when was the last year they made the pontiac solstice

Following the 2008 economic recession, GM discontinued the Pontiac Division. Production ended with the closure of the Wilmington Assembly plant in July 2009.

Pontiac Solstice

The Pontiac Solstice is a sports car that was produced by Pontiac. Introduced at the 2004 North American International Auto Show, the Solstice roadster began production in Wilmington, Delaware,[1]  starting in mid-2005 for the 2006 model year. It is powered by a naturally aspirated 2.4 L I4 engine, producing 177 hp and 166 lb-ft of torque[2].  The exterior styling of the production Solstice is similar to that of the 2002 Solstice concept[3] that preceded it. Production of the Solstice was to be running before summer 2005, but delays at the Wilmington plant pushed volume production to the fourth quarter.[4]  The new hardtop targa top 2009 model was announced in mid-2008.[5]  The Solstice uses the GM Kappa platform, which also underpins the Saturn Sky, Opel GT, and Daewoo G2X. It was the brand's first two-seater since the Pontiac Fiero was discontinued in 1988.

The Solstice was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award and Design of the Year award from the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada (AJAC) for 2006. It was a runaway hit for Pontiac, with 7,000 orders in the first 10 days of availability and 6,000 more orders before winter. Although first-year production was planned at 7,000, General Motors apologized to customers for delays and increased production, delivering 10,000 by March 1.

The GXP version of the Solstice debuted at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006.[6]  It is powered by a new 2.0 L (121.9 cu in) I4 Ecotec engine equipped with a dual-scroll turbocharger.  The engine's output is 260 hp (193 kW) and 260 lb·ft (353 N·m). This is the highest specific output of any engine by cubic inches in the history of General Motors at 2.1 hp (1.6 kW) per cubic inch, and it is the first gasoline direct injection engine from an American automaker. According to pontiac.com, the GXP goes 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in under 5.5 seconds. A significant increase over the 2.4 L versions 0-60 mph (97 km/h) of 7.0 seconds.[7]

Other GXP features include standard Stabilitrak traction control, a limited-slip differential, and anti-lock brakes. Summer tires on 18 inch wheels are standard. An available dealer installed option was a modified computer tune and two new sensors that resulted in an increased output to 290 bhp (216 kW; 294 PS) and 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m)., further enhancing the performance of the GXP model.

A targa coupe version of the Solstice was unveiled at the 2008 New York Auto Show. Engine choices are the same as the convertible versions. The roof can be removed, but the hard roof cannot be fitted into the trunk. An optional cloth top is available, which can be fitted into the trunk.

The car went on sale in early 2009.[5] The Pontiac Solstice Coupes are considered to be quite rare: There were a total of 1,266 Solstice Coupes that were able to be manufactured before the production line in Wilmington, Delaware was shut down: 102 pre-production 2009 models, 1,152 sequentially-vin'd regular production 2009 models, and 12 pre-production 2010 models. This is in contrast to over 64,000 of the Pontiac Solstice Convertibles that were manufactured.

Summary of all 1,266 Pontiac Solstice Coupes Built:[8]

Starting in April 2009 the Wilmington, DE. plant was business as usual and pre-production builds began for the 2010 model year. Between April 21, 2009 and May 28, 2009 thirty 2010 model year VIN-coded cars were built on the Kappa platform. Of those, were 12 Pontiac Solstice Coupes and 8 Pontiac Solstice roadsters. Of the other remaining, 8 were Saturn SKYs and 2 were Opel GTs. They were then used as GM company vehicles to be evaluated and also as special event display vehicles. These vehicles were built to the 2010 model year specs with 2010 model year changes and had legal 2010 VIN numbers. Following the end of use term within the GM fleet, the vehicles were sent to auction. After these 30 2010 models, more 2009-spec Solstices were produced and were the last ones made at the plant.

-(QFX) P245/45R18 all-season, blackwall tires
-Exterior color (22U) Fresh (Hydro Blue Metallic)
-Exterior color (28U) Brazen (Inferno Orange Metallic)
-Exterior color (38U) Envious (Emerald Green Metallic)
-Exterior color (48U) Deep (Blue)
-Exterior color (75U) Sly (Dark Steel Gray Metallic)

-Exterior color (GHF) Hypnotic (Ocean Blue Metallic)( premium paint)
-Exterior color (GGW) Sly (Storm Gray Metallic)
-(QKR) P245/45R18-96V performance, all-season radial tires (standard on 2MB67 Convertible and 2MB07 Coupe)
-(BAY), (B4N), (BAZ) and (BIG) Heritage Editions
-(BTV) Remote vehicle  start (Included and only available with (MX0) 5-speed automatic transmission)
-(20T) Blue Top (Included and only available with Heritage Edition Convertibles )

-(AU0) Remote Keyless Entry, with 2 transmitters, panic button and content theft alarm, RPO Code has changed to "(ATG)"

Heritage Edition, includes Blue or White Rally Stripe, Blue accent stitching on seats, steering wheel and shift knob (manual transmission only), (Q9Y) 18" polished aluminum split-spoke wheels, interior trim (192) Ebony leather seating surfaces and (20T) Blue cloth convertible  top (Convertible). Only available with exterior colors (50U) Pure (Summit White) with Blue Rally Stripe or (GHF) Hypnotic (Ocean Blue Metallic) with White Rally Stripe.

Built by GM Performance Division, this special Solstice features a removable hardtop that drew inspiration from the Dodge Viper roadster, an aggressive body kit, and an oversized spoiler. Engine is rated 325 hp (242 kW). It includes 18-inch wheels with Goodyear Eagle F1 255/45ZR18 tires, cat-back performance exhaust system, T-2 race suspension package, along with larger diameter disc brakes.
The car was unveiled at the 2005 SEMA show.[14] This vehicle is featured as Jazz in the 2007 film Transformers.

The GXP-R concept is a modified GXP with engine rated 300 hp (220 kW) and 315 lb⋅ft (427 N⋅m) torque. It includes SSBC Performance Brake Package, 19-inch x 8.5-inch wheels with Goodyear Eagle F1 245/40ZR19 tires.

The car was unveiled at the 2006 SEMA show.[15]

The SD-290 race concept is a single-seat Solstice GXP with engine rated 290 hp (220 kW). Weight is reduced by installing driver-side only windscreen and elimination of door glass/hardware, convertible top/hardware, HVAC system and wiper system. It includes Solo Performance cat-back exhaust system, KW Automotive coil-over suspension package, 6-piston aluminum calipers with 13-inch (330 mm) rotors from Stainless Steel Brake Company, forged 19-inch wheels with Hoosier R6 racing tire, rear spoiler, Removable racing-style steering wheel, Racing seat with four-point safety harness, Chrome fire extinguisher, Pegasus center console gauge package, Driver's roll bar

The car was unveiled at the 2006 SEMA show.[16]

The Solstice GXP Coupe concept is based on the GXP coupe. It is equipped with a GM Performance Parts Stage 2 performance kit and a performance air intake kit, which boosts engine horsepower to about 290 (216Â kW). The car also includes a GM Performance Parts cat-back exhaust system and race-ready suspension kit, polished factory wheels. The first version of the Coupe Concept was a metallic orange.

The car was unveiled at the 2008 SEMA show.[17]

The sharing of technology and various components is a common practice among automakers, resulting in reduced parts costs. The Solstice shares major components with nearly every GM division:

In April 2009, after GM announced the discontinuation of the Pontiac brand by the end of 2010, CEO Fritz Henderson stated that the Solstice would not continue under another GM brand.[19]  Although they considered selling the Wilmington plant and the Solstice/Sky products to an outside business,[20] the Wilmington assembly plant closed in July 2009.[21]  In October 2009, the new DeLorean Motor Company expressed interest in continuing production of the Solstice, going so far as to release concept artwork for a 2011 DeLorean Solstice. These plans were shelved shortly thereafter, when Fisker Automotive instead acquired the Wilmington Assembly where the Solstice was produced.[22]


who is the mayor of santa rosa ca

Chris Coursey (born November 21, 1954) is the current mayor of Santa Rosa, California, taking office as of December 6, 2016. He has served on the Santa Rosa city council prior to his position as mayor. His vice mayor is Jack Tibbets, the youngest council member in city history.[1]

Chris Coursey

Coursey attended six different schools before graduating from Regis Jesuit High School in Aurora, Colorado. He moved to Santa Rosa when he was 25 years old. At that point he had previously lived in twelve cities across five states.[2]

He worked as a daily journalist in Colorado Springs, Colorado, then with The Press Democrat. He covered crime, government, and politics for The Press Democrat. In 2007, he left his journalist job to work on the Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit, or SMART train project.[2] He was first elected to the council in 2014.

Chris is an avid biker, has four kids, and a wife he lost to cancer in 2010.[3]


who files the lawsuit in a criminal case

A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition is filed with the court. This complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek(s) damages or equitable relief from one or more stated defendants, and also should identify the legal and factual bases for doing so. It is important that the "plaintiff selects the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring his lawsuit." The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a summons or citation, which is then served by the plaintiff upon the defendant, together with a copy of the complaint. This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time of a reply. The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the claims. Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, which includes any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.

Lawsuit

A lawsuit (or suit in law[a]) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law."[1] A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.[2]

Sometimes, the term "lawsuit" is in reference to a civil action brought in a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant's actions, demands a legal or equitable remedy. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is in the plaintiff's favor, and a variety of court orders may be issued to enforce a right, award damages, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes.

A lawsuit may involve dispute resolution of private law issues between individuals, business entities or non-profit organizations. A lawsuit may also enable the state to be treated as if it were a private party in a civil case, as plaintiff, or defendant regarding an injury, or may provide the state with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws.

The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators.[3] The term litigation may also refer to criminal trial.

Rules of criminal or civil procedure govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the common law adversarial system of dispute resolution. Procedural rules are constrained and informed by separate statutory laws, case laws, and constitutional provisions that define the rights of the parties to a lawsuit (see especially due process), though the rules generally reflect this legal context on their face. The details of the procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction. These rules of the particular procedures are very important for litigants to know, because the litigants are the ones who dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible to obtain the suited result and the timing of reaching this result. Failure to comply with the procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial, or even promote the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether.

Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching a state of trial,[4] they can still be very complicated to litigate. This is particularly true in federal systems, where a federal court may be applying state law (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for example in the United States), or vice-versa. It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level (or location) of court actually has jurisdiction over the claim or personal jurisdiction over the defendant, or whether the plaintiff has standing to participate in a lawsuit. About 98 percent of civil cases in the United States federal courts are resolved without a trial. Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law, or to act upon foreign defendants, over whom they may not even have the ability to even enforce a judgment if the defendant's assets are theoretically outside their reach.

Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a "single" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.

The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet. For example, in the case of William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind-Waldock & Company[5] (September 1999), one would assume that Mr. Ralph lost the case when in fact, upon review of the evidence, it as found that Mr. Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind-Waldock, and Mr. Ralph settled with Lind-Waldock.[6]

Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations, they are not appropriate for all.

The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction:

In a handful of jurisdictions (notably, the U.S. state of New York) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendant(s). In such jurisdictions, nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention. A complaint can be considered one of the more important steps in pleading during a civil case. This document states the actions that the plaintiff intends to take and also the factual and reasonable basis for the actions. This essentially sets the framework for the entire case and the claim that will be held noteworthy throughout the entire lawsuit.

If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted, the answer must address each of the plaintiffs' allegations. The defendant has three choices to make, which include either admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California, still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint. At the time the defendant files an answer, the defendant also raises all "affirmative" defenses. The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff. For example, in the case of "compulsory counterclaims," the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding. In the case of making a counterclaim, the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he/she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff. The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a "third party complaint", which is the defendant's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff's claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him/her, can also include additional facts or a so-called "excuse" for the plead. Filing an answer "joins the cause" and moves the case into the pre-trial phase.

Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons, the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a demurrer (in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed) or one or more "pre-answer motions," such as a motion to dismiss. It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer. If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials (if that option is available), and finally the defendant must file an answer.

Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer, but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves, which is called appearing pro se. Many courts have a pro se clerk to assist people without lawyers.

A pretrial discovery can be defined as "the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence theyâ€™ll present at trial" and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins.[7] The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery, which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties. Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop frivolous claims and/or defenses. At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial.

There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial, also known as a deposition. The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial, but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in the trial. It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral.[8]

At the close of discovery, the parties may either pick a jury and then have a trial by jury or the case may proceed as a bench trial. A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim (such as those under equity in the U.S.) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction.

Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial.[9] It is sometimes said that 95% of cases end in settlement; few jurisdictions report settlements, but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit, with torts settling around 90% of the time and overall civil cases settling 50% of the time; other cases end due to default judgment, lack of a valid claim, and other reasons.[9]

At trial, each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. After this occurs, the judge or jury renders their decision. Generally speaking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims, however, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as affirmative defenses. The attorneys are held responsible in devising a trial strategy that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or (when the opposing party has the burden of proof) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden.

There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it "prematurely"â€”before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration. These motions attempt to persuade the judge, through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence, that there is no reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial. Motions for summary judgment, for example, can usually be brought before, after, or during the actual presentation of the case. Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence, or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial.

Also, at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter, or the defendant may agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement attached, or the plaintiff may simply file a voluntary dismissal, so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record.

The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment, which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records. In a civil case, the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on or reducing the punishment. In criminal cases the situation is a little different, because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision.

After a final decision has been made, either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It isn't necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made, however, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the right to do so. The prevailing party may appeal, for example, if they wanted a larger award than was granted. The appellate court (which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court) and/or a higher court then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it (which effectively affirms it), reversesâ€”or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue, or possibly request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution.

The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial, so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear. The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief, a written document stating reason for appeal, to the court. Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief, or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal. The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court. There were no errors made, the case would then end, but if the decision was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level. There, a new trial will be held and new information taken into account.

Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, but prevalent in many other countries, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal, due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts (the "invited error" problem). The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court. Thus, a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally cannot raise it on appeal.

When the lawsuit is finally resolved, or the allotted time to appeal has expired, the matter is res judicata, meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again. In addition, other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be estopped from doing so.

When a final judgment is entered, the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of res judicata from relitigating any of the issues, even under different legal theories. Judgments are typically a monetary award. If the defendant fails to pay, the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant's assets located within its jurisdiction, such as:

If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment. This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another, however, courts tend to grant each other respect when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary. A defendant who has no assets in any jurisdiction is said to be "judgment-proof."[10] The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant.

Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an "action" at law and a "suit" in equity. An example of that distinction survives today in the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. The fusion of common law and equity in England in the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction, so it became possible to speak of a "lawsuit." In the United States, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1938) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice, in favor of a single form referred to as a "civil action."

In England and Wales the term "claim" is far more common; the person initiating proceedings is called the claimant.

American terminology is slightly different, in that the term "claim" refers only to a particular count (or cause of action) in a lawsuit. Americans also use "claim" to describe a demand filed with an insurer or administrative agency. If the claim is denied, then the claimant (or policyholder or applicant) files a lawsuit with the courts and later participates in the lawsuit.

In medieval times, both "action" and "suit" had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit also included the execution of the judgment.

Particularly in the United States, plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other attorney's fees may be able to obtain legal financing. Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate settlement or award. If the case ultimately loses, the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back. Legal financing is different from a typical bank loan in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history. Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments, but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case.

Legal financing can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their personal injury, workers' compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have mortgages, rent, medical expenses, or other bills to pay. Other times, litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys' fees, and for this reason, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills.

Defendants, civil rights organizations, public interest organizations, and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund. Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies, legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one-time cash advancement, nevertheless, both are used for purposes of financing litigation and legal costs.

There was a study conducted in the Supreme Court Economic Review that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court. This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer settlements, however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average.[11]

Legal financing can become an issue in some cases, varying from case to case and person to person. It can be beneficial in many situations, however also detrimental in others.


who plays chloe lane on days of our lives

Nadia Alexandra BjÃ¶rlin (born August 2, 1980) is an American actress, singer, and model.

Nadia Bjorlin

Björlin was born on August 2, 1980 in Newport, Rhode Island. She is the second eldest child of Swedish composer and conductor Mats Ulf Stefan Björlin[1] and Fary Björlin (née Dadashi), an Iranian interior designer.[2][3][4]

BjÃ¶rlin is fluent in English, Swedish, and Persian and is also schooled in French, Italian, and Russian. She has an older brother Ulf Alexander Jr. and a younger brother Jean-Paul. She also has an older half-brother Kaj, and two older half-sisters Katja and Kamilla, from her mother's first marriage.[citation needed]

Björlin's family moved to her father's native country of Sweden while she was still an infant. She has described her childhood as "wonderful" with "loving parents and siblings to lean on", although Björlin recalls being "oblivious" to racial tensions going on in Sweden. Although she never attended school there, a few of her siblings did and she remembers them talking about how they "experienced some torment" from classmates due to being half-Iranian. Being born after the Revolution of Iran, Björlin says she "grew up in a time where Iranians were looked down upon in places of the world".[5]

Björlin's family moved back and forth between the States and Sweden before she was seven years old. They moved a few times because of her father's work, living in Stockholm, Los Angeles and Palm Beach Florida. For her education, she attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts and the Boston University Tanglewood Institute, where she was honored for her excellence in theatre, voice, music and dance. Along with her brothers Ulf and Jean Paul, Björlin attended the Palm Beach County School of the Arts (now Dreyfoos School of the Arts) for her first 2 years of high school.[6] During her time there, Björlin sang with the Palm Beach Opera and in 1996, she competed in a large international vocal competition in Verona, Italy, where she was part of the choir who won the gold medal. While she was a junior in high school her family moved, this time to New York City. Björlin was able to attend the Professional Children's School, where she studied alongside other famous actors and actresses, including Julia Stiles, Gaby Hoffman, and Macaulay Culkin. In May 1999, Björlin won first place in the Metro Lyric Opera Competition, taking place in NYC. When she graduated from high school, she decided to shift her focus from singing to acting.[7]

BjÃ¶rlin's first major role was in April 1999 as Chloe Lane[8] on the soap opera Days of Our Lives.[1][9] In late 1999, she appeared as a go-go dancer in the music video for Ricky Martin's song Shake Your Bon-Bon.

Björlin left Days in June 2003 to concentrate on her singing career but returned later in December 2003. In September 2005, Björlin left Days of our Lives again and joined the cast of the UPN series Sex, Love & Secrets. The show was canceled by the network, but Björlin continued to make guest appearances on television series such as Jake in Progress and Out of Practice.

BjÃ¶rlin appeared in the 2007 independent feature film If I Had Known I Was a Genius, starring Markus Redmond, Whoopi Goldberg, Sharon Stone, and Tara Reid. The film was screened at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival.

BjÃ¶rlin was also cast as the female lead of the Chicago Pictures' feature film, Redline. The film starred Eddie Griffin and Nathan Phillips, and was released in theaters on April 13, 2007.

BjÃ¶rlin returned to Days of Our Lives as Chloe on November 29, 2007, and left the show again in September 2011 to pursue acting in films.[citation needed]

Since 2009, BjÃ¶rlin has starred as lesbian author Lara in the web series Venice: The Series.

In 2010, BjÃ¶rlin had a small role in NCIS as a suburban housewife wearing a bikini during a door-to-door canvasing by one of the NCIS investigators. That same year she guest starred on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men as Evelyn Harper's (Holland Taylor) lesbian lover, Jill.

In 2011, BjÃ¶rlin was one of the stars of the reality television series Dirty Soap[10] which gave viewers a behind-the-scenes view of Nadia's departure from Days of Our Lives, and afterward, including a bit of insight into the tenuous relationship between Nadia's live-in boyfriend and her mother who doesn't like him because she believes that he doesn't treat her well enough.

BjÃ¶rlin returned to her role on Days of Our Lives as Chloe for a two-episode stint on August 3, and 4, 2013, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the daytime serial.[citation needed]

BjÃ¶rlin guest starred on 2 Broke Girls as the owner of a cat found by the girls in an episode aired on October 7, 2013.

Björlin dated Los Angeles radio personality Frank Kramer around 2000 or 2001; Kramer would often refer to her on his show as "Tuesday". She also dated Bruce Willis around 2001–2002. Björlin was once engaged to subprime lending tycoon Daniel Sadek, who produced her film Redline. Bjorlin had been in a relationship with actor Brandon Beemer for seven years until 2013.[11]

BjÃ¶rlin became engaged to boyfriend Grant Turnbull in August 2014.[12] Bjorlin married Turnbull on May 15, 2015 in Palm Springs.[11] The couple have two sons, Torin Mathias (born May 4, 2016),[13] and Viggo Sebastian (born September 1, 2017).[14]

BjÃ¶rlin is good friends with her former Days of Our Lives co-star Farah Fath.[15]

Björlin's father Ulf Bjorlin died in 1993 at age 60 due to Leukemia.[citation needed] Since then, Björlin has been involved in several charities and fundraisers to help raise awareness and money for research on this type of cancer. She has even formed her own team; Nadia's Cancer Crusaders to help find a cure for this disease. On June 15, 2013, Björlin and her then-boyfriend Brandon Beemer participated in and hosted the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's annual "Light the Night" walk at the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles, California with the goal of raising $500,000 for Leukemia research and to help people fight the disease. On October 5, 2013, Björlin again participated in the "Light the Night" at Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood.[16][17][18]

Apart from singing and acting, BjÃ¶rlin is also a musician and plays the flute, harp, guitar, and piano.[2] She also has a couple of pet birds, and a puppy named Tiger.[citation needed]


when did sorry not sorry by demi lovato come out

In February 2017, Lovato executive-produced a documentary, Beyond Silence, which follows three individuals and their experiences with mental illnesses including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety.[159] Lovato featured in Cheat Codes' song "No Promises", released in March 2017,[160] and Jax Jones's "Instruction" along with Stefflon Don, released in June 2017.[161] In 2017, Lovato was included in Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people.[162][163] On May 5, 2017, Lovato announced release of her documentary, I Am: Demi Lovato set to launch on YouTube.[164] On May 8, 2017, she announced a collaboration with sportswear line Fabletics to support the United Nations' initiative, Girl Up.[165] That July, Lovato released "Sorry Not Sorry" as the first single from her sixth album,[166] which became her first top 10 in Australia,[167] fifth in the United Kingdom[168] and fourth in the United States.[169] The album, titled Tell Me You Love Me, was released on September 29.[170] The album opened at number three on the US Billboard 200 with 75,000 album-equivalent units, which consisted of 48,000 pure sales.[171] It received positive reviews.[172]

Demi Lovato

Demetria Devonne Lovato (/ˈloʊˈvɑːtoʊ/ loh-VAH-toh or lə-VAH-toh) (born August 20, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. After making her debut as a child actress in Barney & Friends, Lovato rose to prominence in 2008 when she starred in the Disney Channel television film Camp Rock and released her debut single "This Is Me" which peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. The success of the film and its soundtrack resulted in a recording contract with Hollywood Records. Her debut album, Don't Forget (2008), debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200. The following year, Lovato was cast as the titular character of the television series Sonny with a Chance and she released her sophomore album, Here We Go Again, which became her first to top the Billboard 200 chart.

After the release of additional television films and their soundtracks in 2010, including Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam, Lovato's personal issues put her career on a hiatus and led to the discontinuation of Sonny with a Chance after a second season. She entered a treatment center in 2010 to seek help for addictions, an eating disorder, and self-harm. While there, she was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Work on her third studio album, Unbroken (2011), began after she successfully completed treatment. The album addresses several of her difficulties. Its lead single, "Skyscraper", became Lovato's second top 10 entry in the US, while its second single, "Give Your Heart a Break", was certified triple platinum in the country. Lovato was a judge and mentor on the American version of The X Factor in 2012 and 2013. Her fourth album, Demi (2013), generated the single "Heart Attack", which became her third top 10 in the US. While promoting the project, Lovato released a book titled Staying Strong: 365 Days a Year (2013). She also returned to acting as a recurring character on Glee. Lovato's fifth album, Confident (2015), reached number two on the Billboard 200. Its lead single "Cool for the Summer" was later certified double platinum in the US. "Sorry Not Sorry", the lead single from her sixth album, Tell Me You Love Me (2017), peaked at number 8 in the US, becoming her fourth US top 10 and her highest charting single in the country to date. Five of Lovato's albums have received a gold certification in the United States.

Musically, Lovato is considered a pop,[5] pop rock,[6][7] and R&B artist.[8][9] Lovato has received a considerable number of accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award, 13 Teen Choice Awards, five People's Choice Awards, an ALMA Award, and a Latin American Music Award. Outside the entertainment industry, Lovato has been involved with several social and environmental causes since the launch of her career. In May 2013, she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental health challenges at a National Children's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington, D.C.. She has also become an advocate for the LGBT community, and women's rights. In 2014, she was announced as the Grand Marshal for LA Pride week, and that same year she became the face for the Human Rights Campaign's Americans for Marriage Equality Campaign.[10] In April 2016, Lovato was honored with the GLAAD Vanguard Award for making a significant difference in promoting equal rights for LGBT people.[11]

Lovato was born on August 20, 1992, in Albuquerque, New Mexico[12] to engineer and musician Patrick Martin Lovato[13] and former Dallas Cowboys cheerleader Dianna De La Garza (nee Dianna Lee Smith).[14] Lovato has an older sister named Dallas[15] as well as a younger maternal half-sister, actress Madison De La Garza,[16] and an older paternal half-sister named Amber, to whom she first spoke when she was 20.[17]

Lovato's parents divorced in the late mid-1994, shortly after her second birthday.[18] Lovato's father was of Mexican descent, and also had distant Portuguese and Jewish ancestry,[19][20] while her mother has English and Irish ancestry.[21][22] Through her father, Lovato is a descendant of Civil War Union veteran Francisco Perea (1830–1913) and Santa Fe de Nuevo México governor Francisco Xavier Chávez.[23] Through DNA testing Lovato discovered that she is also 16 percent of Scandinavian descent and one percent of African descent.[24]

Lovato was raised in Dallas, Texas.[25][26] In 2002, she began her acting career on the children's television series Barney & Friends as Angela.[27] She began playing piano at age seven and guitar at ten,[28] when she also began dancing and acting classes.[29] Lovato told Ellen DeGeneres that she was bullied so badly that she asked for homeschooling,[30] and she received her high-school diploma through homeschooling in April 2009.[31] She later became a spokesperson for the anti-bullying organization PACER and appeared on America's Next Top Model to speak out against bullying.[32] In 2006, Lovato appeared on Prison Break, and on Just Jordan the following year.[12]

As of September 2015, Lovato's name appears on the "Unclaimed Coogan" list, which is a fund for child actors whose earnings were partially withheld, but which remain unclaimed by the former child performers.[33]

In 2007 and 2008, Lovato played Charlotte Adams on the Disney Channel short series As the Bell Rings.[34] Lovato auditioned for the channel's television film Camp Rock and series Sonny with a Chance during 2007 and got both roles.[35] Lovato played the lead character, aspiring singer Mitchie Torres, in Camp Rock.[36] The film premiered on June 20, 2008, to 8.9Â million viewers.[37] Its soundtrack was released three days earlier; however, the music was considered less current than that of High School Musical.[38] Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Lovato's acting skills were underwhelming and she "has the knee-jerk smile of someone who is often told she has a great smile".[39] Lovato sang four songs on the soundtrack, including "We Rock" and "This Is Me".[40] That summer, she began her Demi Live! Warm Up Tour before the release of her debut album[41] and appeared on the Jonas Brothers' Burnin' Up Tour.[42]

Lovato's debut album, Don't Forget, was released on September 23, 2008, and was met with generally positive reviews from critics.[43][44][45] Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly said, "Demi Lovato might satisfy her 'tween fans but she won't be winning any rockers over with Don't Forget".[46] The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 89,000 copies.[47] Ten of its songs were co-written with the Jonas Brothers.[48] Don't Forget was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for US sales of over 500,000 copies.[49] Its lead single, "Get Back", was praised for its pop rock style and peaked at number 43 on the US Billboard Hot 100, selling over 560,000 copies in the United States.[50][51][52] The album's second single, "La La Land", was cited for its strong rock elements[53] and peaked at number 52 in the US,[52] and cracked the top 40 in Ireland and the United Kingdom.[54][55] The music video was directed by Brendan Malloy and Tim Wheeler.[56]

In 2009, Lovato recorded "Send It On", a charity single and the theme song for Disney's Friends for Change, with friends the Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez.[57][58] All proceeds from the song were donated to environmental charities supported by the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund.[57] Lovato's Disney Channel sitcom Sonny with a Chance, with her character Sonny Munroe, the newest cast member of the show-within-a-show So Random!, premiered on February 8.[59] Lovato's acting ability was described by Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times as "very good", and he compared her favorably to Hannah Montana star (and friend) Miley Cyrus.[60] That June, she starred as Princess Rosalinda / Rosie Gonzalez in the Disney Channel film, Princess Protection Program. The film, the fourth highest-rated Disney Channel original movie, premiered to 8.5Â million viewers.[61]

Lovato's second album, Here We Go Again, was released on July 21, 2009;[12] she described its acoustic style as similar to that of John Mayer.[62] The album received favorable reviews from critics who appreciated its enjoyable pop-rock elements, echoing reviews of Don't Forget.[63] Lovato's first number-one album, it debuted atop the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 108,000 copies.[64] Before its release, she began her Summer Tour 2009.[65] The album's lead single, "Here We Go Again" peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and managed to peak at number 15, becoming Lovato's highest peaking solo single at the time,[66] The song peaked at number 68 on the Canadian Hot 100 and 38 in New Zealand.[67][68] The album's second and final single, "Remember December" failed to match the success of its predecessor, but it peaked at number 80 on the UK Singles Chart.

The entertainer made her first 40-city national concert tour, Live in Concert, in support of Here We Go Again. The tour, from June 21 to August 21, 2009,[69] had David Archuleta,[69] KSM and Jordan Pruitt as opening acts[70] and Lovato and Archuleta received the Choice Music Tour award at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards.[71] In March 2010, Lovato and Joe Jonas recorded "Make a Wave" as the second charity single for Disney's Friends for Change.[72] In May, Lovato guest-starred as a teenage schizophrenic Hayley May in the sixth-season Grey's Anatomy episode, "Shiny Happy People".[73] Although critics praised her versatility, they were underwhelmed by her acting and felt that her appearance was designed primarily to attract viewers.[74] Later that year, she headlined her first international tour, the South American Tour,[75][76] and joined the Jonas Brothers Live in Concert tour as a guest.[77]

Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam, with Lovato reprising her role as Mitchie Torres, premiered on September 3, 2010.[78][79] Critics were ambivalent about the film's plot, and it has a 40-percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[80] However, Lovato's performance was called "dependably appealing" by Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly.[81] The film premiered to eight million viewers, the number-one cable-television movie of the year by the number of viewers.[82] Its accompanying soundtrack was released on August 10 with Lovato singing nine songs, including "Can't Back Down" and "Wouldn't Change a Thing".[83] The soundtrack debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 41,000 copies.[84] The Jonas Brothers Live in Concert was reworked to incorporate Lovato and the rest of the film's cast;[85] it began on August 7, two weeks later than planned.[86] The Sonny with a Chance soundtrack was released on October 5; Lovato sang on four tracks, including "Me, Myself and Time".[87] It debuted (and peaked) at number 163 on the Billboard 200, her lowest-selling soundtrack.[88]

That month, Lovato also announced her departure from Sonny with a Chance, putting her acting career on hiatus and ending the series;[89] she later said that she would return to acting when she felt confident doing so.[90] Her departure led to the spin-off series So Random! with the Sonny cast, featuring sketches from the former show-within-a-show. The series was cancelled after one season.[91] Lovato released her third album, Unbroken, on September 20, 2011.[92] Begun in July 2010, the album experimented with R&B and featured less pop rock.[8] The album and the stylistic change received mixed reviews from critics, who saw a growth in musicianship because of her struggles and have praised Lovato's vocals but found the music more generic than her previous efforts.[93] The record was a commercial success, peaking at number four on the Billboard 200, with sales exceeding 97,000 copies in its first week of release, and going on to sell over 500,000 copies in the United States, being certified Gold.[94]

The album's lead single, "Skyscraper", noted for its messages of self-worth and confidence,[95] peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 176,000 downloads during the first week of release, becoming Lovato's highest first week sales, until the release of "Heart Attack" by Lovato in 2013.[96] The song also Lovato's highest-peaked single since "This Is Me" reached number nine in August 2008.[96] The song also debuted at number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart.[97] "Skyscraper" received the Best Video With a Message award at the September 2012 MTV Video Music Awards.[98] The album's second and final single, "Give Your Heart a Break", peaked Billboard Hot 100 at number 16, making Lovato's fourth highest peaking song.[99] Also, it has peaked at number 12 on the US Adult Top 40 chart, number 1 on the US Pop Songs chart and became the longest climb by a female artist to No. 1 in the Pop Songs chart history.[52] In April 2014, the song was certified three-times platinum by the RIAA; as of October 2014, it has sold 2.1 million digital copies.[100]

In May, she became a judge for the second season of the American version of The X Factor, with a reported salary of one million dollars.[101] Joining Britney Spears, Simon Cowell and L.A. Reid,[102] it was speculated that she was chosen to attract a younger audience.[103] Mentoring the Young Adults category, her final act (CeCe Frey) finished sixth.[104] At the Minnesota State Fair in August, Lovato announced that after a pre-show performance at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards[105] she would release a single by December.[106] On December 24, she released a video on her YouTube account of herself singing "Angels Among Us" dedicated to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[107] In March, she was confirmed as returning for The X Factor's third season,[108] with her salary reportedly doubling.[109]

Demi was released on May 10, 2013, the album features influences of synthpop and bubblegum pop and was met with generally positive reviews from music critics,[110] although Jon Carmichael of The New York Times found Lovato's transition fun, according to Entertainment Weekly it signified a less-mature image.[111][112] The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 110,000 copies, the best-selling debut week of Lovato's career.[113] It was also successful internationally, charting in the top ten in New Zealand, Spain and the UK.[114] and has been certified Gold in the US.[115]

On June 11, Lovato released an e-book, Demi, on iBooks.[116] Her lead single, "Heart Attack," debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100, with first-week sales of 215,000 copies.[117][118] The song peaked at number 10 (Lovato's third showing in the US top ten),[52] and was also successful in the UK, Australia and Europe.[119] The second single, "Made in the USA" peaked at number 80 on Billboard Hot 100 chart.[100] The third single from Demi, "Neon Lights", peaked in the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 36 and in the US Hot Dance Club Songs at number one. The fourth single; "Really Don't Care" featuring British singer Cher Lloyd,[120] became Lovato's third number one hit on the US Dance chart and debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 98 before rising to peak position number 26.[121]

Lovato later released a deluxe version of her fourth studio album, which was to include 7 new tracks, consisting of 4 live performances and 3 studio recordings.[122] One of these songs included a collaboration with Olly Murs on a song for his fourth studio album, entitled "Up".[123] Lovato contributed to The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones soundtrack album with "Heart by Heart".[124]

Lovato planned to appear in at least six episodes of the fifth season of Glee, however she only appeared four episodes in the series. She played Dani, a struggling New York-based artist who befriends Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) and Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) and interacts with fellow newcomer Adam Lambert's character. Lovato debuted in the season's second episode, which aired on October 3.[125] On November 19, she released a book, Staying Strong: 365 Days a Year, which topped The New York Times bestseller list.[126] The entertainer then agreed to write a memoir, which has yet to be released.[127]

She announced her upcoming Neon Lights Tour (including a Canadian leg) on September 29, 2013,[128] which began February 9, 2014 and ended May 17.[129][130] On October 21, she released "Let It Go" for the Disney film Frozen, which was released in theaters on November 27, and the song was promoted as the single for the film's soundtrack.[131] The song peaked in the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 38, spending twenty weeks on the chart. On December 18, 2013, Lovato confirmed that she would not return to The X Factor for a fourth season.[132] On May 18, 2014, "Somebody to You" featuring Lovato was released as the fourth single from The Vamps' debut album, Meet the Vamps.[133] On May 29, she announced her fourth concert tour (and first world tour, covering 25 cities), the Demi World Tour, and its first North American dates.[134] In November 2014, Lovato opened the UK shows on Enrique Iglesias's Sex and Love Tour.[135] She also worked with her longtime friend Nick Jonas on a song for his self-titled album called "Avalanche," released November 2014.[136] Lovato was featured on "Up", the second single from Olly Murs' fourth studio album, Never Been Better.[137]

Lovato announced her skincare line called Devonne by Demi to be available in December 2014.[138] She released a music video for her song "Nightingale" on December 24, 2014 as an early Christmas present for her fans.[139]

Lovato's fifth album, Confident, was released on October 16, 2015,[140] and received generally positive reviews from music critics.[141] The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 98,000 copies.[142] During the album's production, Lovato commented: "I've already started recording for my new album, and I have plans to record during the tour. The sound just evolves into everything that I've been and everything that I want to become."[132][143] She further stated, "I've never been so sure of myself as an artist when it comes down to confidence, but not only personal things, but exactly what I want my sound to be and what I know I'm capable of and this album will give me the opportunity to show people what I can really do."[144] In July 2016, the album was certified gold by the RIAA, and has sold 211,000 copies in the United States.[145] In May 2015, Billboard revealed Lovato was in the process of starting an "artist-centric" new record label, Safehouse Records, of which she will be co-owner. The label will be a partnership between her, Nick Jonas, and Lovato's manager Phil McIntyre, and will form part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island.[146] Confident was released through the new venture deal. This will be Lovato's second multi-label venture of her career; she was formerly part of Jonas Records, a UMG/Hollywood/Jonas Brothers partnership, which is now defunct.[147]

Lovato released the lead single from Confident titled "Cool for the Summer" on July 1, 2015.[148] On September 18, 2015, the title track "Confident" was released as the album's second single.[149] On October 17, 2015, she performed a "Cool for the Summer" and "Confident" medley, as well as "Stone Cold" on Saturday Night Live during the series' forty-first season.[150][151] Lovato was also featured on the re-release of "Irresistible", the fourth single from Fall Out Boy's sixth studio album American Beauty/American Psycho.[152] The same month, she signed with the major modeling agency, Wilhelmina Models.[153] Lovato released the music video for her R&B-infused song "Waitin for You" featuring American rapper Sirah on October 22, 2015.[154] On October 26, 2015, Lovato and Nick Jonas announced that they would tour together on the Future Now Tour.[155] She was honored with the first-ever Rulebreaker Award on December 11, 2015 at the 2015 Billboard Women in Music event.[156] On March 21, 2016, "Stone Cold" was serviced as the third and final single from Confident.[157] On July 1, 2016, Lovato released a new single titled "Body Say" to promote her tour.[158]

Lovato has listed Christina Aguilera and Kelly Clarkson as her biggest influences.[173] Her other influences include Britney Spears,[174] Rihanna, Keri Hilson,[175] Jennifer Lopez,[176] Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight, Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Alexz Johnson,[177] Billie Holiday, and Billy Gilman.[173] About Gilman she said, "We had the same voice range when I was young. I would practice to his songs all the time."[178] Lovato has said that John Mayer's songwriting has been a "huge influence" on her and that after the release of Unbroken, her musical style shifted towards hip hop and R&B.[173] Lovato says, "I had a lot of respect for Whitney Houston, and Christina Aguilera, on some songs where she was really amazing and wasn't trying to be sexy or anything like that."[179] About her admiration for Clarkson, Lovato says, "I just thought she was a great role model. She was never publicly seen drinking and driving or wearing really scandalous clothes or anything like that. I feel like she set a really great example and she was extremely talented."[180] Lovato's The Neon Lights Tour was "inspired by Beyoncé."[181]

Lovato is a full lyric soprano. She has a vocal range of four octaves, 1 note and a semitone, including the whistle register.[182] Nick Levine of Digital Spy, commenting on her vocals for her album, Don't Forget, stated, "she's certainly a stronger singer than the Jonases. In fact, her full-bodied vocal performances are consistently impressive."[183] Becky Brain of Idolator wrote that Lovato has a "killer voice and the A-list material to put it to good use."[184] According to Sophie Schillaci of The Hollywood Reporter, the entertainer "has a voice that can silence even the harshest of critics. Something not often found in her peers."[185] For Lovato's second studio album, Here We Go Again, Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News wrote, "Unlike so many of her Disney-fied peers, Lovato can really sing...[and it's] refreshing [she doesn't need Auto-Tune] to mask any lack of natural ability."[186]

Upon working with Lovato on her third studio album, Unbroken, Ryan Tedder stated, "Demi blew me out of the water vocally! I had no idea how good her voice is. She's one of the best singers I've ever worked with. Literally, that good... I mean, she's a Kelly Clarkson-level vocalist. And Kelly has a set of pipes." He also commented on their work together on the song "Neon Lights" from Lovato's fourth studio album, saying, "She, in pop music, has one of the biggest ranges, possibly the highest full voice singer I've ever worked with."[187] Tamsyn Wilce from Alter The Press commented on her vocals on Demi, stating "it shows just how strong her vocal cords are and the variation of styles that she can completely work to make her own."[188] In a review for the 'Neon Lights Tour,' Mike Wass from Idolator commented "you don't need shiny distractions when you can belt out songs like Demi and connect with the crowd on such an emotional level."[189] In a review for the 'Demi World Tour,' Marielle Wakim from Los Angeles Magazine commented on Lovato's vocals, stating "For those who haven’t bothered to follow Lovato's career, let's get something out of the way: the girl can sing. Get over your fear of being judged by your Facebook friends and Spotify her discography, because you’re going to have the last laugh five years down the road (probably sooner) when she wins a Grammy. At 22 years old, her vocal range is astounding." She went on to further describe her vocals as "spectacular."[190]

On her 18th birthday, Lovato bought a Mediterranean-style house in Los Angeles, California; however, she decided to live in a "sober house" in Los Angeles after leaving rehab in January 2011.[191]

In 2010, Lovato began dating actor Wilmer Valderrama.[192][193] They announced the end of their relationship on social media on June 3, 2016.[194]

Lovato had no interest in forging a relationship with her late father, Patrick, after his divorce from her mother.[195] She has been vocal about her abusive and strained relationship with her father and once stated, "He was mean, but he wanted to be a good person. And he wanted to have his family, and when my mom married my stepdad, he still had this huge heart where he said, 'I'm so glad that [he's] taking care of you and doing the job that I wish I could do'."[196][197] She has written multiple songs about him.[198] Patrick died of cancer on June 22, 2013, at age 53.[199] After his death, Lovato said that he had been mentally ill, and in his honor she created the Lovato Treatment Scholarship Program.[200]

Lovato had suffered from depression, an eating disorder, self-harm, and being bullied before she went into rehab at the age of 18.[201][202] On November 1, 2010, Lovato withdrew from the Jonas Brothers Live in Concert tour, entering a treatment facility for "physical and emotional issues".[203] It was reported that she decided to enter treatment after punching female dancer Alex Welch, her management and family convinced her she needed help. Lovato said she took "100 percent, full responsibility" for the incident.[201] On January 28, 2011, Lovato completed inpatient treatment at Timberline Knolls and returned home. She acknowledged that she had had bulimia, had harmed herself, and had been "self-medicating" with drugs and alcohol "like a lot of teens do to numb their pain".[204] She added that she "basically had a nervous breakdown" and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder during her treatment.[205] Lovato later said that she had used cocaine several times a day and smuggled cocaine onto airplanes.[206]

In April 2011, Lovato became a contributing editor for Seventeen magazine, writing an article that described her struggles.[207] In March 2012, MTV aired a documentary (Demi Lovato: Stay Strong) about Lovato's rehab and recovery.[208] She began work on her fourth album the following month.[209] In January 2013, it was reported that Lovato had been living in a sober-living facility in Los Angeles for more than a year because she felt it was the best way to avoid returning to her addictions and eating disorder.[210] Lovato celebrated the five year anniversary of her sobriety on March 15, 2017.[211]Lovato also started trainnig in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu since 2016.[212]

Lovato is a professing Christian and she prays with her band before they perform.[16] She is an active supporter of gay rights. When the Defense of Marriage Act was struck down in June 2013, she tweeted: "Gay, straight, lesbian, bi.Â ... No one is better than any one else. What an incredible day for California AND for equality."[213] Lovato later said: "I believe in gay marriage, I believe in equality. I think there's a lot of hypocrisy with religion. But I just found that you can have your own relationship with God, and I still have a lot of faith."[214] In an early November 2013 interview with Latina magazine, she said that she finds spirituality to be an important part of maintaining balance in life. She said: "I'm the closest I've ever been with God. I have my own relationship with God and that's all that matters".[215]

On December 23, 2011, Lovato posted a message on Twitter criticizing her former network for airing episodes of Shake It Up and So Random! in which characters joked about eating disorders. Disney Channel publicity officials quickly took action, apologizing to Lovato and removing the episodes from the network's broadcast and video on demand sources after additional criticism (following Lovato's post) on the network's public-relations account.[216]

Lovato identifies as a feminist.[217] She spoke at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia about raising awareness for mental health.[218]

In May 2009, Lovato was named an Honorary Ambassador of Education by the American Partnership For Eosinophilic Disorders.[219] As part of her involvement with Disney's Friends for Change, Lovato, the Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez recorded the initiative's theme song ("Send It On") in 2009. The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 20,[58][220] and its proceeds were directed to environmental charities through the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund.[57] Lovato and Joe Jonas recorded another song, "Make a Wave", for the charity in March 2010.[72] She is also spokesperson for the Join the Surge Campaign!, DoSomething.Org and Joining the Surge by Clean & Clear; the latter is a national campaign encouraging teenagers to take action in their communities.[221]

Lovato was featured in a January 2010 public-service announcement for Voto Latino to promote the organization's "Be Counted" campaign preparing for the 2010 United States Census.[222] In October 2010 she was the spokeswoman for the anti-bullying organization, PACER.[223] Lovato participated in the "A Day Made Better" school advocacy campaign[224] and has supported DonateMyDress.org, Kids Wish Network, Love Our Children USA, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and City of Hope.[225] In April 2012 she became a contributing editor of Seventeen magazine, describing her personal struggles to its female teenage audience.[207] In October Lovato was named the ambassador of Mean Stinks, a campaign focused on eliminating bullying by girls.[226] In May 2013 she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental-health problems at a National Children's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington.[227] In late June 2013 Lovato announced the creation of the Lovato Treatment Scholarship Program, named for her late father, to pay treatment costs for mentally-ill patients.[200] In August 2013, she traveled to Kenya for her 21st birthday to participate in a program of the international charity organization Free the Children.[228]

In May 2014, Lovato was named the LA Pride Parade Grand Marshal and the lead performer for NYC Pride Week for her contribution to the LGBT community. NYC Pride spokesperson Patti Diluigi said, "Demi Lovato is an amazing role model for today's youth, both LGBT and non-LGBT, for her activism in the area of equality, positive messaging on body image, and level of openness with her struggles. As a community, we're fortunate to have an ally like Demi."[229] Lovato has also become the face of Human Rights Campaign's America's for Marriage Equality. For the announcement of the campaign, Lovato stated "Whether you're LGBT or straight, your love is valid, beautiful and an incredible love. So let's protect love and strengthen the institution of marriage by allowing loving, caring and committed same-sex couples to legally marry. Please join me and the majority of American citizens who support marriage equality."[230] On April 2, 2016, Lovato received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for making a significant difference in promoting equal rights for the LGBT community at the 27th GLAAD Media Awards ceremony.[11]

In June 2016, Lovato was among the artists that signed an open letter to stop gun violence, created by Billboard.[231] That month, the Human Rights Campaign also released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting; in the video, Lovato and others told the stories of the people killed there.[232][233]

In January 2017, Lovato returned to Kenya to participate in working with We Movement to do work with women and children.[234] In March 2017, as a celebration of five-year anniversary of sobriety, Lovato donated money to multiple Los Angeles-based charities. Lovato randomly selected a group of causes based on their work, which included animal, LGBT and adoption rights.[235][236] On March 22, Lovato will be honored with the Artistic Award of Courage at The Jane and Terry Semel Institute's biannual Open Mind Gala, which recognizes those who raise awareness and reduce the stigma of mental health issues.[237] She partnered with Fabletics in May 2017 on limited edition activewear collection.[238] The collaboration was in support of the United Nations Foundation's Girl Up campaign to fund programs "for some of the world's most marginalized adolescent girls."[239][240] On September 23, 2017, Lovato was named a Global Citizen ambassador for championing the mental health of thousands of children displaced within Iraq and other communities. Lovato and Global Citizen will fund the expansion of a Save the Children pilot program, Healing and Education through the Arts, to violence-scarred young people living around Kirkuk and Saladin Governorate, Iraq.[241]

Demi Lovato has won several awards, including an award at the MTV Video Music Awards, one award at the ALMA Awards, five People's Choice Awards, a Billboard Women in Music award, a Guinness World Record and fourteen Teen Choice Awards. Lovato has received a Grammy Award nomination, a Billboard Music Awards nomination and a Brit Award nomination.


where is rohan in lord of the rings

Rohan (from Sindarin Rochand) is a kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy setting of Middle-earth. It is mainly a grassland, and lies north-west of its ally Gondor, and further north-west of Mordor, the realm of Sauron, their enemy (see maps of Middle-earth). It is inhabited by the Rohirrim, a people of herdsmen and farmers who are well known for their horses and cavalry. Rohan is also referred to as Riddermark or the Mark. The realm is of significant importance in the author's book, The Lord of the Rings. Much of the background of Rohan is grounded in Anglo-Saxon tradition.

Rohan (Middle-earth)

Conceptualised as the "Horse Lords of Rohan" allied with Gondor in early drafts of 1939, the Rohirrim took their final form in 1942 when about one third of The Lord of the Rings was completed.

Rohan was an inland realm. Its countryside is described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland which is frequently windswept. The meadows contain "many hidden pools, and broad acres of sedge waving above wet and treacherous bogs,"[2]  which water the grasses. The lands of Rohan are frequently described as appearing like "seas of grass", and are therefore perfect for horses (the Sindarin word roch, from which Rohan derives, means horse).

Karen Wynn Fonstad calculates Rohan to be 52,763 square miles[3] (136,656 kmÂ²) in area (slightly larger than England). At the time of the War of the Ring, Rohan was roughly a third the size of Gondor[citation needed], whose borders had slowly been shrinking for centuries.

Its warm-continental climate generally brought hot summers and brisk but short winters, marking a midpoint between the harsh winters of Wilderland (to the north) and the long, subtropical summers of southern Gondor. The winds and air masses can come from almost any direction and the weather is highly variable in any season.

The borders of Rohan were (clockwise):

The capital of Rohan is the hill fort of Edoras which is located on a hill in a valley of the White Mountains. "Edoras" is Old English for "enclosures",[5] which Tolkien held to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name of the same meaning. The city of Edoras was built by Rohan's second King, Brego son of Eorl the Young. Before Edoras was completed, Rohan's capital was at Aldburg in the Folde. Edoras is built at the end of the valley of Harrowdale. The river Snowbourn flows past the city on its way east towards the Entwash. The city is protected only by a high wall of timber, and a one-way road allows access to the city. Just before the gates, two rows of mounds line the road, which are the graves of the former Kings of Rohan.

Edoras is Rohan's only real city.

Meduseld, the Golden Hall of the Kings of Rohan, is located in the centre of the city at the top of the hill. "Meduseld", a modernised form of the Old English Maeduselde,[6] is similarly meant to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name meaning "mead hall". Meduseld is described as having a golden thatch. Meduseld is a large hall with roof that appears golden from far off. The walls are richly decorated with tapestries depicting the history and legends of the Rohirrim, and it serves as a house for the King and his kin, a meeting hall for the King and his advisors, and a gathering hall.

It is at Meduseld that Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas, and Gandalf meet with King Théoden in the account of the early stages of the War of the Ring.

Upstream of Edoras, deeper into Harrowdale, lay the hamlets of Upbourn and Underharrow. At the head of Dunharrow is a refuge in the White Mountains under the great mountain Starkhorn.

Another settlement is Aldburg, capital of the Eastfold and original settlement of Eorl the Young. A third settlement is Snowbourne, named after the river of the same name which runs nearby. It is similar in appearance to the hill-fort of Edoras. Helm's Deep is a valley in the White Mountains in which the Hornburg, a major fortress of Rohan, is located.

The kingdom of Rohan, also called the Mark, was primarily divided into the East-mark and the West-mark: respectively east and west of the Folde. The East-mark and West-mark were each a marshalcy of the kingdom, and each included smaller regions. North of the Folde, the boundary between these two marshalcies was "the Snowbourn River to its junction with the Entwash, and thence north along the Entwash."[7]

The Folde was a small region in the central south of Rohan, and lay neither in the East-mark nor the West-mark. It contained Rohan's capital, Edoras,[8] and the settlements of Harrowdale and Aldburg. It was Rohan's most populous region. In an earlier concept, Rohan's capital region was called the King's Lands, of which the Folde was a sub-region to the south-east of Edoras.[9] This earlier concept of the Folde found its way onto the map of Gondor published with The Return of the King.

Most of the rest of Rohan's population was spread along the foothills of the White Mountains in both directions from the Folde. West of the Folde (and thus in the West-mark) the region of Westfold extended along the mountains to Helm's Deep (the defensive centre of Westfold) and to the Gap of Rohan. Beyond the Gap of Rohan lay the West Marches (not to be confused with the Westmarch of the Shire), the kingdom's far west borderland.

The region of the Eastfold extended along the White Mountains in the opposite direction (and was thus a part of the East-mark). It was bounded by the Entwash to the north. Its eastern borderland was called the Fenmarch; beyond this lay the Kingdom of Gondor.

The centre of Rohan (to the north of the Folde) was mainly a large plain, divided by the Entwash into the Eastemnet and the Westemnet.[10] These regions fell respectively into the East-mark and the West-mark.

The northernmost region of Rohan, and the least populous, was the Wold. The Field of Celebrant, even further north, was added to Rohan after the War of the Ring,[11] thus incorporating the site of the battle that had given rise to the kingdom.

The Dúnedain of Gondor and the Rohirrim were distantly related (having descended from the same northern stock), and the people of Gondor describe the Rohirrim as Middle Men, inferior to the Númenóreans in both culture and descent, but superior to the Men of Darkness who had worshipped and served Sauron — and this is stated as fact in The Lord of the Rings, but contradicted in later writings.[citation needed] The name Rohirrim is Sindarin for People of the Horse-lords (sometimes translated simply as Horse-lords) and was mostly used by outsiders: the name they had for themselves was Eorlingas, after their king Eorl the Young who had first brought them to Rohan. Rohirrim is a collective noun and should be used with the definite article (i.e. the Rohirrim). It should not be used as an adjective. (The adjective is Rohirric, which also refers to their language. Tolkien also used Rohanese occasionally in his letters.)

The names and many details of their culture are in fact based on Germanic-derived cultures, particularly that of the Anglo-Saxons and their Old English language, towards which Tolkien felt a strong affinity. Ultimately Anglo-Saxon England was defeated by the cavalry of the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, and some Tolkien scholars have speculated that the Rohirrim are Tolkien's wishful version of an Anglo-Saxon society that retained a "rider culture", and would have been able to resist such an invasion.[citation needed]

In any case, they did not go to Beleriand like the Edain who were later rewarded with the island of Númenor by the Valar. The ancestors of the Rohirrim were known as the Éothéod and were given the province of Calenardhon by Gondor after the Battle of the Field of Celebrant.

The people of Rohan were for the most part tall, fair and pale, with blue eyes and blond hair which they wore long and braided. In the far west however, particularly in the land between the Isen and the Adorn west of the Gap of Rohan, many Rohirrim were of mixed Rohirrim and indigenous (i.e. Dunlending) ethnicity, and were thereby shorter, with darker eyes and hair much more in evidence. The Rohirrim were described by the DÃºnedain as by nature stern, fierce and grave, yet generous.

They were ruled by a line of kings descended from Eorl the Young.

The Rohirrim had had contacts with Elves in their ancient history, and knew of Eru (God), but like the Dúnedain they did not worship him in any temples. They seem to have venerated the Vala Oromë the Hunter, whom they called Béma.

In response to a query about clothing styles in Middle-earth, Tolkien wrote:

The Rohirrim were not "medieval", in our sense. The styles of the Bayeux Tapestry (made in England) fit them well enough, if one remembers that the kind of tennis-nets [the] soldiers seem to have on are only a clumsy conventional sign for chainmail of small rings.[14]

The armies of Rohan were largely horsemen. The basic tactical unit was the "éored," an Old English word meaning "cavalry, troops"; the OE plural is éoredes [15], which at the time of the War of the Ring had been standardized at a nominal strength of 120 riders[16]. There are also companies of infantry and archers, as seen in the Battle of the Fords of Isen. Rohan's armies were more of a very well-trained militia called upon in times of war, with the actual standing army relatively small. They are described as armed with long spears, swords, axes, light helms, round wooden shields, and mail armour. The only Rohirrim soldiers described as knights[citation needed] were the King's Riders, the personal bodyguard of the King of Rohan.

In time of war, every able man was obliged to join the Muster of Rohan. They were also bound by the Oath of Eorl to help Gondor in times of peril, and the latter asked for their aid through the giving of the Red Arrow. Also, the Rohirrim could be notified to aid Gondor by the lighting of the warning beacons of Gondor, a line of beacon fires on the White Mountains that were constantly manned. In times of war, the starting beacon at Amon DÃ®n would be lit, until the last one could be noticed in Edoras.

At the start of the War of the Ring a Full Muster would have been over 12,000 riders,[17].[18]

Among the horses of the Rohirrim were the famed mearas,[19] the noblest and fastest horses who have ever roamed Arda; Felaróf was the greatest[citation needed] of all mearas.

It was because of the close affiliation with horses, both in war and peace, that they received their name. Rohirrim (or more properly Rochirrim) is Sindarin for "Horse-lords," and Rohan (or Rochand) means "Land of the Horse-lords". These names were devised by Hallas, son of Cirion the Steward.

The Rohirrim's language is Rohirric. It is, like many languages of Men, akin to Adûnaic, the language of Númenóreans, and therefore to the Westron or Common Speech.[20]

The Rohirrim call their homeland the Riddermark, a modernization by Tolkien of Old English Riddena-mearc, meaning, according to the Index to The Lord of the Rings, "the border country of the knights"; also Éo-marc, the Horse-mark, also simply the Mark[21]. They call themselves the Eorlingas, the Sons of Eorl. In the original Rohirric the name for their land is Lôgrad, with the element "lô-"/"loh-" corresponding to Anglo-Saxon "éo", horse.

Rohirric bears a similar relationship to Westron, the Common Speech of Middle-earth, as that of Old English to modern English, and so Tolkien rendered Rohirric names and phrases into Old English (English of the Anglo-Saxon period), just as the Common Speech is translated into English. Examples include words such as mearas (another Old English word for "horses",[19] which survives into Modern English as "mares") and Ã©ored.[15]  Tolkien was a philologist, with a special interest in Germanic languages.

Many archaic Hobbit names bear similarities to Rohirric, since the ancestors of the Shire hobbits lived on the upper reaches of the Anduin, close to the ancestors of the Rohirrim, and there was apparently a good deal of linguistic cross-fertilization. The name Hobbit itself is believed to be derived from the Rohirric Holbytlan (hole builders). These names are also translations of the original Westron Kuduk (Hobbit) and Rohirric kûd-dûkan (hole dweller).

In The Two Towers, chapter 6, the Riders of Rohan are introduced before they are seen, by Aragorn, who chants in the language of the Rohirrim words "in a slow tongue unknown to the Elf and the Dwarf", a lai that Legolas senses "is laden with the sadness of Mortal Men". To achieve a resonant sense of the lost past, the now-legendary time of a peaceful alliance of the Horse-lords with the city of Gondor, Tolkien has adapted lines of the Old English poem The Wanderer.

Where is the horse gone? where the rider?
Where the giver of treasure?
Where are the seats at the feast?
Where are the revels in the hall?
Alas for the bright cup!Alas for the mailed warrior!
Alas for the splendour of the prince!
How that time has passed away, dark under the cover of night,
as if it had never been.

Tolkien's adaptation, comparably heroic in its anguished nostalgia, is characteristic of his approach to remaking his sources:

Where now the horse and the rider? Where is the horn that was blowing?
Where is the helm and the hauberk, and the bright hair flowing?
Where is the hand on the harp-string, and the red fire glowing?
Where is the spring and the harvest and the tall corn growing?
They have passed like rain on the mountain, like a wind in the meadow;
The days have gone down in the West behind the hills into shadow.
Who shall gather the smoke of the dead wood burning?
Or behold the flowing years from the Sea returning?[22]

"Thus spoke a forgotten poet long ago in Rohan, recalling how tall and fair was Eorl the Young, who rode down out of the North," Aragorn explains. Tolkien has managed to incorporate into the imagery elements of plot (the horn that was blowing), his consistent thematic imagery of West and shadow and imagery of the constant seasonal and linear flow of irretrievable time that gives The Lord of the Rings an authentically Anglo-Saxon note. In the last two lines Tolkien has also introduced the character of answers familiar from Old English riddle literature, while he has extended the staccato Anglo-Saxon lines of his model to adjust to our expectations of five-beat stress in heroic poetry in English.

In the thirteenth century of the Third Age (T.A.), the Kings of Gondor made close alliances with the Northmen of Rhovanion, a people said in The Lord of the Rings to be akin to the Three Houses of Men (later the Dúnedain) from the First Age.

In the twenty-first century, a remnant tribe of such Northmen calling itself the Éothéod moved from the valleys of Anduin to the north west of Mirkwood, clearing out what remained of the recently defeated witch kingdom of Angmar, east of the Misty Mountains. While there, some dispute arose between them and the Dwarves over the treasure-hoard of Scatha the dragon.

Later, in 2509, Cirion the Steward of Gondor sent summons to the Éothéod for aid in throwing off a combined invasion of Balchoth (Men from eastern Middle-earth), and Orcs from Mordor.

Eorl the Young, king of the Éothéod, answered the summons, and arrived unexpected at a decisive battle on the Field of Celebrant, routing the orc army, and then destroying  it as it fled.

As a reward, Eorl was given the plains of Calenardhon, and he moved his kingdom there. This land had earlier been part of Gondor proper, but had been devastated by the plague of 1636, and the survivors to a large extent slain in the invasion mentioned above.

The first line of kings lasted for 249 years, until the ninth king Helm Hammerhand died. His sons had been killed earlier, and his nephew Fréaláf Hildeson began the second line of kings, which lasted until the end of the Third Age.

In 2758, Rohan was invaded by Dunlendings under Wulf, son of Freca, of mixed Dunland and Rohan blood. The King, Helm Hammerhand, took refuge in the Hornburg until aid from Gondor and Dunharrow (a refuge of the Rohirrim) arrived a year later and defeated the invaders.

It was soon after this that Saruman arrived and took over Isengard, and was welcomed as a strong ally, since it would take Rohan close to 200 years to recover its strength after the invasion.

In 3014, Saruman began using his influence to weaken the King, Théoden, as part of a campaign to invade or take over the kingdom. In 3019, he launched a great invasion of Rohan, with victory in the two first battles (at the Fords of Isen; Théoden's son, Théodred was killed during these attacks) and defeat at the Battle of the Hornburg, where the Huorns came to the aid of the Rohirrim.

On the heels of this victory, Théoden rode with an army to Minas Tirith and helped break its siege in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, where he was slain. Éomer, the nephew of King Théoden, then took up the reign, beginning the third line. Also in this battle, Éowyn, niece of King Théoden and sister of Éomer, slew the Lord of the Nazgûl. Éomer rode with the armies of Gondor to the Black Gate of Mordor and took part in the Battle of the Morannon against the forces of Sauron, who were defeated when the Ruling Ring was destroyed.

The rule of the Stewards of Gondor was then over. King Éomer and the new king of Gondor, Elessar, renewed their oath of alliance, and reaffirmed Cirion's grant of Calenardhon to the Rohirrim. At this time, Éowyn married Faramir, Prince of Ithilien and Steward of Gondor, thus joining the lines of Gondor and Rohan.

In the Fourth Age, Rohan remained in peaceful coexistence with the Reunited Kingdom. A Dwarven community developed in the caves of Helm's Deep, which became prosperous from its mining of precious materials.

Rohan was an absolute monarchy, though the nobles and Marshals had important power in the governance of the realm.[citation needed] The King led the army during wartime. The country was divided into districts, such as the Eastfold and the Westfold, led by Marshals, though it is not clear whether their functions extended beyond the purely military. Originally the First Marshal was responsible for the area around Edoras, the capital, while the Second and Third Marshals were assigned various territories depending on the need at the time. After the War of the Ring the First Marshal was replaced with the position of Underking, and the Second and Third Marshals were renamed Marshals of the East-mark and West-mark, holding those lands permanently.[23]

The alliance between Rohan and Gondor came into existence in the year 2510 of the Third Age. In that year the Easterlings launched a massive invasion of Gondor. The army of Gondor was defeated and trapped between the Limlight and the Celebrant. Gondor, which had always been on friendly terms with the different tribes of the Northmen, sent messengers to the closest tribe, the Éothéod. Although it was unlikely that the message calling for aid would come through, it did. Then Eorl the Young and his fierce Éothéod Riders unexpectedly took the field during the Battle of Celebrant and turned the tide in the favour of Gondor. As a reward Cirion, the Steward of Gondor, gave Eorl the depopulated province of Calenardhon for his people to settle, while fulfilling Gondor's need for a strong ally. The Oath of Eorl was sworn by both Cirion and Eorl. Neither nation has ever broken the alliance ever since. Rohan has gone through great lengths to fulfil their part of the treaty including sacrificing two of its heirs when Gondor was under threat from the Haradrim in 2885, when Fastred and Folcred, the twin sons of King Folcwine, were killed during the Battle of Crossings of Poros. King Théoden once again honoured the alliance in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.

To the west of the Gap of Rohan lived the Dunlendings, a native people who had been largely hostile towards the Dúnedain and their Allies for a long time (although they tolerated the exiled Dwarves of Durin's Folk in Dunland).
The Dunlending Lord Wulf led a victorious Army of Dunlendings and briefly usurped the throne of Rohan during the long winter, avenging the murder of his father Freca by Helm Hammerhand.

During the early days of the War of the Ring, rumours were spread that the Rohirrim supplied Sauron's armies with horses. These rumours were obviously false: the Rohirrim valued their horses more than anything, and would never send them away, even as tribute. Still these rumours had some effect, in that they obscured the fact it was Saruman who had fallen, rather than Rohan. The basis of the rumour was that Sauron's Orcs stole many of Rohan's black horses during raids, thus making black horses rare; however, this was theft, which angered the people of Rohan.

When King Théoden began to grow old, he took as an advisor Gríma, later called Wormtongue. Gríma quickly became Théoden's chief advisor, but unbeknownst to all he was secretly working for Saruman. Gríma played on Théoden's fears to further weaken the strength of the king and all of Rohan, always advising retreat where an attack was needed. He may have also begun poisoning the king at this time. This nearly proved disastrous for Rohan, and also for Gondor, by robbing them of their strongest ally in the north. Gríma Wormtongue's plans were not revealed until Gandalf arrived in Edoras during the War of the Ring.

After King Théoden's son died, Gríma attempted to have the king's nephew Éomer disinherited; he may have intended to marry Théoden's niece, Éowyn, the only remaining member of the royal family, and thus take the throne as her consort.

Tolkien rendered Rohirric as the Mercian dialect of Old English. Even words and phrases that were printed in modern English showed a strong Old English influence. Old English was supposed to render an archaic form of Westron, which was supposedly rendered by Modern English.[25] This solution occurred to Tolkien in 1942, when he was searching for an explanation of the Eddaic names of the dwarves already published in The Hobbit.

Théoden is referred to as "Théoden King", rather than "King Théoden", just as Scandinavian and the Anglo-Saxon era kings had the word konungr/cyning ("king") added after their names, e.g. Hervarðar konungr, rather than before. Compare with Alfred the Great, king of England whose name appeared as Ælfred cyning in Old English.

For New Line Cinema's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, the Poolburn Reservoir in Central Otago, New Zealand was used for Rohan scenes.[26] The theme for Rohan is played on a Hardingfele. A fully realised set for Edoras was built on Mount Sunday in the upper reaches of the Rangitata Valley, near Erewhon in New Zealand. Some of the set was built digitally, but the main buildings atop the city were built on location:  for example the mountain ranges in the background are not added in with computer-generated imagery, but part of the actual location shot. The interiors of buildings such as the Golden Hall, however, were located on soundstages in other parts of New Zealand; when the camera is inside of the Golden Hall, looking out the open gates, the image of the on-set Edoras set is digitally inserted into the door-frame. It was known among the cast and crew for being extremely windy, as can be seen during the film and DVD interviews. After filming, Mount Sunday was returned to its original state.[27]

Rohan is also the setting of an expansion for Lord of the Rings Online released on 15 October 2012.