how do you pronounce the capital of burkina faso

Ouagadougou (/ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː/; French pronunciation: [waɡaduɡu]; Mossi: [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ]) is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It is also the country's largest city, with a population of 1,475,223 (as of 2006[update]).[2] The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga. The inhabitants are called ouagalais. The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies.

Ouagadougou

Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles. It is served by an international airport and it is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast. There is no rail service to Kaya. There is a paved highway to Niamey, Niger, south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. Ouagadougou was the site of Ouagadougou grand market, one of the largest markets in West Africa, which burned in 2003 and has since been reopened. Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony), the National Museum of Music, and several craft markets.

The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area. They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri, a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Faso's history, led his tribe to victory. He then renamed the area from "Kumbee-Tenga", as the Ninsi had called it, to "Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga", meaning "head war chief's village". Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name.

The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and was the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors (Moro-Naba) from 1681.[3] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory (basically the same area as contemporary independent Burkina Faso) in 1919. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city. The population of Ouagadougou doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since.[3]

On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou. 28 people were killed,[4][5] while at least 56 were wounded; a total of 176 hostages were released[6] after a government counter-attack into the next morning as the siege ended. Three perpetrators were also killed.

Ouagadougou, situated on the central plateau (12.4° N 1.5° W), grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba. Being an administrative center of colonial rule, it became an important urban center in the post-colonial era. First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou became a veritable communal center in 1995.

The climate of Ouagadougou is hot semi-arid (BSh) under Köppen-Geiger classification, that closely borders with tropical wet and dry (Aw). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with a rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in) per year. The rainy season stretches from May to October, its height from June to September, with a mean average temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). The cold season runs from December to January, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to May, can reach 43 °C (109 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator, its hottest months' temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso, the second most populous city.

The first municipal elections were held in 1956.[citation needed]

Ouagadougou is governed by a mayor who is elected for a five-year term, two senior councillors, and 90 councillors.

The city is divided into five arrondissements, consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area, which is about 219.3 square kilometres (84.7 sq mi).

The population of this area is estimated to be 1,475,000 inhabitants, 48% of which are men and 52% women. The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total, and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometer, according to 2006 census.

Concerning city management, the communes of Ouagadougou have made the decision to invest in huge projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the growing affluence of the villages allow for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it.[11]

Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest college is the state University of Ouagadougou which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students).[12]

The official language in the city is French and the principal local languages are More, Dyula and Fulfulde. The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994.[11]

International schools include:

A wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball, is played by Ouagadougou inhabitants. There are sports tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities.

There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap.[11]

Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO.[11][13]

Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG), but there are also private hospitals. Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée".[11]

Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds. The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year.[3]

Ouagadougou's citizens also travel in green cabs, which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA, but the price is higher after 10:00Â pm and can then reach 1000 CFA.[citation needed]

Ouagadougou Airport (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe. Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina) in Ouagadougou.[14][15]

Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso, Koudougou and Ivory Coast. As of June 2014 Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan.[16] There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016.[17]

The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial center of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry.[18] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti."[19]

Ouagadougou is an important commercial center. It is a center where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city.[18]

The economy is dominated by the informal sector, which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses.[18]

The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs.[18]

Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:

The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge".

Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 hectares (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history.

"Jardin de l'amitiÃ© Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the center of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads".


how many books are in the quantum prophecy series

The first in the original HarperCollins trilogy is titled The Quantum Prophecy (ISBN 978-0007210923, January 2006), the second is Sakkara (ISBN 978-0007210930, October 2006) and the third Absolute Power (ISBN 978-0007210947, July 2007). A prequel series has been completed, this series includes four novels, beginning with Super Human. The other three novels in the prequel series are: The Ascension, Stronger, and Hunter. Crossfire, released in October, 2015, and The Chasm, released in June 2017, make up the final two books in the series, both taking place after the original trilogy.

The New Heroes

The New Heroes (US series title: Quantum Prophecy) is a series of novels and short stories by Michael Carroll, first published in January 2006 by HarperCollins in the UK. The stories centre on realistic depictions of superhuman abilities manifesting in the world and the subsequent appearance of superheroes and villains. The first trilogy follows young adolescents as they become aware of their abilities and the danger that those powers may put them in. In December 2007, the author published a collection of short stories entitled Superhuman, which expanded upon the mythology.

The first of the original trilogy.

The story opens with a seemingly random battle among the many superhumans that inhabited the western world, set ten years ago at the foot of a gigantic tank that was on its way to New York City. During the course of this slugfest, the superheroes and supervillains all seem to lose their abilities.

Ten years later, Colin Wagner and Danny Cooper, the children of these superhumans are discovering their abilities and they soon learn that they have also inherited their parents' enemies. The teenagers are kidnapped in order to calibrate the machine that might take away their powers and stop a war that was prophesied by Danny's father, the man once known as Quantum. Danny was believed to be the cause of this war, and so he allowed the supervillain known as FaÃ§ade to take his place to let Maxwell Dalton record his visions of the future as he broke down. They had hoped to avert it by stripping the world of superpowers ten years ago, but the machine was destroyed and Danny's powers continued to manifest. The new machine would be unstable, and potentially kill hundreds of thousands of people, but it was a risk they were willing to take. With the help of old heroes, including the frozen in time Renata Soliz (Diamond), they stop this from happening and have those behind the plot taken away. By the end of the book, they realise how much risk is involved in becoming superhuman, with Danny's arm now missing, his real father dead, and many lives irrevocably changed.

In the United States, the series was originally published by Philomel Books, as Quantum Prophecy, and so the titles of the books were changed. The series is to be republished by Puffin Books starting in 2008. The first is called The Awakening (ISBN 0399247254, April 2007 and ISBN 978-0-14-241179-7, May 2008).

The Quantum Prophecy was nominated for the Ottakar's 2006 Children's Book Prize.[1] The book received positive reviews from nearly all critics, but some criticised the kitsch marketing of the series.

The second of the New Heroes trilogy.

Sakkara revolves around the titular superpowers research facility in the heart of the United States. The adolescent superhumans of The Quantum Prophecy return. Their covers are blown and they are forced to flee to the US in order to protect themselves from attack and publicity. The facility that they hide in is thought to be secret, until its name is known around the world following a terrorist attack in which the supervillain-turned-assassin leaves the word "Sakkara" spraypainted on the wall of an airport after killing dozens of people. Someone among the "New Heroes" or "old heroes" has broken protocol, but everyone is a suspect. As more and more attacks begin to occur, the pattern emerges that they are going after Trutopians. Trutopians are an international organisation designed to give each of its members security and equality, but with reduced freedoms. It is revealed that they are run by the antagonist of the last novel, Victor Cross, who has his own ideas of international peace and wishes to impose them on the world.

The Gathering (ISBNÂ 978-0399247262, July 2008)

Nominated for Best Novel in the British Science Fiction Association Awards in 2006.

A direct continuation of the previous book.

Not so long ago, the world believed superhumans dead after a great battle wiped out heroes and villains alike. Ten years later, "The New Heroes", a group of second-generation youngsters possessing superhuman powers have emerged and are now faced with difficult decisions when their leader Colin Wagner runs away in the midst of a political attack from the globe-spanning Trutopian organization led, unknown to them, by their enemy Victor Cross and his accomplice Yvonne. The pair have begun to plant the seeds of a dark shadow game that will manipulate the heroes into a series of actions that threaten to throw the world into war. If the planet is to survive, the new heroes will have to fight harder than they have ever have before.

The lives of the teenagers have been changed forever, and they decide to proactively use their powers of their own free will, in order to better the world. Collin does not know that the Trutopians are led by Victor Cross and he soon finds himself under the spell of Yvonne's mind-control. Unable to resist Yvonne's orders Collin soon finds himself turned against his fellow heroes, fighting on the side of the very people he had vowed to bring to justice.

In the United States, Absolute Power, the third book in the series, is published under the title The Reckoning. (ISBNÂ 978-0142415702, June 2010)

Superhuman is a collection of short stories set in the New Heroes universe. One story is long enough to be considered a novella, however. The author released the book exclusively through the New Heroes website in December 2007, and each one is signed and numbered. It is limited to 1,000 copies.

Below is a list of the individual stories contained in the book. The book also contains a number of articles, and has a foreword written by Michael Scott.

A prequel to the events of the New Heroes trilogy called Super Human was released on the official New Heroes website. It was released May 13, 2010.

A mysterious group is trying to bring Krodin, a four-thousand-year-old super human, forward in time to control the modern world. The story begins with Abby, a seemingly average girl with the power of superhuman strength, but only with metal. She is in the middle of working at a dinner when a television report comes on about a siege at a nearby warehouse that a terrorist group is using to hold hostages. Abby rushes to the scene, along with a mysterious and quiet boy that would come to the dinner daily. Abby and the boy (who is revealed to be Thunder and has the power of sound wave manipulation) try to infiltrate the warehouse with the help of Paragon and the US Military.

Another prequel to the events of the New Heroes trilogy, and a sequel to Super Human, The Ascension was released summer 2011. The plot involves Krodin who has mysteriously survived death by being sent back in time by six years after his battle with Abby, Thunder, Roz and Brawn. In the present the kids begin to notice changes in their America. It was released on June 30, 2011 and is the fifth book in the New Heroes series.

The sixth book in the New Heroes series was released on June 14, 2012. It is the backstory of Brawn, a rather minor villain of the series up until this point.

All Gethin Rao wants is to be like every other boy his age. But normal twelve-year-olds aren't blue. And they certainly aren't thirteen feet tall. That's what happens when his superpowers kick in. And from that moment on, his life is never the same. Nicknamed Brawn and treated as a villain - a monster - Gethin spends years on the run or as a prisoner in a secret military facility. When he finally falls in with a group of superpowered teens he becomes the one thing he never thought he'd be: a hero. But as the years pass Gethin learns that being a good guy is a lot more difficult than he thought.

The defeat of the near-invincible villain Krodin has left a void in the superhuman hierarchy, a void that two opposing factions are trying to fill. The powerful telepath Max Dalton believes that the human race must be controlled and shepherded to a safe future, while his rival Casey Duval believes that strength can only be achieved through conflict.

Caught in the middle is Lance McKendrick, a teenager with no special powers, only his wits and the tricks of a con artist. But Lance has a mission of his own: Krodin's ally, the violent and unpredictable supervillain Slaughter, murdered Lance's family, and he intends to make her pay.

Hunter was published in the US on May 1, 2014.

The world is slowly recovering from the chaos of the Trutopian War, but that was only the beginning. A dangerous enemy has emerged, and the New Heroes quickly find themselves outmatched and outnumbered. When their enemy starts to pick off their colleagues one-by-one, they realize that in order to win, they must fight the battle on the enemy's terms... But how far are they willing to go to save the human race?

Crossfire is the eighth book overall and is the first book of a final series taking place after the original trilogy. It was published world-wide in October, 2015.

The Chasm is the ninth and final book in the quantum prophecy series. It takes place after crossfire and sees the return of Krodin. It was published worldwide in June, 2017.[2]

New Heroes (Current series)

Heroes (Prequel Series)

Villains throughout the novels:


who said if the glove doesn't fit you must acquit

During closing arguments in the Simpson trial, Cochran uttered the now famous phrase, "If it doesn't fit, you must acquit." He used the phrase, which had been devised by fellow defense team member Gerald Uelmen,[19] as a way to try to persuade the jury that Simpson could not have murdered Nicole Brown Simpson nor Ron Goldman. In a dramatic scene, Simpson appeared to have difficulty getting the glove on; stained with blood of both victims and Simpson, it had been found at the crime scene.

Johnnie Cochran

Johnnie L. Cochran Jr.[1] (October 2, 1937 – March 29, 2005) was an American lawyer best known for his leadership role in the defense and criminal acquittal of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman.[2]

Cochran also represented Sean Combs during his trial on gun and bribery charges, Michael Jackson, Tupac Shakur, Todd Bridges,[3] football player Jim Brown, Snoop Dogg, former heavyweight champion Riddick Bowe,[4] 1992 Los Angeles riot beating victim Reginald Oliver Denny,[2] and inmate and activist Geronimo Pratt. He represented athlete Marion Jones when she faced charges of doping during her high school track career.[5] Cochran was known for his skill in the courtroom and his prominence as an early advocate for victims of police brutality.[1]

Cochran was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. His father was an insurance salesman, and his mother sold Avon products. The family relocated to the West Coast during the second wave of the Great Migration, settling in Los Angeles in 1949.[6] Cochran went to local schools and graduated first in his class from Los Angeles High School in 1955. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in business economics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1959 and a Juris Doctor from the Loyola Law School in 1962. He was a member and 45th "Laurel Wreath Wearer" of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity.[7][8]

Inspired by Thurgood Marshall and the legal victory Thurgood won in Brown v. Board of Education, Cochran decided to dedicate his life to practicing law. Cochran felt his career was a calling, a double opportunity to work for what he considered to be right and to challenge what he considered wrong; he could make a difference by practicing law. In A Lawyer's Life, Cochran wrote, "I read everything that I could find about Thurgood Marshall and confirmed that a single dedicated man could use the law to change society".

Despite setbacks as a lawyer, Cochran vowed not to cease what he was doing, saying: "I made this commitment and I must fulfill it."[9]

After passing the bar in 1963, Cochran took a job in Los Angeles as a deputy city attorney in the criminal division.[10] In 1964, the young Cochran received one of his first celebrity cases, Lenny Bruce, a comedian who had recently been arrested on obscenity charges.[11] Two years later, Cochran entered private practice. Soon thereafter, he opened his own firm, Cochran, Atkins & Evans, in Los Angeles.[2]

In his first notable case, Cochran represented an African-American widow who sued several police officers who had shot and killed her husband, Leonard Deadwyler. Though Cochran lost the case, it became a turning point in his career. Rather than seeing the case as a defeat, Cochran realized the trial itself had awakened the black community. In reference to the loss, Cochran wrote in The American Lawyer, "those were extremely difficult cases to win in those days. But what Deadwyler confirmed for me was that this issue of police abuse really galvanized the minority community. It taught me that these cases could really get attention."

By the late 1970s, Cochran had established his reputation in the black community. He was litigating a number of high-profile police brutality and criminal cases.[1]

In 1978, Cochran returned to the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office as its first black assistant district attorney. Though he took a pay cut to do so, joining the government was his way of becoming "one of the good guys, one of the very top rung." He began to strengthen his ties with the political community, alter his image, and work from within to change the system.[12]

Five years later, Cochran returned to private practice, reinventing himself as "the best in the West" by opening the Johnnie L Cochran Jr. law firm. In contrast to his early loss in the Deadwyler case, Cochran won US$760,000 for the family of Ron Settles, a black college football player who, his family claimed, was murdered by the police. In 1990, Cochran joined a succeeding firm, Cochran, Mitchell & Jenna,[13] and joined Cochran, Cherry, Givens & Smith in 1997.[14] The Cochran Firm has grown to have regional offices located in fifteen states.

In most of his cases Cochran represented plaintiffs in tort actions, and he opposed tort reform.[15] Due to his success as a lawyer, Cochran could encourage settlement simply by his presence on a case.[16] According to Rev. Jesse Jackson, a call to Johnnie Cochran made "corporations and violators shake."[12]

Cochran's well-honed rhetoric[4] and flamboyance[17] in the courtroom has been described as theatrical. His practice as a lawyer earned him great wealth. With his earnings, he bought and drove cars such as a Jaguar and a Rolls-Royce. He owned homes in Los Angeles, two apartments in West Hollywood, and a condo in Manhattan. In 2001, Cochran's accountant estimated that within five years the attorney would be worth US$25â€“50 million.[18]

Even before the Simpson case, Cochran had achieved a reputation as a "go-to" lawyer for the rich, as well as a successful advocate for minorities in police brutality and civil rights cases. However, the controversial and dramatic Simpson trial made Cochran more widely known, generating a variety of opinions about him.[1][16]

Cochran had often liked to say that he worked "not only for the OJs, but also the No Js". In other words, he enjoyed defending or suing in the name of those who did not have fame or wealth. Cochran's most glorious moment as a lawyer, he believed, was when he won the freedom of Geronimo Pratt. Cochran said he considered Pratt's release "the happiest day" of his legal practice.[1] In the words of the Harvard Law School professor Charles Ogletree, Cochran "was willing to fight for the underdog."[12] Rev. Jesse Jackson believed Cochran was the "people's lawyer."[17] Magic Johnson proclaimed Cochran was known "...for representing O. J. and Michael, but he was bigger and better than that".[3]

Cochran did not represent Simpson in the subsequent civil trial for the same murders; Simpson was found liable for the deaths. Cochran was criticized during the criminal trial by pundits, as well as by prosecutor Christopher Darden, for suggesting that the police were trying to frame Simpson because they were racist.[20] Cochran told the majority-black jury that police officers were trying to frame Simpson because of his race.[4]

Robert Shapiro, co-counsel on the Simpson defense team, accused Cochran of dealing the "race card" "from the bottom of the deck."[10] In response, Cochran replied it was "not a case about race, it is a case about reasonable doubt...", noting "there are a lot of white people who are willing to accept this verdict."[21]

On September 8, 2012, Darden claimed that the late Cochran had tampered with the glove that was at the center of the Simpson trial.[22]

Cochran successfully represented Abner Louima, a Haitian immigrant in New York City who was sodomized with a plunger while in police custody. Louima was awarded an $8.75 million settlement, the largest police brutality settlement in New York City. Tension broke out between Louima's original lawyers and the new team headed by Cochran. The former team felt that Cochran and his colleagues were trying to take control of the entire trial.[23]

In 2001, Sean (P. Diddy) Combs was indicted on stolen weapons charges and bribery. He hired Cochran for his defense. Cochran effectively fought for Combs' freedom, and Combs was acquitted. [24]

In 2002, Cochran told Combs that this would be his last criminal case. After that trial, Cochran retired. He later declined to represent R. Kelly and Allen Iverson in criminal cases, who had asked for his services.[9]

In December 2003, Cochran was diagnosed with a brain tumor. In April 2004, he underwent surgery, which led to his staying away from the media. Shortly thereafter, he told the New York Post he was feeling well, and that he was in good health.[6][25]

On March 29, 2005, he died at his home in Los Angeles, from the brain tumor.[6][25] Public viewing of his casket was conducted on April 4, at the Angelus Funeral Home and April 5, at Second Baptist Church, in Los Angeles. A memorial service was held at West Angeles Church of God in Christ, in Los Angeles, on April 6, 2005.[citation needed] His remains were interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California. The funeral was attended by numerous former clients and friends, including O.J. Simpson.[3]

On May 31, 2005, two months after Cochran's death, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered its opinion on Tory v. Cochran. The court ruled 7â€“2 that in light of Cochran's death, an injunction limiting the demonstrations of Ulysses Tory "amounts to an overly broad prior restraint upon speech". Two justices, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, said that Cochran's death made it unnecessary for the court to rule. Lower courts, before Cochran died, held that Tory could not make any public comments about Cochran in any way.[26]

Before Cochran's nationwide fame in the O.J. Simpson trial, actor Denzel Washington interviewed Cochran as part of his research for the movie Philadelphia (1993).[34]

After the Simpson trial, Cochran was a frequent commentator on law-related television shows. Additionally, he hosted his own show, Johnnie Cochran Tonight, on CourtTV. With the Simpson fame also came movie deals.[35]

Actor Phil Morris played attorney Jackie Chiles, a character parody of Cochran, in several episodes of Seinfeld.[36][37]

Cochran was satirized in the animated sitcom South Park, in which he appears using a confusing legal strategy called "the Chewbacca defense",[38] a direct parody of his closing argument when defending O.J. Simpson.

Cochran took these parodies in stride, discussing them in his autobiography, A Lawyer's Life.[39] Additionally, he appeared as himself in The Hughleys, Family Matters, The Howard Stern Show, Arli$$, CHiPs '99, Bamboozled, Showtime, Martin, and JAG.

Ving Rhames played Cochran in the miniseries American Tragedy (2000).

Cochran is mentioned in the 2011 musical comedy The Book of Mormon, where he is depicted as being in hell for "getting O. J. free".[40]

Cochran is also mentioned in Good Charlotte's song "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" in their 2002 album The Young and the Hopeless, indicating that one could get away with crimes as long as they have the cash to pay Cochran, a mockery to the O.J. Simpson case.

In Lethal Weapon 4, an officer arrests a waiter, shouting "You have the right to an attorney! If you can't afford an attorney, we'll provide you with the dumbest fuckin' lawyer on Earth! But if you get Johnnie Cochran, I'll kill ya![41]"

Courtney B. Vance won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for playing Cochran in The People v. O. J. Simpson (2016), the first season of the FX true crime anthology television series, American Crime Story.

Juicy J mentions Cochran in the song "Call My Lawyer" from his 2017 mixtape Highly Intoxicated, most likely referencing Cochran's success with the high profile clients he has represented.


n mcculloch v. maryland what did the state of maryland argue

James William McCulloch, head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States, refused to pay the tax and the bank was represented by Daniel Webster. The lawsuit was filed by John James, an informer who sought to collect one half of the fine as provided for by the statute. The case was appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals where the state of Maryland argued that "the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks." It was Maryland's contention that because the Constitution did not specifically state that the federal government was authorized to charter a bank, the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. The court upheld Maryland. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court.

McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819)[1], was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.

This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

On April 10, 1816, the Congress of the United States passed an act titled "An Act to Incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States", which provided for the incorporation of the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank first went into full operation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1817, the Bank opened a branch in Baltimore, Maryland, and transacted and carried on business as a branch of the Bank of the United States by issuing bank notes, discounting promissory notes, and performing other operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform. Both sides of the litigation admitted that the President, directors, and company of the Bank had no authority to establish the Baltimore branch, or office of discount and deposit, other than the fact that Maryland had adopted the Constitution of the United States.

On February 11, 1818, the General Assembly of Maryland passed an act titled, "an act to impose a tax on all banks, or branches thereof, in the State of Maryland, not chartered by the legislature":

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has established or shall, without authority from the State first had and obtained establish any branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State, it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in any manner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars, and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper of the following denominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall be upon a stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty cents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents; every fifty dollar note, upon a stamp of fifty cents; every one hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of one dollar; every five hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of ten dollars; and every thousand dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty dollars; which paper shall be furnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore, under the direction of the Governor and Council, to be paid for upon delivery; provided always that any institution of the above description may relieve itself from the operation of the provisions aforesaid by paying annually, in advance, to the Treasurer of the Western Shore, for the use of State, the sum of $15,000.

And be it enacted that the President, cashier, each of the directors and officers of every institution established or to be established as aforesaid, offending against the provisions aforesaid shall forfeit a sum of $500 for each and every offence, and every person having any agency in circulating any note aforesaid, not stamped as aforesaid directed, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $100, every penalty aforesaid to be recovered by indictment or action of debt in the county court of the county where the offence shall be committed, one-half to the informer and the other half to the use of the State...

The Court determined that Congress did have the power to create the Bank. Chief Justice Marshall supported this conclusion with four main arguments.[2] First, he argued that historical practice established Congress' power to create the Bank. Marshall invoked the first Bank of the United States history as authority for the constitutionality of the second bank.[2] The first Congress enacted the bank after great debate and that it was approved by an executive "with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced, and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast."[3]

Second, Chief Justice Marshall refuted the argument that states retain ultimate sovereignty because they ratified the constitution. "The powers of the general government, it has been said, are delegated by the states, who alone are truly sovereign; and must be exercised in subordination to the states, who alone possess supreme dominion."[4] Marshall contended that it was the people who ratified the Constitution and thus the people are sovereign, not the states.[2]

Third, Marshall addressed the scope of congressional powers under Article I. The Court broadly described Congress' authority before addressing the necessary and proper clause.[2] Marshall admitted that the Constitution does not enumerate a power to create a central Bank but said that this is not dispositive as to Congress's power to establish such an institution.[2] Chief Justice Marshall wrote, "In considering this question, then, we must never forget, that it is a constitution we are expounding."[5]

Fourth, Marshall supported the Court's opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause, which permits Congress to seek an objective while exercising its enumerated powers so long as the objective is not forbidden by the Constitution. In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Court rejected Maryland's narrow interpretation of the clause, which purported that the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause meant that Congress could only pass those laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers. The Court rejected this argument, on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only those laws deemed essential to a power's execution could be passed. Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress, not the limitations.

The Court held that for these reasons, the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause (elastic clause) does not refer to the only way of doing something, but rather applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally established powers. "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional."

This principle had been established many years earlier by Alexander Hamilton:[6]

[A] criterion of what is constitutional, and of what is not so... is the end, to which the measure relates as a mean. If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority. There is also this further criterion which may materially assist the decision: Does the proposed measure abridge a pre-existing right of any State, or of any individual? If it does not, there is a strong presumption in favour of its constitutionality....

Chief Justice Marshall also determined that Maryland may not tax the bank without violating the Constitution. The Court voided the tax on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. The opinion stated that Congress has implied powers that need to be related to the text of the Constitution, but need not be enumerated within the text. This case was a seminal moment in the formation of a balance between federalism, federal power, and states' powers. Chief Justice Marshall also explained in this case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require that all federal laws be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express, enumerated powers granted by the Constitution need not comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause, holding that the clause "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted."

Though Marshall rejected the 10th amendment's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word "expressly" unlike the Articles of Confederation, which was replaced by the Constitution,[7] controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed. Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states where the states maintain superiority. Unlike Marshall, his successor, Roger B. Taney, established Dual federalism, where separate but equal branches of government were believed to be a better option.[8]

McCulloch v. Maryland was cited in the first substantial constitutional case presented before the High Court of Australia in D'Emden v Pedder (1904), which dealt with similar issues in the Australian Federation. While recognizing American law as not binding on them, the Australian Court nevertheless determined that the McCulloch decision provided the best guideline for the relationship between the Commonwealth federal government, and the Australian States, owing in large part to strong similarities between the American and Australian constitutions.


who is the youngest coach in the nfl

Sean McVay (born January 24, 1986) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). Upon his hiring in 2017 at the age of 30, he became the youngest head coach in modern NFL history.

Sean McVay

McVay was born in Dayton, Ohio, the son of Tim and Cindy McVay.[1] Seanâ€™s father, Tim, played football as a defensive back[2] at Indiana University. His family lived in Dayton until Sean was six years old.[3] His grandfather, John McVay, is a former San Francisco 49ers general manager, who was involved in constructing the five Super Bowl winning seasons for the team.[4]

McVay graduated from Marist School in 2004. He was a four-year starter at Marist as a quarterback and defensive back for the War Eagles high school football team. He was the first player in school history to amass 1,000 yards rushing and passing in consecutive seasons. He totaled 2,600 yards rushing and 40 rushing touchdowns during his career and also passed for 2,500 yards and 18 touchdowns, leading the War Eagles to a 26–3 record, including a 14–1 record and state championship his senior year, when he was also named the Georgia 4A Offensive Player of the Year. [1]

McVay attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he played college football as a wide receiver from 2004–2007, earning Miami’s Scholar-Athlete Award in 2007.[1] He recorded 39 receptions for 312 yards for the RedHawks in his college career.[5] He graduated from Miami in 2008.[3]

McVay began his coaching career as an assistant wide receivers coach with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2008 under head coach Jon Gruden. The following year, he was the wide receivers/quality control coach for the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League (UFL).[6]

In 2010, McVay was hired as the assistant tight ends coach for the Washington Redskins. In 2011, he was promoted to tight ends coach, a position he held through the 2013 season.

On January 14, 2014, McVay was promoted by new Redskins head coach, Jay Gruden, to offensive coordinator. In his first year as offensive coordinator, he turned the team's offense into the 12th-ranked pass offense in the National Football League (NFL) -- averaging 268.4 passing yards per game with third year quarterback, Kirk Cousins -- the 17th-ranked rush offense, with 97.9 rushing yards per game, and the 10th ranked total offense in the NFL, a year after the team's offense finished ranked 25th in total offense, averaging 24.3 points per game and 353.8 total yards per game. In 2016, the offense ranked as the third best pass offense in the NFL with 309.3 passing yards per game, improved to the 20th ranked rush offense after being 25th the year prior (averaging 106.0 rushing yards per game), and finished 12th overall in total offense, averaging 24.8 points per game and 385.6 total yards per game.

On January 12, 2017, McVay was hired to become the 28th head coach of the Los Angeles Rams at the age of 30. The Rams had made him the youngest head coach in modern NFL history, surpassing Lane Kiffin, who was 31 when hired by the Oakland Raiders in 2007.[7]

On September 10, 2017, McVay made his regular season head coaching debut against the Indianapolis Colts, and led the Rams to an impressive blowout 46–9 victory in a home game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.[8] Despite a loss to McVay's former team the Washington Redskins nonetheless, the Rams pulled off a close 41–39 victory over the San Francisco 49ers and turned a 16–24 deficit into a 35–30 upset victory over the Dallas Cowboys, but the Rams eventually recorded another loss to division rival Seattle Seahawks at home. Regardless, in just five games, the Rams offense scored a total of 142 (later 151) points a league leader and a franchise high. The Rams went on to beat the Jacksonville Jaguars on the road and the Arizona Cardinals in an NFL International Series game for the team's first shutout win since 2014, as well as raising their record to 5-2 for the first time since 2004 (the last time the team made the playoffs) and a first place lead in the NFC West. McVay coached the Rams to a blowout against the New York Giants in their highest-scoring game yet, a 51–17 victory, which raised the Rams’ record to 6-2. The Rams would score another win at home against the Houston Texans with a 33-7 score in the second half to raise the record for the Rams to 7-2 for their best record of the season since 2001. In Week 12, the Rams scored yet another win at home against the New Orleans Saints 26-20 to raise their record to 8-3. In Week 13, on the road the Rams faced divisional rival Arizona Cardinals and won 32-16 for their first winning season since 2003.

NFL head coaches under whom McVay has served:

McVay resides in Los Angeles, California with his girlfriend.[9]


tony toni tone just me and you album

The Revival broadened the group's exposure to fans beyond their initial R&B audience.[17] However, they became ambivalent about their newfound mainstream success and their music being labeled "retro" by critics.[12] In an interview for People magazine, lead singer and bassist Raphael Wiggins expressed his dissatisfaction with the music industry, saying that "every record company wants to get a group and put 'em in a Benz with a car phone and a beeper, show them dressing in three different outfits, put them in a video shot on a beach with lots of swinging bikinis. You won't ever see us on a beach. We're just down-to-earth, funky, like-to-play guys."[18][19] Before considering a follow-up album, the band recorded several songs for film soundtracks, including "Me and You" for Boyz n the Hood (1991), "House Party (I Don't Know What You Come to Do)" for House Party 2 (1991), and "Waiting on You" for Poetic Justice (1993).[17]

Tony! Toni! Toné!

Tony! Toni! TonÃ©! is an American soul/R&B group from Oakland, California, popular during the late 1980s and early to mid-1990s. During the band's heyday, it was composed of Dwayne Wiggins on lead vocals and guitar, his brother Raphael Saadiq (born Charles Ray Wiggins) on lead vocals and bass, and their cousin Timothy Christian Riley on drums and keyboards. Other members were Elijah Baker, Carl Wheeler, Randall Wiggins, and Amar Khalil, who is the current lead singer of the group, and Antron Haile.

Originally, the band went by "Tony, Toni, TonÃ©" as a joke, until they realized it had a nice ring to it.[1]

After their debut album Who?[2] in 1988 followed by The Revival in 1990, the group achieved their greatest commercial success with the double platinum certified Sons of Soul in 1993.[3][4] Tony! Toni! TonÃ©! disbanded after the release of their fourth album House of Music (1996), which critics cite as their greatest work.[5][6]

Their first album, Who?, produced and co-written by Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy, was released in 1988. The album went gold and had several hit singles. The first of these, "Little Walter" went to #1 on the R&B charts. The next three singles, "Born Not To Know", "For The Love Of You" and "Baby Doll" were all Top 10 R&B singles. Who? was a modest success.[7] It charted for 44 weeks on the Billboard Top Pop Albums, peaking at number 69,[8] and produced four singles, including the R&B hit "Little Walter". On December 5, 1989, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States.[9] As of August 1993, it has sold over 700,000 copies in the US.[10]

The group's second album The Revival was released in 1990 and reached platinum status. The album spawned several #1 R&B hits with "It Never Rains (In Southern California)", "Feels Good", "The Blues", and "Whatever You Want" all topping the R&B charts. "Feels Good" was the group's first single to breach the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 and went gold.

Inspired by live instrumentation, turntablism, and classic soul music, Tony! Toni! TonÃ©! recorded and produced their second album, The Revival, mostly themselves and released it in 1990 to commercial success.[11][12] Released on May 8, 1990, by Wing Records,[13] The Revival charted for 64 weeks on the Billboard Top Pop Albums, peaking at number 34 on the chart.[14] The album's second single "Feels Good" was released on June 19 and certified gold on November 13 after it had shipped 500,000 copies.[13] The single topped the R&B chart for two weeks and reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 in the fall of 1990, going on to sell over one million copies.[15] In late 1990, the album's fourth single "It Never Rains (In Southern California)" became a number-one R&B hit and also peaked at number 34 on the Hot 100.[16]

Having fulfilled their creative intentions with The Revival, Tony! Toni! Toné! wanted to pay homage to their musical influences with Sons of Soul.[20][21] In a 1993 interview for The New York Times, Wiggins elaborated on their direction for the album, stating "We're paying homage to a lot of older artists who paved the way for us artists like the Temptations, Sly and the Family Stone, Earth, Wind and Fire. They're the people who inspired us when we were growing up, people like Aretha Franklin, James Brown. We feel we're the sons of everything and all those people who came before us."[20] He also explained the album's title as a declaration of them being descendants of those artists, "not in a grandiose sense, but from the standpoint that we really are the musical offspring of all that's come before us ... paying homage to our past, but creating in a contemporary environment."[22]

Tony! Toni! Toné! took a hiatus as a group after the commercial and critical success of Sons of Soul. According to vocalist and bassist Raphael Wiggins, each member had pursued individual music projects, and "the group was trying to figure out where everybody's time, space and head was at."[23] He, D'wayne Wiggins, and Timothy Christian Riley worked on songwriting and production for other recording artists during the band's hiatus, including D'Angelo, En Vogue, Karyn White, Tevin Campbell, and A Tribe Called Quest.[24] Raphael Wiggins adopted the surname "Saadiq" for his professional name in 1994—"man of his word" in Arabic—and released his solo single "Ask of You" in 1995.[25] Their work outside the band led to rumors of a break-up during the time between albums.[26] Tony! Toni! Toné! eventually regrouped and began recording House of Music in September 1995.[27]

House of Music expanded on Tony! Toni! Toné!'s previous traditional R&B-influenced work by emphasizing live instrumentation and ballads.[28] In the opinion of Daily Herald writer Dan Kening, the album continued the band's mix of contemporary R&B and old-fashioned soul, deeming it "half a tribute to their '60s and '70s soul music roots and half a masterful blend of modern smooth balladeering and danceable funk."[29] Released on November 19, 1996, House of Music reached number 32 on the Billboard 200 and spent 31 weeks on the chart.[30] In its first eight weeks, the album sold 318,502 copies in the US.[31] Tony! Toni! Toné! inaugurated its release with a satellite press conference and in-store performance at a small retail outlet in the San Francisco Bay Area. They also embarked on a tour of historically black colleges and Black Independent Coalition record shops after "Let's Get Down" had been sent to R&B and crossover radio on October 28 as the album's lead single; its music video was released to outlets such as BET, The Box, and MTV.[32] Tony! Toni! Toné! performed the song on the sketch comedy show All That; on the music variety program Soul Train, they performed "Let's Get Down" and "Annie May".[33] "Thinking of You" was released as the second single on March 11, 1997, by which time House of Music had sold 514,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[34] On August 6, the album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[35]

The single "Me & You" appears on the soundtrack to the motion picture Boyz n the Hood.

Following the release of Sons of Soul, the group was a part of the R&B supergroup Black Men United, along with Silk and H-Town. The song "U Will Know" appeared on the soundtrack for the movie Jason's Lyric.

In 1996, the group released their final studio album to date, House of Music. The album lacked the strong singles of earlier entries, only getting "Thinking Of You" & "Let's Get Down" into the top 10 on the R&B charts, with "Thinking Of You" hitting #22 on the Hot 100. The album reached platinum status.

Tony! Toni! TonÃ©!, with Amar Khalil singing lead vocals (in place of Saadiq), has been touring since late 1998.

Raphael Saadiq released his first solo effort, the Top 20 Billboard hit "Ask of You" for the Higher Learning soundtrack, in 1995. Around the same time, Saadiq became a much-sought-after R&B producer, scoring hits for D'Angelo, Total, The Roots, and others. Later in the 2000s, he started a solo career, releasing two albums:  Instant Vintage (2002) and Ray Ray (2004). Regarding changing his surname to 'Saadiq' for a solo career, in February 2009 Raphael stated to noted UK R&B writer Pete Lewis of the award-winning Blues & Soul: "I just wanted to have my own identity".[36]

Lucy Pearl was an R&B supergroup formed in 1999 as the brainchild of Raphael Saadiq. The other members of Lucy Pearl were Dawn Robinson (En Vogue) and Ali Shaheed Muhammad (A Tribe Called Quest). They released their self-titled debut album in 2000. After two singles, "Dance Tonight" and "Don't Mess with My Man", Dawn Robinson left and was replaced by Joi. The new line-up released the track "Without You". The group split up shortly after, releasing no other material.

In 2005, D'wayne Wiggins became the band leader for the Weekends at the D.L. television show hosted by comedian D. L. Hughley, which aired on the Comedy Central cable network until 2006.

D'wayne Wiggins solo album, Eyes Never Lie, was a disappointment only selling approximately 150,000 units despite its acclaim as some of the most innovative writing and artistry from the Tony's founder.[citation needed]

In 2003, members of Tony! Toni! TonÃ©!, except for Saadiq, were invited by Alicia Keys to be guest artists on her album The Diary of Alicia Keys. The song that resulted from that session was called "Diary", and when it was released as a single in the fall of 2004, it gave them their first Top 10 US hit in eleven years.


where was the first wegmans grocery store built

Wegmans is a privately owned company, founded in 1916 by John and Walter Wegman as the Rochester Fruit and Vegetable Company.[10] Wegmans is headquartered in the Rochester suburb of Gates. Danny Wegman is the Chairman. His daughter, Colleen Wegman, is President and CEO; his other daughter, Nicole Wegman, is senior vice-president.[10] Danny's father, Robert Wegman, who died in 2006, was previously chairman. Robert was the son of co-founder Walter Wegman. During his life, Robert Wegman was a pioneer in the retail food business, as well as a generous donor to educational institutions and other charities.[11][12]

Wegmans

Wegmans Food Markets, Inc. is a privately held American regional supermarket chain headquartered in Gates, New York, near Rochester.[5][6] Wegmans has 93 stores[1] in the mid-Atlantic and New England regions, in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Virginia. Founded in 1916 in Rochester, Wegmans has appeared on Fortune's annual "100 Best Companies to Work For" list since the list first appeared in 1998, and has ranked among the top 10 for eight consecutive years.[7] In 2017, the company celebrated 20 years on the list, and has been ranked #2,[8] behind Google.[9]

In 1968, the chain expanded beyond the Rochester area, with a store in Syracuse,[13] and again in 1977 with its first Buffalo store.[13] The first store outside New York opened in 1993 in Erie, Pennsylvania,[13] and the expansion continued into New Jersey in 1999,[13] Virginia in 2004, and Maryland in 2005.[13][14] As a part of the company's continued expansion efforts, Wegmans opened its fifth Maryland location in Columbia on June 17, 2012.[15] Its sixth Maryland location opened in Crofton on October 28, 2012, followed by a Germantown location on September 15, 2013.[16] Wegmans opened a store at the Montgomery Mall in North Wales, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 2013, the first store to be part of a shopping mall since the closing of the Midtown Plaza store in Rochester.[17][18]

Wegmans, having long planned to expand into New England,[19][20] opened their first store in that region in Northborough, Massachusetts, on October 16, 2011.[21][22] 2014 saw Wegmans opening two more Massachusetts stores, in Newton on April 27,[23] and in Burlington on October 26.[24] Its fourth Massachusetts store opened in Westwood on October 11, 2015.[25] The eighth Maryland store opened in Owings Mills, Maryland in September 2016.[26] In late 2016, Wegmans opened Virginia stores in Short Pump (August),[27] Midlothian,[27] and Charlottesville (November).[28] The Hanover Township, New Jersey location opened in July 2017. More locations are scheduled to open soon, including, Medford, Massachusetts, in fall 2017, Montvale, New Jersey, in fall 2017, Chantilly, Virginia, in 2018, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 2018,[29] and Natick, Massachusetts, in 2018. Nine other locations are currently in the works, including one in Brooklyn's Navy Yard, the chain's first location in New York City, Tysons Corner, Virginia, Harrison, New York in Westchester County, the first four North Carolina locations, which are in Cary, Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and West Cary, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Washington, DC.[30][31][32][33][34][35]

In 2009, Wegmans ranked 29th on the Supermarket News list of the Top 75 North American Food Retailers based on sales volume,[36] up from number 32 on the 2007 Supermarket News list,[3] and 7th among privately held U.S. supermarkets.[citation needed] In 2009 Stores Magazine showed it to be the 74th-largest retailer in the United States with estimated revenues of $4.67 billion[37] As of 2006, it was the 66th largest privately held company, as determined by Forbes.[38] On Forbes's 2005 list, Wegmans ranked 54th.[39]

Most of Wegmans' newer stores are of the "superstore" or "megamarket" type, with a large area, a variety of foods aimed at an upscale clientele, and in many stores, Market CafÃ© in-store dining areas. From 2002-2009m Wegmans owned and operated Tastings, a full-service restaurant at its Pittsford, New York.[10] Tastings was replaced with The Food Bar, a'seafood shack'-styled restaurant in the same space, and is now The Burger Bar, which serves hamburgers. Next Door by Wegmans, a stand-alone restaurant operated by Wegmans, opened across the street from the Pittsford store in 2009.

In January 2007, Wegmans announced two business ventures: (1) opening a 19,000 sq ft (1,800 m2) liquor store in Pittsford (adding to its two existing wine centers, in Virginia and New Jersey); and (2) the creation of a $28 million "Culinary Innovation Center" (in Chili, New York), a corporate research and development facility that will house a new central kitchen (replacing some of the operations at its meat center).[40] The liquor store opened in April 2008 as Century Pittsford Wines. It is not owned by the company, but independently owned directly by a member of the Wegman family due to New York liquor laws. The store is 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2).[41][42] This business model has been replicated at three other New York Wegmans locations in Buffalo, DeWitt and Johnson City. Ownership of each liquor store is held by different members of the Wegman family due to New York State regulations prohibiting individuals from owning multiple liquor stores.[43]

After Wegmans updated their logo to a script font, in November 2010, Walgreens filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against Wegmans, claiming the "W" in the Wegman's logo is too similar to Walgreens'.[44] The lawsuit was settled in April 2011, with Wegmans agreeing to discontinue use of its "W" logo by June 2012, although the supermarket retains the right to use the "Wegmans" name in script.[45] According to Jo Natale, Wegmans director of media relations, "The cost of making relatively minor changes to a limited number of products was much less than the cost of litigating this case to the end."[46]

Wegmans offers a pick-up service called "Personal Shopping" at selected locations.[47] In June 2017, Wegmans partnered with Instacart to provide home delivery service[48]. Rollout has been growing to more stores in the chain, which can be checked via the Wegmans Instacart website.

On January 30, 2016, Wegmans celebrated its 100th anniversary.[49]

Wegmans has received much media attention for customer fan base, organic food, hot food bar, the depth of its food selection and employee happiness.[50] Food Network recognized it with its award for Best Grocery Store in 2007,[51] and Consumer Reports subscribers voted Wegmans the top grocery store in 2017, and it has held the top spot since 2006.[52] It was also profiled as part of "Here Are The Jobs" segment on MSNBC's PoliticsNation on July 6, 2012.[53] In 2016, Market Force surveyed over 10,000 grocery store shoppers nationwide, and Wegmans was rated as 'Americas favorite grocery store'.[54]

Wegmans has a loyal fan base of customers who have received recognition for their devotion, who have lined up overnight in the thousands for a new store opening, regularly write "love letters" to the store to ask for one to open in a region not presently served, and in Northborough, Massachusetts, many high school students staged a musical about the store.[55][56] The store's fans have their own twitter hashtag "#Wegmania" and a Tumblr.

Wegmans was the parent company of Chase-Pitkin, a regional home improvement retailer. On October 4, 2005, Wegmans announced that it would close all Chase-Pitkin stores by early 2006[57] and focus on its supermarket operations. The decision to exit the home improvement business was reportedly due to the increasing dominance of national chains such as Lowe's and The Home Depot.[57] Chase-Pitkin stores closed individually at various points throughout March 2006.

In January 2008, Wegmans announced that it would no longer sell tobacco products because of their negative effects on human health and the environment[58] and would offer smoking cessation programs to all employees.[59] The decision drew praise from the American Lung Association of New York State, which presented Wegmans with the "Lung Champion Award".[59]

Wegmans began branding its products in 1979, offering basic commodities with a lower price than the national brands. The "Wegmans" brand has gradually expanded. In 1992, it began a line of health products, "Food You Feel Good About". The next sub-brand to be launched was "Italian Classics". In 1995, Wegmans introduced its imported pastas, canned tomatoes, and olive oils. Many of the products are from Italy. In 2002, Wegmans launched a line of organic products.

Wegmans stores offer a prepared foods section called "Chefs Creations". Here, prepared entrees ranging in price from $6 to $10 are paired with two side dishes of the customers choosing. These meals can also come pre-packaged by the store for easy selection. In 2016, Wegmans began pushing their "EZ Meals" line of ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook, and fresh-cut entrees and dinners. These products are created in-store with the benefit of offering an easy to prepare meal.

The Wegmans brand has been used extensively in the American sitcom The Office; the program is set in the city of Scranton, Pennsylvania, which does have a Wegmans store, despite being filmed in suburban Los Angeles.[60][61]


what is the difference between burpless cucumbers and regular cucumbers

Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste.  They can grow as long as 2 feet (0.61Â m), are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown in greenhouses, these parthenocarpic cucumbers are often found in grocery markets, shrink-wrapped in plastic.  They are sometimes marketed as seedless or burpless, because the seeds and skin of other varieties of cucumbers are said to give some people gas.[16]

Cucumber

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is a creeping vine that bears cucumiform fruits that are used as vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber: slicing, pickling, and seedless. Within these varieties, several cultivars have been created.  In North America, the term "wild cucumber" refers to plants in the genera Echinocystis and Marah, but these are not closely related.  The cucumber is originally from South Asia, but now grows on most continents. Many different types of cucumber are traded on the global market.

The cucumber is a creeping vine that roots in the ground and grows up trellises or other supporting frames, wrapping around supports with thin, spiraling tendrils.[1] The plant may also root in a soilless medium and will sprawl along the ground if it does not have supports.  The vine has large leaves that form a canopy over the fruits. The fruit of typical cultivars of cucumber is roughly cylindrical, but elongated with tapered ends, and may be as large as 60 centimeters (24 in) long and 10 centimeters (3.9 in) in diameter.[citation needed]  Botanically speaking, the cucumber is classified as a pepo, a type of botanical berry with a hard outer rind and no internal divisions. Much like tomato and squash, it is often perceived, prepared and eaten as a vegetable. Cucumber fruits consist of 95% water (see nutrition table).

A tendril emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing

A string lattice supports vine growth

A bulb shaped cucumber hanging on the vine

A few cultivars of cucumber are parthenocarpic, the blossoms creating seedless fruit without pollination. Pollination for these cultivars degrades the quality. In the United States, these are usually grown in greenhouses, where bees are excluded. In Europe, they are grown outdoors in some regions, and bees are excluded from these areas.

Most cucumber cultivars, however, are seeded and require pollination. Thousands of hives of honey bees are annually carried to cucumber fields just before bloom for this purpose. Cucumbers may also be pollinated by bumblebees and several other bee species. Most cucumbers that require pollination are self-incompatible, so pollen from a different plant is required to form seeds and fruit.[2] Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon' cultivar.[2] Symptoms of inadequate pollination include fruit abortion and misshapen fruit. Partially pollinated flowers may develop fruit that are green and develop normally near the stem end, but are pale yellow and withered at the blossom end.

Traditional cultivars produce male blossoms first, then female, in about equivalent numbers. Newer gynoecious hybrid cultivars produce almost all female blossoms. They may have a pollenizer cultivar interplanted, and the number of beehives per unit area is increased, but temperature changes induce male flowers even on these plants, which may be sufficient for pollination to occur.[2]

In a 100-gram serving, raw cucumber (with peel) is 95% water, provides 67 kilojoules (16 kilocalories) and supplies low content of essential nutrients, as it is notable only for vitamin K at 16% of the Daily Value (table).

In 2009, an international team of researchers announced they had sequenced the cucumber genome.[3]

In general cultivation, cucumbers are classified into three main cultivar groups: "slicing", "pickling", and "burpless".

Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called slicing cucumbers. The main varieties of slicers mature on vines with large leaves that provide shading.[4] They are mainly eaten in the unripe green form, since the ripe yellow form normally becomes bitter and sour. Slicers grown commercially for the North American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have a much tougher skin. Slicers in other countries are smaller and have a thinner, more delicate skin, often having fewer seeds and being sold in a plastic skin for protection. Sometimes these are known as English cucumbers. This variety may also be called a "telegraph cucumber", particularly in Australasia.[5]  Smaller slicing cucumbers can also be pickled.

Pickling with brine, sugar, vinegar, and spices creates various, flavored products from cucumbers and other foods.[6] Although any cucumber can be pickled, commercial pickles are made from cucumbers specially bred for uniformity of length-to-diameter ratio and lack of voids in the flesh. Those cucumbers intended for pickling, called picklers, grow to about 7 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. Compared to slicers, picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less regularly shaped, and have bumpy skin with tiny white or black-dotted spines. Color can vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green.

Gherkins, also called cornichons,[7] baby dills, or baby pickles, are small, whole, unsliced cucumbers, typically those 1 inch (2.5 cm) to 5 inches (13 cm) in length, often with bumpy skin, and pickled in variable combinations of brine, vinegar, spices, and sugar.[8][9][10] In the United Kingdom, gherkins may be prepared predominantly in vinegar, imparting an acidic flavor "punch" as a side-dish for meals.[11]

Although gherkins may be grown in greenhouses,[8] they are commonly grown as a field crop, processed locally, and packaged in jars in Canada, the United States, and India.[9][10][12] India, Turkey, Ukraine and Mexico compete as producers for the global gherkin market, with the European Union, United States, Canada, and Israel as major importers.[13]

The word gherkin derived in the mid-17th century from early modern Dutch, gurken or augurken for "small pickled cucumber".[14] The term, West Indian gherkin, has been applied to Cucumis anguria L., a related species of Cucumis sativus, the most common cucumber plant.[15]

Several other cultivars are sold commerciallyÂ :

Depending on variety, cucumbers may have a mild melon aroma and flavor, in part resulting from unsaturated aldehydes, such as (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, and the cis- and trans- isomers of 2-nonenal.[20] The slightly bitter taste of cucumber rind results from cucurbitacins.[21]

In 2016, world production of cucumbers and gherkins was 80.6 million tonnes, led by China with nearly 77% of the total.[22]

The cucumber originated in India, where a great many varieties have been observed,[23][24][25] from Cucumis hystrix.[23][26] It has been cultivated for at least 3,000 years, and was probably introduced to other parts of Europe by the Greeks or Romans. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in France in the 9th century, England in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century.

The cucumber is listed among the foods of ancient Ur, and the legend of Gilgamesh describes people eating cucumbers.[citation needed] Cucumbers are mentioned in the Bible as one of the foods eaten by the Israelites in Egypt.[27]  From India, it spread to Greece (where it was called "σίκυον", síkyon) and Italy (where the Romans were especially fond of the crop), and later into China.

Robert Daniel, in discussing an ostracon dated to the second half of the third century AD, has suggested identifying an otherwise unknown word, ολγιττα, with the Arabic al-qitta', the common word for cucumber.[28]

According to Pliny the Elder (The Natural History, Book XIX, Chapter 23), the Ancient Greeks grew cucumbers, and there were different varieties in Italy, Africa, and Moesia.

According to Pliny, the Emperor Tiberius had the cucumber on his table daily during summer and winter.  The Romans reportedly used artificial methods (similar to the greenhouse system) of growing to have it available for his table every day of the year.  "Indeed, he was never without it; for he had raised beds made in frames upon wheels, by means of which the cucumbers were moved and exposed to the full heat of the sun; while, in winter, they were withdrawn, and placed under the protection of frames glazed with'mirrorstone'."[29] 'Mirrorstone' is a literal translation of Pliny's 'lapis specularis', believed to have been sheet mica.[30]

Reportedly, they were also cultivated in cucumber houses glazed with oiled cloth known as “specularia”.[30]

Pliny the Elder describes the Italian fruit as very small, probably like a gherkin, describing it as a wild cucumber considerably smaller than the cultivated one.  Pliny also describes the preparation of a medication known as elaterium, though some scholars[who?] believe he was referring to Ecballium elaterium, known in pre-Linnean times as "Cucumis silvestris" or "Cucumis asininus" ("wild cucumber" or "donkey cucumber"), a species different from the common cucumber.[31]  Pliny also writes about several other varieties of cucumber, including the cultivated cucumber,[32] and remedies from the different types (9 from the cultivated, 5 from the "anguine", and 26 from the "wild").  The Romans are reported to have used cucumbers to treat scorpion bites, bad eyesight, and to scare away mice.  Wives wishing for children wore them around their waists. They were also carried by midwives, and thrown away when the child was born.[citation needed]

Charlemagne had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century.  They were reportedly introduced into England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later.
The Spaniards (through the Italian Christopher Columbus) brought cucumbers to Haiti in 1494. In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, found “very great cucumbers” grown on the site of what is now Montreal.

Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders, bison hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian agriculture.  The tribes of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops.  The farmers on the Great Plains included the Mandan and Abenaki. They obtained cucumbers and watermelons from the Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of corn and beans, pumpkins, squash, and gourd plants.[33] The Iroquois were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them.[34]

In 1630, the Reverend Francis Higginson produced a book called New England’s Plantation in which, describing a garden on Conant’s Island in Boston Harbor known as The Governor’s Garden, he states: “The countrie aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great varietie and good to eat.  Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England.  Here are store of pompions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not...”

William Wood published in New England Prospect (published in 1633 in England) observations he made in 1629 in America: “The ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.”

In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits.  A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children.  The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time:  “fit only for consumption by cows,” which some believe is why it gained the name, cowcumber.

A copper etching made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in Herbals of the 16th century, but states, "If hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."

Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary on 22 August 1663:[35]  “this day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne is dead of eating cowcumbers, of which the other day I heard of another, I think.” In "The Greenstone Door", William Satchell notes that "Te Moanaroa was dead – of a surfeit of cucumbers...", having eaten four of the "prickly" melons. (Chapter XX, The Storm Cloud).

In May 2011, cucumbers infected with E. coli were claimed to have caused the deaths of at least ten people, leading to some retailers withdrawing cucumbers from sale in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic.[36] The cucumbers were initially thought to have come from Spain. However, subsequent testing failed to show contamination in imported Spanish cucumbers, which led to the Spanish Government demanding compensation for Spanish farmers who had been forced to destroy huge quantities of cucumbers.[37]

After the outbreak, the World Health Organization stated that it was a completely new strain of the bacterium involved.[38]

An Indian yellow Cucumber daily curry with onion and red chilli powder made in a house of Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada

An Indian yellow Cucumber daily pickle made with red chillies in Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada

A Scandinavian cucumber sliced into pieces

An Indian yellow cucumber

'Dosakai' is a round, yellow cucumber seen at a market in Guntur, India

dish with cucumber cut pieces

Cucumis sativus flower

Komkommer (Cucumis sativus 'Gele Tros') in fields

Cucumber slices used for garnish


what is a type a 3 way bulb

The two filaments can be activated separately or together, giving three different amounts of light. A typical 3-way incandescent bulb is a 50 W / 100 W / 150 W bulb. It has a low-power 50 W filament and a medium-power 100 W filament. When they are both energized at the same time, 150 W of power is delivered, and a high level of light is produced. Usually screw-base 3-way bulbs fit into regular Type A sockets. Larger 3-way bulbs (up to 300 W) have a larger "mogul" base. These 3 way bulbs can also come in spiral designs. [3]

3-way lamp

A 3-way lamp, also known as a tri-light, is a lamp that uses a 3-way light bulb to produce three levels of light in a low-medium-high configuration. A 3-way lamp requires a 3-way bulb and socket, and a 3-way switch. Unlike an incandescent lamp controlled by a  dimmer, each of the filaments operates at full voltage, so the color of the light does not change between the three steps of light available. Certain compact fluorescent lamp bulbs are designed to replace 3-way incandescent bulbs, and have an extra contact and circuitry to bring about similar light level. In recent years, LED three way bulbs have become available as well.

Lamp bulbs with dual (carbon) filaments were built as early as 1902 to allow adjustable lighting levels.[1] Large lamps of 500-watt rating were used for street lighting in France, which had a second filament at 200 watts to reduce lighting costs. In 1933 in the United States, Westinghouse announced a dual-filament lamp for commercial lighting and a smaller lamp for residential use. [2]

A 3-way incandescent bulb has two filaments designed to produce different amounts of light.

Some compact fluorescent lamps have similar circuitry to produce the different amounts of light.

A standard screw lamp socket has only two electrical contacts.  In the center of the bottom of a standard socket is the hot contact (contact one in photo), which typically looks like a small metal tongue bent over.  The threaded metal shell is itself the neutral contact (contact three in photo).  When a standard bulb is screwed into a standard socket, a matching contact on the bottom of the bulb presses against the metal tongue in the center of the socket, creating the live connection.  The metal threads of the bulb base   touch the socket shell, which creates the neutral connection, and this is how the electrical circuit is completed.

A 3-way socket has three electrical contacts.  In addition to the two contacts of the standard socket, a third contact is added.  This contact is positioned off-center in the bottom of the socket (contact two in photo).  This extra contact matches a ring-shaped contact on the bottom of a 3-way bulb, which creates the connection for the second filament inside the bulb.  A problem of these devices is that the ring contact of the socket (contact two in photo) digs into the lead seal on the lamp bulb's contact ring and this connection tends to fail early (sometimes in months), leading to intermittent flashes, popping noises, and loss of power to the low wattage filament as the lead seal on the bulb's ring alternately melts and solidifies.

The center contact of the bulb typically connects to the medium-power filament, and the ring connects to the low-power filament.  Thus, if a 3-way bulb is screwed into a standard light socket that has only a center contact, only the medium-power filament operates.  In the case of the 50 W / 100 W / 150 W bulb, putting this bulb in a regular lamp socket will result in it behaving like a normal 100W bulb.

A 3-way socket that is to be wired to a separate 3-way 2-circuit switch, is called a "keyless 3-way socket."  This would be typical in a 3-way floor-standing torchiere lamp. A "keyed 3-way socket" has the switch incorporated in the lamp socket and requires no external wiring between switch and socket.

The switch used to control a 3-way lamp is usually a rotary switch or a pull-chain switch.  Although it is referred to as a 3-way switch, it has four positions, off, lamp one (low), lamp two (medium), and lamps one and two (high).  When properly connected to a 3-way socket containing a 3-way bulb, this switch will first power one filament, then the other filament, then both, then return to the off position.  To do this, the switch must be capable of operating two different circuits.  Internal to the switch there are two sets of switch contacts that are not connected electrically, but which are connected mechanically in such a way that they operate together as shown in this table.

Wiring a 3-way lamp is a simple matter of connecting the 3-way switch's two switched live wires (frequently red for the low-wattage circuit and blue for the medium-wattage circuit) from the switch to the two live terminals on the 3-way socket.  The lamp's power cord must be connected so that the wire from the wide blade on the power cord plug (neutral) connects to the neutral terminal on the socket, and the wire from the narrow blade on the plug (hot) connects to the black wire on the switch.

Another type of 2-circuit lamp is also fairly common.  This is the lamp with night light.  While related to a 3-way lamp, this lamp is different from a 3-way lamp in both its intention and the parts it uses.  The main intent of a lamp with night light is not to offer three levels of light, but rather to offer only two levels: a bright working light, and a very dim night light or decorative accent.  Typically it does still use the 3-way 2-circuit switch.  However, instead of having one 3-way socket, it uses two regular sockets.

A lamp with night light is often configured so that one of the two sockets is a medium-base socket, considered to be the Main Lamp (under the lamp shade), and the other socket is a candelabra-base socket that is the night light or decorative accent light.  The night light is usually placed somewhere on or inside the body of the lamp.  In a typical set-up, the main lamp would have a 150 W medium-base bulb, and the night light would have 7 W candelabra bulb.  The operation of the switch is still the same, such that the night light comes on, then the main lamp, then both together, then it goes back to off.

Sometimes a 3-way 2-circuit switch is incorporated together with a regular socket, to be used as the main lamp socket in a lamp with a night light.  In this configuration, the switched lamp one live terminal for the night light socket is exposed externally on the base of the socket, to be wired to the remote candelabra socket.  Hence, this type of socket has a Hot terminal, a Neutral terminal, and a switched Hot terminal.  This creates a confusing situation in which a keyed 3-way socket (which has a 3-contact socket at the top of it) has only two terminal screws, while a night-light socket (which does not have a 3-contact socket at the top) has three terminal screws on the base.