how many ethnic groups are there in eritrea

The nation has nine recognized ethnic groups.[3] According to SIL Ethnologue, Tigrayans make up about 50% of the population; the Tigre, who also speak a Semitic language, constitute around 30% of residents. Most of the rest of the population belong to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities of the Cushitic branch. Additionally, there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking ethnic minorities and other smaller groups.[3][4]

Demographics of Eritrea

Eritrea has an estimated population of 4,954,645[1] as of 2016. No reliable census data is available, the best available estimates being published by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
The population has doubled over the past 30 years, with an accelerating growth rate estimated at close to 3.2% p.a. during 2005â€“2010. This rate of population growth is sustained despite a high emigration rate; the World Bank as of 2010 estimated that close to a million of Eritreans have emigrated.[2]

A majority of Eritrea's population adheres to Abrahamic religions. The two most followed religions are Christianity and Islam, which have an almost equal number of followers.

Eritrea's population comprises nine recognized ethnic groups, most of whom speak languages from the Ethiopian Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family.[4] The Ethiopian Semitic languages spoken in Eritrea are Tigre, Tigrayan, and the newly recognized Dahlik. Other Afro-Asiatic languages belonging to the Cushitic branch are also widely spoken in the country.[4] The latter include Afar, Beja, Blin, and Saho.

In addition, languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan language family (Kunama and Nara) are spoken as a mother tongue by the Kunama and Nara Nilotic ethnic minorities that live in the north and northwestern part of the country.[4] The Rashaida speak Arabic, while there are also a number of Italians who speak their native Italian language.

The majority of the Tigrayans inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is called Tigrinya. They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 55% of the population.[3] The predominantly Tigrayan populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital Asmara, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adi Quala and Senafe, while there is a significant population of Tigrayans in other cities including Keren, and Massawa.

The Jeberti people in Eritrea trace descent from early Muslim adherents. The term Jeberti is also locally sometimes used to generically refer to all Islamic inhabitants of the highlands.[5] The Jeberti in Eritrea speak Arabic and Tigrinya.[6] They account for about 10% of the Tigrinya speakers in the nation. The remaining 90% are Christians, so divided: 73% of the Eritrean Orthodox faith, 12% Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic (whose mass is held in Ge'ez as opposed to Latin), and 5% belonging to various Protestant and other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea.

The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigrayans and to the Beja people. They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30% of local residents.[3] Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion Sunni Islam, but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the MensaÃ¯ in Eritrea). Their language is called Tigre.

The Rashaida are one of Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups. They represent around 2% of the population of Eritrea.[3] The Rashaida reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea and the northern eastern coasts of Sudan. They are predominantly Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to have Arabic as their communal language, specifically the Hejazi dialect. The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the 19th century from the Arabian Coast.[7]

According to the CIA, the Afar constitute under 5% of the nation's population.[3] They live in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region of Eritrea, as well as the Afar Region in Ethiopia, and Djibouti. They speak the Afar language as a mother tongue, and are predominantly Muslim. Afars in Eritrea number about 397,000 individuals, the smallest population out of the countries they reside in. In Djibouti, there are about 780,000 group members, and in Ethiopia, they number approximately 1,300,000.

The Saho represent 4% of Eritrea's population.[3] They principally reside in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region and the Northern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. Some also live in adjacent parts of Ethiopia. Their language is called Saho. They are predominantly Muslim, although a few Christians known as the Irob live in the Debub Region of Eritrea and the Tigray region of Ethiopia.

The Bilen in Eritrea represent around 2% of the country's population.[3] They are primarily concentrated in the north-central areas, in and around the city of Keren, and south towards Asmara, the nation's capital. Many of them entered Eritrea from Kush (central Sudan) in the 8th century and settled at Merara, after which they went to Lalibela and Lasta. The Bilen then returned to Axum in Ethiopia's Tigray Province, and battled with the natives; in the resulting aftermath, the Bilen returned to their main base at Merara. The Bilen include adherents of both Islam and Christianity. They speak the Bilen as a mother tongue. Christian adherents are mainly urban and have intermingled with the Tigrinya who live in the area. Muslim adherents are mainly rural and have interbred with the adjacent Tigre.

The Beja in Eritrea, or Hedareb, constitute under 5% of local residents.[3] They mainly live along the north-western border with Sudan. Group members are predominantly Muslim and communicate in Hedareb as a first or second language. The Beja also include the Beni-Amer people, who have retained their native Beja language alongside Hedareb.

According to the CIA, the Kunama constitute around 2% of Eritrea's population.[3] They mainly live in the country's Gash Barka Region, as well as in adjacent parts of Ethiopia's Tigray Region. Many of them reside in the contested border village of Badme. Their language is called Kunama. Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most are converts to either Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant) or Islam.

The Nara represent under 5% of the nation's population.[3] They principally reside along the south-western border with Sudan and Ethiopia. They are generally Muslim, with a few Christians and some practising their indigenous beliefs. Their language is called Nara.

A few monolingual Italian Eritreans remain. As of 2008, they were estimated at 900 people, down from around 38,000 residents at the end of World War II.

People in Eritrea practice various religions. According to the Pew Research Center (2010), 62.9% of the population are Christian, mostly followers of Oriental Orthodoxy, and to a lesser extent, Roman Catholicism, with the second-largest denomination being Muslims.[9] In general, most local residents who adhere to Christianity live in the Maekel and Debub regions, whereas those who follow Islam predominantly inhabit the Anseba, Northern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea and Gash-Barka regions. A few adherents of traditional faiths can also be found, particularly in the lowlands.

According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects[1], the total population of Eritrea was at 4,954,645 in 2016 (compared to 3.27 million in 1990).
Population growth rate during 2005â€“2010 was estimated at 3.2% p.a.

In the 2010s, worsening conditions have fuelled migration pressure, with Eritreans trying to reach Europe illegally in boats reaching desperate proportions in 2013.[10]

The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.6%, 55.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.5% was 65 years or older.[11]

UN  medium variant population projections as of 2010 expected a radically reduced growth rate of 2.0% during the 2020s and of 1.8% during the 2030s.[11]
This was corrected as too optimistic an outlook in the 2012 edition, which now expected a more pessimistic, but still declining growth rate of 2.7% during the 2020s (10.3 million in 2030) and of 2.4% during the 2030s (13 million in 2040).[12]

Registration of vital events in Eritrea is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:[11]

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[13]

Fertility data as of 2002 (DHS Program):[14]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.
Population: 5,060,620
Age structure:
0–14 years:
42.9% (male 1,085,116/female 1,072,262)
15–64 years:
53.5% (male 1,332,349/female 1,355,494)
65 years and over:
3.6% (male 88,068/female 95,186) (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.445% (2011 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female
15â€“64 years:
0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.93 male(s)/female
total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Fertility rate:
According to 2002 official survey, fertility rate was 4.8 with 3.5 in urban and 5.7 in rural.[15]

Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
68.8 years
male:
66.7 years
female:
70.9 years (2010 est.)

Nationality:
noun:
Eritrean(s)
adjective:
Eritrean

Ethnic groups: Tigrayan 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar,  Beni-Amer, Nera) 5% (2010 est.) [16]

Religions:
Eritrean Orthodox, Sunni Muslim, Roman Catholic, Protestant (see Religion in Eritrea)

Languages:
Afar, Arabic (spoken by the Rashaida), Beja (spoken by the Hedareb), Blin, Kunama, Nara, Saho, Tigre,  Tigrinya, as a second language. English, Italian and Arabic are the foremost second languages.

Literacy:
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
70%
male:
68%
female:
72% (2011 est.)


who is the actress who plays olivia pope mother

From 2002 to 2009, Alexander starred as Dr. Alexx Woods in the CBS police procedural series CSI: Miami. From 2010 to 2013 she starred as LaDonna Batiste-Williams in the HBO drama Treme. Later in 2013, she joined the cast of the ABC drama Scandal as Maya Lewis, Olivia Pope's mother, for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in 2015. Alexander also received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination for playing Bessie Smith's sister in the 2015 HBO film Bessie.

Khandi Alexander

Khandi Alexander (born September 4, 1957) is an American dancer, choreographer, and actress. She began her career as a dancer in the 1980s and was a choreographer for Whitney Houston's world tour from 1988â€“1992.

During the 1990s, Alexander appeared in a number of films, include CB4 (1993), What's Love Got to Do with It (1993), Sugar Hill (1994), and There's Something About Mary (1998). She starred as Catherine Duke in the NBC sitcom NewsRadio from 1995 to 1998. She also had a major recurring role in the NBC medical drama ER (1995-2001) as Jackie Robbins, sister to Dr. Peter Benton. Alexander also received critical acclaim for her leading performance in the HBO miniseries The Corner in 2000.

Khandi Alexander was born in New York City, the daughter of Alverina Yavonna (Masters), an opera and jazz singer, and Henry Roland Alexander, who owned a construction company.[1][2][3] She was educated at Queensborough Community College.[4] She appeared on Broadway, starring in Chicago, Bob Fosse's Dancin, and Dreamgirls.[4] She was a choreographer for Whitney Houston's world tour from 1988â€“1992, and also appeared as a dancer in Natalie Cole's video for "Pink Cadillac" in 1988.[5]

Alexander began her acting career in the late 1980s. She made her television debut on the 1985 sketch-comedy show FTV.[4] Since the early 1990s, Alexander has concentrated on film and TV, playing supporting roles in several movies, including CB4, Joshua Tree, What's Love Got to Do with It, Poetic Justice, and Sugar Hill.

In 1995, Alexander was cast as Catherine Duke on the NBC comedy series NewsRadio. She stayed with the show until season 4 episode 7, Catherine Moves On. She played the recurring character of Jackie Robbins in medical drama series ER. Alexander has made a number of guest appearances on other television shows, including Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, NYPD Blue, Third Watch, Cosby, Better off Ted, La Femme Nikita, and Body of Proof.

In 2000, Alexander won critical acclaim for her performance as Fran Boyd, a mother addicted to drugs in the Emmy Award-winning HBO miniseries The Corner.[5][6][7] She later appeared in the films Emmett's Mark and Dark Blue, and starred opposite Rob Lowe in the Lifetime television movie Perfect Strangers. In 2002 through 2008, she portrayed the character of Alexx Woods, a medical examiner in the CBS police drama CSI: Miami. Alexander left CSI: Miami shortly before the end of the 2007-2008 season. Her final appearance aired on May 5, 2008. On February 2, 2009, she returned to the role of Alexx Woods for a guest appearance in the episode "Smoke Gets In Your CSI's".[8] She returned again as Alexx Woods in guest appearances in the episodes "Out of Time" on September 21, 2009 and "Bad Seed" on October 19, 2009.

In fall 2008, Alexander was cast as a lead character in the HBO drama pilot, Treme, that premiered on April 11, 2010.[8] She played a bar owner in a neighborhood of New Orleans affected by Hurricane Katrina. She received critical acclaim for her performance in the show.[9][10] Alexander starred in the award-winning HBO television series by David Simon from 2010 to 2013.[11] The series ended after four seasons.[12] She later was cast in Shonda Rhimes's drama series Scandal as Kerry Washington's character's evil mother.[13][14][15] In 2015, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performance.[16]

In 2014, Alexander was cast as older sister of Queen Latifah's title character in the HBO Film Bessie about iconic blues singer Bessie Smith.[17][18] She was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries.[19]


where is shelby high school located in ohio

Shelby High School is located in Shelby, Ohio, United States. The school serves students in grades 9-12 and is part of the Shelby City School District. A long time member of the Northern Ohio League (1944-2017), Shelby joined the Sandusky Bay Conference in 2017.

Shelby High School (Ohio)

1 Whippet Way Shelby, Ohio

The original Central School was dedicated in 1875 in downtown Shelby in the Central Park area. Later Shelby Central High School was built as an addition to Central School in 1901 which faced East Main on the corner of Main and High School Avenue. That building was later replaced by the new Shelby High School built in the years 1924-1925 which was behind Central High School at the end of Park Avenue along the three way intersection of Park Ave, Mack Ave, and High School Ave. That building was added onto in 1938, 1951, and 1969. This building has since been demolished in September/October 2013 and the land will serve as a parking lot after the land has been cleared. Demolition began with the 1951 music/shop wing progressed to the 1969/1938 additions and was completed by razing the original 1924 building. The old Central High School was later demolished in 1950 and replaced by the current Central Elementary School built in the same year.

In 1965 Shelby Senior High School was built on W. Smiley Ave. located next to Sunset Dr. and the land that would become the Shelby YMCA. When the present school was built the old school bell from the 1875 Central High was installed near the front entrance to the senior high. At that time the 1924 Shelby High School was turned into a junior high school housing grades 7-9 from 1965-1970 and grades 7-8 from 1970-2013. At the beginning of the 1995-1996 school year, the building became Shelby Middle School.

In 2010, a 24 million dollar bond to build a new high school passed. Construction of the new Shelby High School was completed 2 days before the 2013-2014 school year began. The Shelby Middle School moved into the 1965 school, housing grades six through eight. The new school is equipped with various new technologies that the previous building was incapable of housing. The new building also has a separate auxiliary gym housed behind the main gym in a separate building. With the loss of the 1924 structure and theater, a new 764 seat theater was built in the new school to replace it.

The Shelby High School Yearbook began in 1913 under the leadership of noted author, Dawn Powell. A literary pamphlet called The Tatler was produced in 1913. In 1914 a full size yearbook by the same name was published with Dawn Powell serving as Editor in Chief. No yearbook was published from 1915-1926. In 1927 the Scarlet S began publication which ran through 1930. From 1931-1945 smaller "Memory Books" were produced containing only senior pictures and a few group pictures. These were vellum covered booklets and are hard to find today. The Scarlet S was revived in 1946 and has since been published annually. For over 20 years, it has been the tradition of the yearbook staff to produce a "Red and Gray" book at least once every four years so that every student has at least one book in the school colors over their four years at Shelby High School.

Since 1980, each book has had a theme, around which the color scheme, layout and design, and content are focused.

2013 - Leaving Our Mark

2012 - It's What We Are
2011 - Elements
2010 - My Time
2009 - Seen, Heard, Noted, Quoted
2008 - Coloring Outside the Lines
2007 - Anatomy of a Whippet
2006 - Coming into Focus
2005 - Fragments Captured As One
2004 - Conquer the Fire
2003 - What About Us
2002 - Now It's Our Turn
2001 - Looking Forward 2 Looking Back
2000 - Stepping into the Millennium
1999 - Going Out With A Bang
1998 - Capturing The Moment
1992 - Going Against the Grain
1991 - Outta Control
1990 - In With The New
1989 - Out with the Old
1985 - Let the Good Times Roll
1983 - Whip It Into Action
1982 - These Are the Best of Times
1981 - Is That All There Is...
1980 - Crusin' 80

A former tradition was to dedicate the book to a notable faculty member.
Dedications:

1963 - Mr. Emile John, Mathematics teacher
1960 - Miss Harryet Snyder, Biology teacher
1958 - Mr. Dwight Sommerville, Band teacher
1957 - Mr. Robert Lafferty, Superintendent; In memory of Miss Leah Summer
1952 - J.E. McCollough, Principal and Superintendent

The Scarlet S has been advised by several faculty members over the years
Advisers:
Melissa Snively (2013â€“present)
Amanda Mahon (2008-2012)
Kathy Snyder (1998-2007)
Anita Ream (1986-1997)
Roy Garvin Royal Allard

The Whippet Theatre is a very active group of students involved in musical theater. Whippet Theater hosts a winter and spring show held in the new Shelby High School Performing Arts Center. In previous years it was tradition to hold a fall performance in the 1925 Shelby High School (Shelby Middle School) Auditorium with a performance in the spring held at the 1965 Shelby Senior High School's (current Shelby Middle School) David A. Jones Little Theater.

The Shelby Whippet Band has been around since 1927 by Maurice Davis (Director 1927-1938). Russell Kroger took over in 1939 and was followed by Jack Luth in 1941. The modern era Shelby Whippet Band was formed in 1945 by Dwight Sommerville (Director 1945-1983). The band incorporated many synonymous elements during the 1950s such as "The Trot" and "The Shelby Line". These two elements are probably what most people will say they remember about the band. The Shelby Flag Corps were added in the 1970s under the direction of Lynn Love who continued to be the flag advisor until 2013. The Shelby Flag Corps was abolished in 2013 due to low participation. After the retirement of Dwight Sommerville in 1983, Jack Gray became the director and served until 2000. Jack Gray was followed by Lisa Baker, with associate/head marching director Bryan Day and Tim Mayer. The band continues the many great traditions of the past while moving ahead into the future.


kasam tere pyar ki drama tanu real name

Kasam â€” Tere Pyaar Ki (English: Swear Of Your Love) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series. Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu/Tanuja and Rishi respectively.

Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki

The story revolves around Tanushree Khurana, fondly called Tanu Khurana and Rishi Singh Bedi who are childhood friends. One day, Tanu saves Rishi and a sadhu woman (Katyani Bai) prophesies that Tanu and Rishi's kundli matches very well, and Tanu will shield Rishi from danger. But Rano, Rishi's mother, dislikes Tanu's family and brainwashes her husband Raaj's mind to move to America.

Tanu eagerly waits for Rishi to return. Rishi, who now is a boxer and doesn't believe in love, has forgotten Tanu and also denies going to India but Raaj threatens Rano to donate all his wealth and they all are forced to go to India. Rishi and his family reach Patiala, where Tanu resides, and on the same day Tanu's parents are killed in a terrorist attack. Raaj reaches Tanu's home and comes to know that his friend has died. Bani, Tanu's aunt, takes Rishi and family to Mumbai, where Bani's own daughters, Swati and Neha reside. Bani changes her daughter Neha's name to Tanu in front of Rishi's family. Tanu and Ahana also reach Mumbai. On the same night, Rishi and Tanu meet, and Rishi instantly fall for Tanu, without knowing that she is Tanu. Rishi's marriage is fixed with Neha. Bani changes Tanu's name to Tanvi by saying that Raaj doesn't like Tanu and Ahana. Tanu's marriage gets fixed with Pawan, a man from Jalandhar. Rishi and Tanu's marriage is going to take place on the same day. He finds out that Pawan is already married to a girl, Saloni and fails to expose them. On the day of their marriage, he drugs Tanu and rides her to a temple and they both marry after Tanu reveals that she is the real Tanu but Pawan follows them. Everyone gets to know the truth by Ahana, Katyani Bai and Manpreet that Pawan has married to Saloni and Tanvi is real Tanu. Neha tells Sandy, his boyfriend that Rishi molested her and Sandy decides to kill Rishi. When Rishi and Tanu are about to travel to home back, Sandy shoots Tanu instead of Rishi and she dies. Rishi tries to commit suicide but Tanu's soul comes and stops him. Her soul says that she will come back.

Tanu is reborn as Tanuja Vikram Sikand (Sandy's niece). Rishi becomes harsh due to Tanu's death. In an accident, Tanuja's face gets burnt badly and mistakenly she gets Tanu's face. Rishi had become more cold towards Tanuja. Also Rishi hates Tanuja as she is Sandy's niece. On the day of Rishi's marriage with his friend Malaika, who wants Rishi's property. Raj sees her with her boyfriend Shekhar Singh Ahlawat. Raaj asks Tanuja to be the bride without knowing anyone while Malaika gets late for the marriage as she is in the traffic jam. Rishi marries Tanuja. Rishi's hatred towards Tanuja increases but he realizes his love for Tanuja later. Rano and Malaika plot against Tanuja to separate her from Rishi but in vain. Later Malaika is thrown out of Bedi house. On that very night Rishi and Tanuja consummate their marriage. Due to circumstances, Tanuja tells Rishi to divorce her as she thinks that she is unlucky for him and he will die if Tanuja remains in his life as his wife.Rishi agrees and they both sign divorce papers but later they are reunited as Tanuja gets to know she is right for Rishi. Rishi's stepbrother Purab Vohra comes and demands 51% shares of Rishi's company to take revenge from Raj.Rishi goes to give him 51% shares but Tanuja gets all Rishi's property and Bedi family business on her name to stop Rishi giving 51% shares to Purab as he wants to destroy Rishi. Divya, Yuvraj's wife is with Purab as she thinks they treat Yuvraj badly. Netra, Rano's friend's daughter loves Rishi and Rano wants Netra to marry Rishi. Rishi agrees to marry Netra so he can make Tanuja jealous so she confesses her love. On the day of Rishi and Netra's engagement, Rishi gets angry on Tanuja and tells her to sign property papers in 15 minutes and give his property back to him otherwise he will get engaged to Netra. Tanuja signs the property papers but Malaika steal the papers and give it to Netra and asks her to take the credit of getting property back. Rishi gets engaged to Netra. Rishi is drunk. Tanuja who is pregnant sees Rishi getting very close to Netra. Netra's trap gets successful. Thus, Tanuja leaves from Bedi House. Rishi goes to stop her at the railway station but they have a fight there and Tanuja gets in the train. Tanuja realises that she is pregnant with Rishi's child but it was too late.

Tanuja lives with her friend Abhishek Khurana and her and Rishi's daughter Natasha in London. Rishi lives with Netra and her daughter, Tanya. Natasha and Tanya assumes Abhishek and Rishi as their respective father. Rishi and Abhishek also loves them as their own daughter. Tanuja is Abhishek's house's caretaker. Tanuja and Abhishek pretend to be husband and wife in front of the world so Rishi and Netra. Abhishek comes to India with Tanuja and Natasha to take over Rishi company. Rishi and Abhishek are business competitors. Natasha gets admission in Tanya's school. Natasha meets Rishi in her school. Rishi has developed bonding with Natasha. Rishi comes to know that Natasha is Abhishek's daughter. Rishi and Tanuja meet at a restaurant but they have a fight. Rishi and Manpreet are trying to find Tanuja. Manpreet gets Tanuja' phone number and address. Rishi and Abhishek's bankers tell them to collaborate their businesses. Rishi and Abhishek at the beginning refuse but later agrees. Abhishek calls Rishi, Netra and Tanya to his house for a dinner. Abhishek introduces Tanuja to Rishi and Netra as his wife. Rishi is doing his best to have Tanuja back in her life but she doesn't wants to go back.

The series aired in Pakistan by Filmazia simultaneously with Colors TV till 15 October 2016.[3] The series is again running on Filmazia Mon to Fri from 10:00pm to 10:30 simultaneously with Colors TV.


where does the last name pham come from

Phạm is the Sino-Vietnamese reading of the Chinese character 范.[1] The same character is used to write the Chinese surname Fan and the Korean surname Beom (범). As with other East Asian surnames derived from Chinese, it does not necessarily imply familial relations with those sharing the same surname. The surname Phạm means "iron" in Vietnamese.

Phạm

Pháº¡m is the fourth most common Vietnamese family name. But other Asian groups also have Phams.

Although Phạm is not as common a surname among Vietnamese populations as Nguyễn, it remains prevalent. Among the global ethnic Vietnamese population, it is the 5th most common name accounting for 5% of the total 75 million. In the United States, Phạm is the #1455 most common last name comprising about 0.008% of all last names. It is the 951st most common in France[2] with 5,509 persons sharing that name. It is ranked 943rd in the United States Social Security Index.[3]

Notable people with the surname Pháº¡m include:

Politics and Military

Arts and entertainment


where does the last name baker come from

Baker is a Boernician and Anglo-Celtic surname of English and Scottish Borderlands origin but can be found in Ireland as well, mostly amongst the Scots-Irish. An occupational name, which originated in medieval times from the name of the trade, baker. From the Middle English bakere and Old English bÃ¦cere, a derivation of bacan, meaning "to dry by heat." The bearer of this name may not only have been a baker of bread. The name was also used for other involved with baking in some way, including the owner of a communal oven in humbler communities, "baker". The female form of the name is "Baxter".[1] which is seen more in Scotland.

Baker (surname)

The dark rolling moors of the Scottish/English border are home to this notable surname Baker. Its ancient history is closely woven into the rich and beautiful tapestry of the border chronicles. In-depth research into some of the most ancient manuscripts such as the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, the Inquisitio, the Ragman Rolls, the Domesday Book, baptismals, parish records, tax records and cartularies, gave researchers the first record of the name Baker in Durham where they were seated from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066 A.D. The name, Baker, appeared in many references, and from time to time, the surname was spelt Baker, Bakere and these changes in spelling frequently occurred within the family name. Scribes and church officials spelt the name as it sounded, and frequently the spelling changed even during the person's own lifetime. The family name Baker is believed to be descended originally from the Boernicians. This ancient founding race of the north were a mixture of Scottish Picts and Angles, a race dating from about the year 400 A.D. By 1000 A.D. this race had formed into discernible Clans and families.

Notable people with the surname include:

Bressingham CCTV Chief & Church Lover with friends of John Lefty


when does season 13 of criminal minds begin

The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7, 2017, by CBS with an order of 22 episodes.[1][2] The season premiered on September 27, 2017 in a new time slot at 10:00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9:00PM on Wednesday since its inception. The season concluded on April 18, 2018 with a two-part season finale.[3]

Criminal Minds (season 13)

The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season, except Damon Gupton (Stephen Walker), who was fired from the show.[4][5] His character was killed off in the season premiere off-screen.

Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders, it was announced that Daniel Henney (Matt Simmons) would join the cast this season as a series regular.[6]

Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7, 2017.[1][2] The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season, except Damon Gupton (Stephen Walker), who was fired from the show.[4][5]

Matthew Gray Gubler will be directing the seventeenth episode of the season and it is said to be "the spookiest episode of Season 13" and will involve clowns.[7] On August 10, 2017, it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season.[8] On August 12, 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season, which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together.[9] On October 31, 2017, it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season.[10]

On June 11, 2017, it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season.[4] CBS said his departure was "part of a creative change on the show".[4][5] His character Stephen Walker was killed off-screen in the season premiere.

On June 20, 2017, CBS announced that Daniel Henney, who was a series regular on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons, would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season.[11]

On October 12, 2017, it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ("Lucky Strikes") as his character returns to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time.[12]


who wrote out last night by kenny chesney

"Out Last Night" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released on April 6, 2009 as the only new track on his album Greatest Hits II. The song is Chesney's forty-second single release, and his thirty-eighth top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs. Chesney wrote the song with Brett James.

Out Last Night

"Out Last Night" is an up-tempo song in which the male narrator recalls a party that he attended the night before. He recalls the people that he met there (including "girls from Argentina and Arkansas / Maine, Alabama, and Panama"), as well as his actions (such as lying to others after a few drinks, and telling them that he is "a doctor, a lawyer, a senator's son, / Brad Pitt's brother, and a man on the run"). In the chorus, he says that "Everybody was some kind of star / When [they] went out last night." Co-written by Brett James and Chesney, it is one of three new tracks on his second greatest hits album Greatest Hits II.[1]

Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song a favorable review. He said that the song had a more traditionally country sound, as it did not include the "amped up guitars" that Chesney's previous summer-themed songs had.[2] Kevin J. Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B rating, also saying that it had a more traditional production.[3]

Karlie Justus of Engine 145 gave it a thumbs-down rating, saying that Chesney's vocal interpretation was "bland" and that the lyrics lacked the humor necessary to make the song work.[4]

The music video was directed by Shaun Silva, and it premiered on May 1, 2009. The video was filmed at the Raleigh Hotel on South Beach at 1775 Collins Avenue and mainly consists of Chesney and many other people at an island-themed party at night, with people mingling, drinking, hanging out around a campfire and swimming in a large pool. Kenny is shown singing at the campfire with his guitar, wearing his signature cowboy hat, a sleeveless shirt and jeans and is barefoot, and he is also shown singing with his guitar on a diving board, wearing a sleeveless shirt and shorts and is barefoot.

The video was voted in at number 42 on GAC's Top 50 Videos of the Year list.

The song was featured on the show Cold Case as the finale song in the episode "Two Weddings" that aired on February 28, 2010.

"Out Last Night" debuted at number 25 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week of April 11, 2009.[5] The song became Chesney's seventeenth number one hit on the chart week of June 27, 2009 and his fourth consecutive chart-topper.


where does the mohawk river meet the hudson river

The Mohawk River is a 149-mile-long (240Â km)[4] river in the U.S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River. The Mohawk flows into the Hudson in Cohoes, New York, a few miles north of the city of Albany.[5] The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy.[8] It is a major waterway in north-central New York.

Mohawk River

From its source in Lewis County, the Mohawk River flows generally east through the Mohawk Valley, passing by the cities of Rome, Utica, Little Falls, Canajoharie, Amsterdam, and Schenectady before entering the Hudson River at Cohoes, just north of Albany.

The river and its supporting canal, the Erie Canal, connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo, New York.[9] The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams, nine movable dams (seasonal), and five active hydropower plants.[10]

Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River. Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada and the Gilboa Dam on the upper reaches of Schoharie Creek. The Gilboa Dam, which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system, is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project.[11]

The river has long been important to transportation and migration to the west as a passage through the Appalachian Mountains, between the Catskill Mountains and Allegheny Plateau to the south and the Adirondack Mountains to the north. The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley. As a result, it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, and a number of important battles were fought here. The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers.

In the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods. A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie. The canal cut shipping costs to Lake Erie by 95%.[citation needed] It also simplified and reduced the difficulties of westward settler migration.

The Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation. Railroads followed the Water Level Route, as did major east-west roads such as Route 5 and Interstate 90.

The Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River. This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river.[12]

The Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains, the Mohawk Valley proper, and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains. All three regions have distinct bedrock geology, and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south.[13] Overall, this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that unconformably overlie the Grenville-aged (Proterozoic, here about 1.1 billion years old) metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks.[14] In the watershed, these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek. Much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates (limestone) and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales.[15] The southern tributaries (Catskill Mountains) are underlain by a thin sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta, which is also Devonian in age.[16]

During the Pleistocene (c. 1.8 to 0.01 mya), the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation. As a result of glacial scour and deposition, the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder- and clay-rich glacial till. During deglaciation, several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits. In the final stages of deglaciation, approximately 13,350 years ago,[17] the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, a pro-glacial lake, was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley.[18] In this final phase, the enormous discharge of water caused local deep scour features (e.g. the Potholes at Little Falls), and extensive sand and gravel deposition, which is one of the key sources of municipal groundwater including the Scotia Delta, which is also known as the Great Flats Aquifer.[19]

The river was the highway of the native Mohawk people. the Mohawk name for the river was Tenonanatche, "A river flowing through a mountain"[20]:p.71 (or Yenonanatche, "going round a mountain"). The first recorded European exploration of the Mohawk was a trip by the Dutchman Harman Meyndertsz van den Bogaert in 1634. He followed the river upstream from Albany for a distance of 100 miles, including all the territory of the Mohawks.[21]

In 1661 Dutch colonists founded the city of Schenectady on the Mohawk River approximately 19 miles (31Â km) from Albany. "For fifty years Schenectady was the outpost of civilization and Dutch-English rule in the Mohawk valley."[22]

In 1712 the British, now in control of New York, built Fort Hunter at the confluence of the Mohawk and the Schoharie Creek, about 22 miles (35Â km) upriver from Schenectady. Around 600 Palatine Germans were settled along the Mohawk and Schoharie Creek.

Historically, the Mohawk watershed has lacked a watershed management plan typical in many adjacent basins. In 2010, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation released the Mohawk River Basin Action Agenda, which is the first framework for a watershed management plan in this basin.[23] This plan identifies five priority goals for the Mohawk River Basin that are designed to enhance ecosystem health and the vitality of the region. The Action Agenda, developed by the NYS DEC in collaboration with a number of stakeholders in the basin with public input, advocates an ecosystem-based approach to watershed management.[24] In October 2014, Riverkeeper, an environmental advocacy and clean water watchdog organization, announced that they will be expanding the reach of their efforts from the Hudson River to the Mohawk as well.[25]

The Mohawk River has a relatively long record of flooding that has been documented back to settlement in the 17th century.[26] The average volume of water that flows through the Mohawk is about 184 billion cubic feet (5.21 km3) every year.[27] Much of the water flows through the watershed in the spring as snow melts rapidly and enters the tributaries and the main trunk of the river. The maximum average daily flow on the river occurs between late March and early April. For the period between 1917 and 2000, the highest mean daily flow is c. 18,000 cu ft (510 m3) as measured at Cohoes, near the confluence with the Hudson. The lowest mean daily flow of 1,400 cu ft (40 m3) occurs in late August. There is a long record of significant and damaging floods along the entire length of the river.[26]

Because the river and its tributaries typically freeze in the winter, the spring melt is commonly accompanied by ice floes that get stuck and jammed along the main trunk of the river. This annual spring breakup typically occurs in the last few weeks of March, although there are plenty of floods that have occurred before or after this time, such as in 2018 when the ice jam breakup happened in late February after record warmth in the region.[28] These ice jams can cause considerable damage to structures along the riverbanks and on the floodplain. The most severe flood of record on the main trunk of the Mohawk River was the spring breakup flood that occurred from 27â€“28 March 1914. This flood caused a tremendous amount of damage to the infrastructure because it was a spring breakup flood with enormous amounts of ice. Ice jams of some significance occur about every other year.[29][30]

One major flood on the Mohawk was on 26–29 June 2006, during the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006. Flooding was caused by a stalled frontal system that resulted in 50 to 330 millimeters (2.0 to 13.0 in) of rain across central New York and widespread flooding occurred in the Mohawk, Delaware, and Susquehanna watersheds. Across the state, this event caused over US$227m in damage and resulted in the loss of four lives. This flooding was acute in the upper parts of the Mohawk watershed.[31]

The Mohawk River also saw significant flooding during the weeks between August 21, 2011 and September 5, 2011 due to torrential rains experienced from Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. Many of the Mohawk Barge Canal locks sustained major damage, especially near Waterford and Rotterdam Junction.

Another major flood was on June 28, 2013. It was caused because of heavy rain that had fallen in the region for weeks, and then on the night of June 27, 2013, it was reported in the Jordanville area that 4 inches of rain fell in one hour that night. The next day, the Mohawk River completely flooded the valley, residents were stranded, and without power for approximately one week. There was extreme damage everywhere, especially Mohawk and Fort Plain.


where are java and bali located in the archipelago

Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north and Christmas Island is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the north, Sunda Strait to the west, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in the east.

Java

Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese: ᮏᮝ) is an island of Indonesia. At about 138,800 square kilometres (53,600 sq mi), the island is comparable in size to England, the U.S. State of North Carolina, Chinese Province of Anhui or Omsk Oblast. With a population of over 141 million (the island itself) or 145 million (the administrative region), Java is home to 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population and is the world's most populous island.[1] The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: 1) Ujung Kulon National Park, 2) Borobudur Temple, 3) Prambanan Temple, and 4) Sangiran Early Man Site.

Formed mostly as the result of volcanic eruptions, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass. A chain of volcanic mountains forms an eastâ€“west spine along the island. Three main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese. Of these, Javanese is the dominant; it is the native language of about 60 million people in Indonesia, most of whom live on Java. Furthermore, most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java's population is a diverse mixture of religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.

Java is divided into four administrative provinces, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Banten, and two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta.

The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. One possibility is that the island was named after the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.[2] There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".[3] And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.[3] "Yawadvipa" is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.[4] It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar that states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.[5][6][7] Another source states that the "Java" word is derived from a Proto-Austronesian root word, Iawa that meaning "home".[8] The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire. Iabadiu is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java,[9] and seems to be derived from the Hindu name Java-dvipa (Yawadvipa).

Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains thirty-eight mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru (3,676 metres (12,060 ft)). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi (2,930 metres (9,610 ft)). In total, Java boast more than 150 mountains.

More mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.[10] Java was the first place where Indonesian coffee was grown, starting in 1699. Today, Coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.

The area of Java is approximately 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi).[11] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River.[12] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya. Other major rivers are Brantas, Citarum, Cimanuk and Serayu.

The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the dry season. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.[13] The wet season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.

West Java is wetter than East Java and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The Parahyangan highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually.

The natural environment of Java is tropical rainforest, with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove forests on the north coast, rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast, and low-lying tropical forests to high altitude rainforests on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to a dry savanna environment in the east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions.

Originally Javan wildlife supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers of endemic species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the Javan rhinoceros,[14] Javan banteng, Javan warty pig, Javan hawk-eagle, Javan peafowl, Javan silvery gibbon, Javan lutung, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and Javan leopard. With over 450 species of birds and 37 endemic species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise.[15] There are about 130 freshwater fish species in Java.[16] There are also several endemic amphibian species in Java, including 5 species of tree frogs.

Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created rice paddy and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium, and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used to have Javan tigers and Javan elephants, but both have been rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as Ujung Kulon, Mount Halimun-Salak, Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri and Alas Purwo.

Java is divided into four provinces and two special regions:

Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", dating back 1.7 million years were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River.[17]

The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.[18] Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the Brantas and Sala rivers could provide long-distance communication, and this way their valleys supported the centres of major kingdoms. A system of roads, permanent bridges and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Subsequently, communication between Java's population was difficult.[19]

The Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively, while the Kalingga Kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640.[20]:53,79 However, the first major principality was the Medang Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Medang's religion centred on the Hindu god Shiva, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. Around the 8th century the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century Borobudur and Prambanan in central Java.

Around the 10th century the centre of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India.

Majapahit was established by Wijaya[20]:201 and by the end of the reign of Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350â€“89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, Gajah Mada, led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.[20]:234 Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based in agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the coming of Islam to Indonesia, Majapahit went into decline.[20]:241

Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak, Cirebon, and Banten were ascendant. The Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.

Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda kingdom and the Portuguese in Malacca. After its failure the Portuguese presence was confined to Malacca, and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia.[21] By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia. Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration.

Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice producing islands like Banda, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.[22]

During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the Netherlands fell to France, as did its colony in the East Indies. During the short-lived Daendels administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the Java Great Post Road was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from Anyer in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.[23]

In 1811, Java was captured by the British, becoming a possession of the British Empire, and Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the island's Governor. In 1814, Java was returned to the Dutch under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.[24]

In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.[25] In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as casava and maize that could sustain populations that could not afford rice.[26] Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the Cultivation System to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families' ability to pay tax and buy goods.[27] Cholera claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.[28]

The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the Japanese occupation in the 1940s.[29] However, other sources claimed the Dutch's Cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice. Furthermore, the age of first marriage dropped during the 19th century thus increasing a woman's child bearing years.[29]

Indonesian nationalism first took hold in Java in the early 20th century, and the struggle to secure the country's independence following World War II was centered in Java. In 1949, Indonesia became independent and the island has dominated Indonesian social, political and economic life, which has been the source of resentment of those residents in other islands.

Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.[32] The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities.[33] Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding Jakarta and Bandung, which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.

With a combined population of 145 million in the 2015 census (including Madura's 3.7 million),[34] which is estimated for 2014 at 143.1 million (including 3.7 million for Madura), Java is the most populous island in the world and is home to 57% of Indonesia's population.[34] At over 1,100 people per kmÂ² in 2014, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on par with Bangladesh. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.

The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2015 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant volcanic eruptions during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,[35] while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.

The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of nearly 1,500 per square kilometer and accounts for the lion's share of the population growth of Java.[34] It is home to three metropolitan areas, Greater Jakarta (with outlying areas of Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi), Greater Bandung, and Greater Cirebon.

From the 1970s to the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively decline.

Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis, is also home to people from all over the nation. East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty.

Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the islandâ€”the Javanese and Sundanese. A third group is the Madurese, who inhabit the island of Madura off the north east coast of Java, and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century.[37] The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively.[37] The fourth group is the Betawi people that speak a dialect of Malay, they are the descendants of the people living around Batavia from around the 17th century. Betawis are creole people, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Minang, Bugis, Makassar, Ambonese, mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as Portuguese, Dutch, Arab, Chinese and Indian brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese.

The Javanese kakawin Tantu Pagelaran explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature. Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the kejawen or Javanese heartland, the north coast of the pasisir region, the Sunda lands of West Java, and the eastern salient, also known as Blambangan. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal Java.[37] The kejawen Javanese culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy are based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.[37] The territory from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.[37]

In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture.[citation needed] In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows.

Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,[38] and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.

The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing, Banyumasan, and Tenggerese (closely related to Javanese), Baduy (closely related to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely related to Madurese), and Balinese.[39] The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian, often as a second language.

Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief.

Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.[40] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[40] Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi.

Islam, which came after Hinduism, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 90 percent of the people of Java are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan (more traditional) and santri (more modernist). The Muslim scholar of the writ (Kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese pesantren (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Students around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school.[40]

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor.

Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near Mendut temple, Magelang.

Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Yogyakarta, build in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof.

Ganjuran Church in Bantul, built in traditional Javanese architecture.

Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, belief and practice.[40] The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who have mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.[40]

There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions.

A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and six in East Java.[40] These include Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.[41]

Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on rice agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the Tarumanagara, Mataram, and Majapahit were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as India and China flourished as early as the 4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period. Java also took part in the global trade of Maluku spice from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the VOC era.

Dutch East India Company set their foothold on Batavia in the 17th century and was succeeded by Netherlands East Indies in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java, such as sugarcane, rubber, coffee, tea, and quinine. In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.

Java is the most developed island in Indonesia since the era of Netherlands East Indies to modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of Java Great Post Road by Daendels in the early 19th century. The Java Great Post Road become the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of Java North Coast Road (Indonesian: Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from "Pantai Utara"). The need to transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java. Today the industry, business and trade, also services flourished in major cities of Java, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, and Bandung; while some traditional Sultanate cities such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Cirebon preserved its royal legacy and become the centre of art, culture and tourism in Java. Industrial estates also growing in towns on northern coast of Java, especially around Cilegon, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Gresik and Sidoarjo. The toll road highway networks was built and expanded since Suharto era until now, connecting major urban centres and surrounding areas, such as in and around Jakarta and Bandung; also the ones in Cirebon, Semarang and Surabaya. In addition to these motorways, Java has 16 national highways.

Based on the statistical data by the year of 2012 which's released by Badan Pusat Statistik, Java Island itself contributes at least 57.51% of Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product or equivalent to 504 billion US Dollars.


when do andy and erin get back together

Erin is excited to have Andy back from his Outward Bound program, but is surprised to see a more confident and cocky Andy. A new love interest for her is introduced in the new guy Pete. In the episode "The Boat", Erin and Pete go out for drinks. There are multiple other instances in the beginning of season 9 in which Pete and Erin bond while Andy is on his boat trip. In the episode "Customer Loyalty", Erin seems to miss Pete when they are split up by Nellie. Erin decides to break up with Andy prior to his return, but when he returns she cannot find the confidence to break up. After telling Pete and giving him a kiss, she runs back up to Andy's office and breaks up with him. By the time he decides to quit his job and seek fame and fortune, though, Erin feels kinder towards him and gives him sound advice before being greatly moved by his farewell rendition of "I Will Remember". In "Finale", she is reunited with her birth parents, who had seen the documentary and showed up at a Q&A forum with the office members. It is indicated that she is still dating Pete, as they are shown dancing at Dwight and Angela's wedding.

Erin Hannon

Kelly Erin Hannon (born May 1, 1986)[1] is a fictional character from the U.S. comedy television series The Office. She is the office receptionist for the Scranton branch of the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc., a position previously held by Pam Beesly before she quit to go work for the Michael Scott Paper Company.

Erin is portrayed by Ellie Kemper. She is an original character, although her closest equivalent in the British version of the series would be Mel the receptionist, who appears briefly in The Office Christmas specials, as Dawn Tinsley's replacement.

Erin Hannon is the receptionist hired to replace Pam Beesly (after Kevin's brief stint in the job) in "Dream Team". She first appears in "Michael Scott Paper Company", and is referred to by her middle name, Erin, to distinguish her from Kelly Kapoor. Although at times rather intellectually challenged, with her cheerful, silly demeanor, and childlike naïveté, Erin is usually the most consistently nice, optimistic Dunder-Mifflin employee. Contrasting with her predecessor, Pam, she not only loves being a receptionist but admires her coworkers including Michael Scott and Dwight Schrute.

In a deleted scene from "Niagara", she admits she was born four months prematurely and could not eat hard foods until she turned 6.  "St. Patrick's Day" reveals further that she was sick and in the hospital between the ages of 3 and 6. She grew up in foster families and has said that when she was younger "my hair was my room", i.e., the place she hid from stress and trauma. In "WUPHF.com", she said all of her peers were getting their drivers licenses eight years ago which would give her a birth year of approximately 1986. It is hinted that Erin was brought up in a very religious Christian household, as seen in "Nepotism", when Michael argues with the staff about nepotism and defends it by saying the Person God sent to help Earth was His Son, Jesus Christ, which Erin claims is a "really tight argument", and another example is in "Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager", when she is shocked to learn Gabe is an atheist, and is even more shocked when he states there might be a God, but he does not believe it is just some "guy with a long white beard."

She is seen repeatedly following Dwight's insane directions. Dwight and Andy both admit to being attracted to Erin, as does Ryan. Erin seems to have a fun-loving and bubbly personality similar to Kelly Kapoor, although Erin is much more naÃ¯ve. She admires Kelly's casual Friday outfit, commenting that she looks like J. Lo, and the two restart Michael's Cafe Disco after he shuts it down. The two also ride to Pam and Jim's wedding together with Andy, both listening to their iPods in the backseat.[2] In "Counseling", she took the term "disposable camera" literally as she throws a disposable camera away after taking the last picture, commenting that she thinks disposable cameras are wasteful and you never get to see the pictures.

Erin also tells Michael she used to work at a Taco Bell Express but could not keep up when they turned it into a regular Taco Bell. In a deleted scene from "Mafia", Meredith tells Erin that the office will always like Pam better than her, saddening Erin as she does not like conflicts. She also accidentally ruins Pam's painting of the office building while trying to clean it. Later when asking Kelly to help her fix the painting, we find out Erin has a seizure conditionâ€”because Kelly demands her medical alert bracelet as payment for her services.[3]

Erin may have attended Keystone College, as a pennant for the school can be seen at her desk in "The Boat" and in "Pool Party".

After Kevin fails miserably as Pam's replacement, Charles Miner hires Erin as the new receptionist, whose first name is Kelly but the office decided to call her by her middle name, Erin, to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor. She becomes good friends with Kelly and in "Cafe Disco", they help to generate interest in Michael's "Cafe Disco." Erin greatly admires her predecessor, calling her "a living legend" to DeAngelo Vickers, and often asks her advice on various aspects of the job. However, Pam is at first somewhat impatient with Erin's enthusiasm for a job she never took seriously and often dismisses her requests for approval by saying "it looks great."

Initially, Dwight and Andy compete for her attention, but Dwight withdraws in acknowledgment of his new friendship with Andy. For the remainder of the season, Andy awkwardly flirts with Erin.

In "Koi Pond", Erin is shown to be self-conscious about being an orphan, and is attracted to Andy, whom she calls "the coolest guy I've ever met." She also does not know who Marlon Brando is, mistaking a reference to him for Marlon Wayans.[4] In "Murder", Andy asks her out on a real date while they are playing characters as a part of the Belles, Bourbon, and Bullets. Erin accepts, but then is disappointed when Andy tells her later there was no real date. It was "just a part of the game", though both wanted to go out. Andy later begs to get Erin as his Secret Santa. He gives her gifts based on "The 12 Days of Christmas". Unfortunately the first four gifts are all birds resulting in harm to herself, geese swarming her car and an incident where her cat ate one of the turtle doves. She asks her secret Santa to please stop. When asked if it is him Andy brushes it off, but later Michael reveals him and he is somewhat surprised to see her legitimately angry at him. At the end of the day, Andy has twelve drummers appear รก la the last part of the song. Despite the fiasco of the earlier gifts, Erin easily forgives him and is seen enjoying the drummers and smiling warmly.

Erin finally earns Michael's respect in "Scott's Tots" when she points out the benefit of the promise Michael could not fulfill to a group of underprivileged high school students. She eventually figures out Michael's idiosyncratic habits (such as having ants on a log served every day at 2:30 and being spun around in his desk chair until he is dizzy) and, unlike Pam, gladly accommodates them, she seems disappointed when Jim Halpert declines to continue them during his brief tenure as branch manager. She also tells Michael that she would like to be an accountant someday, even though she is bad at math.

After Andy's massive effort for Erin's Secret Santa gift, Andy thinks that the "ball is in Erin's court", while Erin assumes that after Andy's last spectacular display involving a band drumline that he will surely be the one to ask. Andy, in "Sabre", then awkwardly confronts Erin about her weekend plans, revealing that she has none. Andy exits with exasperation, hoping that his "hint" would be sufficient for her to ask. Later, in "Manager and Salesman", Andy gives everyone in the office a card for Valentine's Day to mask his affection for Erin. Kelly takes this card to heart and believes Andy is in love with her. Andy makes it clear that he does not love Kelly, and Erin begins to realize Andy really does have feelings for her.

In "The Delivery", Erin shows a knowledge of horse racing history as she names the Triple Crown winners to distract Pam before she goes to the hospital. Erin later has lunch with Kevin after Michael lied and told Kevin that Erin liked him. Erin feels sorry for Kevin because Michael told her Kevin had the heart of an actual elephant. Erin later confronts Michael and tells him that she likes Andy. Andy's response is to snoop behind plants and spy on Kevin and Erin. Later in the same episode, Andy gives Erin a fax which asks her on a date. After getting confrontational about it, Andy admits that he wanted to take Erin on a date, which she happily accepts.

In "St. Patrick's Day", Erin and Andy are set to go on their first date, but Erin gets very sick, prompting Jo Bennett to tell her to go home. Andy decides to see Erin anyway by showing up at her house. The two enjoy watching TV together until Erin's foster brother Reed comes into the room and steals Andy's spot on the couch next to Erin. Reed behaves with Erin in a way that makes Andy uncomfortable, but when Andy gets ready to leave, Erin kisses him on the cheek.

In "New Leads", after Michael distributes the sales leads to rest of the staff, Erin hides Andy's leads. The Hot & Cold game she plays with him in the reception area turns into an uncomfortable situation where Andy almost fondles Erin's chest. At the end of episode, Erin offers a cold Andy her jacket in a landfill where they share their first kiss.

In "Happy Hour", Erin and Andy tell the crew that they are trying to keep their relationship a secret because of Andy's aversion to drama. This continues as they go to the Happy Hour with the other members of the Office. After several uncomfortable situations in which they continue to try to keep the secret and a rather animated argument in a photobooth, Andy declares to the entire building that he has been on "two dates with Erin Hannon and they went well and there will probably be more." They tell the crew that they found more drama trying to keep it a secret.

In "Secretary's Day", Andy plans the perfect Secretary's Day for Erin, including a lunch with Michael. During the lunch, Michael reveals Andy's prior year-long engagement with Angela, a fact which was previously concealed from Erin. When Erin speaks with Pam at her desk, a Keystone College pennant is visible. At the end of the episode, Erin informs Andy that she needs some time alone from him. Feeling bad over the whole affair, Michael smooths things over a bit with Erin and has a talk with her.

And in "Whistleblower", while the characters have not resumed dating yet, Erin does express concern when Andy tells her he is afraid for his safety (because of the fire-catching printers, though he does not directly tell her about them) and she agrees to distribute the "demonstration video" he made with Darryl if anything happens to him. Erin warmly pats Andy on the leg and tells him she thinks he did the right thing, after he is outed for leaking the printer story to a local paper and everyone else in the office shuns him.

In "Nepotism", Erin reveals that Gabe asked her out over the summer. She only accepted because Gabe was her boss but eventually the two began seriously dating, much to Andy's chagrin. Her relationship with Gabe has been presented as boring and lame, as highlighted by her unsuccessful efforts to defeat him at online Scrabble and avoid watching his favored horror films in "The Seminar", his long-winded Valentine's Day surprise for her that consists mostly of her bonding with Andy and getting a hand-kiss gesture in "PDA", and letting the staff know she and Gabe were late to work because he fell in the shower and had to be rescued by the fire department in "Todd Packer".

In "Andy's Play", Andy is performing in a local production of Sweeney Todd.  He pressures the entire office to go, but really just wants to get Erin to attend, in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe.  Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe, however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend.  Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together, however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent.

In "Sex Ed", the Office believes Michael has herpes, and Andy uses the situation to host a Sex Ed class in the office.  The class is in actuality an attempt by Andy to figure out if Gabe and Erin are having sex.  Upset after realizing the two are possibly having sex, Andy throws a tantrum and storms off.  Gabe admonishes Andy later, explaining he only asked Erin out after Andy gave him his blessing.

In "Christening", Erin expresses admiration over Michael's spontaneous decision to go down to Mexico to help build a school for local children.  In an effort to impress Erin, Andy goes along with Michael.  After Michael and Andy start having cold feet and get off the bus, Erin picks them up and laughs with them about it.

In "Viewing Party", Erin and Gabe are hosting a Glee viewing party at Gabe's apartment.  Andy desperately attempts to get Erin's attention during the party, however ultimately ends up getting sick and is comforted by Gabe.  Meanwhile, Erin attempts to get Michael to bond with Gabe, however Michael's insecurities over Gabe's position cause him to sabotage the party.  After Erin confronts Michael over his hostile feelings for Gabe, Michael angrily questions why she needs his approval as he is not her father.  Erin is silent and Michael has an insightful moment, realizing Erin admires him and views him as a father figure.  The two share a joke as they pointedly make fun of their developing father-daughter relationship.  As he leaves the party, Michael warns Gabe that he will, both figuratively and literally, kill Gabe if he breaks Erin's heart.

In "WUPHF.com", Erin is annoyed with Ryan's abuse of company property to fuel his own social networking company, WUPHF.com.

In "Classy Christmas", Erin assists Michael in preparing for when Holly returns to Scranton. However, when she meets Holly for the first time, she is disappointed with her appearance after Michael spoke so highly of her. She admits in a talking head that she does not see why Michael is attracted to Holly, and when Holly tries to reason with Michael after he admits being upset with her, Erin shoos her away in defending Michael. She then tries to shoo Holly's boyfriend A.J. away when he arrives to surprise Holly. Erin remains unkind to Holly in "Ultimatum" but finally warms to her when she sees the passionate kiss between Michael and Holly that came at the end of "The Search".

In "Michael's Last Dundies", Erin starts avoiding Gabe at work because she does not feel attracted to him anymore.  Erin reveals how she feels to Pam and Jim, with Pam encouraging her to tell Gabe to avoid leading him on.  She then breaks up with Gabe while accepting her Dundie in front of everyone at a packed restaurant.  Gabe tells everyone he is upset with Erin but tries to joke it off, only to reveal he is genuinely upset and leaves the award show.  Later she joins the rest of the office in serenading a teary-eyed Michael with a song.

During "Goodbye, Michael", a distraught Gabe is tenacious in trying to win Erin back, even following her into the women's bathroom.  Erin later has a heart-to-heart conversation with Michael about her love life, and admits that she might be in love with Andy.  Michael dismisses both Gabe and Andy and advises Erin that the right guy will come along and she will know it.  Michael then tells her that he is just a phone call away in Colorado if she needs advice, and kisses her on the head before walking away.

At the end of "The Inner Circle", when Deangelo escapes the hospital and returns to the office, Jim asks Erin to call 911. She asks who should she say is calling, causing Jim to give her a deadpan look while flatly saying her name.

In "Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager", Erin and Andy are shown hanging out together again. However, after Gabe invites Andy to go to the conference room to speak in private, Gabe breaks down, and Andy promises he will not date Erin again. Later, at reception, Gabe confesses his love to Erin again, but it does not win her back. In a talking-head interview, Erin says she is taking a break from dating, and she admits that while Gabe was a great guy with many wonderful qualities, "it was a challenge being touched by him". When Dwight accidentally fires the gun right by Andy, causing him temporary hearing loss, Erin is the most worried about him, and tries to accompany him to the hospital, but is stopped by Gabe, who, as an excuse, says that she needs to stay for her receptionist duties. When Andy comes back from the hospital, he and Erin hang out in the kitchen, only for Gabe to confront Andy with the promise, but Andy stands up for himself and embarrasses Gabe by describing Gabe's crying fit to Erin. When asked whether or not he wants to date Erin, he does not give a straight answer, and eventually claims that it is between him and his diary.

In "Search Committee", Erin and Phyllis await the results of a DNA test to see if Erin is the daughter previously given up by Phyllis in high school. After some advice from Phyllis, Erin tells Andy in front of the entire Office that she still has feelings for him.  Andy denies her, later stating to the camera that he is still hurt from being dumped in favor of Gabe. Phyllis finds out the results are negative, but holds off telling Erin and continues to show maternal affection toward her.

In Season 8, Erin is on Robert's loser side of the list. She helps Andy out with his challenges of being manager and is the only one to congratulate him on his new job.

In "Lotto", she helps out in the warehouse and suggests easier ways to move the boxes. In "Spooked", Erin is in charge of the Halloween party, but is forced to make it more adult when co-workers think the decorations are childish. She also finds out that Andy is in a relationship with someone.

During "Christmas Wishes", Erin finally meets Jessica, Andy's girlfriend. Erin tells her that she is welcome to the office and the party, but later on Robert California talks Erin into being an "adult woman and a free spirit" and having a drink. But this does not just stop at one, Erin tells Andy that she has had "a thousand". Later that night, she tells Andy that she wants Jessica dead and that was her Christmas wish, which shows she still has feelings for Andy. She later gets a ride home from Robert, who tells her to take some aspirin and get some rest. Later on, Erin remains hopeful that Andy will end things with Jessica and reunite with her (and it becomes clear Andy still has feelings for her) but she later decides that this is not going to happen. As a result, when she ends up assigned to the team joining Dwight on the Sabre Store project in Tallahassee, she tells the camera that she is never returning to Scranton. In "Test the Store" Erin meets an elderly woman, Irene (Georgia Engel), and she becomes her live in maid. In "Get the Girl", Andy goes to Florida, to try to win her back. Erin initially wants to stay, but the two get back together and travel back to Scranton to find Nelly Bertram in Andy's office. Andy then gets fired and Erin supports him

For the rest of the season, Erin is seen supporting Andy in his attempts to move on, and eventually reclaim, his job at Dunder Mifflin.

â€”Ellie Kemper, on The Office[5]

Starting in the fifth season of NBC's The Office, Kemper was cast in a supporting role as the Dunder Mifflin office receptionist Erin Hannon. Kemper described herself as a "huge fan" of the show and was thrilled to be cast.[5]

In May 2009, The Office screenwriter Jennifer Celotta described Kemper as a "fun addition" to the show.[6]

Critics and fans have commented on Kemper's addition to the show, mostly positive. Joshua Ostroff of Eye Weekly described Erin as one of the best new television characters of the 2008–2009 season and said, "Erin’s high-grade adorability, up-for-anything attitude and sheer niceness is unlike anyone else in the office, adding a welcome new wrinkle for next season."[7] Andy Shaw of TV Fodder said she "adds some freshness to the cast"[8] and Josh McAuliffe of The Times-Tribune in Scranton, Pennsylvania, said he liked Erin's "cheerful, appealingly goofy personality".[9]

Her performance was notably praised during the show's eighth season, where she was the highlight of the season for many critics. Myles McNutt noted that "regardless of how down I was on this or any other episode, Ellie Kemper really has been tremendous all season."[10] In addition, Kemper's performance in the episodes "Spooked,"[11][12] "Christmas Wishes,"[13] "Pool Party,"[14] and "Special Project,"[15] in particular, were praised by critics.