who played dr philip chandler on tv's st elsewhere in 1985

Portrayed by Denzel Washington

List of St. Elsewhere characters

This is a list of characters from the medical drama St. Elsewhere.

Portrayed by Ed Flanders (regular cast member, 1982–1987; recurring appearances, 1987–1988)

Kindly Dr. Westphall was Director of Medicine at St. Eligius, the hospital that served as St. Elsewhere's setting, and was regarded as its heart, who was one of the two principal characters of the series. He was the one other characters went to for a kindly word and a pat on the back. Dr. Westphall started his association with the hospital as a troubled youth under the influence of hospital founder Fr. Joseph McCabe (Edward Herrmann). Raising two children alone after the death of his wife Maureen from an auto accident, which occurred seven years before the series began (a death recounted in flashback in the 2-part season 4 episode "Time Heals"), Westphall struggled to keep up with the demands his colleagues, staff and residents placed on him, while still trying to be a good father. He initially resigned in 1985 and travelled to Africa to do some volunteer work. However, upon his return from Africa, he was brought back as Director of Medicine. During his second stint, Westphall became noticeably more demanding on the residents and the hospital board. He pushed for residents to complete community service and asked for funds to open up a new hospital ward that would feed the hungry. Once again feeling burnt out and being pressured by the new hospital owners, Dr. Westphall quit his job and left the hospital 3 episodes into Season 6. His delivery of his resignation (in which he told John Gideon, "You can kiss my ass, pal") is one of the most famous and controversial scenes in American television, as it shows Westphall with his pants down and his rump exposed. The scene was preserved by NBC censors as it was not considered erotic (the episode was titled "A Moon for the Misbegotten").[1] Westphall would make recurring appearances during that 6th and final season, including the series finale in which he was asked to take charge of St. Eligius again; he also appears in that episode's famous final scene, which suggested that the entire world of St. Elsewhere was, in fact, just the product of his autistic son Tommy's imagination.

Portrayed by William Daniels

Irritable and irascible, Dr. Mark Craig was the hospital's lone superstar, who was another principal character of the series. An arrogant but brilliant heart surgeon, Craig's tenure with the hospital goes back to the 1950s when he was an intern under the similarly intolerant Dr. David Domedion (Jackie Cooper). Feeling he was too good for St. Eligius, he initially took a position at rival Boston General. However, he was lured back to St. Eligius in the mid 1960s with the promise of high-tech equipment and a higher salary. While he could have left at any time after that, he chose not to and stayed on to act as mentor and tormentor to the hospital's young doctors, especially to protege Dr. Victor Ehrlich. Dr. Craig would not hesitate to toss a bullying and sarcastic barb at any doctor, nurse, administrator or patient who happened to pass his way. Craig's celebrity status and exposure would be boosted when he performed a heart transplant on Eve Leighton (Marian Mercer). Though the transplant was initially successful, Leighton would die from complications of the surgery. A few years later, Dr. Craig developed an artificial heart (the "Craig 9000"), which he eventually tests on a human subject. The failure of the heart brings a fleeting moment of self-reflection to the otherwise supremely confident doctor. In one of St Elsewhere's most-compelling moments, Dr. Craig witnessed the autopsy of his only son Steven (Scott Paulin), from whom he had been estranged due to his own autocratic ways and his son's drug abuse. Holding his son's heart, Dr. Craig spoke tenderly of the times when he used to read Green Eggs and Ham to his son. Together, he says, the two would read the final lines of the book. Mark Craig would be ranked #41 in TV Guide's 1999 ranking of the "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time."[2] Throughout the run, Daniels is the only actor to appear in every episode of the series, with the exception of 8.

Portrayed by Norman Lloyd (recurring 1982–1983; main cast 1983–1988); James Stephens as young Daniel in "Time Heals" episode, 1985

Dr. Auschlander was the Chief of Services at St. Eligius, and had ties to the hospital from its very beginning. Fair and kind, he was well thought of by nearly everyone at St. Eligius. He was the most approachable out of the three administrators because he was not uptight and serious like Dr. Westphall and not abrasive or intolerant like Dr. Craig. He had been diagnosed with metastatic liver cancer shortly before the series began, and his long-term survival was not expected. However, he underwent an intensive course of chemotherapy during season 2 and into season 3, which sent his cancer into remission. He often served as a confidant and mentor to Westphall as well as, occasionally, to Craig. In a flashback episode, it was revealed that during his early years at the hospital, he had faced serious prejudice for being Jewish. He had also first met his wife, Katherine (Devon Ericson), while working at the hospital. Their marriage was portrayed as a very strong one throughout the series. During season five, it was revealed that, before meeting Katherine, Dr. Auschlander had a child with a former flame, Margaret (Geraldine Fitzgerald), who gave it up for adoption and never told him. In season six, Auschlander finally met his son (Lawrence Pressman) who decided it would be best not to stay in contact. Auschlander was on the verge of facilitating a deal in which the diocese would buy back the hospital and bring Dr. Westphall back as administrator. However, a severe stroke (not related to his cancer) finally claimed his life in the final episode.

Portrayed by David Birney (1982â€“1983)

Handsome and suave, though something of a heartbreaker, Samuels was a surgeon who seemed to spend as much time pursuing his female colleagues as treating patients. (In the pilot episode, he learns that he has contracted gonorrhea, and is forced to break the news with his many sex partners at St. Eligius, some of whom he cannot even remember.) He is, however, conscientious and caring about his patients (particularly 11-year-old Robby Durant (Jeremy Licht), who later dies after a routine surgery). After Robby dies, Ben goes to a bar, gets drunk, and tells a girl (a young Ally Sheedy) at a bar about his ex-wife Cynthia and his late son, Billy. After their divorce, Cynthia had bought a gun, and 9-year old Billy accidentally killed himself with it. Toward the end of season one, his former lover (Dorothy Fielding) arrives at St. Eligius (after having spent time in the Peace Corps), and they renew their relationship, but ultimately they drift apart, as the factors that led them to break up the first time again become apparent. He later has a fling with Annie Cavenero. Samuels is gone, without explanation, when season two begins.

Portrayed by G.W. Bailey (1982â€“1983)

Hugh Beale was a psychiatrist during season one. He was well liked and highly regarded by his colleagues, even if his methods were sometimes a bit unorthodox. He cannot swim, and at one time begged Ben Samuels to teach him; this ended in disaster. One of his notable patients was Ralph (Richard Marcus), an intelligent middle aged man who though that he was a bird. He disappeared at the beginning of season two without explanation.

Portrayed by Christina Pickles

The head nurse on the ward, Helen was caring and extremely competent, and was one of the most senior nurses at St. Eligius. She always kept things running smoothly, despite staffing shortages, general chaos, and a faulty computer system which seemed to be always malfunctioning. Helen developed breast cancer during the first season and underwent a mastectomy (in what was one of television's first dramatic breast cancer storylines). Helen had been married four times, but during a nurses strike during season 3, began an affair with the union mediator, Richard Clarendon (Herbert Edelman), which ultimately led to the end of her fourth marriage. (Her relationship with Richard would continue for the remainder of the series.) She briefly transferred to the ER during the latter part of season 3, but ultimately decided she preferred the ward, and returned, despite the fact that Lucy Papandreo had taken over the head nurse position. Rosenthal and Papandreo battled bitterly over the head nurse position for the better part of two seasons, before Rosenthal was promoted Director of Nurses in Training. A prescription pill addiction during the final season nearly ended her nursing career, but after receiving treatment in St. Eligius' Chemical Dependency Unit, she was reinstated to her position. She was especially close friends with Westphall; indeed, she was the only non-physician at the hospital on a first-name basis with Drs. Westphall, Craig, and Auschlander.

Portrayed by Mark Harmon (1983â€“1986)

Handsome plastic surgeon Robert "Bobby" Caldwell arrived at St. Eligius at the beginning of season two, and it was later revealed that he'd been having an ongoing affair with hospital administrator Joan Halloran. Towards the end of season two, Bobby ended the relationship because he felt it was largely based on superficial factors and he wanted a more intimate relationship. However, he ultimately became more promiscuous and ended up having a series of flings and one-night stands (one of whom was an unstable woman who slashed his face with a razor blade, leaving him with a large scar). Shortly after this, Bobby was diagnosed with HIV (the first instance of an ongoing character contracting the virus on US network television, and one of the earliest depictions of a heterosexual character contracting the virus). When his HIV status became known to others, Bobby was told he could no longer be involved in patient care at the hospital, though he initially refused to leave. Devastated at his diagnosis and the impact it had on his career, he almost committed suicide, but was interrupted by a neighbor's child knocking at his door requesting his help. He then decided to go on with his life, but he left St. Eligius, and Boston, towards the end of season four, to go and work part-time in an AIDS hospice on the West Coast. Bobby's former St. Eligius colleagues and friends would be informed of his death during a season six episode; several of them held a memorial for him in St. Eligius' chapel.

Portrayed by Cynthia Sikes (1982â€“1985)

A young OB/GYN, Cavanero often empathized with many of the residents, having completed her own residency not long before. Her feminist leanings seemed to frequently elicit crude, sexist remarks (particularly from Fiscus and Ehrlich), primarily to get a reaction from her. Her work and desire to maintain her independence seemed to prevent her from a long-term relationship, save a brief fling with a rather insensitive, abusive colleague, and a bit later an affair with Ben Samuels. She was suspected of having a lesbian affair with a visiting doctor, Dr. Christine Holtz (Caroline McWilliams), by many of the hospital staff. However, it was clear by the end of the episode arc, that they were only friends. She abruptly disappeared from the series midway through without explanation.

Portrayed by Ed Begley, Jr.

Gangly and flippant, with a penchant for wearing aloha shirts with ties, Ehrlich was regarded as a gifted surgeon but an annoying individual who frequently boasted to his colleagues that he was a Californian who had studied medicine at Berkeley. (A catchphrase among his colleagues during early seasons was "You're a pig, Ehrlich!") Though his mentor and idol, Dr. Craig, secretly thought Ehrlich to be a promising and gifted young surgeon, Craig disliked Ehrlich's clothes and personality and vilified Ehrlich in the OR and around the hospital; Ehrlich, in turn, would become especially clumsy and awkward whenever Craig was nearby. Bad luck seemed to follow Ehrlich around, including during his first solo surgery, when an armed, pregnant woman (Judith Light) took the surgical team hostage. Ehrlich and Wayne Fiscus were close friends, though their friendship was tested when they attempted to become roommates; they also feuded over pretty nurse Shirley Daniels, whom Ehrlich asked out, but who ended up dating Fiscus instead. Ehrlich was briefly married during season two to a young and equally neurotic candystriper named Roberta (Jean Bruce Scott), a marriage that would end within weeks. In one of the show's occasionally comedic moments, Roberta, oblivious to the fact that the hospital Public Address system was still on, confided to a colleague about her sex life and marital problems with Ehrlich. He matured as the series went on, and during season five, he agreed to accompany Lucy Papandreo to a family gathering as her date; Victor and Lucy began dating, and eventually married toward the end of season five. Lucy became pregnant in season six but ultimately miscarried. Ehrlich originally believed that he was an orphan. His parents died in an auto accident when he was 5 years old. There was no viewing at the time. He was raised by his aunt (Louise Lasser). However, during season 5, Ehrlich found out that his parents were still alive. At the Oliver Twist banquet awards, he was visited by his long lost parents (Steve Allen and Jayne Meadows Allen) who were actually government spies.

Portrayed by David Morse.

Tall and blond, soft-voiced and often too compassionate, John Steinbeck Morrison (nicknamed "Boomer") was occasionally accused of becoming so involved in his patients' cases that he could not objectively treat them. (His competency was often questioned even by those senior doctors who most admired his big-heartedness.) Jack had a difficult time early on, juggling his home life with the demands of being a first-year resident; his troubles were exacerbated by the sudden death of his wife Nina (Deborah White) early in season two (Nina's heart was transplanted into a patient of Dr. Craig's), leaving Morrison alone to care for his infant son Pete while trying to keep up with his residency. By the end of his first year of residency, Morrison was originally cut. However, Dr. Armstrong's death had freed up a spot and Dr. Westphall decided to bring him back. He subsequently dated an independent young woman, Clancy Williams (Helen Hunt), though their relationship eventually ended. He also had to endure a number of professional setbacks, particularly when he was forced to acknowledge that the presumed "accelerated" track he took at a Mexican medical school was not entirely legal, effectively disqualifying him from being a physician; he was forced to complete all the course work he had not done in medical school, while still keeping up with his residency. During season four, Morrison was assigned to work in a prison's medical office as part of Westphall's community outreach program, only to be raped by a male prisoner in the midst of a riot; the incident so traumatized Morrison that he was sent home to Seattle and did not reappear for the rest of the season (his absence was done to accommodate actor David Morse's request to take time off from the series to film the 1987 movie Personal Foul). Jack would marry again (to Joanne McFadden (Patricia Wettig)) during season five, though he contemplated a fling with Carol Novino during the series' final few episodes, ultimately deciding in the finale to instead leave Boston and St. Eligius (where his residency was ending) to move back to Seattle to be with Joanne, who had moved back there earlier in the final season.

Portrayed by Howie Mandel.

Known initially as much for his clownish behavior and unorthodox methods (including, for a time, eschewing a solid white hospital lab coat in favor of a Boston Red Sox jersey) as for his clinical skills, Fiscus nevertheless was regarded as a first-rate ER doctor, always able to treat even the worst emergency patients. He had a love-hate relationship with Dr. Westphall and later Dr. Gideon. Westphall believed he was a skilled doctor but felt that Fiscus was immature and spent too much time chasing skirts. He made a bad first impression on Gideon by lying to him about a patient's status. He would get suspended for putting superglue all over Gideon's desk as a prank on his 30th birthday. He enjoyed a fling with ER nurse Shirley Daniels, though their relationship ended when Fiscus had sex with pathology resident Cathy Martin (whom he'd already had an affair with shortly after arriving at St. Eligius). Fiscus also tried to seduce Dr. Cavanero. Despite his flirtatious nature, though, he had a close friendship with Jacqueline Wade. He was also briefly engaged to an OR nurse named Mona (Leah Ayres), but their relationship eventually ended. Wayne was accidentally shot and briefly died before being resurrected during surgery (season five's "After Life"); the incident led him to reassess his life and moderate his juvenile ways. As he matured, Fiscus eventually became something of a mentor to some of the more junior residents, particularly Elliot Alexrod.

Portrayed by Barbara Whinnery (1982â€“1986)

Cathy Martin, a pathology resident regarded as a bit eccentric, was known for having sexually pursued a number of male and female residents and other staff members at St. Eligius, most notably the virginal anesthesiologist Kochar (with whom she has an intercourse on the night before he was to be married) and Fiscus. Cathy also developed an infatuation with Dr. Craig shortly after Eve Leighton's heart transplant. However, Peter White, one of the few male residents she seemed to have no interest in, raped her during season two. Following her rape, Cathy tried to refocus on her work, switching from pathology to psychiatry, but a second rape a few months later put her into a near catatonic state. She was admitted (putting her residency on hold), and when she eventually returned to her residency, she shifted to psychiatry, wanting to help others as she had been helped. In one of her last appearances, she revealed to Fiscus that she was dating Kochar. The character disappeared toward the end of season four; she later wandered into the ER during a brief cameo in the season four finale, though no attempt was made to explain what had become of her.

Portrayed by Terence Knox (1982â€“1985)

Tall, dark and handsome, White was a reasonably competent physician with a particular gift for making diagnoses. His unstable personal life hindered his ability to perform as a resident. Impulsive and defiant, he alienated his wife Myra (Karen Landry), who made him leave their apartment. White, who sometimes relied on prescription pills for energy or relaxation, began a self-destructive cycle of drug and alcohol abuse and promiscuous sex with nurses at St. Eligius, as well as prostitutes. During season two, White was arrested for drunk driving, and placed on probation at the hospital. He was later caught up in an undercover operation at St. Eligius, which resulted in his being suspended. When a number of women reported rapes or attempted rapes at St. Eligius, including Cathy Martin and Wendy Armstrong, White turned out to be the culprit, and he was charged with the crimes. Though eventually acquitted, White was discharged from the residency program. Through a lawsuit, Dr. Westphall was forced to eventually bring him back. Convinced that White was guilty of all the rapes, Westphall had relegated him to jobs where he had little contact with hospital staff and patients. During White's second stint with the hospital, the rapes continued despite no evidence that he had committed any of them; these other attacks were later revealed to be the work of a copycat rapist. He was generally shunned by everyone at the hospital except for Dr. Morrison. Morrison had been long-time friends with Peter and Myra White and believed that he was not capable of such horrible acts. He was shot and killed by Shirley Daniels (in the hospital's morgue) during season three, only to return as a ghost in two dreamlike episodes (season three's "Sweet Dreams" and season five's "After Life").

Portrayed by Denzel Washington

Capable and motivated, Phil Chandler seemed more mature and focused than many of his colleagues (particularly Fiscus and Ehrlich). Chandler was very confident in his medical skills and diagnoses, sometimes to the point where he came off as arrogant to anyone who disagreed with him. Growing up in an African-American family in an affluent white suburb of Chicago, he suffered something of an identity crisis (once describing himself as being "too white for his black friends, but too black to be accepted by his white friends"), and this was particularly apparent in his interactions with some of the hospital's African-American nursing and support staff (most notably orderly Luther Hawkins and nurse Eleanor Skilling (Vivian Bonnell)). He briefly dated a young physical therapist (Rosanne Katon) during season 2, but she quickly found him to be stiff and pompous. Chandler began dating Dr. Roxanne Turner during season 4, and they would remain together for the remainder of the series. Chandler was named Chief Resident and seemed destined for a long career in medicine. However late in the final season, Chandler realized that a life in medicine had been more a dream his father had for him than his one, and quit the profession. He followed Roxanne to Mississippi to build a new life.

Portrayed by Kavi Raz (main cast, 1982â€“1984; recurring appearances, 1984-1988)

Kochar was an anesthesiologist from India. He had the misfortune of frequently working with Dr. Craig, who missed no opportunity to assault Kochar with bigoted, condescending remarks in the OR. (Kochar was perhaps Craig's second favorite target, after Ehrlich). However, despite Craig's behavior, Kochar saved Craig's feet from frostbite when the two men were stranded during a blizzard, treating him for hypothermia and ensuring that he made it safely to St. Eligius. Kochar was seen more infrequently in the later seasons and quietly disappeared.

Portrayed by Kim Miyori (1982â€“1984)

Born in Tallahassee, Florida, Wendy Armstrong was an overachiever, bright and pretty but uptight and intense. She was regarded as an especially good doctor, but sometimes had trouble connecting with patients and colleagues on a personal level. Staff frequently commented on her ability to eat anything she wanted and never gain weight, though it was later revealed that she suffered from bulimia. Depression and stress weakened Armstrong, as did an attempted rape by Peter White, and a serious misdiagnosis on her part (leading to a pregnant patient having a miscarriage). She committed suicide through a prescription drug overdose near the end of season two; when she is brought into the ER, Fiscus, Shirley Daniels, and Jackie Wade attempt to save her life, but to no avail.

Portrayed by Sagan Lewis (1982â€“1988)

A sweet-natured young surgical resident from Lewiston, Maine with a sweet tooth and a tendency to crack a joke like close friend Wayne Fiscus. Wade was married very young (18 or 19) and her husband Robert (who was never seen on-camera) helped put her through medical school, but the long hours of residency eventually took their toll on the marriage and Robert left her for another woman at the beginning of season 5. She and Seth Griffin shared a tentative romance: after spending the night together, though, she decided that she wasn't ready for a new relationship yet, although they did remain friends through the remainder of the series. Professionally, Wade was extremely competent and was promoted to Chief Resident after Phillip Chandler decides to give up medicine. When the Craigs briefly separated, she accompanied her mentor Dr. Craig to a banquet. Although she regularly featured throughout the entire run of the series, appearing from the first episode, Sagan Lewis was eventually promoted to the opening credits in the sixth and final season.

Portrayed by Ellen Bry (1982â€“1985)

Capable and confident, wholesome-looking Shirley Daniels had everyone's respect as an ER nurse. She was not put off by the sometimes sophomoric humor of some of the ER residents, particularly Fiscus, whom she dated for a few months. Though Shirley was angry when pathology resident Cathy Martin slept with Fiscus, she later came to Cathy's aid after she was raped by Peter White, eventually shooting White and killing him early in season three. Charged with White's murder, Shirley was released on bail and, while awaiting trial, returned to St. Eligius, first as an appendectomy patient and then briefly as a nurse after suing the hospital to reinstate her in her old position. Shirley worked only one shift after her reinstatement, however, firing a (fake) gun at Dr. Jack Morrison and wandering out of the ER afterwards and into the night. It was later revealed that Dr. Auschlander never gave her the go ahead to begin working at the hospital again. Shirley would be convicted of White's murder, but returned to St. Eligius in a 1986 episode as a prisoner of the state, brought in for treatment unavailable at Framingham State Prison; during this episode, Shirley is again accused of murder when her hospital roommate mysteriously dies. That incident, combined with a botched "welcome back" party thrown by the staff (she is given a candy sampler that reads "We Hate You"), leads Shirley to realize that St. Eligius will never fully welcome her back, and she bitterly exits the series chained to a wheelchair for the trip back to prison.

Portrayed by Eric Laneuville (1982–1983 recurring) (1983–1988 main cast)

Luther began the show as a hospital orderly, then became a certified paramedic and ended the show as a student physician assistant. His mother worked in the hospital when she was pregnant with him and when he was a child. He formed a bond with Helen Rosenthal one day while he was waiting for his mother. His father died in the mid 1970s while participating in a Boston busing desegregation demonstration. As an adult, Luther had no immediate family and had pet birds at his apartment. He formed bonds with many of the long-term patients. In the later seasons, Luther grew unhappy with his position as an orderly and with life in general. He began to lash out more at people. He trained to become a paramedic but ultimately was dissatisfied with that position. With the help of Dr. Auschlander, he was able to get specialized training on the fast track to becoming a physician's assistant while taking courses at Northeastern University. In the final season, he was married to Penny Franks (Stacey Dash) with Dr. Auschlander as a witness.

Portrayed by Paul Sand (1983â€“1984)

Adolescent psychiatrist. He examines Tommy Westphall and gives some advice to Donald about dealing with the condition. He also helped Dr. Cathy Martin cope after her first rape by the hands of Peter White.

Portrayed by Philip Sterling (1983â€“1988)

Psychiatrist who treated numerous patients and staff, including Victor Ehrlich's girlfriend Roberta (season 2), the Craigs (season 5) and Helen Rosenthal (season 6).

Portrayed by Stephen Furst (1983â€“1988)

Axlerod first visited St. Eligius during an elective while finishing med school, and later joined as a resident. Overweight and awkward, he had a difficult time initially, but eventually proved himself as capable and competent. Though the more senior residents found him to be an annoyance, he was eventually accepted, particularly bonding with Fiscus. Axlerod was one of the few at St. Eligius who was able to connect with ill-tempered patient Mrs. Hufnagel, to the point where she named him in her will. He briefly dated Helen Rosenthal's oldest daughter Marcie, though a series of events prevented their relationship from progressing. Axelrod suffered a heart attack and died after surgery towards the end of season 6. Axelrod's lack of respect was apparent when his colleagues could not even clear their schedules to plan a memorial service for him. Fiscus was really the only resident who was shaken by Elliot's death. When the morgue attendant put a sandwich next to Elliot's corpse, the normally jovial Fiscus chastised him for his lack of sensitivity.

Portrayed by Jennifer Savidge (recurring 1982–1986; series regular 1986–1988).

Originally a minor character who appeared briefly in the operating room during the series' first episode, the sarcastic, street-smart Lucy was initially a nurse on the ward and was promoted to head nurse when Rosenthal moved to the ER during season 3. However, when Rosenthal decided she wanted to return to the ward, she and Lucy battled bitterly over the head nurse position and their differences of opinion over running of the ward (the two women had previously been on good terms). She sued Rosenthal after Rosenthal slapped her during a heated argument (the suit was later dropped). Papandreo's battle with Rosenthal continued until the final episode of the series. Though Lucy traded sarcastic barbs with Ehrlich whenever the chance presented itself, the two began dating and were eventually married during season 6. During later years of the series, Papandreo became much like Dr. Craig in her harsh and judgmental attitude towards others with whom she disagreed.

Portrayed by Byron Stewart (1984â€“1988)

Warren Coolidge was an orderly and a cohort of Luther Hawkins. He was well liked and regarded as competent at his job. He was a former basketball player was forced to quit due to injury. His large size was sometimes used to comic effect when paired with Luther (who was shorter and smaller-framed). He was found to be a very skilled at construction when the Craigs hired him and Luther to renovate his kitchen. In one of his most memorable scenes, the normally easy-going Coolidge, upset that Dr. Gideon was not being fair to the orderlies, picked up and smashed Gideon's model replica of the hospital.

Portrayed by Judith Hansen (1984â€“1985)

Portrayed by Brian Tochi (1984â€“1985)

Portrayed by Saundra Sharp (1984â€“1986)

Portrayed by Alfre Woodard (1985â€“1987)

Roxanne Turner was an OB-GYN who joined St. Eligius at the beginning of season 4 (presumably to take over for Annie Cavanero, who abruptly disappeared at the end of the previous season). One of her first cases was Ken and Terri Valeri (George Deloy and Deborah May), an infertile couple trying to conceive. Roxanne spent a great deal of time helping them. She also delivered the Craigs' only grandchild, Barbara. She also began dating Chandler, whom she would continue to be involved with for most of the remainder of the series. Roxanne and Chandler's relationship was challenged when she returned to her hometown in rural Mississippi to serve as their physician, after receiving word that her childhood doctor had died, but she returned at the beginning of season 5, and they resumed their relationship. She abruptly returned to Mississippi toward the latter part of the final season, realizing she preferred practicing medicine in a small town, as opposed to a big city; Chandler would ultimately follow her to Mississippi shortly thereafter.

In 1998, Woodard reprised the role for a sixth-season episode of Homicide: Life on the Street entitled "Mercy." This episode revealed that Dr. Turner had moved to Baltimore and was now working at a hospice. She was suspected of euthanizing several of her terminally ill patients, but no criminal charges were ever filed against her.

Portrayed by Bruce Greenwood (1986â€“1988)

Handsome, cocky resident Seth Griffin arrived at St. Eligius during season five, and quickly alienated veteran nurse Helen Rosenthal, attempting to blame her for a patient's death for which he was actually responsible; he also attempted to play Carol Novino and another female first-year resident, Susan Birch, against one another. Conflicts with other attendings, nurses and residents would follow, leading to his gaining a reputation as being "difficult." Griffin did not help his own case when he began dating Westphall's headstrong daughter, Lizzie. Lizzie became pregnant and aborted the child with very little support from Griffin. After this episode, Westphall tried to not let his personal feelings toward Griffin boil over into their professional relationship. He once remarked to Griffin, "I just cannot understand how such a good doctor could be such a lousy human being". However, Griffin would later prove himself as a doctor, and would mature a bit as time passed. In season six he accidentally pricked himself with a needle while drawing blood from AIDS patient Brett Johnston. Frightened of the possibility that he may have contracted the disease himself, he became a born-again Christian and mentored Luther (the orderly Griffin had often belittled), who was studying towards becoming a physician's assistant. In the final episode, he initially tested positive for HIV but it was later revealed to be false positive.

Portrayed by Jamie Rose (1986)

Susan Birch was a first-year resident who joined St. Eligius for her residency at the beginning of season 5. Having the misfortune of being paired with reckless, narcissistic Seth Griffin, Susan was first caught in the crossfire when Seth took it upon himself to let a terminal, elderly patient die (and then subsequently try to blame Rosenthal for her death). He would go on to play Birch against fellow first-year Carol Novino, creating animosity and drama between the two women, ultimately resulting in Novino being reprimanded and Birch being kicked out of the residency program over the death of a patient.

Portrayed by France Nuyen (1986â€“1988)

Paulette Kiem was a Vietnamese surgeon from Baltimore who arrived at St. Eligius during season 5, hired by the hospital to take over for Mark Craig when a hand injury prevented Craig from performing surgery. Paulette was very well thought of as a surgeon and was regarded as kind and gracious, even despite Craig's often boorish (and frequently racist) behavior toward her. When Craig recovered from his injury and returned to his old position, Dr. Kiem stayed on as Director of Education. Kiem had a long-distance marriage. Her husband (John Astin) lived in Maryland and they saw each other on weekends.

Portrayed by Cindy Pickett (1986â€“1988)

Carol Novino, a former nurse, left St. Eligius to attend medical school. She returned as a resident, and eventually began dating Westphall (his first serious relationship since his wife's death a decade earlier). Their relationship further alienated Novino from her fellow residents, who were nearly a decade her junior. Novino also offended Rosenthal, Papendreo and other members of the nursing staff, when she said she told them she decided to go to med school because she didn't want to continue to settle for being "just a nurse." She eventually became more confident and comfortable in her new role, and was accepted by most of her colleagues.

Portrayed by Frank Dent (1982â€“1988)

Steven Kiley was a young doctor who often worked with Dr. Craig in the OR. Mainly a background character, his screen time mainly consisted of him getting scolded by Craig during surgery or appearing at the lunch table with the other residents.

Portrayed by Ronny Cox (1987â€“1988)

Dr. Gideon was flashy administrator who was assigned to St. Eligius after the hospital was taken over by Ecumena, a health maintenance organization, during St Elsewhere's final season. Gideon clashed with Dr. Westphall from the start. While Westphall felt that the hospital had an obligation to help the sick and improve the community, Gideon believed in more of a business approach. Their differences quickly led to Westphall's resignation, and his affair with Mark Craig's estranged wife Ellen led to additional resentment among staff, particularly Craig's attending colleagues, already upset over Westphall's departure.

Oliver London was a cardiac surgeon, and a colleague (and adversary) of Mark Craig. London was primarily an offstage character, known to viewers mostly through Craig's frequent insulting comments ("I wouldn't trust Oliver London to wind my watch, never mind perform heart surgery" or "he puts Sweeney Todd to shame" and "he would operate for the common cold"). It is unknown to viewers whether Craig's low opinion of him was due to professional jealousy or London genuinely being incompetent... although when other doctors mentioned London, they did not deem him incompetent. London's first appearance was in the Season 1 episode "Baron Von Munchausen," when he serves as assisting surgeon to Erlich when operating on the eponymous character. London was seen briefly in Season 4's "Remembrance of Things Past" (when John Doe #6 shoved him into a locker in the St. Eligius gym, in order to steal his clothes), and was heard through the door (but not seen) in another episode later during season 4, arguing with Craig from the other side of Craig's office door. Oliver was also featured in Time Heals as a young colleague of Craig and Westphall. In the final episode of the series, London is revealed to be the pilot of the airplane which crash-lands into the hospital.

Portrayed by Dean Jagger (1985), Jackie Cooper (1986)

David Domedion was a long time director of surgery at St. Eligius. He was the highly respected mentor of Dr. Craig. He was first referred to by Craig as being deceased. However, in the third season, Craig later realizes that he is still alive and goes to visit him. When Craig arrives at his house, it's apparent that Domedion is in very poor health and suffering from advanced dementia. He fails to recognize Craig at first but, during a brief moment, he acknowledges his former student. He appears again in the fourth season via flashback to 1955. During the flashback, it's revealed that the Domedion-Craig relationship mirrors the Craig-Ehrlich relationship. Just like Ehrlich, a young Craig is a brownnoser who longs for attention and, just like the older Craig, Domedion is a no-nonsense perfectionist who insists on tough love to his staff. Dr. Craig bragged to Westphall that Domedion gave him a valuable surgical instrument. However, when Domedion asks Craig where the instrument is, Craig feigns innocence. When Craig comes back in 1965, he is told his departure devastated Domedion.

Portrayed by Nancy Stafford (1983â€“1984, 1985, 1986)

An administrator brought in by the City of Boston to evaluate and improve efficiency at the hospital. She frequently clashed with Westphall, Auschlander and Craig, particularly when she tried to prevent Craig from performing a heart transplant during season 2. She was romantically involved with Bobby Caldwell for a time, though he ended the affair towards the end of season 2. Soon afterwards, she was removed from her position by the City. Initially considered an adversary of the hospital administration, she eventually gains their respect. So much so, that when Dr. Auschlander was looking for assistant in season 3, he ultimately gives up the interview process and hires Joan. She would appear occasionally throughout the season. She would appear once more during season 4 in 1986. Now blissfully engaged to a man with a family, Bobby Caldwell called in to see her with the bad news that he'd recently tested HIV positive and, as one of his former partners, recommended that she get herself tested for the virus. Though horrified at the prospect, she was relieved to find out she was not infected.

Portrayed by Bonnie Bartlett (Recurring character, 1982–85; series regular, 1985–88)

Ellen Craig was Dr. Mark Craig's long-suffering wife. (She was played by Bonnie Bartlett, off-screen wife to William Daniels, who portrayed Mark Craig.) Though only a minor character initially, she proved popular with viewers and she became a series regular at the beginning of season 4 and would be featured on the opening credits beginning at season 5. She would eventually tire of Mark's obsessive perfectionism and overbearing personality, and became further alienated from him after the death of their son Steven. Ellen would leave him during season 5 and had an affair with John Gideon, though she and Mark would reconcile toward the end of the final season. In the final episode, Ellen was offered a position as Director of Food Services at a major hospital in Cleveland, and Mark, who'd finally come to appreciate the many sacrifices that Ellen had made for him through the years, agreed to relocate to Cleveland with her, so that she could take the position.

Portrayed by Karen Landry (1982â€“1985)

Myra was Peter White's wife. Though she loved Peter, she could not bear his self-destructive path, and left him toward the later part of season 1. Though she eventually agreed to a reconciliation, she was devastated to learn that Peter was in fact the "ski mask" rapist. She moved out with their two children around that time. She returned to St. Eligius to have her baby (after Peter's death). The hospital staff gave her a baby shower shortly after the birth. The shower was halted after she opened up a gift which turned out to be a ski mask from an anonymous person (later revealed to be Shirley Daniels). She was not seen or mentioned after that.

Portrayed by Alan Oppenheimer (1983â€“1984)

Helen Rosenthal's fourth husband, and father of her youngest son Jeffrey. He loved her and was extremely supportive after her mastectomy, but angrily left Helen after finding out about her affair with Richard. He was sometimes mentioned in later seasons, sometimes depicted as an absentee father (in one episode, neglecting to pick Jeffrey up for a planned custodial visit).

Portrayed by Florence Halop (1984â€“1985)

Mrs. Hufnagel was a surly and miserable old lady who was repeatedly admitted for a series of ailments over the course of Season 3. She insulted nearly everyone who tried to help her, and was disliked by nearly the entire St. Eligius staff. She died presumably after being crushed when her hospital bed closed on her, though it was later revealed that her death was due to an error on Dr. Craig's part during a surgery.

Portrayed by Oliver Clark (1985â€“1986)

John Doe was an amnesia patient who'd been admitted to St. Eligius' psych unit, where he spent a great deal of time trying to recall his former life and identity. During his run on St. Elsewhere, Doe masqueraded as a reviewer with a re-credentialing committee visiting St. Eligius, passed himself off as other random people (including, in one episode, John McEnroe), and believed he was The Mary Tyler Moore Show's Mary Richards and took up Mary's bubbly persona ("I can turn the world on with a smile!"); it was during this last incident that Doe encountered visiting doctor Gloria Neal and greeted her as "Sue Ann," with Dr. Neal informing him that he must have her confused with someone else. (Dr. Neal was played by Betty White, who played Sue Ann Nivens on Moore.) Toward the middle of season 4, Doe departed St. Eligius after being "claimed" by an aristocratic southern couple as their relative, with Dr. Auschlander later learning that a psychiatric hospital in Louisiana reported that two inpatients had escaped and were thought to be heading for Boston to look up an old friend. During Season 5, Auschlander assigned Doe to assist Dr. Craig after Craig demanded that Auschlander find him a secretary to type his memoirs; despite Craig's initial dismay, Doe proved himself to be a fantastic typist (over 100 words-a-minute), and actually pushed Craig to quit his memoirs and write a novel instead (part of which he found on scrap paper). However, Doe began to copy Craig's persona, even wrapping his hand in bandages, wearing surgical scrubs and drawing a mustache with permanent marker (to match Craig's mustache). Doe later disappeared from St. Eligius for good, along with Dr. Craig's novel.

Portrayed by Jack Dodson (1984-1988)

Somewhat crusty Boston judge who also sat on St. Eligius' board. A good friend of Auschlander. Developed bone cancer during season 6, and was accidentally killed when Rosenthal neglected to place a regulator on his morphine drip.

Portrayed by Jane Wyatt (1985-1988)

Wife of Dr. Auschlander, they've been married since the 1940s. A longtime volunteer for St. Eligius', Katherine led the Women's Auxiliary, which coordinated the annual "Doctor of the Year" event. Katherine remained supportive when it was revealed that, prior to their marriage, Daniel had had a son with a former girlfriend. (She gave him up for adoption, and never informed Daniel of his existence.)

Portrayed respectively by George Deloy and Deborah May (1985â€“1986)

Ken Valere was an upwardly mobile stockbroker who, along with his wife Terri, sought advice from Roxanne Turner in season four as to why they were having trouble conceiving a child.

Portrayed by Herb Edelman (1984â€“1988)

Richard was a union mediator called in to help with the nurses' strike during season three. After the strike was settled, he began an affair with Helen Rosenthal, which ultimately led to the end of Helen's fourth marriage. However, Richard would later move in with Helen and her children. He asked her to marry him, when it appeared that Helen was pregnant; when it turned out Helen not pregnant, but entering menopause, they decided not to marry, and instead continued to live together.

Portrayed by Patricia Wettig (1986â€“1988)

Joanne was a friend of Jack and Nina Morrison from Seattle, from before they'd relocated to Boston for Jack's residency. After Nina's death, Jack reconnected with Joanne during a visit to Seattle, and on a whim, she followed him back to Boston and they impulsively decided to elope. Jack had to then adjust to making a life with Joanne and her two children. However, after a few months, Joanne's ex-husband sued for custody of their children to bring them back with him to Seattle (after a violent encounter with Nick Moates). Unable to cope with the loss of her children, Joanne also returned to Seattle, leaving Jack behind. When Jack completed his residency, he relocated to Seattle to reconcile with Joanne.

Portrayed by Helen Hunt (1984â€“1986)

Clancy was a sociology graduate student and Nuclear Freeze activist who began dating "Boomer" Morrison toward the end of season 2, after the death of his wife. When Clancy became pregnant, she decided to terminate the pregnancy, despite Morrison's objections. She briefly moved in with Boomer after her apartment was burglarized, but quickly moved out again due to her need for independence. They continued to date, though Clancy eventually found herself to be little more than a babysitter for the busy Morrison's son and broke up with him. They remained friends. She briefly dated Wayne Fiscus (in the episode "Family Affair").

Portrayed by Dana Short (1982â€“1988); Melanie Gaffin as nine-year old Lizzie in "Time Heals" episode

Lizzie Westphall was Donald's teenage daughter. Having had to help take care of her autistic brother Tommy after their mother's death, she was unusually mature and responsible for her age, and generally good-natured; she did have a defiant side, which became especially apparent through her argumentative tone with a number of the Westphalls' housekeepers (who she felt were not caring for Tommy appropriately). Lizzie went away to college, eventually bringing a boyfriend home with her for a weekend and expecting him to sleep with her in her bedroom, something Dr. Westphall objected to (with Lizzie responding that she was not a baby anymore). Toward the end of the series, Lizzie began dating Seth Griffin, a much older resident at St. Eligius, much to her father's displeasure; Lizzie would become pregnant by Seth and undergo an abortion.

Portrayed by Chad Allen (1983â€“1988)

Tommy Westphall was the autistic son of Dr. Donald Westphall and his deceased wife. The demands of caring for Tommy, combined with the frustrations of a changing St. Eligius, led Donald to leave the hospital in season six, after which he would relocate with Tommy to a quiet life in New Hampshire (as depicted in season six's "Their Town").[3] Tommy's autism would take on added significance during St. Elsewhere's final moments.


where do dogs get shots on their body

Most vaccines are given by subcutaneous (under the skin) or intramuscular (into the muscle) injection. Respiratory tract disease vaccination may be given intra-nasally (in the nose) in some cases.

Vaccination of dogs

Programs supporting regular vaccination of dogs have contributed both to the health of dogs and to the public health. In countries where routine rabies vaccination of dogs is practiced, for example, rabies in humans is reduced to a very rare event.

Currently, there are geographically defined core vaccines and individually chosen non-core vaccine recommendations for dogs. A number of controversies surrounding adverse reactions to vaccines have resulted in authoritative bodies revising their guidelines as to the type, frequency, and methods/locations for dog vaccination.

In 2010[1] and 2011,[2] revised guidelines addressed concerns about adverse vaccine reactions[3] by altering the recommended frequency, type, methods, and locations for administration of core and non-core canine vaccines.

Most vaccination protocols recommend a series of vaccines for puppies, with vaccine boosters given at one year of age. Frequency of vaccination thereafter varies depending on the lifestyle of the individual dog, including:[4]

Because these factors may change over time, many professional organizations[4][5] recommend routine annual examinations, where a vaccination plan for each individual canine can be decided during a discussion between the veterinarian and dog owner.

In their 2010 recommendations, WSAVA (World Small Animal Veterinary Association)[1] emphasized the importance of administering non-adjuvanted vaccines whenever possible, as vaccines that included these immune-stimulating agents were shown to increase adverse vaccine reactions in pets.

WSAVA[1] also prefers serological testing over unnecessary boosters or re-vaccination doses of core vaccines after the initial 12-month booster that follows the puppy series of modified live virus [MLV] vaccines. This is because core vaccines show an excellent correlation between the presence of antibody and protective immunity to a disease, and have a long DOI (Duration of Immunity). Antibody tests can be used to demonstrate the DOI after vaccination with core vaccines, though not for non-core vaccines (such as parainfluenza).

Many recent protocols indicate that vaccines should be given in specific areas in order to: ease identification of which vaccine caused an adverse reaction, and ease removal of any vaccine-associated sarcoma.[6] Although these protocols were initially designed for cats, some similar protocols are likely to be developed for canines, as well.

In North America, vets adopted the practice of injecting specific limbs as far from the body as possible,[7] for example the rear right for rabies.

This set of locations was not widely adopted outside of North American, and the international Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) made new recommendations[1] that vaccines be administered:

Core vaccines are defined as those vaccines which ALL dogs, regardless of circumstances, should receive. Core vaccines protect animals from severe, life-threatening diseases which have global distribution.[1]

The latest (2011) North American recommendation[2] still includes rabies in the core vaccines. Likewise, the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV) in the U.S. gives detailed instructions on how to deal with what they describe as a serious public health problem, and includes a useful table,[8] summarizing all the rabies vaccines sold in the U.S.

However, the 2010 international VGG recommendation[1] generally considers the rabies vaccine a non-core vaccine, except in areas where the disease is endemic or where required by law.

In many locations the rabies vaccine is accompanied by a single combined vaccine shot which protects against:

Non-core vaccines are those that are required by only those animals whose geographical location, local environment or lifestyle places them at risk of contracting specific infections.[1]

Generally not recommended, owing to unproven efficacy, are:

Vaccination has become a controversial topic among veterinarians and dog owners. Specific adverse reactions and general consequences for long-term health and immunity are both being cited as reasons to reduce the frequency of pet vaccination.

The 2010 vaccination guidelines[1] published by the WSAVA (World Small Animal Veterinary Association) reduce the number of vaccines which should be considered core for canines, as well as recommending less frequent vaccine administration.

In the executive summary section, the WSAVA guidelines[1] do argue against needless vaccination and in support of "the development and use of simple in-practice tests for determination of seroconversion (antibody) following vaccination." They also note that "Vaccines should not be given needlessly. Core vaccines should not be given any more frequently than every three years after the 12 month booster injection following the puppy/kitten series, because the duration of immunity (DOI) is many years and may be up to the lifetime of the pet." The open letter critique focuses on the less-nuanced summary of these recommendations in the tables given for vaccination guidelines, which could imply that re-vaccination should occur every three years.

Vets and owners should also consider factors that have been shown to increase the risk of adverse vaccine reactions.[3] Examples of such factors include:


who plays the ghost of ravenclaw in harry potter

In 2010, she played her first comedy role, in the British independent romantic comedy film The Decoy Bride.[19] The Decoy Bride was released in 2012. In 2011, she played the "Grey Lady" (revealed to be Helena Ravenclaw) in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the final instalment of the Harry Potter film franchise. She replaced Nina Young, the original actress in the role. In 2012, she provided the voice of Merida, the heroine of the Disney/Pixar film Brave, and starred as Dolly in Anna Karenina.

Kelly Macdonald

Kelly Macdonald (born 23 February 1976) is a Scottish actress.

Macdonald is best known for her roles in the films Trainspotting (1996), Gosford Park (2001), Intermission (2003), Nanny McPhee (2005), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), and Brave (2012). For the 2005 TV film The Girl in the Cafe, she was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2003, she appeared in the acclaimed BBC miniseries State of Play as journalist Della Smith.

For her role in the 2007 film No Country for Old Men, she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She went on to star for five seasons in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire (2010â€“2014) as Margaret Thompson, for which she received a 2011 Emmy Award nomination.

Macdonald was born in Glasgow. Her mother was a garment industry sales executive. She also moved to Aberdeen when she was five[citation needed]

Macdonald's career began while she was working as a barmaid in Glasgow.[1] She saw a leaflet advertising an open casting session for Trainspotting and decided to audition, winning the part of Diane,[2] the underage seductress to Ewan McGregor's Renton. Other roles include Mary O'Neary in Two Family House,[3] and an actress playing Peter Pan in Finding Neverland.[4] She had major roles in Robert Altman's British period piece Gosford Park,[5] where she played an aristocrat's maid, and in Intermission (2003), as Deirdre.[6]

On radio, she portrayed Mary in the 1999 BBC radio drama Lifehouse, based on Pete Townshend's abandoned rock opera, some of the songs for which were released on The Who's album Who's Next.[7] On television, her highest profile roles have been in two BBC dramas, the Paul Abbott serial State of Play (2003),[8] and the one-off Richard Curtis piece The Girl in the Café (2005).[9] Both of these were directed by David Yates, and both also starred Bill Nighy. For her performance in The Girl in the Café, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film in 2006,[10] and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.[11]

Macdonald starred in the 2005 film Nanny McPhee,[12] as the scullery maid Evangeline, and has since had supporting roles in A Cock and Bull Story (2006),[13] and the Coen brothers' Academy Award-winning No Country for Old Men (2007),[14] for which she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.[15] It was reported that she had to fight her agent to be considered for the role, but in 2017 Macdonald denied the story.[16]

Other films where she had supporting roles include Choke (2008), as Paige Marshall, the film adapted by Clark Gregg from the 2001 Chuck Palahniuk novel; In the Electric Mist (2009) (based on James Lee Burke's In the Electric Mist with Confederate Dead (1993), as Kelly Drummond, alongside Tommy Lee Jones and John Goodman; and Skellig (2009), as Louise.[17] She played the lead in The Merry Gentleman (2008), as Kate Frazier.[18]

From 2010 until its ending in 2014, she starred in the HBO crime drama Boardwalk Empire as Margaret Thompson, the wife of Prohibition-era Atlantic City crime boss Nucky Thompson (Steve Buscemi). She appeared in all five seasons of the series. In 2011, she and the rest of the show's cast were awarded the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. In 2016, she starred in Ricky Gervais' Special Correspondents as Claire Maddox,[20] and Swallows and Amazons as Mrs. Walker.[21] In 2016, she played the lead role in "Hated in the Nation", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror for which she received critical acclaim.[22] On 3 November 2016 Macdonald was featured in the trailer for Danny Boyle's T2 Trainspotting confirming she will reprise her role as Diane from the original film.

In August 2003, Macdonald married musician Dougie Payne, bassist of rock band Travis. They have two children and moved back to their home town of Glasgow in 2014, after living in London and New York City.[23][24] They separated in 2017.[25]


when does hold the dark come out on netflix

The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2018 and was released on September 28, 2018, by Netflix.

Hold the Dark

Hold the Dark is a 2018 American thriller film directed by  Jeremy Saulnier from a screenplay by Macon Blair. It is based upon the novel of the same name by William Giraldi and stars Jeffrey Wright, Alexander Skarsgård, James Badge Dale, Riley Keough, Tantoo Cardinal, and Julian Black Antelope.

In December 2004, wolf expert Russell Core (Jeffrey Wright), a writer who studies wolf behavior, is summoned to the small village of Keelut, Alaska by Medora Sloane (Riley Keough), who wants Core to hunt down the wolves blamed for the disappearances and presumed deaths of three small children, including Medora's 6-year-old son, Bailey.

Her husband, Vernon Sloane (Alexander Skarsgård), is overseas in Iraq. After a firefight outside Fallujah where Vernon is shown mercilessly and efficiently gunning down Iraqi militants, his unit moves into the city. While stationed at a checkpoint, Vernon wanders off and comes across an American soldier raping a local woman. Vernon stabs the soldier repeatedly in the gut, and leaves the woman with his knife to finish him off. Moments later, shooting breaks out at the checkpoint, and Vernon is shot through the neck, but survives to be sent home.

Core, staying at the Sloane house, discusses the missing children with Medora, who tells him of a hot springs to the north of town. That night, he awakes to the sound of Medora whispering and scrubbing herself raw in the bath. She exits the bathroom nude except for a dark wooden wolf mask and approaches Core. Removing the mask, she lays beside Core and moves his hand to her neck forcefully.

In the morning, Core leaves town to track the wolves and meets an old native woman, Illanaq, who tells him he is going the wrong way, and that Medora 'knows evil'. Core tracks the wolves for several hours, coming across the hot springs Medora mentioned, and finds a pack of wolves eating their young. Unable to shoot them, Core returns to Keelut. Arriving at the Sloane house, Core finds Medora missing, and the cellar door unlocked. Downstairs, the frozen, strangled body of the Sloane's son. Core calls for help, and the native villagers, then the police investigate. The natives claim Medora is possessed by a wolf-demon called a tournaq.

Vernon's old friend, and father to another missing child, Cheeon (Julian Black Antelope) meets him at the airport and drives the two of them to meet with Police chief Donald Marium (James Badge Dale), Core, and several other officers at the morgue. After Core and Marium leave, Vernon shoots the remaining officers and the coroner with Cheeon's gun, and take Bailey's body, along with the case file.

Vernon and Cheeon bury Bailey in a pine box, marking it with symbols in their blood. Vernon then returns to Keelut and kills Illanaq.

Core remembering the woman's prescient warning, and the police, following up on the murdered officers, arrive in Keelut at the same time. Marium, and a few dozen officers take up positions outside Cheeon's house as the chief approaches to ask about his involvement with the murders. Cheeon expresses antipathy for 'useless city slickers' and refuses to come quietly, opening up barn doors on the upper level of his house and opening fire on the clustered police with a heavy machine gun, killing many. Marium flanks the building and shoots Cheeon from the inside.

At an inn outside a tourist mine where Medora was sighted, Vernon meets John, an elderly hunter, who treated Vernon as a child for his seeming sociopathy with wolf-blood. The hunter invites Vernon to take a mask, saying he "needs to let the wolf out a little".
Vernon chooses a mask from the wall, puts it on and kills John. As he leaves, Vernon is shot in the shoulder by the innkeeper.

Vernon visits an old friend, Shan, who informs him that Cheeon has died.  Shan pulls the bullet from Vernon's shoulder.

Core and Marium theorize that Medora killed Bailey to save him from darkness. Core recalls Medora's saying the nearby hot springs are "a good place to get clean" and thinks she might have gone there. They agree to go after Medora and catch her before Vernon does.

Vernon, meanwhile, has a dream of himself and Medora in the hot springs. Now awake, he overhears Shan's informing the police that he's there. Vernon puts on the mask and stabs Shan in the head. The police force splits up, half going to the crime scene at Shan's house, and Marium and Core going to the hot springs.

When looking at some wolf tracks in the snow, Marium is shot through the neck by an arrow fired by Vernon, who is wearing the mask. Core leaves Marium's body and heads to the hot springs, hoping to intercept Vernon. He finds Medora in the springs and is then, again inexplicably, arrowed in the chest by Vernon.

As Vernon strangles her, Medora pushes the mask off his face. He releases her and they embrace. Core falls unconscious.

When Core wakes, Vernon offers him a cigarette. Vernon removes the arrow from Core's body before leaving with Medora. Core crawls outside the cave and encounters a pack of wolves. He is found by a father and son with a snowmachine and brought to their home for care. Vernon is seen digging up Bailey's grave with Medora; they pull the coffin along with them as they trek through the snow. Core wakes up in hospital, his daughter Amy at his bedside.

In September 2015, it was announced Jeremy Saulnier would direct the film, based upon a screenplay by Macon Blair, while Eva Maria Daniels, Russell Ackerman and John Schoenfelder would produce the film under their VisionChaos Productions banner and Addictive Pictures banners respectively, A24 would distribute the film.[2] In January 2017, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film, with Anish Savjani and Neil Kopp joining as producers.[3] In February 2017, Alexander Skarsgård, Riley Keough, James Bloor, James Badge Dale and Jeffrey Wright, joined the cast of the film.[4]

Principal photography began on February 27, 2017, and concluded on April 26, 2017. Filming took place in and around the areas surrounding Calgary and Kananaskis Country, Alberta, which were used to substitute for Alaska.[5][6]

It had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2018.[7] It also screened at Fantastic Fest on September 22, 2018.[8][9] It was released on September 28, 2018.[10]

Hold the Dark received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 67% approval rating based on 51 reviews, with an average score of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hold the Dark's unsettling aesthetic offers more of what filmgoers expect from director Jeremy Saulnier - and is often enough to prop up shaky narrative underpinnings."[11] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[12]


where did the dakota tribe live in minnesota

The Eastern Dakota are the Santee (Isáŋyathi or Isáŋ-athi; "knife" + "encampment", ″dwells at the place of knife flint″), who reside in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have federally recognized tribes established in several places.

Dakota people

The Dakota people are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux /ˈsuː/ people, and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

The Western Dakota are the Yankton, and the Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), who reside in the Missouri River area. The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena (″Those Who Speak Like Men″). They also have distinct federally recognized tribes.

In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as Nakota, a branch of the Sioux who moved further west. The latter are now located in Montana and across the border in Canada, where they are known as Stoney.[2]

The word Dakota means "ally" in the Dakota language, and their autonyms include Ikčé Wičhášta ("Indian people") and Dakhóta Oyáte ("Dakota people").[3]

The Eastern and Western Dakota are two of the three groupings belonging to the Sioux nation (also called Dakota in a broad sense), the third being the Lakota (Thítȟuŋwaŋ or Teton). The three groupings speak dialects that are still relatively mutually intelligible. This is referred to as a common language, Dakota-Lakota, or Sioux.[4]

The other two languages of the Dakotan dialect continuum, Assiniboine and Stoney (spoken by the Nakota or Nakoda peoples), have grown widely or completely unintelligible to Dakota and Lakota speakers.[5]

The Dakota include the following bands:

The majority of the Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada[specify]. However some of those in the north woods of Minnesota remain at the Ottertail Lake and Inspiration Peak areas. They were never sent to reservations as they were protected by settlers whom they had befriended.

After the Dakota War of 1862, many Santee were sent to Crow Creek Indian Reservation; in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the Santee Sioux Reservation.

The Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ (Mdewakanton) live predominantly at the Prairie Island and Shakopee reservations in Minnesota.

Most of the Yankton live on the Yankton Indian Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation and Crow Creek Reservation, which is also occupied by the Lower Yanktonai.

The Upper Yanktonai live in the northern part of Standing Rock Reservation, on the Spirit Lake Reservation in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Whitecap (formerly Moose Woods).

It's was difficult to say exactly where the Dakota people came from before the recorded era. The closest Siouan-speaking peoples to them were the Chiwere, the oldest existing Siouan language that is more of a proto-Siouan form that predates all the others. Despite this, the Dakota language, Lakotaiapi, is actually very closely related to that of the Dhegihan & Hokan Siouan peoples-- both of whom claim to have come from Ohio from the 13th century back.

A single line of older history seems to have survived from the Dakotas-- that they had come to live with the Winnebago, but they soon became angry and ordered them to leave. Combining this with the histories of the Dhegihans, it's possible to assume that the ancestors of the Dakota people may have also been refugees from further east who started taking refuge with other Siouan allies-- possibly even predating the move of the Dhegihan Sioux peoples. It could have either been overcrowding or the disruption the Dhegihans made to commerce and trade along the Mississippi River when they came to the Plains that forced the Winnebago to send the first Dakota off to find a new homeland. This, however, is only a guess. [7]

The Dakota Oyate are said to have lived in Minnesota prior to the 18th century. [3][8] Most of their early history was recorded (haphazardly, at that) by a white man named James Walker close to the end of the 19th century, as he offered aid among the Lakota/ Dakota people. He recorded much of what he knew in three books-- Lakota Myth, Lakota Belief & Ritual & Lakota Society. Seemingly, they were originally one people with one chief who grew and developed four sub-factions over time, each with their own equal chiefs. These two groups also evolved two distinct dialects of their language, Nakota & Dakota. Their capitol was situated at a place known as Ble Wakan, (Boo-reh wah-kaw) which is currently identified as Lake Mille Lac. [9]

Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants. [10] The French were trying to gain an advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudson's Bay Company. While many people believe that the name Sioux derives from an Ojibwe racial slur directed towards them, it is far more likely that the title Sioux came from the early French explorers. They originally named the Mississippi River the direct French translation for the Ojibwe name, "Great River," which was Sioux Tango, at least, before the other Ojibwe name for the river, Michi Ziibi, managed to stick. The Dakota were known to be directly related to the source of the River.

It's difficult to say exactly what occurred or why, but close to the end of the 17th century, some sort of war occurred between Siouan and Algonquian peoples between Lake Superior and the Mississippi River. The Dakota were driven away from the River and off onto the plains, where they were forced to wage a long military campaign to displace several lesser known native tribes in the region of North & South Dakota. Also affected in this original war were the Fox/ Menominee people (who moved from the western shore of Lake Superior to the border region of Michigan & Wisconsin), the Winnebago & the Illinois Confederacy (who broke and were moved across the Mississippi River by the French). Displaced, local Algonquian, Caddoan, Chiwere & Dhegihan peoples already on the Plains fought back fiercely for decades before everything settled. Many tribes were completely, or nearly, wiped out during this time.

Seemingly, after this there was a split among the Dakota people and two new groups-- the Hohe & the Lakota-- split off from them. While they originally operated as their own separate nations, it appears that they eventually merged back together to form the Oceti Sakowin, Seven Fire Council, by the early-mid 19th century. [11] The Hohe returned to Minnesota, where they earned the nickname Asinii Bwaan, or Stone Sioux, from the Ojibwe. [12] To this day, the Hohe are primarily known as the Assiniboine. Many of those who left were part of the Nakota and, due to this, they lost military superiority among their people to the Dakota Santee Sioux. It was roughly around this point that all these peoples began to generally refer to themselves as the Dakota People. [13] After their far later defeat by the United States, the Nakota would dissolve and merge with the Lakota & Dakota and the Dakota would shrink. Only the smallest of the four groups, the Lakota, managed to thrive and grow in captivity. Despite this, all four dialects of the Lakotaiapi language managed to survive to modern day.

According to Lakota Society, the names of the seven tribes seem to have been divided as such:

By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."[14] On August 17, 1862, the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.[15]

On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in courts-martial, 303 Santee Dakota were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witness were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.[16] President Abraham Lincoln commuted the death sentence of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the execution of 38 Santee men by hanging on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota. Forty-three-year-old Alexander Wilkin commanded the executions, which together amounted to the largest single mass execution in U.S. history.[17]

Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died.[16]

During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.[16] A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.[16]

Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.

Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Dakota Plains, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

In Minnesota, the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 left the Dakota with a reservation 20 miles (32Â km) wide on each side of the Minnesota River.

In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as First Nations. The land holdings of these First Nations are called Indian Reserves.

(* Reserves shared with other First Nations)

Hints from legends claim that they were originally more settled and did farm corn, earth beans & pumpkins in their original homeland. They also harvested local plants, such as Tipsila (a wild North American turnip), American Wild Rice, Various types of nuts & berries & some form of wild potato & hunted animals like the Buffalo, whom the native people always held in high regard. As per the rumors, they always tried to use every part of the Buffalo and never be wasteful. Their homes would have still been tipis, or something alike a tipi that was more permanent. Technically, these homes are called Ti, or Oti. Tipi would be plural. [19]

After being driven onto the plains, life was harder. The people were unable to farm the land and took to yearly migration cycles, following the Buffalo closely. Despite having separate homelands, the migrations would often take certain groups into the territories of one another. This made acquiring things like corn and Tobacco extremely difficult. Tobacco, usually used as incense for holy ceremonies and habitually smoked, had to be reserved for very special occasions & was often replaced by the abundant sweet grass found on the Plains. Many of their ceremonies, such as one holiday that took place during the first planting season, no longer held any relevance and the culture diverged from its original form greatly. Hope did come, however, with the horse. The Lakota managed to win a major conflict with the Cheyenne and got horses in the deal. This revelation made many aspects of life far easier and all the Dakota people quickly evolved into a horse-riding culture. Their word for horse is Sunkawakan, or Holy Dog.

Each of the seven tribes were said to have been divided into smaller and smaller subgroups that eventually came down to individual camps and there was a hierarchy of chiefs going back up to the main seven High Chiefs. Similar to the idea of Moieties from eastern native peoples, a child was considered a relative of both his father & mother's camps and could marry no one from either. Since the migrations generally brought them into closer proximity to the same camps over and over again, this quickly caused serious problems for the legality of marriage. Some of the peoples chose to forego the law, but most were disturbed by the possibility, likening it to incest in their minds, and refused. It's probably because of this, as well as constant warfare, that the acquisition of women as conquest and slave property became more and more common among the Dakota Oyate. The women did have their own rights, but it seems like most of these were moreso in place to preserve the honor of their men as warriors & not to really protect them. Unless they had close relatives who they could reach, or were able to maneuver themselves to get help from another man, these women were basically trapped. Polygamy was also allowed, as it was among most native peoples in one form or another.

The ordering of camps was fairly simple. The tents were always organized into circles with the entrance facing the rising sun and the most important home centered directly at the west end. The families within these tents also slept in a similar manner, with the head of household directly across from the door, the eldest son to one side, the second eldest to the right, and little general order beyond that. The ordering of the tents would get more and more complicated, depending on what all groups happened to be camping together.

The chiefs could be male or female (although female chiefs were rare) and were counseled by an ever-changing group of elders, depending on the situation. Apparently, these councilors were almost always male. A type of police force known as the Akicita were organized to keep the peace & other military & religious societies and organizations provided different services to the community in both war and peace-times. The Chief elected the lead Akicita, and this person nominated his officers as he saw fit, as did the other groups. Seemingly, it was also considered a crime to turn down an offer to take on a title, with the exception of chief, once publicly nominated. Men and women both were also allowed to be nominated to any position. Punishments for crime were said to have been beatings, destruction of property, posting bail and, in worst-case scenarios, death. For whatever reason, posting bail was generally looked down upon as the cowards' way out. [20]

The Dakota language is a Mississippi Valley Siouan language, belonging to the greater Siouan-Catawban language family. It is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the Lakota language, and both are also more distantly related to the Stoney and Assiniboine languages. Dakota is written in the Latin script and has a dictionary and grammar.[1]

The Dakota maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan in Canada.

The earliest known European record of the Dakota identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of landâ€”from present day Central Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country.[21]

The Santee migrated north and westward from the Southeast United States, first into Ohio, then to Minnesota. Some came up from the Santee River and Lake Marion, area of South Carolina. The Santee River was named after them, and some of their ancestors' ancient earthwork mounds have survived along the portion of the dammed-up river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were a Woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and farming.

Migrations of Ojibwe people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters.[22]

The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the anglicized spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Húŋkpathina).[22]

They were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato (Maka To â€“ Earth Blue/Blue Earth) region of southwestern Minnesota along the Blue Earth River.[23]

Contemporary Sioux people are also listed under the tribes to which they belong: