for an average of 9.3 yards per carry (YPC) against the Dallas Cowboys.[74] Overall, in the 2010 season, McCoy finished with 1,080 rushing yards, seven rushing touchdowns, 592 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns.[75] The Eagles finished the season 10-6 and won the NFC East Division.[76] In the playoffs the Eagles faced the Green Bay Packers at Lincoln Financial Field. They lost to the Green Bay Packers 21-16 after failing to score a touchdown in the first half. McCoy had 46 rushing yards in his second appearance in the NFL playoffs.[77]

ESPN Stats and Information did a special feature on ESPN where they handed out "Next Level Awards" to recognize outstanding play in the 2010 season. McCoy won an award in the "Locked and Loaded" category, which recognized the "best RB facing a loaded box".[78] This is what was said about McCoy, "LeSean McCoy, literally, ran away with this award thanks to some hard-nosed running -- an aspect of his game that often is overlooked"...."Fourteen running backs had at least 30 attempts against a loaded box this season. McCoy finished in the top four in rushing yards (207), touchdowns (three) and attempts per first down (2.8), despite having the fewest carries of those 14 backs (36)."[78]

The 2011 season started off with McCoy scoring 4 touchdowns and rushing for 345 yards in his first 3 games. In addition to that, he also caught 9 passes and had 1 receiving touchdown, for a total of 4.[79]
After only getting the ball 20 times on the ground in the next 2 games, and the Eagles dropping their fourth game in a row to the Buffalo Bills, starting the season off 1-4, the Eagles faced two divisional opponents.[80] On the road at FedExField, against the Washington Redskins, McCoy rushed for 126 yards and a touchdown in a 20-13 win.[81] Coming off a bye week, the Eagles faced
the Dallas Cowboys on October 30, McCoy scored two touchdowns and rushed for 184 yards; the Eagles won 34-7.[82] McCoy had a rough second half compared to the first. He rushed for over 100 yards twice in the next 8 games. He failed to reach the 50 yard mark three times. McCoy saw inconsistency in the run game, some games getting the ball 15 or fewer times. McCoy missed the Eagles final game with a sprained ankle.[83] When McCoy rushed for over 100 yards, the Eagles were 5-1.[84] His 17 rushing touchdowns tied him for third all-time in rushing touchdowns in a single season by a running back aged 23 or younger. The only two running backs ahead of him are Hall of Famers Eric Dickerson and Emmitt Smith.[85] McCoy finished the 2011 season as the league's fourth leading rusher,[86] after sitting out the last game with an ankle injury.[87] During the December 18, 2011 game against the New York Jets, McCoy broke the Eagles' single season touchdown and rushing touchdown records previously set by Steve Van Buren in 1945. As of December 2013, McCoy holds the records with 17 rushing and 20 total touchdowns. He was also voted into the Pro Bowl for his season's performance. McCoy won the FedEx Ground Player of the Year Award,[88] and was also voted Associated Press All-Pro First Team running back.[89] McCoy is one of only three running backs 23 years or younger to be named to the Associated Press All-Pro team since 1995. The other two are Edgerrin James(1999) and Adrian Peterson(2008).[90] McCoy finished the 2011 season with 1,309 rushing yards, including six games of over 100 rushing yards. In 15 games played, he recorded a rushing touchdown in 12 of them, and scored a touchdown in 13 out 15. He finished first in the National Football League in rushing touchdowns, with 17,[91] and lead the entire league in total touchdowns with 20.[92][93][94]

On May 17, 2012, it was announced that McCoy had signed a five-year contract extension with the Philadelphia Eagles. The contract is worth $45 million with $20.765 million guaranteed.[95]

On September 9, 2012, the Philadelphia Eagles traveled to Cleveland, Ohio to face the Cleveland Browns. McCoy rushed for 110 yards on 20 carries for an average of 5.5 yards per carry in the season opener. He outrushed the whole Browns team 110-99 and the Eagles won 17-16.[96] Coming back home to Philadelphia, McCoy scored his first touchdown of the young season, a one-yard run in the first quarter. The Eagles went on to win 24-23.[97] In Week 4 against NFC East foe New York Giants, McCoy broke the 100 rushing yard barrier for the second time in four games with 123 yards on the ground.[98] In the next five games, McCoy rushed for 321 yards for an average of 64.2 rushing yards per game. All five of those games were losses for the Eagles. On November 18, 2012, playing against the Washington Redskins, McCoy ran for 82 yards and had 20 receiving yards, but suffered a concussion in the fourth quarter of the game. He was injured with less than two minutes remaining in the game.[8] McCoy did not return until December 23 against the Redskins. In his last two games he had 23 carries for 90 yards. He was used more in the passing offense though, catching 14 passes for a total of 138 receiving yards.[99] He ended up missing four games on the year, playing in a total of 12. Overall, in the 2012 season, he finished with 840 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, 373 receiving yards, and three receiving touchdowns.[100]

McCoy took the field for Monday Night Football on September 9, 2013, and rushed for 184 yards on 31 carries and scored a touchdown.[101] At the time, this was McCoy's second highest single game rushing total of his career.[102] The Philadelphia Eagles took the win over divisional foe Washington Redskins. His performance was good enough to earn him FedEx Ground Player of the Week honors.[103] McCoy was only handed the ball 11 times in Week two, resulting in 53 yards. But he contributed as a wide receiver and caught five passes for 114 yards.[101] 114 yards currently stands as McCoy's top receiving yards in a game.[104] The Eagles then faced former head coach Andy Reid and the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 3, on Thursday Night Football. McCoy rushed for 158 yards on 20 attempts, for 7.9 yards per carry.[105] Though the Eagles lost this game and fell to 1-2, McCoy surpassed 150 yards from scrimmage in each of his first three games of the season. Over the course of the next six games McCoy saw somewhat limited action with varied results. He received more than 20 carries once in a game and broke 100 yards rushing only once. The Eagles dropped back to back games to divisional foes but beat Oakland on November 3, to bring their record to 4-5.[106] McCoy rushed for 155 yards against the Green Bay Packers. This was his third game surpassing 150 yards rushing.[107]

On December 8, 2013, Philadelphia had their first major snowfall of the year, with over 8.5 inches of snow falling.[108] With snow covering the entire field, and with it falling the entire first half, offense was hard to come by. The halftime score was 8-0 in favor of the Detroit Lions. Several minutes into the second half the Lions scored their second touchdown of the game, and subsequently took the lead 14-0. The second half was a breakout half for McCoy, who finished the game with 217 rushing yards on 29 carries. McCoy's 217 rushing broke a franchise record of 207 rushing yards that was previously held by Steve Van Buren.[109] He also scored two touchdowns to help propel the Eagles to victory over the Lions 34-20.[110] McCoy also earned for the second time in 2013, FedEx ground player of the week, in Week 14.[111]

In Week 15, the Eagles traveled to Minnesota. McCoy only carried the ball 8 times, as the Eagles elected to pass for much of the game. He did though have 68 receiving yards, which put him over the 100 yards from scrimmage mark. The Eagles fell to the Minnesota Vikings 48-30.[112] As of Week 16,  McCoy leads the NFL in rushing with 1,476 yards and is tied for first in rushing first downs.[113] In Week 16 facing the Chicago Bears, McCoy rushed for 133 yards and scored two touchdowns.[114] This moved him up to second on the Philadelphia Eagles single season rushing yards list. In Week 17 against the Dallas Cowboys, he broke Wilbert Montgomery's Eagles regular season rushing record (1,512 in 1979) and Brian Westbrook's record of most yards from scrimmage (2104 in 2007). McCoy rushed for 131 yards on 27 carries, finishing out the last drive of the game with 23 yards on 6 rushes. The Eagles won 24-22 and earned a playoff spot - the third seed in the NFC at 10-6.[115][116] McCoy rushed for 77 yards and one touchdown in the Eagles' game against the 11-5 New Orleans Saints, but the team lost 26-24 after a last-second field goal.[117]

For the 2013 season, McCoy was able to rush for an outstanding 1,607 yards and was also the all-purpose yards leader at 2,146.[118][119][120]

McCoy followed up his 2013 season by rushing for 1,319 yards, which finished third after DeMarco Murray and Le'Veon Bell for the league lead.[121] However, he only totaled five touchdowns, all on the ground.[122] This was in part due to the Eagles signing veteran Darren Sproles, who scored six rushing touchdowns, and Chris Polk being used more for goal line situations, resulting in four rushing touchdowns for him.[123] His most impressive game was in Week 13 in the 33â€“10 blowout against the Eagles' divisional rival, the Dallas Cowboys, where he ran for 159 yards and a touchdown.[124]

McCoy's most notable accomplishment was becoming the Eagles' all-time leading rusher, finishing with 6,792 yards.[125] Wilbert Montgomery, the previous record holder (as well as second and third place Brian Westbrook and Steve Van Buren), had taken eight seasons to compile the yards he had, while McCoy only took six.

On March 10, 2015, the Eagles traded McCoy to the Buffalo Bills in exchange for the linebacker Kiko Alonso.[10] He then signed a new five-year contract worth $40 million.[11] McCoy's offseason was filled with many comments on his former coach, such as how Eagles coach and general manager Chip Kelly "got rid of all the good black players"[126] or that he "doesn't like or respect stars".[127] McCoy's season started slow, although this could be attributed to a nagging hamstring injury. Although McCoy rushed for 89 yards on 15 carries against the New England Patriots in Week 2, he had a yards per carry average less than 2.5 in games against the Indianapolis Colts and Miami Dolphins (although he did grab a receiving touchdown against the Dolphins).[128][129][130] After missing two games with a hamstring injury, McCoy returned to his elite form, rushing for 90 yards on 17 carries against the Cincinnati Bengals, gaining his first rushing touchdown of the season.[131] This game started a streak where McCoy gained over 100 yards from scrimmage for seven consecutive weeks, which was ended with a season ending MCL sprain against the Washington Redskins, his longtime divisional rival while he was with the Eagles.[132] In December, as the Bills prepared to face the Eagles in Philadelphia, McCoy said he would not shake Chip Kelly's hand, his former coach and the man who traded him.[133] Although he kissed the Eagles logo on Lincoln Financial Field and hugged owner Jeffrey Lurie, he did not participate in postgame ceremonies when the Bills lost.[134] He was ranked 69th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.[135]

On September 11, 2016, in the season opener, McCoy ran for 58 yards on 16 carries and scored one touchdown as the Bills lost to the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 13–7.[136] On September 25, he carried the ball 17 times for 110 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns.[137] During a Week 5 victory over the Los Angeles Rams, he carried the ball 18 times for 150 yards, marking the most he had in a single game since joining the Bills.[138] On October 16, 2016, McCoy had 19 carries for 140 rushing yards and tied his single game career-high of three rushing touchdowns as the Bills defeated the San Francisco 49ers and McCoy's former head coach Chip Kelly by a score of 45–16.[139][140] McCoy was named to his fifth career Pro Bowl on December 20, 2016.[141] He finished the 2016 season with 1,267 rushing yards on 234 carries and scored 13 rushing touchdowns.[142] He was ranked 27th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.[143] Along with quarterback Tyrod Taylor and backup running back Mike Gillislee, McCoy helped Buffalo lead the NFL in rushing yards for the second consecutive year.[144]

On September 10, 2017, McCoy had 159 yards (110 rushing and 49 receiving) from scrimmage in a 21–12 season opening win against the New York Jets.[145] In this game, McCoy eclipsed 12,000 scrimmage yards for his career. He became the sixth active player to reach the mark and one of 60 players to ever reach 12,000 yards from scrimmage.[146] Despite struggling early in the season in Rick Dennison's offense, McCoy had strong games against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Oakland Raiders, and the Los Angeles Chargers.[147][148][149] During Week 14 against the Indianapolis Colts in blizzard-like conditions, McCoy rushed for 156 yards and the game-winning touchdown in overtime, allowing the Bills to win 13–7.[150] The performance against the Colts put McCoy over 1,000 rushing yards for the season.[citation needed]

On December 17, 2017 in a game against the Miami Dolphins he became the 30th NFL player to exceed 10,000 rushing yards. On the play that took him over the 10,000 yard mark he was tackled by Kiko Alonso, who was the player in the 1-for-1 trade that brought McCoy to the Bills.[151] On December 19, 2017, McCoy was named to his sixth Pro Bowl.[152] The Bills finished the regular season with a 9–7 record and made the playoffs as the #6-seed.[153] In the Wild Card Round against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he finished with 75 rushing yards and 44 receiving yards as the Bills lost by a score of 10–3.[154]

Despite a chaotic offseason, the Bills named McCoy a team captain for the 2018 season.[155]

McCoy's brother, LeRon McCoy, is a former wide receiver who played for the Arizona Cardinals. McCoy has one son, LeSean Jr.[citation needed]

In August 2012, McCoy became a partner and investor in premium sports drink BodyArmor SuperDrink.[156]

On November 28, 2012, McCoy was featured in an episode of E:60 titled "The Real McCoy". The interview was done by ESPN reporter Lisa Salters.[157]  It details the story of McCoy's high school career and his ankle injury.

In May 2013, McCoy was sued for his alleged actions towards a woman using the alias "Mary Roe"[158] aboard a party bus on the New Jersey Turnpike. Roe testified that McCoy humiliated her and 15 other women by spraying them with a beverage before ejecting Roe from the vehicle. McCoyâ€™s attorney Andrew Smith Esq. responded, "There are no criminal charges pending and no probable cause was ever found,"  stating that the accuser was simply attempting to collect money from McCoy. Roe sued for over $50,000 in damages for assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, false imprisonment and negligence.[159]

In September 2014, McCoy received criticism for leaving a $0.20 tip at the PYT burger restaurant in Philadelphia. McCoy claimed the low tip was due to "bad service."[160] The owner responded on September 9, 2014, saying that McCoy had been "verbally abusive" and made "derogatory comments about women."[161]

McCoy has been a resident of the Marlton section of Evesham Township, New Jersey.[162]

McCoy opined that Colin Kaepernick, known for starting the 2016 U.S. national anthem protests, "was not worth the distraction" when asked why the latter was not on an NFL roster as of 2017.[163] However, in light of President Donald Trump's comments that NFL players who kneel during the anthem "should be fired", McCoy took part in the protests, even continuing to stretch during the anthem before a September 24 game against the Denver Broncos. McCoy defended the participation of his teammates and himself in the protests, saying that while the national anthem and flag "meant a lot" to himself and his teammates, he could not "stand and support something when the leader of this country is acting like a jerk." The Bills as a whole had met together before the game to discuss how they would respond to President Trump's statement.[164][165]

On July 10, 2018, a post on Instagram alleged that McCoy battered a woman, along with accusations that McCoy beat his son, his pet dog, and that he also used illegal steroids.[166] The post was soon deleted and McCoy denied all of the allegations made in a statement stating he had "not had any direct contact with any of the people involved in months." In response, the Buffalo Bills issued a statement via Twitter stating, "We have spoken to LeSean McCoy and have been in contact with the National Football League. We will continue to gather information."[167][168] The woman in question was McCoy's former girlfriend Delicia Cordon, with whom he had a tumultuous relationship according to police records.[169] Court documents show that McCoy had been trying to evict Cordon from a house he owned in Milton, Georgia for some time and was concerned that Cordon would falsely accuse him of domestic violence. Cordon was robbed and assaulted at the home by a masked assailant on July 10, which coincidentally was the same day as a previously postponed court date for the eviction hearing. The assailant stole jewelry that Cordon claimed McCoy gifted her.[169][170]


how many kv schools are there in india

This is a list of 1,198 schools known as Kendriya Vidyalayas; 1,195 are in India and three are abroad.[1] A total of 11,21,012 students and 56,445 employees are on the rolls as of  1 February 2015[update]. These have been divided amongst 25 regions, each headed by a deputy commissioner.

List of Kendriya Vidyalayas

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Fudam, Diu(U.T)

Kendriya Vidyalaya 2, Army Bhuj.

Kendriya vidyalaya, Porbandar

Kv no1, kv no 2, kv no. 3, kv no 4

Kendriya Vidyalayas in Kerala

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kavaratti

kendriya vidyalaya Aizawl, Mizoram

Kaliningrad,Bhubaneswar

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SURANUSSI, JALANDHAR [9]

kendriya vidyalaya sarai khas, jalandhar

Kendriya vidyalaya, Tadong, Gangtok

Kendriya vidyalaya,  N.H.P.C., Singtam

The Nilgiris*OOTY

"Firozabad"

The three Kendriya Vidyalayas outside India are in Kathmandu, Moscow, and Tehran. They are intended for children of Indian embassy staff and other expatriate employees of the government of India.


what is the first step in the marketing research procedure

The first stage in a marketing research project is to define the problem. In defining the problem, the researcher should take into account the purpose of the study, relevant background information and all necessary data, and how the information gathered will be used in decision making. Problem definition involves discussion with the decision makers, interviews with industry experts, analysis of secondary data, and, perhaps, some qualitative research, such as focus groups. Once the problem has been precisely defined, the research can be designed and conducted properly.[2]

Marketing research process

The marketing research process is a six-step process involving the definition of the problem being studied upon, determining what approach to take, formulation of research design, field work entailed, data preparation and analysis, and the generation of reports, how to present these reports, and overall, how the task can be accomplished.[1]

Development of an approach to the problem is the second step. This includes formulating an objective or theoretical framework, constructing analytical models, generating research questions, hypotheses, and identifying characteristics or factors that can influence the research design. This process is guided by discussions with management and industry experts, case studies and simulations, analysis of secondary data, qualitative research and pragmatic considerations.[2]

The third step involves the formulation of the research design which is the framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It details the procedures necessary in obtaining the required information, and its purpose is to design a study that will test the hypotheses of interest, determine possible answers to the research questions, and provide the information necessary for decision making. Conducting exploratory research, precisely defining the variables, and designing appropriate scales to measure them are also components of the research design. The issue on how the data should be obtained from the respondents must be addressed. It is also necessary to design a questionnaire and a sampling plan to select respondents for the study.

Formulating the research design involves the following steps:[1]

Fourth is data collection which involves manpower/staff members who operate either in the field, as in the case of personal interviewing (in-home, mall intercept, or computer-assisted personal interviewing), from an office by telephone (telephone or computer-assisted telephone interviewing), or through mail (traditional mail and mail panel surveys with pre-recruited households). Proper selection, training, supervision, and evaluation of staff members helps minimize data-collection errors.

Data preparation and analysis is the fifth step and includes the editing, coding, transcription, and verification of data. Each questionnaire or observation form is inspected, or edited, and, if necessary, corrected. Number or letter codes are assigned to represent each response to each question in the questionnaire. The data from the questionnaires are transcribed or key-punched on to magnetic tapes, or disks or inputted directly into the computer. Verification ensures that the data from the original questionnaires have been accurately transcribed.

Analyzed data gives meaning to the information that have been collected. Univariate techniques are used for analyzing data when there is a single measurement of each element or unit in the sample, or, if there are several measurements of each element, each RCH variable is analyzed in isolation. On the other hand, multivariate techniques are used for analyzing data when there are two or more measurements on each element and the variables are analyzed simultaneously.[2]

The last stage is the report preparation and presentation. The entire project should be documented in a written report and the results and major findings must be presented. The findings must be in a comprehensible format so that they can be readily used in the decision making process. In addition, an oral presentation should be made to management using tables, figures, and graphs to enhance clarity and impact.[2]

For these reasons, interviews with experts are more useful in conducting marketing research for industrial firms and for products of a technical nature, where it is relatively easy to identify and approach the experts. This method is also helpful in situations where little information is available from other sources, as in the case of radically new products.

Primary data is sourced by the researcher for the specific purpose of addressing the research problem. On the other hand, secondary data is collected for some purpose other than the problem at hand. This data includes information made available by business and government sources, commercial marketing research firms, and computerized databases. Secondary data is an economical and quick source of background information.

Information, industry experts, and secondary data may not be sufficient to define the research problem. Sometimes qualitative research must be undertaken to gain a qualitative understanding of the problem and its underlying factors. Qualitative research is unstructured, exploratory in nature, based on small samples, and may utilize popular qualitative techniques such as focus groups (group interviews), word association (asking respondents to indicate their first responses to stimulus words), and depth interviews (one-on-one interviews which probe the respondents' thoughts in detail). Other exploratory research techniques, such as pilot surveys with small samples of respondents, may also be undertaken.[1]


the maximum window of time a fibrinolytic can be administered is

Thrombolytic therapy is indicated for the treatment of STEMI – if it can begin within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms, and the person is eligible based on exclusion criteria, and a coronary angioplasty is not immediately available.[4] Thrombolysis is most effective in the first 2 hours. After 12 hours, the risk of intracranial bleeding associated with thrombolytic therapy outweighs any benefit.[2][5][6] Because irreversible injury occurs within 2–4 hours of the infarction, there is a limited window of time available for reperfusion to work.

Reperfusion therapy

Reperfusion therapy is a medical treatment to restore blood flow, either through or around, blocked arteries, typically after a heart attack (myocardial infarction) (MI). Reperfusion therapy includes drugs and surgery. The drugs are thrombolytics and fibrinolytics used in a process called thrombolysis. Surgeries performed may be minimally-invasive endovascular procedures such as a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), followed by a coronary angioplasty. The angioplasty uses the insertion of a balloon to open up the artery, with the possible additional use of one or more stents.[1] Other surgeries performed are the more invasive bypass surgeries that graft arteries around blockages.

If an MI is presented with ECG evidence of an ST elevation known as STEMI, or if a bundle branch block is similarly presented, then reperfusion therapy is necessary. In the absence of an ST elevation, a non-ST elevation MI, known as an NSTEMI, or an unstable angina may be presumed (both of these are indistinguishable on initial evaluation of symptoms). ST elevations indicate a completely blocked artery needing immediate reperfusion. In NSTEMI the blood flow is present but limited by stenosis. In NSTEMI the same thrombolytics are used as for STEMI, but they are also often stabilised with antiplatelets and anticoagulants. If the condition stays stable a cardiac stress test may be offered, and if needed subsequent revascularization will be carried out to restore a normal blood flow. If the blood flow becomes unstable an urgent angioplasty may be required. In these unstable cases the use of thrombolytics is contraindicated.[2]

At least 10% of treated cases of STEMI do not develop necrosis of the heart muscle. A successful restoration of blood flow is known as aborting the heart attack. About 25% of STEMIs can be aborted if treated within the hour of symptoms onset.[3]

Thrombolytic drugs are contraindicated for the treatment of unstable angina and NSTEMI[2][7] and for the treatment of individuals with evidence of cardiogenic shock.[8]

Although no perfect thrombolytic agent exists, ideally it would lead to rapid reperfusion, have a high sustained patency rate, be specific for recent thrombi, be easily and rapidly administered, create a low risk for intracerebral bleeding and systemic bleeding, have no antigenicity, adverse hemodynamic effects, or clinically significant drug interactions, and be cost effective.[9] Currently available thrombolytic agents include streptokinase, urokinase, and alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rtPA). More recently, thrombolytic agents similar in structure to rtPA such as reteplase and tenecteplase have been used. These newer agents boast efficacy at least as well as rtPA with significantly easier administration. The thrombolytic agent used in a particular individual is based on institution preference and the age of the patient.

Depending on the thrombolytic agent being used, additional anticoagulation with heparin or low molecular weight heparin may be of benefit.[10][11] With tPa and related agents (reteplase and tenecteplase), heparin is needed to keep the coronary artery open. Because of the anticoagulant effect of fibrinogen depletion with streptokinase[12] and urokinase[13][14][15] treatment, it is less necessary there.[10]

Thrombolytic therapy to abort a myocardial infarction is not always effective. The degree of effectiveness of a thrombolytic agent is dependent on the time since the myocardial infarction began, with the best results occurring if the thrombolytic is used within two hours of the onset of symptoms.[16][17] Failure rates of thrombolytics can be as high as 50%.[18] In cases of failure of the thrombolytic agent to open the infarct-related coronary artery, the person is then either treated conservatively with anticoagulants and allowed to "complete the infarction" or percutaneous coronary intervention (and coronary angioplasty) is then performed. Percutaneous coronary intervention in this setting is known as "rescue PCI" or "salvage PCI". Complications, particularly bleeding, are significantly higher with rescue PCI than with primary PCI due to the action of the thrombolytic.

Intracranial bleeding (ICB) and subsequent stroke is a serious side effect of thrombolytic use. The risk factors for developing intracranial bleeding include a previous episode of intracranial bleed, advanced age of the individual, and the thrombolytic regimen that is being used. In general, the risk of ICB due to thrombolytics is between 0.5 and 1 percent.[10]

The benefit of prompt, primary angioplasty over thrombolytic therapy for acute STEMI is now well established.[19][20][21] When performed rapidly, an angioplasty restores flow in the blocked artery in more than 95% of patients compared with the reperfusion rate of about 65% achieved by thrombolysis.[19] Logistic and economic obstacles seem to hinder a more widespread application of angioplasty,[22] although the feasibility of providing regionalized angioplasty for STEMI is currently being explored in the United States.[23] The use of a coronary angioplasty to abort a myocardial infarction is preceded by a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The goal of a prompt angioplasty is to open the artery as soon as possible, and preferably within 90 minutes of the patient presenting to the emergency room. This time is referred to as the door-to-balloon time. Few hospitals can provide an angioplasty within the 90 minute interval,[24] which prompted the American College of Cardiology (ACC) to launch a national Door to Balloon (D2B) Initiative in November 2006. Over 800 hospitals have joined the D2B Alliance as of March 16, 2007.[25]

One particularly successful implementation of a primary PCI protocol is in the Calgary Health Region under the auspices of the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta. Under this model, EMS teams responding to an emergency can transmit the ECG directly to a digital archiving system that allows emergency room staff to immediately confirm the diagnosis. This in turn allows for redirection of the EMS teams to those facilities that are ready to conduct time-critical angioplasty. This protocol has resulted in a median time to treatment of 62 minutes.[26]

The current guidelines in the United States restrict angioplasties to hospitals with available emergency bypass surgery as a backup,[4] but this is not the case in other parts of the world.[27]

A PCI involves performing a coronary angiogram to determine the location of the infarcting vessel, followed by balloon angioplasty (and frequently deployment of an intracoronary stent) of the stenosed arterial segment. In some settings, an extraction catheter may be used to attempt to aspirate (remove) the thrombus prior to balloon angioplasty. While the use of intracoronary stents do not improve the short term outcomes in primary PCI, the use of stents is widespread because of the decreased rates of procedures to treat restenosis compared to balloon angioplasty.[28]

Adjuvant therapy during an angioplasty includes intravenous heparin, aspirin, and clopidogrel. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are often used in the setting of primary angioplasty to reduce the risk of ischemic complications during the procedure.[29][30] Due to the number of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants used during primary angioplasty, the risk of bleeding associated with the procedure is higher than during an elective procedure.[31]

Emergency bypass surgery for the treatment of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is less common than PCI or thrombolysis. From 1995 to 2004, the percentage of people with cardiogenic shock treated with primary PCI rose from 27.4% to 54.4%, while the increase in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was only from 2.1% to 3.2%.[32] Emergency CABG is usually undertaken to simultaneously treat a mechanical complication, such as a ruptured papillary muscle, or a ventricular septal defect, with ensuing cardiogenic shock.[33] In uncomplicated MI, the mortality rate can be high when the surgery is performed immediately following the infarction.[34] If this option is entertained, the patient should be stabilized prior to surgery, with supportive interventions such as the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump.[35] In patients developing cardiogenic shock after a myocardial infarction, both PCI and CABG are satisfactory treatment options, with similar survival rates.[36][37]

Coronary artery bypass surgery involves an artery or vein from the patient being implanted to bypass narrowings or occlusions in the coronary arteries. Several arteries and veins can be used, however internal mammary artery grafts have demonstrated significantly better long-term patency rates than great saphenous vein grafts.[38] In patients with two or more coronary arteries affected, bypass surgery is associated with higher long-term survival rates compared to percutaneous interventions.[39] In patients with single vessel disease, surgery is comparably safe and effective, and may be a treatment option in selected cases.[40] Bypass surgery has higher costs initially, but becomes cost-effective in the long term.[41] A surgical bypass graft is more invasive initially but bears less risk of recurrent procedures (but these may be again minimally invasive).[40]

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm which looks like slow ventricular tachycardia is a sign of a successful reperfusion.[42] No treatment of this rhythm is needed as it rarely changes into a more serious rhythm.[43]


where is the hallmark movie chesapeake shores filmed

Chesapeake Shores is filmed on Vancouver Island's Qualicum Beach and its neighboring town of Parksville, British Columbia. The first season was filmed there from May through July 2016.[37]

Chesapeake Shores

Chesapeake Shores is a Canadian/American drama television series, based on the novel series of the same name by Sherryl Woods, produced by Chesapeake Shores Productions Inc in association with Borderline Distribution. The series had a two-hour premiere on the Hallmark Channel on August 14, 2016.[1] Meghan Ory, Jesse Metcalfe, Treat Williams, Brendan Penny, Andrew Francis and Diane Ladd star in the series. John Tinker is showrunner and executive producer.[2]

On January 15, 2017, Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10-episode second season, which aired from August 6 through October 8, 2017.[3][4][5]

On January 13, 2018, Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10-episode third season, which aired from August 5 to October 7, 2018.[6][7]

Abby O'Brien Winters returns from New York to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores, Maryland, after receiving a panicked phone call from her youngest sister Jess, who is renovating the Inn at Eagle Point. Abby's demanding career, divorce, and young daughters have kept her too busy to even think about the town her father built. Saving her sister's inn from foreclosure means dealing not only with her fractured family but also with Trace Riley, her first love whom she abruptly left sixteen years ago. He initially is an obstacle but becomes an unexpected ally and a second chance at finding love. The troubled family dynamic is intensified when Abby's estranged mother comes back to town.

In addition to playing the character Trace, Jesse Metcalfe performs some of the songs used in the series' episodes. A songwriter for more than a decade, Metcalfe also composed two of the songs himself.[38]

Production for the second season started in spring 2017.[5]

The series premiered on the Hallmark Channel on August 14, 2016. It premiered on Canada's W Network on August 25, 2016.[39]

Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said Chesapeake Shores is "as well scrubbed and predictable as they come â€” in other words, perfectly suited to Hallmark's target audience." He added, "fans of [Sherryl Woods's series of novels], at least, will probably enjoy seeing this annoyingly pristine world brought to life."[40]

Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the two-hour series premiere a B grade, praising the "ethereally gorgeous" Meghan Ory and the "acting powerhouses" of Treat Williams and Diane Ladd. She added that they "may make the show worth watching, and the giddy chemistry of the romantic leads certainly doesn't hurt."[41]

Chesapeake Shores' two-hour premiere on Sunday, August 14, 2016, was seen by 1.942 million viewers. Its largest ratings demographic were people over the age of 50, with a 1.42 share, followed by a 0.45 share among women aged 18 to 49.[8] Over the course of the first season, the series was Hallmark's "most-watched [...] in the network's history" by women and adults in the 25–54 age demographic in its live plus three days (L+3) of DVR viewing, leading to its second-season renewal.[5]


what is to all the boys ive loved before

To All the Boys I've Loved Before is a 2014 young adult romance novel by American author Jenny Han, first published by Simon & Schuster and released on April 15, 2014.[1] Han was inspired to write the book based on her own habit of writing long letters to boys she had crushes on as a teenager.[2] The novel was followed by two sequels, P.S. I Still Love You, released on May 26, 2015,[3] and Always and Forever, Lara Jean, released on May 2, 2017.[4]

To All the Boys I've Loved Before

Lara Jean Song Covey is a sixteen-year-old half-Korean, half-Caucasian girl. She is exceptionally close to her older sister Margot and younger sister Kitty. Lara Jean keeps love letters to all the boys she has ever loved in a teal hatbox given to her by her late mother. Just before Margot leaves for university in Scotland, she breaks up with her boyfriend Josh Sanderson, who is also their next door neighbor.

Lara Jean, who once had a crush on Josh, finds her feelings for him coming back after Margot leaves, and Josh admits during a conversation about crushes that his first serious crush was on Lara Jean. To cope with her feelings, Lara Jean writes a long postscript to a letter she wrote when she was fourteen, after Josh asked Margot out instead of her.

Peter Kavinsky, one of the boys Lara Jean wrote a letter to, approaches her and tells her he does not have any sort of attraction to her. Lara Jean is confused, but realizes that he is referring to a letter she wrote him years ago after he received it in the mail. Horrified, she tells him she wrote it a long time ago. Lara Jean recounts what prompted her to write the letter: when she was in seventh grade, she and Peter were with a group of mutual friends when Peter kissed her.

Lara Jean cannot find her hatbox at home. That night, she hears Josh come over and hides in a treehouse. The next morning at school, Josh asks her about the letter to him. She lies and says she no longer has feelings for him and that she is dating someone else. When he asks who it is, she says Peter as he’s the first person she thinks of while he walks down the hallway. Lara Jean spontaneously jumps into Peter’s arms and kisses him in front of Josh, and Peter kisses her back. At school, Lara Jean explains her situation to Peter, who decides to go along with the lie, as he has just broken up with his long-term girlfriend Genevieve and wants a clean break.

Lara Jean and Peter set up a list of ground-rules on how to act around each other. The more time they spend together, the more confused Lara Jean gets about her feelings. Josh becomes jealous of Peter, and when Lara Jean confronts him about it, he kisses her and tells her he wants to be with her, causing Lara Jean to realize that she no longer likes Josh and that she wants to date Peter for real.

On a school ski trip, Peter tells Lara Jean he does want to date her and they kiss in a hot tub. The following day, Genevieve tells her that there is a rumor that the two had sex in the hot tub, and Peter did not deny it. Humiliated, Lara Jean avoids Peter during Christmas break. Kitty invites him over to the Covey's recital party which they had every year before their mother died. When Peter tries to talk to Lara Jean, Josh steps in to try and protect her, and Margot ends up hearing about how Josh and Lara Jean kissed.

Margot and Lara Jean eventually reconcile, but Lara Jean remains angry at Peter until Kitty admits that she stole her sister's hatbox and mailed the letters as revenge for Lara Jean almost revealing Kitty's crush on Josh. Kitty tells Lara Jean that Peter really cares for her and returns the hatbox that is now filled with notes that Peter gave Lara Jean while they were fake-dating. Reading them over, Lara Jean has a change of heart and takes out her pen and paper to write a real love letter to Peter.

The novel spent 40 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list in the Young Adult fiction section.[5] It has been published in 30 languages.[citation needed]

In June 2014, it was reported that Overbrook Entertainment, actor Will Smith's production company, had secured the film rights to the novel, with Annie Neal hired to adapt the book for the screen. Smith and Overbrook's James Lassiter produced.[6] Carrie Pilby director Susan Johnson helmed the film, from a screenplay by Sofia Alvarez, with Lana Condor, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Noah Centineo, Israel Broussard, and John Corbett starring. Production began in Vancouver in July 2017,[7] and the film was released by Netflix on August 17, 2018.[8] The film received positive reviews.[9][10]


where did travelocity get the idea for the gnome

The travelling gnome prank was popularized by the film Amélie (2001) in which the main character persuaded her father to follow his dream of touring the world by stealing his garden gnome and having an air hostess friend send pictures of it from all over the world. The traveling gnome theme later became the basis for Travelocity's "Where is my Gnome?" advertising campaign.[citation needed]

Travelling gnome

The travelling gnome (also known as the roaming gnome or gnoming) is when someone brings a garden gnome lawn ornament on a trip and takes pictures of it in front of famous landmarks. Some instances became national and international news stories, where people have stolen a garden gnome from a garden, and then send the owner photos of the gnome for a period of time as a practical joke, before returning it.

The Garden Gnome Liberation Front in France is a community that considers gnoming to be stealing garden gnomes from other people's property, without the intention of returning them, as part of their purported mission to "free" gnomes and "return them to the wild", which has sometimes led to criminal charges, jail time, or fines.

The concept of the travelling gnome dates back to the 1970s when Henry Sunderland photographed his own garden gnomes, which he named Harry and Charlie, while he was travelling around Antarctica.[1]

The earliest record of a prank involving a traveling gnome is from Australia in 1986 when the Sydney Morning Herald reported an "Eastern Suburbs gnome-owner was distressed when she discovered her gnome had been stolen at the weekend. A note was found in its place: 'Dear mum, couldn't stand the solitude any longer. Gone off to see the world. Don't be worried, I'll be back soon. Love Bilbo xxx.'"[2]

A running prank has developed, which has made national news at times, where people steal a garden gnome from an unknowing person's lawn and then send the owner photos of the gnome and sometimes cryptic messages that were supposedly written by the gnome for a time as a practical joke before returning it.[3]

The most well-known instance of the travelling gnome prank was arguably in 2005 when a group of college students took a garden gnome, dubbed "Gnome Severson" in news, from a property in Redmond, Washington, U.S. and brought it on a roadtrip to California and Nevada.[4][5] Gnome Severson became a national news story after the group ran into socialite Paris Hilton at a gas station, who posed for a picture with the gnome that was printed in People magazine. At the end of the week-long trip, the friends anonymously returned the gnome to its owner's front porch with a photo album titled "Gnomeâ€™s Spring Break 2005", which included the issue of People and other pictures the gnome around Hollywood, San Francisco, and Las Vegas. The owner, who had not even noticed the gnome was missing until she found it returned on her porch, was even interviewed on Good Morning America.[6]

According to ABC News, the owner decided to auction the gnome on eBay, which sold with the photo album for US$360 in May 2005,[7] because she became tired of all of the media attention. However, in February 2006, it was reported that the gnome had actually been secretly purchased on eBay by the owner's friends who continued to take photos of it around the world in locations such as Canada, Mexico, Italy, and Thailand. After it was returned for the second time, the original owner, referring to it as "the prodigal gnome", said she had decided to keep it and would not sell it on eBay again.[6]

There have also been a number of criminal incidents in which individuals or groups steal large numbers of garden gnomes without the intention of returning, often with the purported mission of "freeing" gnomes and "returning them to the wild". These crimes can cause distress to the victims of the theft, particularly if the gnomes have sentimental value.[8]

France's Garden Gnome Liberation Front (French: Front de libération des nains de jardin), which in 2006 claimed 100 active members in France, Canada, Germany, Spain, and the United States, became known to the public in 1990s when they took credit for the theft of hundreds of garden gnomes around France.[9] In 1997, their ringleader was sent to prison and fined for stealing over 150 garden gnomes over a period of several years.[10][11][12]

In 1998, the Garden Gnome Liberation Front made headlines again when they staged a "mass suicide" of gnomes by hanging 11 garden gnomes with nooses around their necks under a bridge at Briey in northeastern France[9] with a note that stated, "When you read these few words we will no longer be part of your selfish world, where we serve merely as pretty decorations."[11] The Front was in the news again in 2000 when they stole 20 gnomes overnight from a garden exhibition in Paris,[11] and they were suspected in 2006, when 80 gnomes were stolen in the central Limousin region of France under a banner that said "gnome mistreated, gnome liberated".[13]

In 2008, a 53-year-old man, who law enforcement officials believed acted alone, was arrested on suspicion of stealing as many as 170 garden gnomes in the Brittany region of France.[14]

The travelling gnome has appeared in several video games. For example, it has been used as a recurring Easter egg in The Sims computer game series, such as Sim City 3 (1999) where different varieties of garden gnomes appear and move or change position daily and in Sim City 4 (2004), in which gnomes reveals themselves in the game's buildable landmarks.[citation needed] In the video game, Half-Life 2: Episode Two (2007), players receive a special achievement award for launching a garden gnome into outer space in a rocket after carrying it throughout most of the game.[citation needed] Gnonstop Gnomes, a mobile app for Android and iOS devices, lets users attach clipart of virtual gnomes to their travel photographs that they can share with friends.[15]


who sang i didn't sleep at all last night

"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All" is a song written by Tony Macaulay and performed by The 5th Dimension with instrumental backing from L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew.[1] In the United States, the song reached #2 on the adult contemporary chart, #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and #28 on the R&B chart in 1972.[2] The song appeared on the band's album Individually and Collectively.[3] It became the group's fifth and final platinum record. In Canada, it spent a week at #6 on the RPM 100 in July 1972.

The track was produced by Bones Howe and arranged by Bill Holman.[4]

Tony Macaulay began work on the song while in Tokyo for the World Popular Song Festival of 1972: he met fellow-attendees the Carpenters and was inspired to write a song emulating their hit "We've Only Just Begun" (Macaulay - "I liked the feel of that, the shuffle feel of it"). Macaulay recalls that due to changing time zones "I was awake all night and sleeping all day [in Tokyo]. So I just got up in the night and I wrote it": although he was having sleepless nights it was not the song's lyric but its melody that Macaulay wrote in Tokyo, the lyrics being completed after his return to London "(quote) in a taxi stuck in a traffic jam in London, in about an hour going from one side of London to another". Macaulay sent a demo of the song to the Carpenters "(quote) They said they loved it and they'd do it. [Later] I got a phone call about 2 o'clock in the morning that woke me up (they hadn't figured out the time change between here and America). They said 'Oh, we can't record it because it mentions sleeping pills and they are drugs and we don't mention drugs.' So I got up in the middle of the night and rewrote the last verse without the sleeping pills." However Macaulay was not happy to change the lyric and Bones Howe contacted him the next week Macaulay pitched "(Last Night)..." for the 5th Dimension who recorded it with the sleeping pill reference intact.[5]


adaptations of fasciola hepatica to a parasitic lifestyle

F. hepaticaâ€™s tegument protects it from the enzymes of the host's stomach, whilst still allowing water to pass through.[27] Free-swimming larvae have cilia and the cercariae have a flagellum-like tail to help them swim through the aquatic environment and also allow them to reach the plants on which they form a cyst.[25] To attach within the host, F. hepatica has oral suckers and body spines. Their pharynges also help them to suck onto the tissues within the body, particularly within the bile ducts.[28] The adult fluke's respiration is anaerobic; this is ideal, as no oxygen is available in the liver.[18] F. hepatica is adapted to produce a large number of eggs, which increases its chances of survival, as many eggs are destroyed on release into the environment. Also, F. hepatica is hermaphrodite, thus all flukes can produce eggs, increasing the number of offspring produced by the population.[20]

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans. The disease caused by the fluke is called fasciolosis or fascioliasis, which is a type of helminthiasis and has been classified as a neglected tropical disease.[2] Fasciolosis is currently classified as a plant/food-borne trematode infection, often acquired through eating the parasite's metacercariae encysted on plants.[3] F. hepatica, which is distributed worldwide, has been known as an important parasite of sheep and cattle for decades and causes significant economic losses in these livestock species, up to £23 million in the UK alone.[4] Because of its relatively large size and economic importance, it has been the subject of many scientific investigations and may be the best-known of any trematode species. F. hepatica's closest relative is Fasciola gigantica. These two flukes are sister species; they share many morphological features and can mate with each other.[5]

Fasciola hepatica occurs in the liver of a definitive host and its lifecycle is indirect. Definitive hosts of the fluke are cattle, sheep, and buffaloes. Wild ruminants and other mammals, including humans, can act as definitive hosts as well.[6] The life cycle of F. hepatica goes through the intermediate host and several environmental larval stages.[7] Intermediate hosts of F. hepatica are air-breathing freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae. Although several lymnaeid species susceptible to F. hepatica have been described, the parasite develops only in one or two major species on each continent. Galba truncatula is the main snail host in Europe, partly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Lymnaea viator, L. neotropica, Pseudosuccinea columella, and L. cubensis are most common intermediate hosts in Central and South America.[5][6] Several other lymnaeid snails may be naturally or experimentally infected with F. hepatica, but their role in transmission of the fluke is low.[5] The list of lymnaeid snails that may serve as natural or experimental intermediate hosts of F. hepatica include:[8]

The metacercariae are released from the freshwater snail as cercariae, and form cysts on various surfaces including aquatic vegetation. The mammalian host then eats this vegetation and can become infected. Humans can often acquire these infections through eating freshwater plants such as watercress. Inside the duodenum of the mammalian host, the metacercariae are released from within their cysts. From the duodenum, they burrow through the lining of the intestine and into the peritoneal cavity. They then migrate through the intestines and liver, and into the bile ducts. Inside the bile ducts, they develop into an adult fluke.[9] In humans, the time taken for F. hepatica to mature from metacercariae into an adult fluke is roughly 3 to 4 months. The adult flukes can then produce up to 25,000 eggs per fluke per day.[10] These eggs are passed out via stools and into freshwater. Once in freshwater, the eggs become embryonated, allowing them to hatch as miracidia, which then find a suitable intermediate snail host of the Lymnaeidae family. Inside this snail, the miracidia develop into sporocysts, then to rediae, then to cercariae. The cercariae are released from the snail to form metacercariae and the life cycle begins again.[9]

Fasciola hepatica is one of the largest flukes of the world, reaching a length of 30 mm and a width of 13 mm (Fasciola gigantica, though, is even bigger and can reach up to 75 mm).[11] It is leaf-shaped, pointed at the back (posteriorly), and wide in the front (anteriorly). The oral sucker is small but powerful and is located at the end of a cone-shape projection at the anterior end. The acetabulum is a larger sucker than the oral sucker and is located at the anterior end.[9]

The outer surface of the fluke is called the tegument. This is composed of scleroprotein, and its primary function is to protect the fluke from the destructive digestive system of the host.[12] Its also used for renewal of the surface plasma membrane and the active uptake of nutrients.[13] On the surface of the tegument are also small spines. Initially, these spines are single-pointed, then, just prior to the fluke entering the bile ducts, they become multipointed. At the anterior end of the fluke, the spines have between 10 and 15 points, whereas at the posterior end, they have up to 30 points.[14] The tegument is a syncytial epithelium. This means it is made from the fusion of many cells, each containing one nucleus, to produce a multinucleated cell membrane. In the case of F. hepatica, no nuclei are in the outer cytoplasm between the basal and apical membranes. Thus, this region is referred to as anucleate. Instead, the nuclei are found in the cell bodies, also known as tegumental cells, these connect to the outer cytoplasm via thin cytoplasmic strands. The tegumental cells contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum).[15] The tegument plays a key role in the flukeâ€™s infection of the host. Studies have shown that certain parts of the tegument (in this case, the antigen named Teg) can actually suppress the immune response of the mammalian host. This means that the fluke is able to weaken the immune response, and increase its chances of a successful infection. A successful infection is needed for the fluke to have enough time to develop into an adult and continue its lifecycle.[16]

The alimentary canal of F. hepatica has a single mouth which leads into the blind gut; it has no anus. The mouth is located within the anterior sucker on the ventral side of the fluke. This mouth leads to the pharynx, which is then followed by a narrow oesophagus. The oesophagus, which is lined with a thin layer of epithelial cells, then opens up into the large intestine. As no anus is present, the intestine branches, with each branch ending blindly near the posterior end of the body.[17] Fflukes migrate into smaller capillaries and bile ducts when feeding within the host. They use their mouth suckers to pull off and suck up food, bile, lymph, and tissue pieces from the walls of the bile ducts.[17] F. hepatica relies on extracellular digestion which occurs within the intestine of the host. The waste materials are egested through the mouth. The nonwaste matter is adsorbed back in through the tegument and the general surface of the fluke. The tegument facilitates this adsorption by containing many small folds to increase the surface area.[17]

F. hepatica has no respiratory organs: the adult flukes respire anaerobically (without oxygen). Glycogen taken from within the host is broken down by glycolysis to produce carbon dioxide and fatty acids. This process provides the fluke with energy.[18] In contrast, the free-living miracidia stages of the parasite generally develop within oxygen-rich environments. The free-living stages of the parasite are thought to respire aerobically, to gain the most energy from their environment.[19]

F. hepatica's excretory system contains a network of tubules surrounding one main excretory canal. This canal leads to the excretory pore at the posterior end of the fluke. This main canal branches into four sections within the dorsal and ventral regions of the body. The role of F. hepatica's excretory system is excretion and osmoregulation.[18] Each tubule within the excretory system is connected to a flame cell, otherwise known as protonephridia. These cells are modified parenchyme cells. In F. hepatica, their role is to perform excretion, but more importantly, osmoregulatory functions. Flame cells are therefore primarily used to remove excess water.[18]

The nerve system of F. hepatica consists of a pair of nerve ganglia, each one is located on either side of the oesophagus. Around the oesophagus is a nerve ring, which connects the two nerve ganglia together. The nerves stem from this ring, reaching the posterior end of the body. At the posterior end, one pair of nerves becomes thicker than the others; these are known as the lateral nerve cords. From these lateral nerve cords, the other nerves branch. Sensory organs are absent from F. hepatica.[20][21]

F. hepatica adult flukes are hermaphrodite; each contains both male and female reproductive organs. The male and female reproductive organs open up into the same chamber within the body, which is called the genital atrium. The genital atrium is an ectodermal sac which opens up to the outside of the fluke via a genital pore.[20] The testes are formed of two branched tubules, these are located in the middle and posterior regions of the body. From the epithelium lining of the tubules, sperm is produced. The sperm then passes into the vas deferens and then into the seminal vesicle. From the seminal vesicle projects the ejaculatory duct, and this opens into the genital atrium, and many prostate glands surround this opening.[20] The right side of the anterior testis has a branched, tubular ovary. From here, a short oviduct passes to the vitelline duct. This duct connects, via a junction, the ovaries, the uterus, and the yolk reservoir. From this junction, the uterus opens into the genital atrium; this opening is surrounded by Mehlis glands. In some flukes, the terminal end of the uterus is strengthened with muscles and spines.[20]

F. hepatica reproduces both sexually, via the hermaphrodite adult flukes, and asexually. The miracidia can reproduce asexually within the intermediate snail host.[22]

Currently, F. hepatica has one of the widest geographical spread of any parasitic and vector-borne disease. Originating in Europe, it has expanded to colonize over 50 countries, covering all continents except Antarctica.[23] In contrast, F. gigantica is generally considered more geographically restricted to the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, with some overlap between the two species.[24]

Climate affects both F. hepatica and its definitive host, the snail. For example, the development of F. hepatica miracidia and larvae, and the reproduction of Galba truncatula, require a temperature range of 10 to 25 °C. In addition, they both require high levels of moisture in the air, as both are at risk of desiccation. Due to this, the prevalence, along with the intensity of infection, of F. hepatica is primarily dependent on rainfall levels and temperature.[23]

The genome for F. hepatica was published in 2015. At 1.3 Gb, its genome is one of the largest known pathogen genomes. The genome contains many polymorphisms, and this represents the potential for the fluke to evolve and rapidly adapt to changes in the environment, such as host availability and drug or vaccine interventions.[29]

For more information on the epidemiology â€“ see the disease page, fasciolosis

Infection begins when cyst-covered aquatic vegetation is eaten or when water containing metacercariae is drunk. In the United Kingdom, F. hepatica frequently causes disease in ruminants, most commonly between March and December.[30]

Humans become infected by eating watercress or by drinking 'Emoliente', a Peruvian drink that uses drops of watercress juice. Cattle and sheep are infected when they consume the infectious stage of the parasite from low-lying, marshy pasture.[30]

Human infections have been reported from more than 75 countries around the world. In Asia and Africa, people are infected both by F. hepatica and F. gigantica whereas human fasciolosis is caused only by F. hepatica in South and Central America and Europe.[31]

The presence of F. hepatica can interfere with the detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Cattle co-infected with F. hepatica, compared to those infected with M. bovis alone, react weakly to the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test. Therefore, an infection from F. hepatica can make it difficult to detect bovine tuberculosis, this is, of course, a major problem in the farming industry.[32]

Both F. hepatica and F. gigantica can cause fasciolosis. Human symptoms vary depending on whether the disease is chronic or acute. During the acute phase, the immature worms begin penetrating the gut, causing symptoms of fever, nausea, swollen liver, skin rashes, and extreme abdominal pain.[33] The chronic phase occurs when the worms mature in the bile duct, and can cause symptoms of intermittent pain, jaundice, and anemia.[33] In cattle and sheep, classic signs of fasciolosis include persistent diarrhea, chronic weight loss, anemia, and reduced milk production.[34] Some remain asymptomatic. F. hepatica can cause sudden death in both sheep and cattle, due to internal hemorrhaging and liver damage.[4]

Fasciolosis is an important cause of both production and economic losses in the dairy and meat industries. Over the years, the prevalence has increased and it is likely to continue increasing in the future.[35] Livestock are often treated with flukicides, which are chemicals toxic to flukes. The two chemicals used are triclabendazole and bithionol. Ivermectin, which is widely used for many helminthic parasites, has low effectivity against F. hepatica, as does praziquantel.[36][37] For humans, the type of control depends on the setting. One important method is through the strict control over the growth and sales of edible water plants such as watercress. This is particularly important in highly endemic areas. Some farms are irrigated with polluted water, hence, vegetables farmed from such land should be thoroughly washed and cooked before being eaten.[9]

The best way to prevent fasciolosis is by reducing the lymnaeid snail population or separating livestock from areas with these snails.[34] These two methods are not always the most practical, so control by treating the herd before they are potentially infected is commonly practiced.

A diagnosis may be made by finding yellow-brown eggs in the stool. They are indistinguishable from the eggs of Fascioloides magna, although the eggs of F. magna are very rarely passed in sheep, goats, or cattle. If a patient has eaten infected liver, and the eggs pass through the body and out via the faeces, a false positive result to the test can occur. Daily examination during a liver-free diet will unmask this false diagnosis.[38]

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is the diagnostic test of choice. ELISA is available commercially and can detect antihepatica antibodies in serum and milk; new tests intended for use on faecal samples are being developed.[39] Using ELISA is more specific than using a Western blot or Arc2 immunodiffusion.[30] Proteases secreted by F. hepatica have been used experimentally in immunizing antigens.[40]


who voiced luanne from king of the hill

The 2000s saw Murphy with roles in Don't Say a Word (2001) alongside Michael Douglas, and alongside Eminem in 8 Mile (2002), for which she gained critical recognition.[5] Her later roles included Riding in Cars with Boys (2001), Spun (2002), Uptown Girls (2003), Sin City (2005), and Happy Feet (2006). Murphy also voiced Luanne Platter on the animated television series King of the Hill (1997â€“2009). Her final film, Something Wicked, was released in April 2014.

Brittany Murphy

Brittany Murphy-Monjack[4] (born Brittany Anne Bertolotti; November 10, 1977 – December 20, 2009), known professionally as Brittany Murphy, was an American actress and singer. A native of Atlanta, Murphy moved to Los Angeles as a teenager and pursued a career in acting. Her breakthrough role was as Tai Frasier in Clueless (1995), followed by supporting roles in independent films such as Freeway (1996) and Bongwater (1998). She made her stage debut in a Broadway production of Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge in 1997, before appearing as Daisy Randone in Girl, Interrupted (1999) and as Lisa Swenson in Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999).

In December 2009, Murphy died of pneumonia at the age of 32. When her widower Simon Monjack died from the same illness six months later, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services considered toxic mold in their home as a possible cause for their deaths, but this was dismissed by the Coroner's Office. In 2011, Murphy's mother Sharon filed a lawsuit against the attorneys who represented her in an earlier suit against the builders of the home where her daughter and son-in-law died.

Brittany Anne Bertolotti[6] was born in Atlanta, Georgia,[7] to Sharon Kathleen Murphy[4] and Angelo Joseph Bertolotti,[8][9] who divorced when she was two years old. Murphy was raised by her mother in Edison, New Jersey. Bertolotti was not named as her father on Brittany's first death certificate.[9] Prior to her enrolling at Edison High School, the family moved to Los Angeles in 1991 so that Murphy could pursue an acting career.[10][11][12]

Murphy said her mother never tried to stifle her creativity, and she considered her mother a crucial factor in her later success: "When I asked my mom to move to California, she sold everything and moved out here for me. She always believed in me."[7] Murphy's mother is of Irish and Eastern European descent and her father is of Italian ancestry.[13][14] She was raised a Baptist and later became a non-denominational Christian.[15][16] She had two older half-brothers and a younger half-sister.[17]

Murphy attended Verne Fowler School of Dance and Theatre Arts in Colonia, New Jersey, in 1982. From the age of four, she trained in singing, dancing, and acting until her move to California at thirteen.[18] Murphy made her Broadway debut in 1997, as Catherine, in a revival of Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge opposite veteran actors Anthony LaPaglia and Allison Janney.[19]

Murphy landed her first job in Hollywood when she was thirteen, starring as Brenda Drexell in the series Drexell's Class. She then went on to play Molly Morgan in the short-lived The Torkelsons spinoff Almost Home. Murphy also guest-starred on several television series, including Parker Lewis Can't Lose, Blossom, seaQuest 2032, Murder One and Frasier. She also had recurring roles on Sister, Sister, Party of Five, and Boy Meets World.

Murphy's breakthrough role was in her second feature film, the teen comedy Clueless (1995), directed by Amy Heckerling, which went on to receive cult status. She followed this with roles in Freeway (1996), with Reese Witherspoon and Kiefer Sutherland, and the independent comedy Bongwater (1998). In 1999, she landed a supporting role in James Mangold's Girl, Interrupted (1999) as a troubled psychiatric patient alongside Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie; and as an aspiring beauty queen in Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999). She also voiced the character Luanne Platter on Fox's animated sitcom King of the Hill for the entirety of the show's run from 1997 to 2009, and Joseph Gribble until the fifth season. She was nominated for an Annie Award for voice acting in the King of the Hill episode "Movin' On Up".[20]

She began the 2000s with a leading role in Don't Say a Word (2001) alongside Michael Douglas; the TV adaptation of the novel The Devil's Arithmetic (2001); 8 Mile (2002), for which she received critical acclaim;[5] and Uptown Girls (2003). In 2003, she starred in the romantic comedies Just Married and Little Black Book (2004) and the critically acclaimed Sin City (2005). Film critic Roger Ebert frequently acclaimed Murphy's acting talent and comedic timing, giving good reviews to several of her films and comparing her to Lucille Ball:[21]

As for Brittany Murphy, for me, it goes back to the 2003 Independent Spirit Awards [where] Murphy was assigned to present one of the awards. Her task was to read the names of the five nominees, open an envelope, and reveal the name of the winner. This she turned into an opportunity for screwball improvisational comedy, by pretending she could not follow this sequence, not even after the audience shouted instructions and the stage manager came to whisper in her ear not once but twice. There were those in the audience who were dumbfounded by her stupidity. I was dumbfounded by her brilliance.[22]

Murphy followed with several independent films, including as Spun (2002), Neverwas (2005), and Karen Moncrieff's The Dead Girl (2006), as well as two Edward Burns films: Sidewalks of New York (2001) and The Groomsmen (2006). She returned to voice acting with the critically acclaimed 2006 animated feature Happy Feet, as Gloria Penguin. In 2009, she was cast in the Lifetime TV movie Tribute, as the main character, Cilla. Murphy completed the thriller/drama Abandoned in June 2009 and it was released in 2010, after her death.[23] In November 2009, Murphy left the production of The Caller, which was being filmed in Puerto Rico, and was replaced by Rachelle Lefevre. Murphy denied media reports that she had been fired from the project after being difficult on set, and cited "creative differences".[24] Something Wicked, her final film, was released in 2014.

Murphy's career also included work as a singer. She commented: "My singing voice isn't like my speaking voice...I've just always kept it a secret and never taken credit because I wanted to learn how to work behind the microphone in a recording studio, and some of the singers don't even know it was me recording on their albums."[25]

She was in a band called Blessed Soul with fellow actor Eric Balfour in the early 1990s. On June 6, 2006, Murphy and Paul Oakenfold released the single "Faster Kill Pussycat", from the album A Lively Mind. The song became a club hit and hit number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart.[26] It also hit number seven in Oakenfold's native United Kingdom in June 2006.[27]

She dabbled in music again with the release of the film Happy Feet, in which she covered Queen's "Somebody to Love" and Earth, Wind & Fire's "Boogie Wonderland". Murphy said about her character, Gloria, "Oddly enough, of all the characters I've played, Gloria is the most like me. And she's a penguin! George Miller always wanted one person to do both [the speaking and the singing]. I said, 'I can sing,' and I asked him to give me a shot. I don't think he took me very seriously, because most actors say they can do most things."[25]

In late 2002, Murphy began dating Ashton Kutcher, her co-star in Just Married.[28] Once engaged to talent manager Jeff Kwatinetz, Murphy became engaged to Joe Macaluso in December 2005, a production assistant she met while working on the film Little Black Book.[29] In August 2006, they ended their engagement.[29] In May 2007, Murphy married British screenwriter Simon Monjack in a private Jewish ceremony in Los Angeles.[30] For the last three-and-a-half years of her life, Murphy, her mother and Monjack lived together in the same house.[31]

In the early 2000s, Murphy lost a large amount of weight,[32][33] which led to rumors of a cocaine addiction.[32][34] In 2005, Murphy disputed such claims to Jane magazine, saying, "No, just for the record I have never tried it in my entire life."[32][34] At this point, she had recently signed as the spokesmodel for Jordache jeans.[35]

At 8:00Â am on December 20, 2009, the Los Angeles Fire Department responded to "a medical request"[36] at the Los Angeles home Murphy and Monjack shared. She had apparently collapsed in a bathroom.[7] Firefighters attempted to resuscitate Murphy on the scene. She was transported to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where she died at 10:04 after going into cardiac arrest.[7][36][37]

Shortly after her death, Assistant Chief Coroner Ed Winter told the Associated Press: "It appears to be natural."[11][38][39] An autopsy was performed the day after she died. Her death certificate listed the cause of death as "deferred".[40] On February 4, 2010, the Los Angeles County coroner stated that the primary cause of Murphy's death was pneumonia, with secondary factors of iron-deficiency anemia and multiple drug intoxication. On February 25, 2010, the coroner released a report stating that Murphy had been taking a range of over-the-counter and prescription medications, with the most likely reason being to treat a cold or respiratory infection. These included "elevated levels" of hydrocodone, acetaminophen, L-methamphetamine, and chlorpheniramine. All of the drugs were legal and the death was ruled to be an accident, but the report observed: "the possible adverse physiological effects of elevated levels of these medications cannot be discounted, especially in her weakened state."[1]

On December 24, 2009, Murphy was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills.[3][41]

On May 23, 2010, her widower Simon Monjack was found dead at the same Hollywood Hills residence.[42] In July 2010, Los Angeles Assistant Chief Coroner Ed Winter stated that the cause of his death was acute pneumonia and severe anemia.[43] It was reported that the Los Angeles County Department of Health had considered toxic mold in their house as a possible cause of the deaths, but this was dismissed by Ed Winter, who stated that there were "no indicators" that mold was a factor.[44] Murphy's mother Sharon described the reports of mold contributing to the deaths as "absurd" and went on to state that inspecting the home for mold was never requested by the Health Department.[45] In December 2011, Sharon Murphy changed her stance, announcing that toxic mold was indeed what killed her daughter and son-in-law, and filed a lawsuit against the attorneys who represented her in an earlier suit against the builders of the home where her daughter and son-in-law died.[46]

On January 11, 2012, her father Angelo Bertolotti applied to the Superior Court of California requesting that the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office be required to hand over samples of his daughter's hair for independent testing.[47][48] The suit was dismissed on July 19, 2012, after Bertolotti failed to attend two separate hearings.[49]

In November 2013, Angelo Bertolotti claimed that a toxicology report showed that deliberate poisoning by heavy metals, including antimony and barium, was a possible cause of Brittany Murphy's death. Sharon Murphy described the claim as "a smear".[50][51]

In January 2010, Murphy's mother, Sharon, and her widower, Simon Monjack, established the Brittany Murphy Foundation, a charitable fund for children's arts education, as well as supporting the USO and cancer research.[52][53]

The Foundation was launched on February 4, 2010, at a fundraising event at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills.[54] After a records search revealed that the foundation's not-for-profit status had not been filed, the foundation announced that it would refund any donations received and issued an official letter on the foundation's website. They stated that in an effort to get the foundation set up as quickly as possible, they had established it as a private foundation with plans to apply for nonprofit status later. However, they said that they had decided to wait until the foundation's nonprofit status was approved before going any further in order to truly honor Murphy and the foundation's charitable goals.[55]

On November 10, 2013, the Brittany Murphy Foundation was officially relaunched by her father Angelo Bertolotti, according to a press release posted at the foundation's website.[56]


where does the vatican get its money from

The unique, noncommercial economy of Vatican City is supported financially by contributions (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums,[1] and the sale of publications.

Economy of Vatican City

Printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities[citation needed]

Electricity â€“ production

442 MWh (2010) from solar panels.[citation needed]

Electricity â€“ imports

Electricity supplied by Italy.[citation needed]

Euro (since 2002). Vatican City depends on Italy for practical production of banknotes, stamps and other valuable titles.[citation needed] Owing to their rarity, Vatican euro coins are sought by collectors.[citation needed]

The fiscal year is the calendar year.[citation needed]