what does the name asher mean in the bible

The text of the Torah states that the name of Asher means happy/blessing, implying a derivation from the Hebrew term osher
in two variations—beoshri (meaning in my good fortune), and ishsheruni, which textual scholars attribute to different sources—one to the Yahwist and the other to the Elohist.[2] The Bible states that at his birth Leah exclaimed, "Happy am I! for the daughters will call me happy:
so she called his name Asher," meaning happy. (Genesis 30:13). [3] Some scholars argue that the name of Asher may have to do with a deity originally worshipped by the tribe, either Asherah,[4] or Ashur, the chief Assyrian deity;[5] the latter possibility is cognate with Asher.[5]

Asher

Imnah (son)
Ishvah (son)
Ishvi (son)
Beriah (son)
Serah (daughter)

Reuben (half brother)
Simeon (half brother)
Levi (half brother)
Judah (half brother)
Issachar (half brother)
Zebulun (half brother)
Dan (half brother)
Naphtali (half brother)
Gad (brother)
Joseph (half brother)
Benjamin (half brother)

Asher (Hebrew: אָשֵׁר, Modern Asher, Tiberian ʼĀšēr), in the Book of Genesis, is the second son of Jacob and Zilpah, and the founder of the Tribe of Asher.

Asher and his four sons and daughter settled in Canaan.[6] On his deathbed, Jacob blesses Asher by saying that "his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties" (Gen. 49:20).[7]

Moses said this of Asher: "May Asher be blessed above other sons; may he be esteemed by his brothers; may he bathe his feet in olive oil." (Deuteronomy 33:24). [8]

Asher was the eighth son of the patriarch Jacob and the traditional progenitor of the tribe Asher. Some Biblical scholars view this as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.[9]

Asher is represented as the younger brother of Gad; these two being the sons of Zilpah, the handmaid of Leah (Genesis 35:26). The Biblical account shows Zilpah's status as a handmaid change to an actual wife of Jacob (Genesis 30:9).[10]  Her handmaid status is regarded by some biblical scholars as indicating that the authors saw the tribe of Asher as being not of entirely Israelite origin;[5] scholars believe that Asher consisted of certain clans affiliated with portions of the Israelite tribal confederation, but which were never incorporated into the body politic.[5]

The Torah states that Asher had four sons and one daughter, who were born in Canaan and migrated with him to Egypt,[11] with their descendants remaining there until the Exodus;[12] this seems to be partly contradicted by Egyptian records (assuming a late Exodus date), according to which a group named Aseru, a name from which Asher is probably derived,[13] were, in the 14th century BC, living in a similar region to Asher's traditional territory, in Canaan.[5]
Asher's daughter, Serah (also transliterated as Serach), is the only granddaughter of Jacob mentioned in the Torah (Gen. 46:17).[11]

Her mother is not named. According to classical rabbinical literature, Serach's mother was named Hadurah, and was a descendant of Eber. Although Hadurah was a wife of Asher, it was her second marriage, and Serach's father was actually Hadurah's first husband, who had died.[14] In classical rabbinical literature, Hadurah's marriage to Asher was his second marriage as well, his first having been to Adon, who was a descendant of Ishmael.[5] The Book of Jubilees contradicts this, arguing instead that Asher's wife was named Ijon (which probably means dove).[5]

Asher's sons were: Jimnah, Ishuah, Isui, and Beriah.

Asher was the very one whose endeavor it had always been to reconcile the brothers, especially when they disputed as to who among them was destined to be the ancestor of the priests (Sifre, Deut. 355). In the Test. Patr., Asher, 5, Asher is regarded as the example of a virtuous man who with singlemindedness strives only for the general good. According to classical rabbinical literature, Asher had informed his brothers about Reuben's incest with Bilhah. As a result Asher came to be on bad terms with his brothers. Once Reuben confessed, the brothers realised they had been unjust towards Asher.[5] Asher's motivation is described, by classical rabbinical sources, as being entirely innocent of evil intent, and always in search of harmony between his brothers.[5]

Asher was born on 20 Shevat 2199 (1562 BCE). According to some accounts 2nd of Shevat is also the date of his death.

Asher married twice. His first wife was Adon, a great-granddaughter of Ishmael; his second, Hadurah, a granddaughter of Eber and a widow. By her first marriage Hadurah had a daughter Serah, whom Asher treated as affectionately as if she had been of his own flesh and blood, so that the Bible itself speaks of Serah as Asher's daughter.[15] According to the Book of Jubilees (34:20), Asher's wife was named "Iyon" (probably, "dove").

Asher's descendants in more than one regard deserved their name ("Asher" meaning "happiness"). The tribe of Asher was the one most blessed with male children;[16] and its women were so beautiful that priests and princes sought them in marriage.[17] The abundance of oil in the land possessed by Asher so enriched the tribe that none of them needed to hire a habitation.[18] The soil was so fertile that in times of scarcity, and especially in the Sabbatical year, Asher provided all Israel with olive-oil.[19] The Asherites were also renowned for wisdom.[20]

A number of scholars have proposed that the tribe of Asher actually originated as the Weshesh group of Sea Peoples[21][22]—the name Weshesh (or rather Uashesh/Ueshesh—for easy pronunciation, this is usually transcribed into English as Weshesh) can be decomposed as men of Uash in Hebrew, and hence possibly a corruption of Asher.[23]


who is fish mooney in gotham supposed to be

Maria Mercedes "Fish" Mooney is a fictional character created by producer and screenwriter Bruno Heller exclusively for the television series Gotham, and played by actress Jada Pinkett Smith. She serves as one of the main characters throughout the first season, until her death at the hands of Oswald Cobblepot in the final episode of the season. Fish is resurrected in season 2 by Hugo Strange. As a result of the methods Strange used to bring Fish back to life, she has the ability to control people by touching them, an ability she later sacrifices to continue living.

Fish Mooney

Pinkett-Smith drew inspiration from various different individuals for taking on the role: the fictional character Norma Desmond from the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, played by Gloria Swanson; and Griselda Blanco, a real-life drug lord of the Medellín Cartel.[1]

Fish Mooney is mob boss Carmine Falcone's most trusted lieutenant. Unbeknownst to Falcone, Fish is plotting to usurp his criminal empire, and employs a young woman named Liza, who resembles Falcone's late mother, to distract the lonely, aging mafia chieftain while Fish undermines his control of Gotham City. She has good relations with the Gotham City Police Department, and decides to help detective Harvey Bullock in investigating the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne in return for him leaving her alone. When her underling Oswald Cobblepot informs on her to the GCPD, she hobbles him - giving him his trademark "penguin walk" - and orders him killed along with Bullock and his new partner, Jim Gordon. Falcone intervenes, however, and spares their lives. Cobblepot gradually works his way up the ladder of Gotham's underworld to become the right hand man of both Falcone and his rival Sal Maroni, and gets revenge on Fish by revealing her treachery to Falcone. Hurt and angered by Fish's betrayal, Falcone banishes her from Gotham City.

Exiled to the outskirts of Gotham, Fish takes control of another criminal gang that is being preyed upon by Francis Dulmacher, a mad scientist who is creating human monsters out of his victims' body parts. When Dulmacher captures her, she gouges out her own eye with a spoon so he can't use it in his experiments. By sacrificing some of the detainees, she uses the ensuing chaos to escape with the rest.

In the last episode of the first season, "All Happy Families Are Alike", Fish recruits the young Selina Kyle into her gang, and makes an alliance with Maroni in order to get rid of Falcone. Fish captures Falcone, Cobblepot, Gordon and Bullock. Fish reveals Cobblepot`s treachery to Maroni in exchange for an agreement to divide the city between them. When Maroni reveals that he intends to rule the city with Fish as his lieutenant and treats her with sexist condescension, Fish loses her temper and shoots him in the head. An all-out gang war ensues between Fish and Maroni's forces, during which Cobblepot fights her on a rooftop and pushes her into the river below.

In the second season's fall finale, Fish's body is sent to Indian Hill, a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises run by Hugo Strange, who brings her back to life augmented with cuttlefish DNA. The side-effects of the revival gives Fish the ability to take control of anyone who comes in contact with her. She escapes and runs across Cobblepot, who since her death has taken over Gotham's criminal underworld as "The Penguin". Shocked, he passes out.[2]

Soon after her rebirth, Fish starts going into rapid physical decline, and raids every pharmacy in Gotham for drugs to keep herself alive. She forms a new gang with her fellow Indian Hill escapees. She interrogates Strange's assistant Ethel Peabody, who tells her that her body is rejecting the cells Strange implanted in her, and that only Strange can save her. Fish has her fellow escapee Marv, who can accelerate or slow a person's metabolism, deplete the energy from Peabody's cells, literally stealing her life.

Fish frees Strange, intent on making him create more mutants to do her bidding. By then, however, Cobblepot has amassed an angry mob of Gothamites bent on killing the mutants. When Cobblepot has her at his mercy, Fish says she is proud of having transformed him into "The Penguin". Moved, Cobblepot tells her to leave Gotham and never come back. Later, when Gotham is in chaos from the effects of a homicidal mania-inducing virus, Fish joins forces with Cobblepot and Strange to create an antidote and hold the city to ransom. An infected Gordon shows up and attacks Mooney, accidentally impaling her with a sword and destroying the antidote. With her dying breath, Fish tells Cobblepot to either take Gotham for his own or burn it to the ground.

After her resurrection by Hugo Strange near the end of season 2 of Gotham, Mooney develops the ability to control people with just a touch of her hand.[3]


who was winner of sabse bada kalakar 2017

The Winner of Sabse Bada Kalakar 2017 Grand Finale is 7 year old Saharanpur(U.P) boy Virad Tyagi.

Sabse Bada Kalakar

Sabse Bada Kalakar is an auditioning Reality show on Sony TV Channel. This is the first time Sony TV comes up with such show to hunt the entertaining and acting qualities of kid contestants. The judges of the show are Boman Irani., Raveena Tandon and Arshad Warsi. This show was rumoured to replace Indian Idol. After the Super Dancer, this show will again create a huge buzz. The title track was sung by LV Revanth, the winner of Indian Idol. [2][3]

The Top Ten after the auditions areÂ :

""Vrinda Gujral"" ""Mahi Soni"" ""Inayat Verma"" ""Dhruv Acharya"" ""Udhbhav"" ""Satyam Arora"" ""Rishi Panchal"" ""Mandeep Sekhon"" ""Virad Tyagi"" ""Keshav Mehndiratta''''

Each Contestant is paired up an Acting Guru with whom they will have to perform acts if in the danger zone and who will be mentoring the kids The acting Guru's on the show are:

Karan Singh Chhabra, Subuhi Joshi, Kamna Pathak, Onisha Sharma, Mohit Agarwal, Saurabh Nayyar, Sumit Goswami, Bhasha Sumbli, Arun Shinde, Manjiri Popala.

Samarth got a wild card entry into the show.

Four Semifinalists of the show are:

1.Virad Tyagi

2.Mahi Soni

3.Dhruv Acharya

4.Vrinda Gujral

Mandeep Sekhon was eliminated in the semi finals. Rest 4 will have to compete in the Grand Finale on July 8 & 9.


where does the last name ibrahim come from

Ibrahim (Arabic: إبراهيم, Ibrāhīm) is the Arabic name of the prophet and patriarch Abraham. He was God's messenger. It is a common first name and surname among Muslims and Arab Christians, a derivative of the name Abraham or Avram from Judaism and Christianity in the Middle East. In Lebanon and Maghreb, Brahim is a common diminutive for the first name Ibrahim.

Ibrahim (name)


who took their shirt off in women's soccer

On July 10, 1999, at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, after scoring the fifth kick in the penalty shootout to give the United States the win over China in the final game, Chastain celebrated by spontaneously whipping off her jersey and falling to her knees in a sports bra, her fists clenched, flexing her arms.[21] Removing a jersey in celebration of a goal is so common in men's soccer that it has, at times, been cause for an automatic yellow card caution, according to the Laws of the Game.[22] The image of her celebration has been considered one of the more famous photographs of a woman celebrating an athletic victory.[23][24] Chastain described the celebration as "momentary insanity, nothing more, nothing less. I wasn't thinking about anything. I thought, 'This is the greatest moment of my life on the soccer field.'"[25]

Brandi Chastain

Brandi Denise Chastain (born July 21, 1968) is an American retired soccer player, two-time FIFA Women's World Cup champion, two-time Olympic gold-medalist, coach, and sports broadcaster. She played for the United States women's national soccer team from 1988â€“2004. In her 192 caps on the team, she scored 30 goals playing primarily in the defender and midfielder positions. She scored a World Cup-winning penalty shootout goal against China in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final.

Chastain played professionally for Shiroki FC in the Japan Women's Football League, the San Jose CyberRays of the Women's United Soccer Association, FC Gold Pride of Women's Professional Soccer, and California Storm of Women's Premier Soccer League.

Chastain was named to the USWNT All-Time Best XI in 2013.[1] In March 2017, she was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame.[2] In 2018 she was inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.

Chastain was born and raised in San Jose, California and began playing soccer at the age of eight.[3] Because there was no girls soccer team available for her to play on at Davis Junior High School, she played for the boys' soccer team after a successful tryout.[4] Chastain attended Archbishop Mitty High School and helped lead the team to three consecutive state championships.[4][5]

Chastain attended University of California, Berkeley where she played as a forward for the Golden Bears and scored 15 goals as a freshman.[6] Following her first and only year with the Bears, she was named All-American and earned Freshman Player Of The Year honors by Soccer America.[4][6] Soon after, she underwent reconstructive anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgeries on both knees which caused her to miss the 1987 and 1988 seasons.[4]

After transferring to Santa Clara University ahead of the 1989 season, Chastain helped lead the Broncos to two consecutive Final Four NCAA College Cup appearances (for the first time ever) in 1989 and 1990.[6] Chastain scored ten goals for the during the regular season.[6] In 1990, she was a national scoring leader with 22 goals (50 points) and helped the Broncos to a 18–1–1 record.[6] The same year, she was named the ISAA Player of the Year.[6]

Of her 192 international career caps, Chastain played 89 primarily as a defender but occasionally as a midfielder.[7] On June 1, 1988, she earned her first cap for the United States women's national soccer team during a match against Japan. She scored her first international goal on April 18, 1991. After coming in as a substitute forward, she scored five consecutive goals in the team's 12â€“0 win against Mexico during the 1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship.[citation needed]

The U.S. went on to win the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup in China.

Playing as a defender, Chastain competed with the national team at the 1996 Women's Olympic Football Tournament in Atlanta, the first Olympic tournament to include women's soccer.[8] She played every minute of the U.S.' games despite suffering a third serious knee injury during the semifinal against Norway.[7] The Americans won the gold medal after defeating China 2–1 in the final.[8]

In 1993, Chastain played club soccer for one season in Japan's L.League for Shiroki FC. She earned team most valuable player (MVP) honors and was the only foreigner to be named one of the league's top 11 players.[9]

Following the success of the 1999 FIFA Women's Cup, Chastain was a founding player in the Women's United Soccer Association, the first professional women's soccer league in the United States. She played for the San Jose CyberRays all three years of the league's existence. During the league's inaugural season, she helped the team finish second in the regular season with a 11–6–4 record securing a berth to the playoffs. The team eventually won the league's championship title after defeating the Atlanta Beat in penalty kicks.[10] Chastain started in all 19 games in which she played during the regular season, scored 2 goals, and provided 5 assists.[11] During the playoffs, she started in both games and scored two goals.[11]

The CyberRays finished in fifth place during the 2002 season with a 8–8–5 record.[12] Chastain started in all 18 games in which she played, scored 4 goals, and provided 3 assists.[13] During the 2003 season, Chastain started in all 15 games as a defender, scored 1 goal, and provided 4 assists.[14] San Jose finished in sixth place during the regular season with a 7–10–4 record.[15]

In 2009 at age 40, Chastain played as a midfielder for FC Gold Pride in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), the second professional women's soccer league in the United States.[16] She was selected in the seventh round of the 2009 WPS Draft.[17] She started in five of the ten games in which she played.[18] The Pride finished in last place during the regular season with a 4–10–6 record.[19] Chastain was released by the team in February 2010.[20]

At the Silicon Valley Robotics Regional, Archbishop Mitty, Chastain's former high school, showcased its soccer playing robot, named Brandi, to her.

Chastain has been featured on numerous television shows including The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn,[26] The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,[27] Late Show with David Letterman,[28] and Good Morning America.[29] In February 2001, Chastain appeared on an episode of Celebrity Jeopardy! and won with one dollar.[30] The children's cancer research organization that she played for received $15,000.[31] In 2007, Chastain appeared in the HBO documentary Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team.[32] The 44-minute film, Brandi Chastain: A Tribute to a Champion was broadcast on Fox Soccer in December 2010 and focused on Chastain's testimonial game that occurred in October of the same year.[33]

Following the 1999 World Cup, photos of Chastain's goal celebration were featured on the covers of Sports Illustrated, Time, and Newsweek[34][35] as well as numerous newspapers around the world.[36] In 2015, the Sports Illustrated cover was voted as the second most iconic cover in the history of the magazine.[37] The same year, she posed nude except for soccer cleats and a strategically placed soccer ball for Gear Magazine.[7] In November 2008, she was featured in Runner's World.[38]

In 2005, Chastain's book, It's Not About the Bra: Play Hard, Play Fair, and Put the Fun Back Into Competitive Sports (ISBNÂ 006076600X) was published by HarperCollins.[39]

Following the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, Chastain signed a number of endorsement deals, including Nike.[40][41] She was the official spokesperson for Pfizer's (legacy Wyeth) multivitamin product Centrum Ultra.[42] In July 2016, she partnered with pharmaceutical company AbbVie Inc. to promote education and awareness about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).[43] In 1999, she was featured on the Wheaties box.[44] She has appeared in television commercials for Nike,[45] Bud Light,[46] and Gatorade.[47]

Chastain has worked as a color commentator for soccer matches on two networks. She broadcast for NBC Sports during the 2008[48] and 2012[49] Summer Olympics. Her work with ABC/ESPN has included Major League Soccer matches and being part of a rotation of studio commentators for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.[50]

Chastain married Santa Clara Broncos head coach Jerry Smith on June 9, 1996.[51] Their son, Jaden Chastain Smith, was born in June 2006.[52] She is stepmother to Smith's older son, Cameron.[53] In March 2016, Chastain announced that she would donate her brain after death for concussion research.[54]


who was the goalkeeper for england in 1966

He joined Chesterfield in March 1953, and played for their youth team in the 1956 FA Youth Cup final. He made his first team debut in November 1958, and was sold to Leicester City for £7,000 in July 1959. He played in four cup finals for the club, as they were beaten in the 1961 and 1963 FA Cup finals, before winning the League Cup in 1964 and finishing as finalists in 1965. During this time he established himself as England's number one goalkeeper, and played every game of the nation's 1966 World Cup victory. Despite this success, he was dropped by Leicester and sold on to Stoke City for £50,000 in April 1967. He made one of the game's great saves to prevent a Pelé goal in the 1970 World Cup,[3][4][5] but was absent due to illness as England were beaten by West Germany at the quarter-final stage.

Gordon Banks

Gordon Banks OBE (born 30 December 1937) is a former England international football goalkeeper. He made 628 appearances during a 15-year career in the Football League, and won 73 caps for his country. Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, the IFFHS named Banks the second-best goalkeeper of the 20th century â€“ after Lev Yashin (1st) and ahead of Dino Zoff (3rd).[2] He was named FWA Footballer of the Year in 1972, and was named FIFA Goalkeeper of the Year on six occasions.

He was Stoke's goalkeeper in the 1972 League Cup win – the club's only major honour. He was still Stoke and England's number one when a car crash in October 1972 cost him both the sight in one eye and his professional career. He did though play in the United States for the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in 1977 and 1978. He briefly entered management with Telford United, but left the game after he was sacked in December 1980.

Banks was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, and brought up in the working-class area of Tinsley.[6] The family later moved to the village of Catcliffe after his father set up a (then-illegal) betting shop.[7] This brought greater prosperity but also misery; one day Banks's disabled brother was mugged for the shop's daily takings, and died of his injuries some weeks later.[8] Banks left school in December 1952 and took up employment as a bagger with a local coal merchant, which helped to build up his upper body strength.[9] He spent a season playing for amateur side Millspaugh F.C. after their regular goalkeeper failed to turn up for a match; the club's trainer spotted Banks amongst the spectators and invited him to play in goal as he was aware that Banks had previously played for Sheffield Schoolboys.[9] His performances there earned him a game in the Yorkshire League for Rawmarsh Welfare, however a 12–2 defeat to Stocksbridge Works on his debut was followed by a 3–1 home defeat, and he was dropped by Rawmarsh and returned to Millspaugh.[10] Still aged 15, he then switched jobs to become a hod carrier.[10]

He was scouted by Chesterfield whilst playing for Millspaugh, and offered a six-game trial in the youth team in March 1953.[11] He impressed enough in these games to be offered a part-time £3-a-week contract by manager Teddy Davison in July 1953.[12] The reserve team were placed in the Central League on account of a powerful club director rather than on merit, and Banks conceded 122 goals in the 1954–55 season as the "Spireites" finished in last place with only three victories.[12] Banks was posted to Germany with the Royal Signals on national service, and won the Rhine Cup with his regimental team.[13] He recovered from a fractured elbow to help the Chesterfield youth team to the 1956 final of the FA Youth Cup.[13] There they were beaten 4–3 on aggregate by Manchester United's famous "Busby Babes" – a team that included both Wilf McGuinness and Bobby Charlton.[14]

Banks was given his first team debut by manager Doug Livingstone, at the expense of long-serving Ron Powell, in a Third Division game against Colchester United at Saltergate in November 1958.[15] The game ended 2–2, and Banks kept his place against Norwich City in the following match; by the end of the 1958–59 season he had missed only three games, those owing to injury.[16] With no goalkeeping coaching to speak of, Banks had to learn from his mistakes on the pitch, and he soon developed into a modern vocal goalkeeper who ordered the players in front of him into a more effective defence.[17] Having just 23 league and three cup appearances to his name, it came as a surprise to Banks when Matt Gillies, manager of First Division club Leicester City, bought him from Chesterfield for £7,000 in July 1959; this also meant a wage increase to £15 a week.[18]

Banks faced competition from five other goalkeepers, including 30-year-old Scotland international John Anderson and 25-year-old Dave MacLaren.[19] He started the 1959–60 season as the reserve team's goalkeeper. This in effect made him the club's second choice, ahead of four of his rivals but behind first team choice MacLaren.[20] He had played four reserve team games when MacLaren picked up an injury, and manager Matt Gillies selected Banks for his Leicester debut against Blackpool at Filbert Street on 9 September. The match finished 1–1, with Jackie Mudie's strike cancelling out Ken Leek's opener.[21] Banks retained his place for the 2–0 loss to Newcastle United at St James' Park three days later.[22] With McLaren fit again, Banks was sent back to the reserves but, after the first team conceded 14 goals in the next five games, he was recalled and became the first-choice goalkeeper for the remainder of the season.[22] The defensive record did not improve at first, with Banks conceding six in a heavy defeat by Everton at Goodison Park, but he improved in each match and the Foxes settled for a comfortable 12th-place finish.[22] In training, he worked extensively on improving his weaknesses, such as coming for crosses.[23] He put in extra hours during training and came up with practice sessions to improve his skills – this was largely unique in an era where there were no specialized goalkeeping coaches.[24] In the summer, both Anderson and MacLaren departed, leaving Banks as the club's undisputed number one ahead of a group of understudies.[25]

Leicester finished sixth in 1960–61, and managed to beat champions Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane.[26] Yet their greatest accomplishment was in reaching the final of the FA Cup, with Banks conceding only five goals in their nine games en route to the final, and keeping three clean sheets in the semi-final and two replays against Sheffield United. Goals from Jimmy Walsh and Ken Leek finally broke the deadlock in the second replay at St Andrew's.[27] Their opponents in the final at Wembley were Tottenham, who had already won the First Division title by an eight-point margin.[28] Right-back Len Chalmers picked up a severe injury early in the match, and with Ken Leek dropped for disciplinary reasons in favour of rookie Hughie McIlmoyle, City were effectively playing with ten men and offered little threat going forward.[29] Bobby Smith and Terry Dyson gave Spurs a 2–0 win and the first "double" of the 20th century, with Banks unable to prevent either goal.[29]

The 1961–62 season proved to be highly disappointing, as Leicester finished 14th in the league and exited the FA Cup at the hands of Stoke City.[30] The only highlight was the club's participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup, which actually put Banks in the difficult position of choosing to play for his club against Spanish club Atlético Madrid or choosing to attend the England versus Portugal match as a non-playing squad member.[30] He elected to attend both games, leaving London at full-time to reach Leicester 30 minutes before the kick-off against Madrid.[31] A last-minute goal earned the Spaniards a 1–1 draw at Filbert Street.[32] In the return leg, Banks saved an Enrique Collar penalty, but Atlético were awarded a second penalty which Collar converted, and Leicester lost the game 2–0 (losing the tie 3–1 on aggregate).[32]

Banks broke his nose at Craven Cottage on the opening day of the 1962–63 season, in a 2–1 defeat by Fulham.[33] Leicester went to chase a possible double, reaching the FA Cup semi-finals whilst lying top of the table in April.[34] City beat Liverpool 1–0 at Hillsborough to reach the final, with Banks keeping a clean sheet despite his goal being under a near-constant siege from the Merseyside club.[35] The News of the World reported that Liverpool had had 34 attempts on goal to Leicester's one, and Banks later stated that it was his finest performance at club level.[36] Unluckily, Banks then broke a finger in a 2–1 defeat by West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns, and was out injured as Leicester lost their final three league games, ending the season in a disappointing fourth place.[37] In the 1963 FA Cup Final Banks and the rest of the team underperformed, and lost the game 3–1 to Manchester United.[38][39]

City ended the 1963–64 season in 11th place, having been inconsistent all season. Success instead came through the League Cup, as they beat West Ham United 6–3 over two legs in the semi-finals to reach the final against Stoke City.[40] The opening tie at the Victoria Ground finished 1–1 in extremely muddy conditions as Banks spilled a shot from Bill Asprey, with Keith Bebbington pouncing on the rebound.[40] Back at Filbert Street, goals from Mike Stringfellow, Dave Gibson and Howard Riley won the game for Leicester 3–2 and settled the tie at 4–3.[41]

Banks started the 1964–65 season on wages of £40 a week, and the club only agreed to pay £60 a week in December.[42] These miserly wages made it difficult for the club to spend the £80,000 it received from the sale of Frank McLintock – he had put in a transfer request over dissatisfaction with his pay and quality replacements were reluctant to join a club that paid full internationals like Banks and McLintock no more than the base rate that rival clubs paid to average players.[43] Leicester finished 18th in the league and were knocked out of the FA Cup by Liverpool at Anfield in the sixth round. In the League Cup, City struggled to get past Peterborough United (in a replay), Grimsby Town and Crystal Palace (in a replay), before they recorded an 8–1 victory over Coventry City at Highfield Road. After easing past Plymouth Argyle in the semi-finals, Banks found himself playing in another League Cup final. However Chelsea won the final after successfully defending their 3–2 win at Stamford Bridge with a goalless draw at Filbert Street.[44]

Banks missed the first nine games of the 1965–66 season after breaking his wrist when diving at the feet of Northampton Town's Joe Kiernan in a pre-season friendly.[45] Leicester finished the season in seventh spot, and exited both cup competitions at the hands of Manchester City.[46]

Despite being a World Cup winner in the previous summer, Banks was dropped towards the end of the 1966–67 season in favour of highly promising teenage reserve Peter Shilton.[47] Manager Matt Gillies was blunt, telling Banks "we [Gillies and the club's directors] think your best days are behind you, and you should move on".[48] Teammate Richie Norman told Banks that Gillies was pressured into the decision, Shilton having told the board he would leave the club unless he was given first team football.[48] Banks was transfer listed at £50,000, the same price the club received for Derek Dougan in March 1967.[48] However, many of the big clubs were unwilling to spend such a sum on a goalkeeper.[49] Liverpool manager Bill Shankly showed strong interest, but could not convince the club's board of directors to agree to such a large fee for a goalkeeper.[50] West Ham United manager Ron Greenwood was prepared to match the fee, but instead signed Kilmarnock's Bobby Ferguson for £65,000 because he had already agreed terms with Kilmarnock and did not want to go back on his word.[50] Terms were instead agreed with Stoke City, a mid-table First Division side.[51]

â€” Banks speaking upon signing with the club after critics questioned Waddington's policy of signing veteran players.[52]

On leaving Filbert Street, Banks requested a loyalty bonus from Leicester, and was told by Matt Gillies "We've decided not to pay you a penny. There's to be no compensation payment and that's final."[51] Banks then refused the move until Stoke boss Tony Waddington seemingly negotiated a £2,000 payment out of Leicester.[53] It was only some years later that Banks was informed that Stoke had actually made the payment, not Leicester.[53] Waddington valued good goalkeepers highly, and the two built up a close relationship.[53] During this time, Banks moved to Madeley, Staffordshire.[54] He replaced John Farmer as the club's number one, and kept goal in the last four games of the 1966–67 season, making his home debut at the Victoria Ground in a 3–1 win over his former club Leicester.[54]

Banks fitted in well at Stoke, as Waddington built a team of veteran players who were judged by some to be past their best.[55] The Potters struggled near the foot of the First Division table in the 1967–68 and 1968–69 campaigns, before rising to ninth place in the 1969–70 season. Banks remained a reliable stopper for the club, though on 1 March 1969 he was knocked unconscious at Roker Park by Sunderland's Malcolm Moore, and his replacement David Herd conceded four goals in a 4–1 defeat.[56] Banks also played a season for the Cleveland Stokers of the American United Soccer Association in the summer of 1968: he played seven of the short-lived club's 12 games in Cleveland, Ohio.[57]

Banks made what he believed to be three of the best saves of his career in a Stoke shirt. In the first instance he saved and caught a powerful and well-placed header from Manchester City's Wyn Davies from just eight yards out; in the second case he saved a Francis Lee header at Maine Road; and he made his third great save for the club by catching a volley from Tottenham Hotspur's Alan Gilzean that had been hit from just six yards out at White Hart Lane.[58]

Stoke began to compete for honours in the 1970–71 season, though despite impressive victories against the top two clubs – Arsenal and Leeds United – City ended the season in mid-table obscurity.[59] The club's great achievement was in reaching the semi-finals of the FA Cup, beating Millwall, Huddersfield Town, Ipswich Town and Hull City en route.[60] Facing Arsenal at Hillsborough in the semi-finals, they lost a two-goal lead to draw 2–2, and were then beaten 2–0 in the replay at Villa Park.[61]

Despite another mid-table finish in 1971–72, Stoke beat Chesterfield, Tranmere Rovers, Hull City and Manchester United to reach another FA Cup semi-final.[62] They again faced Arsenal, and once more a draw at Hillsborough meant a replay at Goodison Park.[63] The Gunners' goals in a 2–1 victory came from a disputed Frank McLintock penalty and a John Radford goal that television replays showed was clearly offside.[64] In a May 2011 interview, Banks said that he still felt "cheated" out of a chance to play for the club in an FA Cup final.[65] Stoke and Banks found solace in the League Cup, though it took them 11 matches to reach the final after overcoming Southport, then Oxford United in a replay, Manchester United in a second replay, Bristol Rovers, and then West Ham United in a second replay following an aggregate draw after two legs.[66] In extra-time of the second leg with West Ham, Banks fouled Harry Redknapp, conceding a penalty, and then saved Geoff Hurst's powerful spot-kick to keep City in the competition.[67] They then faced Chelsea in the final at Wembley. Peter Osgood beat Banks with a hooked shot just before half-time, but goals from Terry Conroy and George Eastham won Stoke the game 2–1.[68] At the end of the season Banks was named as the FWA Footballer of the Year, becoming the first goalkeeper to receive the honour since Bert Trautmann in 1956.[69]

On 22 October 1972, while driving home from a session of work on his injured shoulder with the Stoke physiotherapist, Banks lost control of his new Ford Consul (a re-badged Ford Granada Mk 1) car, which ended up in a ditch.[70] He had attempted to overtake a car on a sharp bend and collided with an oncoming Austin A60 van.[69] He was taken to the North Staffordshire Hospital and during an operation received 200 stitches in his face and over 100 micro-stitches inside the socket of his right eye, and was told the chances of saving the sight in his eye were 50â€“50.[71] His sight never returned, and as the loss of binocular vision severely limited his abilities as a goalkeeper, he retired from professional football the following summer.[72]

In April 1977 he went to play as a named superstar in the North American Soccer League (NASL) for Fort Lauderdale Strikers.[73] The Strikers won their division in 1977, and Banks was named NASL Goalkeeper of the Year after he conceded only 29 goals in 26 games – the best defensive record in the NASL.[74] He also played one League of Ireland game for St Patrick's Athletic, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 win over Shamrock Rovers at Richmond Park on 2 October 1977. He returned to Fort Lauderdale and played 11 games in the 1978 season.

Banks was capped twice for the England under-23 side, in matches against Wales and Scotland in 1961.[75]

Ron Springett was the goalkeeper for England as Banks rose to prominence, but after the 1962 World Cup in Chile, a new coach was appointed in former England right-back Alf Ramsey.[76] Ramsey demanded sole control of the team and began looking towards the next World Cup.[76] Banks won his first cap on 6 April 1963 against Scotland at Wembley, after Springett was dropped following a poor performance.[77] England lost 2–1, though Banks was blameless as Scotland's goals came firstly from an error by Jimmy Armfield and then secondly from the penalty spot.[78] He was picked for the next match against Brazil, which ended in a credible 1–1 draw after Bryan Douglas cancelled out Pepe's opener.[79] Banks continued to play consistently to become established as England's first-choice goalkeeper. In 1963, he was picked to play against the Rest of the World, in a celebration match to mark 100 years of The Football Association.[80]

Banks also played in two of England's three games at the "Little World Cup" in Brazil in the summer of 1964, a 1–1 draw with Portugal and a 1–0 defeat to Argentina.[81] Blackpool's Tony Waiters won five caps in the England goal in 1964, but found that his challenge to Banks' first team place came to an end after he conceded five goals to Brazil.[82] During England's summer of 1965 tour he built up a solid understanding with his defenders – George Cohen, Jack Charlton, Bobby Moore, and Ray Wilson – as he only conceded two goals in four matches against Hungary, Yugoslavia, West Germany, and Sweden.[83] They then played seven friendlies in 1966 in the build-up to the World Cup, though the team passed their biggest test of character in the British Home Championship, beating Scotland 4–3 in front of a crowd of over 130,000 at Hampden Park.[84] Going into the competition, the only defeat in 21 matches since the "Little World Cup" came against Austria, in a game that Banks missed due to injury.[85]

Banks entered the 1966 FIFA World Cup as England's first choice goalkeeper, and his understudies Ron Springett and Peter Bonetti never took to the field during the tournament. England opened the tournament with a goalless draw against Uruguay, with Banks a virtual spectator as the highly defensive Uruguayans rarely ventured out of their own half.[86] They then defeated Mexico 2–0, with Banks again rarely troubled throughout.[87] A 2–0 win over France then took England through the group stage without Banks conceding a goal.[88]

England beat Argentina 1–0 in the last eight, with Geoff Hurst scoring with a header; the match was sullied by the first-half sending off of Argentinian midfielder Antonio Rattín, who refused to leave the pitch after being dismissed for dissent.[89] In contrast to the previous games, the semi-final against Portugal proved to be a fair contest between two sides of talented players eager to attack from the start of the match.[90] Yet there was panic in the buildup to the game as trainer Harold Shepherdson forgot to buy chewing gum, which Banks used to make his hands stickier and better able to handle the ball, and so Shepherdson had to run to a nearby newsagents to purchase gum as the teams were in the tunnel.[91] Bobby Charlton scored two goals, but Portugal made a strong finish and won a penalty on 82 minutes after Jack Charlton handled the ball in the penalty area.[92] Eusébio converted the penalty after sending Banks the wrong way, and the game finished 2–1 in England's favour.[93] This was the first goal Banks had conceded for England in 721 minutes of regular play, since giving up Scotland's last goal after 81 minutes of the Home International clash in April. This remains a record for an England goalkeeper.[94]

England's opponents in the final were West Germany. It was England who dominated the final but it was Banks who was beaten first. A weak header from Ray Wilson handed a chance to Helmut Haller, who sent an accurate but relatively weak shot into the corner of the net; Banks had been unsighted by Jack Charlton, and he failed to adjust his position in time to reach the ball.[95] England equalised through a Geoff Hurst header within six minutes and went ahead late in the second half through Martin Peters.[96] With seconds left in the game, Lothar Emmerich sent a free kick into the England penalty area, and the ball fell to Wolfgang Weber, who guided the ball over a lunging Ray Wilson and an outstretched Banks into the net to take the game into extra-time.[97] In extra-time, the Germans sent shots in at the England goal which Banks managed to catch and control without any great danger.[98] Hurst scored two goals to complete his hat-trick, and though many claimed his second goal never crossed the line Banks always maintained his belief that the officials called the decision correctly.[99] Between these goals Banks had to deal with a fiery shot from Sigfried Held, and was later exposed only for Uwe Seeler to come just centimetres away from connecting with the ball.[100]

Scotland were the first team to beat the world champions, as goals from Denis Law, Bobby Lennox and Jim McCalliog secured a 3–2 victory at Wembley on 15 April 1967.[101] Despite this set-back, England qualified for UEFA Euro 1968, which consisted of just four teams: England, Italy (hosts), the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia. England played just two games at the tournament, losing 1–0 to Yugoslavia, and then beating the Soviets 2–0 in the third-place play-off.

Banks went into the 1970 World Cup as England's number one with 59 caps to his name, and had Peter Bonetti (six caps) and Alex Stepney (one cap) as his understudies. However, he soon found that the heat and altitude at Guadalajara, Mexico difficult to cope with.[102] The team's efforts at acclimatization were not helped when Bobby Moore was falsely accused of stealing the infamous "Bogotá Bracelet".[103] Despite this, a Geoff Hurst goal was enough to beat their first opponents, Romania.[104] A far tougher test awaited on 7 June, when England faced Brazil. The day before the match Banks was informed that he had been awarded an OBE.[104]

Playing at pace, Brazil were putting England under enormous pressure and an attack was begun by captain Carlos Alberto who sent a low ball down the right flank for the speedy Jairzinho to latch on to.[105] The Brazilian winger sped past left-back Terry Cooper and crossed the ball into the six-yard box, where Pelé connected with a powerful header to send the ball low towards the right-hand corner of the goal.[105] In the knowledge that his header was placed to perfection, Pelé immediately shouted "Gol!" (Brazilian Portuguese for goal).[106][107]

The split-second incident only allowed Banks time for one conscious thought – that the shot was impossible to catch, and the only way to prevent Pelé from following up on the rebound would be to parry the ball over the bar.[106] The ball bounced two yards in front of the goal-line, and Banks managed to make contact with the ball with the fingers of his right hand, and rolled his hand slightly to angle to ball over the crossbar.[106] He landed in the inner netting of the goal, and knew he had saved the ball after witnessing Pelé's reaction.[106] Banks then rose to his feet to defend the corner, and broke into laughter after the following exchange:[108]

PelÃ©, and numerous journalists and pundits, would later describe the save as the greatest in the history of the game.[3][4][5] Banks would later say "They won't remember me for winning the World Cup, it'll be for that save. That's how big a thing it is. People just want to talk about that save."[109] In 2002 the UK public voted the save No. 41 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.[110]

Brazil still won the game 1–0 – Jairzinho guided a shot past Banks in the second half.[111] England ultimately joined Brazil in the last eight after a win in the final group game against Czechoslovakia. The reward was a rematch of the 1966 final against West Germany.

The day before the game Banks and England's hopes of making further inroads into the World Cup were dented when he started to complain of an upset stomach. He became affected by violent stomach cramps and aching limbs, and spent his time in the bathroom sweating, shivering and vomiting.[112] He passed an extremely undemanding fitness test but suffered a relapse shortly before the game and Ramsey was forced to rest him in place of Peter Bonetti.[113] Ramsey remarked that "of all the players to lose, we had to lose him."[5] Banks watched the game on television at the hotel as England lost a two-goal lead to be eliminated 3–2 after extra time; due to a time delay on the broadcast he switched the television off with England 2–0 in the lead as Bobby Moore returned to the hotel to break the news of the defeat.[114] Conspiracies later surfaced that Banks had been poisoned to take him out of the game, but with no evidence to support them Banks never believed in these conspiracies.[115]

Only four teams competed in UEFA Euro 1972: Belgium (hosts), Hungary, the Soviet Union, and West Germany. England came close to qualifying, but lost 3â€“1 to West Germany in the final round of qualifying.

On 15 May 1971, Banks was involved in a notorious incident with George Best who, while playing against England for Northern Ireland, flicked the ball out of Banks' hands and headed it into the net.[116] The move was audacious, but was disallowed by the referee, who judged it to be dangerous play.[116][117] Banks played his 73rd and final game for England on 27 May 1972, in a 1â€“0 win over Scotland at Hampden Park.[118] During his 73 international games he kept 35 clean sheets and lost just nine games.[119]

In December 1977 he was appointed as a coach at Port Vale by manager Dennis Butler, being demoted to reserve coach in October 1978 by new boss Alan Bloor.[120] Banks enjoyed coaching but soon resigned his position, feeling that players such as Bernie Wright refused to take his advice on board.[121] He applied for the vacant management positions at Lincoln City and Rotherham United, but was rejected.[121] He instead accepted the role as manager of Alliance Premier League part-time club Telford United.[121] He signed a goalkeeper, centre-half and centre-forward from Bangor City for £1,500, as well as former Stoke striker John Ruggiero.[122] The "Bucks" finished in 13th place in 1979–80. In November 1980, he left Jackie Mudie in temporary charge of team affairs whilst he underwent surgery, who led the club to defeat in the FA Trophy at the hands of a lower league club.[123] On his return to the club Banks was sacked.[123] He was offered the position of raffle-ticket seller, and accepted the post in the belief that it would entitle him to the money owed to him in the terms of his management contract; he eventually had to settle for 50% of his contract.[123] He later stated that "It broke my heart ... I did not want to stay in the game."[124]

An excellent, consistent, and instinctive goalkeeper, who possessed significant physical strength, athleticism, and excellent shot-stopping abilities, Banks is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time in his position. He possessed an excellent positional sense, which he felt to be one of his best assets, and was also known for his handling, awareness, composure, and mental strength, as well as his agility, speed, and quick reflexes, which enabled him to produce acrobatic saves, such as his famous stop from PelÃ©'s header against Brazil at the 1970 World Cup.[5][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134]

Banks first met his wife Ursula during his National service in Germany in 1955.[13] They had three children. He separated from Ursula during his time in America, but the couple reunited when Banks returned to England.[135] Banks' nephew is Nick Banks, drummer of the band Pulp.

Shortly after his retirement, Banks was surprised by Eamonn Andrews for an episode of This Is Your Life.[136] He later fronted a Leicester based hospitality company.[137] He lost a significant sum of money when the business failed, but was helped out by Leicester City, who offered him a belated testimonial match.[138] He was appointed as Stoke City's president following the death of Stanley Matthews.[139] Since the 1980s he has been a member of the three man pool's panel.[140]

In 2001, he sold his World Cup winners medal at Christie's for £124,750, and his international cap from the final was also sold at £27,025.[141]

Banks was an Inaugural Inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002.[142] In March 2004, he was named by Pelé as one of the world's 125 greatest living footballers.[143] He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Keele University in February 2006.[144] In May 2006, Banks was the first "legend" to be inducted into a new Walk of Fame, by having a plaque installed in the pavement in front of Sheffield Town Hall.[145] In July 2008, Pelé unveiled a statue of Banks making his famous 1970 World Cup save outside the Britannia Stadium.[146][147] In March 2011, he was also inducted into the City of Stoke-on-Trent Hall of Fame, along with Roy Sproson.[148]

In 1980 Banks published his first autobiography, Banks of England. He published a more comprehensive autobiography in 2002: Banksy: My Autobiography. Irish investigative author, Don Mullan, published a boyhood memoir in 2006 called GORDON BANKS: A Hero Who Could Fly[149] in which he wrote about the influence of the England goalkeeper on his life.[150]

In December 2015, it was announced he was receiving treatment for kidney cancer.[151]


what does the lower limit of the green arc on an airspeed indicator represent

A redline mark indicates VNE, or velocity (never exceed). This is the maximum demonstrated safe airspeed that the aircraft must not exceed under any circumstances. The red line is preceded by a yellow band which is the caution area, which runs from VNO (maximum structural cruise speed) to VNE. A green band runs from VS1 to VNO. VS1 is the stall speed with flaps and landing gear retracted. A white band runs from VSO to VFE. VSO is the stall speed with flaps extended, and VFE is the highest speed at which flaps can be extended. Airspeed indicators in multi-engine aircraft show a short radial red line near to the bottom of green arc for Vmc, the minimum indicated airspeed at which the aircraft can be controlled with the critical engine inoperative and a blue line for VYSE, the speed for best rate of climb with the critical engine inoperative.

Airspeed indicator

The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the craft's airspeed, typically in knots, to the pilot. In its simplest form, an ASI measures the difference in pressure between the air around the craft and the increased pressure caused by propulsion. The needle tracks pressure differential but the dial is marked off as airspeed.

The airspeed indicator (ASI) is used by the pilot during all phases of flight, from take-off, climb, cruise, descent and landing in order to maintain airspeeds specific to the aircraft type and operating conditions as specified in the Operating Manual.

During instrument flight, the airspeed indicator is used in addition to the attitude indicator (artificial horizon) as an instrument of reference for pitch control during climbs, descents and turns.

The airspeed indicator is also used in dead reckoning, where time, speed, and bearing are used for navigation in the absence of aids such as NDBs, VORs or GPS.

Airspeed indicators in many Light and Recreational aircraft can only show the pilot Indicated Airspeed (IAS). For True Airspeed (TAS) other components would have to be added by the manufacturer. Airspeed Indicator markings use a set of standardized coloured bands and lines on the face of the instrument. The white range is the normal range of operating speeds for the aircraft with the flaps extended as for landing or takeoff. The green range is the normal range of operating speeds for the aircraft without flaps extended. The yellow range is the range in which the aircraft may be operated in smooth air, and then only with caution to avoid abrupt control movement.

The airspeed indicator is especially important for monitoring V-Speeds while operating an aircraft. However, in large aircraft, V-speeds can vary considerably depending on airfield elevation, temperature and aircraft weight. For this reason the coloured ranges found on the ASIs of light aircraft are not used - instead the instrument has a number of moveable pointers known as bugs which may be preset by the pilot to indicate appropriate V-speeds for the current conditions.

Jet aircraft do not have VNO and VNE like piston-engined aircraft, but instead have a maximum operating IAS, VMO and maximum Mach number, MMO. To observe both limits, the pilot of a jet airplane needs both an airspeed indicator and a Machmeter, each with appropriate red lines. In some general aviation jet airplanes, the Machmeter is combined into a single instrument that contains a pair of concentric indicators, one for the indicated airspeed and the other for indicated Mach number.

An alternative single instrument is the "maximum allowable airspeed indicator." It has a movable pointer that indicates the maximum operating limit (Vmo or Mmo). The movable pointer moves with altitude and temperature so that it always indicates the maximum allowable speed of the aircraft. The pointer is usually red-and-white striped, and thus known as a "barber pole". As the aircraft climbs to high altitude, such that MMO rather than VMO becomes the limiting speed, the barber pole moves to lower IAS values.

Modern aircraft employing glass cockpit instrument systems employ two airspeed indicators: an electronic indicator on the primary flight data panel and a traditional mechanical instrument for use if the electronic panels fail. The airspeed is typically presented in the form of a "tape strip" that moves up and down, with the current airspeed in the middle. The same colour scheme is used as on a mechanical airspeed indicator to represent the V speeds.

Along with the altimeter and vertical speed indicator, the airspeed indicator is a member of the pitot-static system of aviation instruments, so named because they operate by measuring pressure in the pitot and static circuits.

Airspeed indicators work by measuring the difference between static pressure, captured through one or more static ports; and stagnation pressure due to "ram air", captured through a pitot tube. This difference in pressure due to ram air is called impact pressure.[1]

The static ports are located on the exterior of the aircraft, at a location chosen to detect the prevailing atmospheric pressure as accurately as possible, that is, with minimum disturbance from the presence of the aircraft. Some aircraft have static ports on both sides of the fuselage or empennage, in order to more accurately measure static pressure during slips and skids. Aerodynamic slips and skids cause either or both static ports and pitot tube(s) to present themselves to the relative wind in other than basic forward motion. Thus, the alternative placements on some aircraft.

Icing is a problem for pitot tubes when the air temperature is below freezing and visible moisture is present in the atmosphere, as when flying through cloud or precipitation. Electrically heated pitot tubes are used to prevent ice forming over the tube.

The airspeed indicator and altimeter will be rendered inoperative by blockage in the static system. To avoid this problem, most aircraft intended for use in instrument meteorological conditions are equipped with an alternate source of static pressure. In unpressurised aircraft, the alternate static source is usually achieved by opening the static pressure system to the air in the cabin. This is less accurate, but is still workable. In pressurised aircraft, the alternate static source is a second set of static ports on the skin of the aircraft, but at a different location to the primary source.[2]

The Lift Reserve Indicator (LRI) has been proposed as an alternative or backup to the Airspeed Indicator (ASI) during critical stages of flight. This is an elegant device, but is rarely found in light aircraft or even transport jets. The conventional airspeed Indicator is less sensitive and less accurate as airspeed diminishes, thus providing less reliable information to the pilot as the aircraft slows towards the stall. The actual stall speed of an aircraft also varies with flight conditions, particularly changes in gross weight and wing loading during maneuvers. The ASI does not show the pilot directly how the stall is being approached during these maneuvers, whereas the LRI does.

The LRI shows the pilot directly the Potential of Wing Lift (POWL) above the stall at all times and at any airspeed, so it is more descriptive and easier for the pilot to use. The LRI uses dynamic differential pressure and Angle of Attack to operate. It is very fast acting and extremely accurate at low airspeeds, thus providing more reliable information to the pilot as airspeed diminishes and becomes critical.

The LRI uses a three zone, red-white-green display. During flight, the green zone is well above the stall where flight controls are firm, angle of attack is low, and the unused POWL is high. The white zone is near the stall where flight controls soften, angle of attack is high, and the unused POWL is diminished. The top of the red zone defines the beginning of the stall. The severity of stall increases as the needle travels deeper into the red. During the takeoff, the LRI uses dynamic pressure to operate and will not lift the needle above the red zone until enough airspeed energy is available to fly.

The pilot adjusts the instrument to indicate the edge of the red-white zone during minimum airspeed practice at altitude, indicating the aircraft has zero POWL beyond that point. Since the wing will stall at the same angle of attack at any airspeed, once properly adjusted the LRI will indicate the red-white edge anytime the stall is approached. This includes landing stalls, climbing stalls, and accelerated stalls. After adjustment, the black line in the center of the white indicates maximum angle of climb and maximum angle of descent with enough reserve lift for the landing flare. With practice, the pilot can use the LRI to determine the exact moment for liftoff with minimum ground roll and maximum angle of climb combined.

The LRI has been well received by STOL pilots and pilots of experimental or home-built aircraft. The LRI is very useful for short field landings, short field takeoffs, and slow speed maneuvers such as steep turns, steep climbs, and steep descents, and also allows pilots of fast or "slippery" aircraft to land with little or no float very reliably. Since the LRI is so useful at the critical lower end of the flight envelope, most pilots will use the LRI as a complement to the ASI, using the LRI for slow speed work and the ASI for cruising and navigational work.

Memory aid: "ICE-T" (iced tea), or Indicated->Calibrated->Equivalent->True.

Another memory aid: This is a Pretty Cool Drink, giving the errors compensated for between the speeds Position/Pressure, Compression, and Density.

At increased altitude (more accurately, density altitude), for the same given indicated airspeed (IAS) the aircraft's true airspeed (TAS) will be higher, but the same indicated airspeed limits apply. Likewise, most efficient cruise speed, total drag, available lift, stall speed, and other aerodynamic information depend on calibrated, not true airspeed. Most aircraft exhibit a small difference between the airspeed actually shown on the instrument (indicated airspeed, or IAS) and the speed the instrument should theoretically show (calibrated airspeed or CAS). This difference, called position error, is mainly due to inaccurate sensing of static pressure. It is usually not possible to find a position for the static ports which, at all angles of attack, accurately senses the atmospheric pressure at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.

Bernoulli's principle states that total pressure is constant along a streamline. Pitot pressure is equal to total pressure so pitot pressure is constant all around the aircraft and does not suffer position error. (However, pitot pressure can suffer alignment error if the pitot tube is not aligned directly into the oncoming airflow.)

The position of static ports must be selected carefully by an aircraft designer because position error must be small at all speeds within the operating range of the aircraft. A calibration chart specific to the type of aircraft is usually provided.

At high speeds and altitudes, calibrated airspeed must be further corrected for compressibility error to give equivalent airspeed (EAS). Compressibility error arises because the impact pressure will cause the air to compress in the pitot tube. The calibration equation (see calibrated airspeed) accounts for compressibility, but only at standard sea level pressure. At other altitudes compressibility error correction may be obtained from a chart. In practice compressibility error is negligible below about 3,000 m / 10,000 feet and 100Â m/s / 200 knots CAS.

The true airspeed can be calculated as a function of equivalent airspeed and local air density, (or temperature and pressure altitude which determine density). Some airspeed indicators incorporate a slide rule mechanism to perform this calculation. Otherwise, it can be performed with a calculator such as the E6B handheld circular slide rule. For a quick approximation of TAS add 2% per 300m / 1000 feet of altitude to IAS (or CAS). e.g. IAS = 52 m/s /100 Knots. At 3000 m / 10,000' Above Sea Level, TAS is 62 m/s / 120 Knots.


what kind of car is in brokenwood mysteries

Shepherd's car is a 1971 Holden Kingswood. It has a cassette player for his country music cassettes.

The Brokenwood Mysteries

The Brokenwood Mysteries is a New Zealand detective, drama television series that premiered on Prime in 2014.[2] The program is set in the fictitious New Zealand town of Brokenwood and was filmed in the greater Auckland region.[1] Tim Balme conceived the series and is lead writer with Philip Dalkin, James Griffin and Greg McGee.[1] In December 2014, it was confirmed that The Brokenwood Mysteries would return for a four-episode second season set to premiere in 2015.[3] NZ on Air approved funding of NZ$4.3 million for the first season,[4] NZ$4 million for the second season[5] and NZ$4.1 million for third season.[6] The show was renewed for a fourth series in 2017,[7] and a fifth season in 2018.

The cast includes Neill Rea as Detective Senior Sergeant Mike Shepherd, Fern Sutherland as Detective Constable Kristin Sims, Pana Hema Taylor as Jared Morehu, Shepherd's Maori neighbour, Nic Sampson as Detective Constable Sam Breen and Cristina Ionda as Dr. Gina Kadinsky, medical examiner.

Critical response to the series has been mixed. Many reviewers have been impressed by the plots, but lament the occasionally hokey dialogue. Some have criticised the two-hour length, which includes ads, as being too long for such a series.

A fourth season was announced on 12 December 2016,[8] and aired 29 October 2017. [9] The series funding has been renewed for a fifth season as well. [10]

Detective Inspector Mike Shepherd is sent from Auckland to Brokenwood to investigate a local police officer. With a possible murder investigation underway that might link the two Shepherd takes charge. After the investigation Shepherd reassesses his life and decides to stay on indefinitely, even though it means a demotion to Detective Senior Sergeant. Brokenwood is a seemingly quiet country town where Shepherd, who has an unconventional approach to police work, is assisted by local Detective Constable Kristin Sims, who is precise and efficient at her job, to solve murders. As the series progresses the working relationship between the two moves from rocky to functional as they begin to appreciate each other's talents.[11]

The fictional town of Brokenwood has a population of about 5000, and is located some 20 kilometres (12 miles) from the coast. It is in a farming area, with crops ranging from wheat to viticulture, and the surrounding area is home to many people who have escaped city life (from retirees to alternative lifestylers).[12] Though the exact location of Brokenwood is not stated, it was largely written[13]  and filmed in small towns immediately to the north of Auckland. The real-life town of Warkworth doubles as Brokenwood,[14] and the Brokenwood Police Station is a 1911 building that was the Helensville Post Office. In "Sour Grapes", Shepherd and Sims are seen travelling into Auckland across the Auckland Harbour Bridge, which would confirm that Brokenwood is also located to the north of the city. In the same episode, it is mentioned that it takes two and a half hours by road to get from Brokenwood to Auckland. This would put Brokenwood considerably further north.[15] A map shown in "Catch of the Day" locates Brokenwood close to the settlement of Langs Beach, at the southern end of Bream Bay.

Several well-known New Zealand actors and actresses have appeared in episodes of The Brokenwood Mysteries, among them:

Critical response to the series has been mixed, with many reviewers impressed by the plots but lamenting the occasionally hokey dialogue. The two-hour length (broadcast length with ads) of episodes has also been mentioned by some as too long for such a series.

Writing in the New Zealand Herald, critic Colin Hogg panned the series, stating that it was "a local version aiming at that grand TV detective tradition" but that its "Dialogue is cliched, the acting aches and the locations are boring."[31] International television website "The Medium is Not Enough" was also generally negative in its review, describing the series as "genteel, New Zealand drama designed to appeal to perhaps an older demographic that likes comfortable murder-mysteries and to New Zealanders eager to watch anything thatâ€™s actually set in New Zealand and stars New Zealanders."[32]

Christine Tidball, writing for entertainment website Cheese on Toast was kinder, rating the series "charming, without being cloying, very well-written (thanks to Tim Balme) and funny, but not too funny [...] Itâ€™s also engaging, full of twists and will keep you guessing right till the end."[33]

As the series has progressed, reviews have become more positive. DVD review website High Def Standard described the first series as "uniquely thrilling TV" and "a New Zealand Midsomer Murders that isnâ€™t afraid to venture off into Twin Peaks territory every now and again."[34] The Manawatu Standard's Malcolm Hopwood enjoyed the series but lamented episode length: "The Brokenwood Mysteries (Prime Sundays) is like our TPP negotiations. They are long, energy-sapping but satisfying if you're still awake after two hours." He added that the series was "intriguing, confusing and exhausting", and that it "deserves our support but it needs to be recorded and watched in small chunks."[35] Michael Reuben, writing for blu-ray.com, rated series one at 4 stars out of 5.[36]

The series has generally proved popular with the public, and has rated 7.0 out of 10 by reviewers on IMDb.com.

The Brokenwood Mysteries received a bronze world medal at the New York Festival's International Television and Film Awards in 2014.[25]


who did jessica raine play in call the midwife

Jessica Raine (born Jessica Helen Lloyd;[1][2] 20 May 1982)[3][4] is an English actress. She is known for playing midwife Jenny Lee in the first three series of BBC One drama Call the Midwife.[5][6][7]

Jessica Raine

Raine was born in Eardisley, Herefordshire,[1][5], where she was raised on her father's farm.[6][7][8] She is the younger of two daughters of farmer Allan Lloyd (descended from the Lloyd family of Baynham Hall),[9] and his wife Sue, who trained as a dancer but then worked as a nurse.[1] Educated in Kington, Herefordshire, she wanted to be an actress from the age of 13, as her father starred in amateur dramatics with the Eardisley Little Theatre.[1] In sixth form she studied theatre at A-Level and a BTEC in photography at Hereford College of Arts [3] and then studied drama and cultural studies at the University of the West of England, Bristol. Turned down on graduation to enter every drama school that she applied to, Raine went to Thailand and taught English as a second language.[10]

Returning home after a year, she applied to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art a second time and was accepted.[3] Moving to London in anticipation of starting her course, she worked part-time as a waitress and for the telecommunications company BT.[3]

After graduating in 2008, Raine began a successful stage career, initially cast as Lesley Sharp's goth daughter in Simon Stephens's Harper Regan.[11] She then played Tamsin Greig's 16-year-old daughter in David Hare's Gethsemane.[12]

Raine then played at the National Theatre in Mike Bartlett's Earthquakes in London as teenage wild-child Jasmine; and then as a secretary in the revival of Clifford Odets's Rocket to the Moon.[13] She has also appeared in Ghosts and Punk Rock,[14] for which she won the Manchester Evening News Award for Best Supporting Actress. She played a role in the Young Vic's revival of Middleton and Rowley's 17th-century tragedy, The Changeling. In 2012 Raine starred in Beyond Ballets Russes at the London Coliseum.[6]

In film and television, Raine has appeared in Garrow's Law and Robin Hood, directed by Ridley Scott.[3] She starred as the lead character Jenny Lee in the first three series of the BBC One drama Call the Midwife.[3][5][8][7][15]

After the success of the first series, she shot a Christmas special and a second series.[2] At the end of series 2, Raine was asked to commit to eight more series of the programme.[6] On 9 March 2014, it was announced that Raine was leaving the show at the end of series 3 to pursue a career in film in the United States.[16]

In radio, she has played Felice in the Murray Gold play Kafka the Musical, broadcast in April 2011 on BBC 3.[17] She also played the part of Kasey in Ed Harris' radio play The Wire, the Wall.,[18] first broadcast in February 2011.

Raine was a guest star in the 2013 Doctor Who episode "Hide". Later, she appeared as Doctor Who's original producer, Verity Lambert, in the drama An Adventure in Space and Time, showing the creation of the series as part of its fiftieth anniversary celebrations.[19]

In 2014 Raine joined the cast of the BBC2 police drama Line of Duty for series 2 as Detective Constable Georgia Trotman working for the AC12 anti corruption unit.[citation needed]

She played Tuppence Beresford in the 2015 series Partners in Crime based on Agatha Christie's Tommy and Tuppence stories, though the series is set in 1952 rather than the 1920s.

Raine began dating actor Tom Goodman-Hill in 2010 after they met while co-starring in a play.[20] They married on 5 September 2015 in London.[21]


in exfoliative cytology the cells for examination are obtained by

In this method, cells are collected after they have been either spontaneously shed by the body ("spontaneous exfoliation"), or manually scraped/brushed off of a surface in the body ("mechanical exfoliation"). An example of spontaneous exfoliation is when cells of the pleural cavity or peritoneal cavity are shed into the pleural or peritoneal fluid. This fluid can be collected via various methods for examination. Examples of mechanical exfoliation include Pap smears, where cells are scraped from the cervix with a cervical spatula, or bronchial brushings, where a bronchoscope is inserted into the trachea and used to evaluate a visible lesion by brushing cells from its surface and subjecting them to cytopathologic analysis. Liquid-based cytology collects the samples in the same way but places them in liquid that is then treated to allow for improved results.[4]

Cytopathology

Cytopathology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow";[1] πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by George Nicolas Papanicolaou in 1928. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues.

Cytopathology is commonly used to investigate diseases involving a wide range of body sites, often to aid in the diagnosis of cancer, but also in the diagnosis of some infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. For example, a common application of cytopathology is the Pap smear, a screening tool used to detect precancerous cervical lesions which may lead to cervical cancer.

Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including cytocentrifugation. Different types of smear tests may also be used for cancer diagnosis. In this sense, it is termed a cytologic smear.[2]

Cytopathology is frequently, less precisely, called cytology, which means "the study of cells".[3]

There are two methods of collecting cells for cytopathologic analysis: exfoliative cytology, and intervention cytology.

In interventional cytology the pathologist intervenes into the body for sample collection.

Fine-needle aspiration, or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), involves use of a needle attached to a syringe is to collect cells from lesions or masses in various body organs by microcoring, often with the application of negative pressure (suction) to increase yield. FNAC can be performed under palpation guidance (i.e., the clinician can feel the lesion) on a mass in superficial regions like the neck, thyroid or breast; FNAC may be assisted by ultrasound or CAT scan for sampling of deep-seated lesions within the body that cannot be localized via palpation. FNAC is widely used in many countries, but success rate is dependent on the skill of the practitioner. If performed by a pathologist alone, or as team with pathologist-cytotechnologist, the success rate of proper diagnosis is higher than when performed by a non-pathologist.[5] This may be due to the pathologist's ability to immediately evaluate specimens under a microscope and immediately repeat the procedure if sampling was inadequate.

Fine needles are 23 to 27 gauge. Because needles as small as 27 gauge can almost always yield diagnostic material, FNAC is often the least injurious way to obtain diagnostic tissue from a lesion. Sometime a syringe holder may be used to facilitate using one hand to perform the biopsy while the other hand is immobilizing the mass. Imaging equipment such as a CT scanner or ultrasound may be used to assist in locating the region to be biopsied.

FNAC has become synonymous to interventional cytology.

For cytology of sediment, the sample is collected from the fixative that was used for processing the biopsy or autopsy specimen. The fixative is mixed properly and taken into a centrifuge tube and is centrifuged. The sediment is used for smearing. These sediments are the cells that are shed by the autopsy and biopsy specimen during processing.

The nucleus of the cell is very important in evaluating the cellular sample. In cancerous cells, altered DNA activity can be seen as a physical change in the nuclear qualities. Since more DNA is unfolded and being expressed, the nucleus will be darker and less uniform, larger than in normal cells, and often show a bright-red nucleolus.

While the cytologist's primary responsibility is to discern whether cancerous or precancerous pathology is present in the cellular sample analysed, other pathologies may be seen such as:

Various normal functions of cell growth, metabolism, and division can fail or work in abnormal ways and lead to diseases.

Cytopathology is best used as one of three tools, the second and third being the physical examination and medical imaging. Cytology can be used to diagnose a condition and spare a patient from surgery to obtain a larger specimen. An example is thyroid FNAC; many benign conditions can be diagnosed with a superficial biopsy and the patient can go back to normal activities right away. If a malignant condition is diagnosed, the patient may be able to start radiation/chemotherapy, or may need to have surgery to remove and/or stage the cancer.

Some tumors may be difficult to biopsy, such as sarcomas. Other rare tumors may be dangerous to biopsy, such as pheochromocytoma. In general, a fine-needle aspiration can be done anywhere it is safe to put a needle, including liver, lung, kidney, and superficial masses.

Proper cytopathology technique takes time to master. Cytotechnologists and cytopathologists can assist clinicians by assisting with sample collection. A "quick read" is a peek under the microscope and can tell the clinician whether enough diagnostic material was obtained. Cytological specimens must be properly prepared so that the cells are not damaged.

Further information about the specimen may be gained by immunohistochemical stains and molecular testing, particularly if the sample is prepared using liquid based cytology. Often "reflex" testing is performed, such as HPV testing on an abnormal pap test or flow cytometry on a lymphoma specimen.

Cytopathologic techniques are used in the examination of virtually all body organs and tissues:


how many scenarios in mansions of madness 2nd edition

The base game came with four scenarios of varying length and difficulty and a fifth scenario that could be unlocked by paying for the DLC. Players who owned either the first edition base game or added the Recurring Nightmares figure & tile collection could play an additional sixth scenario. Players who owned the first edition Call of the Wild expansion or added the Suppressed Memories figure & tile collection could play an additional seventh scenario.

Mansions of Madness

Mansions of Madness is a tabletop strategy game designed by Corey Konieczka and published by Fantasy Flight Games in 2011. The players explore a locale filled with Lovecraftian horrors and must solve a mystery. After five years, two big-box expansions and six print-on-demand scenarios, the original Mansions of Madness was retired and replaced by Mansions of Madness Second Edition, designed by Nikki Valens and using an app in place of a human "Keeper" for running the game's scenario.

Mansions of Madness requires two to five players. One player takes the role of the "Keeper" and is responsible for the monsters and happenings of the game, while the other players take on the roles of investigators trying to solve the mystery. At the beginning of the game, the players pick a scenario to play and set up the map accordingly. The Keeper consults his rule book to make decisions about the story and to place clues and traps across the board. After setting up, the players begin at the starting point and if there's a main character, he or she begins first. If not, the youngest goes first. Then, the other explorers take turns exploring. Each investigator may move two spaces and carry out one action. Each investigator has a Health and Sanity value that depletes as they are wounded or scared. Each time an investigator suffers damage, the keeper may play trauma cards that inflict further penalties. For instance, after being hit, an investigator might receive a broken leg and be unable to move as quickly as before, or they could develop nyctophobia after having an encounter with an eldritch horror. During the investigators' turns, the Keeper may play Mythos cards, attempting to injure them physically or mentally, degrade or destroy their items, or otherwise set them back.

After the investigators complete their turn, the Keeper then gets to react. He accumulates "threat" each turn, a resource required to use most of the Keeper's abilities. Playing these cards is a large part of the keeper's abilities, and they often cost threat to use.

The goal is hidden from the investigators until near the end of the game, while the Keeper knows the objective from the beginning.

On 4 August 2016 a second edition of Mansions of Madness was released.[1] Aside from some minor modifications, gameplay was fundamentally the same as in the first edition but with the role of the keeper replaced by a companion app that would run on PC, iOS, or Android platforms.[2] This app expanded the gameplay in several ways including the randomisation of maps and monsters and incorporating and extended range of interactive puzzles into the app. It also meant that the game could be played solo.

The second edition also came with a conversion kit that allowed players who owned the first edition base game and either of its big-box expansions Forbidden Alchemy and Call of the Wild to incorporate their investigator figures, monster figures and map tiles into the second edition game to add more variety and unlock extra scenarios.[3] Shortly after the second edition base game was released, the two Figure and Tile collections Recurring Nightmares and Suppressed Memories were released to make all the first edition components available to those who did not own the 1st edition game or expansions.

Two "big box" expansions were published for Mansions of Madness.

Forbidden Alchemy was designed by Corey Konieczka, the designer of the base game, and released in 2011. It included the 3 new scenarios Return of the Reanimator, Yellow Matter and Lost in Time and Space. The expansion also contained 4 new investigators (Carolyn Fern, Dexter Drake, Darrell Simmons & Vincent Lee), 4 new monsters (2 Byakhees & 2 Crawling Ones) and 6 new map tiles as well as additional cards and tokens. A revised printing in May 2012 included corrected cards and map set-ups for all three scenarios.[4]

Call of the Wild was again designed by Corey Konieczka and released in 2013. It included the 5 new scenarios A Cry for Help, The Stars Aligned, The Mind's Veil, The Dunwich Horror and A Matter of Trust. This expansion aimed to shift the game's focus to outdoor settings that were designed to be less linear in order to give the players more choice as to how they explore and investigate. It also introduced allies and NPCs to the game and added situations where the Keeper had to find clues and solve puzzles.[5] The expansion added 4 new investigators (Amanda Sharpe, Bob Jenkins, Mandy Thompson and Monterey Jack), 11 new monsters (2 Dark Druids, 2 Child of the Goats, 2 Goat Spawns, 2 Nightgaunts, Dunwich Horror, Dark Young and Wizard) and 11 new map tiles as well as additional cards and tokens.

Fantasy Flight Games released six print-on-demand scenarios separately.

Mansions of Madness Second Edition shipped with a conversion kit that allowed those with the first edition game and either of its two expansions to use their investigators, monsters and tiles while playing second edition scenarios.[3] It wasn't necessary, but it did add more variety to the randomly generated game maps and monsters and gave players more choice of investigator to play. However, with production of the first edition game and expansions ceased, Fantasy Flight Games decided to package the old game components in two new Figure & Tile collections and released them simultaneously shortly after the release of the Second Edition base game. As such, they weren't considered a true "expansion" but rather a re-packaging of the old, out-of-production first edition components that allowed new players to add them to their second edition game.

The Recurring Nightmares Figure & Tile Collection contained game components from the first edition base game: 8 investigator figures, 18 monster figures and 15 double-sided map tiles. The first edition base game actually had 24 monster figures but the second edition base game already had the 6 cultists so they weren't included in this collection. It also unlocked the Dearly Departed scenario for play.

The Suppressed Memories Figure & Tile Collection contained game components from the Forbidden Alchemy and Call of the Wild expansions: 8 investigators, 15 monsters and 17 double-sided map tiles. It also unlocked the Cult of Sentinel Hill scenario for play.

Beyond the Threshold was released in January 2017 and included 2 new investigators (Akachi Onyele and Wilson Richards), 1 new monster (4 Thrall) and 6 double-sided map tiles, as well as additional tokens and cards that expand the base decks. It also unlocked the two new scenarios Gates of Silverwood Manor and Vengeful Impulses.[6]

Streets of Arkham was released in Q4 2017 and included 4 new investigators, (Finn Edwards, Diana Stanley, Tommy Muldoon and Marie Lambeau), 4 new monsters (7 models), and 17 new double-sided map tiles, as well as additional tokens and cards that expand the base decks. It also introduces Elixir Cards and Improvement Tokens for improving skills and a new Tower of Hanoi style puzzle type and unlocks the three new scenarios Astral Alchemy, Gangs of Arkham and Ill-Fated Exhibit.[7]

Mansions of Madness First Edition received favourable reviews at Eurogamer,[8] Penny Arcade,[9] and the Dice Tower podcast.[10] Criticisms include the complexity of the game, and the amount of time it takes to set up and play.[11][10] Praise is often directed at the amount of replay value, the Lovecraftian theme, and the uniqueness of the game.[12]

In the 2011 The Dice Tower Awards, Mansions of Madness won the "Best Production Values" class and was the runner-up for the "Best Game Artwork" award.[13]

Watch it played, a YouTube series, started out as a resource for Mansions of Madness.[14]


when was the treaty of sugauli concluded and between whom

The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2Â December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).

Treaty of Sugauli

Under the treaty, some of the Nepalese controlled territory was lost including all the territories that the King of Nepal had won in wars in the last 25 years or so such as Sikkim in the east, Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom (also known as Gadhwal) in the west. Some of the Terai lands were restored to Nepal in 1816 and more were restored in 1860 to thank for helping the British to suppress the Indian rebellion of 1857.

The British representative in Kathmandu was the first Westerner allowed to live in the post-Malla Era Nepal. (It is to be noted that few Christian missionaries operating were deported by the Gorkhas after conquering Nepal during the mid 18th century). The first representative was Edward Gardner, who was installed at a compound north of Kathmandu. That site is now called Lazimpat and is home to the Indian and British embassies.

The Sugauli Treaty was superseded in December 1923 by a "treaty of perpetual peace and friendship," which upgraded the British resident to an envoy. A separate treaty was signed with India (independent by now) in 1950 which established relations between the two countries.

The territories under Nepalese control included Darjeeling to the South-east, whole of Sikkim to the east, Nainital to the south-west and the Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom to the west.

After the Anglo-Nepalese War, a peace gg treaty was signed between the government of Nepal and the East India Company. It was agreed upon on 2 December 1815 by Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhyaya on behalf of the government of Nepal and Lt. Col. Paris Bradshaw on behalf of the Company. The signed copies of the treaty were exchanged on 4 March 1816 at Makawanpur by Chandra Sekhar Upadhayay and General David Ochterlony. The terms of the treaty were as follows:-

DONE at Sugauli, on the 2nd day of December 1815. PARIS BRADSHAW, LT.-COL., P.A.

Received this treaty from Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya, Agent on the part of the Raja of Nepal, in the valley of Makwanpoor, at half-past two o'clock p.m. on 4 March 1816, and delivered to them the Counterpart Treaty on behalf of the British Government.

DD. OCHTERLONY, Agent, Governor-General Memorandum for the approval and acceptance of the Raja of Nepal, presented on 8 December 1816 ADVERTING to the amity and confidence subsisting with the Raja of Nepal, the British Government proposes to suppress as much as possible, the execution of certain Articles in the Treaty of Sugauli, which bear hard upon the Rajah as follows:

With a view to gratify the Rajah in a point which he has much at heart, the British Government is willing to return the territories of Terai ceded to it by the Rajah in the Treaty, to wit, the whole Terai lands lying between the Rivers Kushwaha and Gandak, such as appertained to the Rajah before the late disagreement; excepting the disputed lands in the Jillas of Tirhoot and Sarun, and excepting such portions of territory as may occur on both sides for the purpose of settling a frontier, upon investigation by the respective Commissioners; and excepting such lands as may have been given in possession to any one by the British Government upon ascertainment of his rights subsequent to the cession of Terai to the Government. In case the Rajah is desirous of retaining the lands of such ascertained proprietors, they may be exchanged for others, and let it be clearly understood that, notwithstanding the considerable extent of the lands in the Jilla of Tirhoot, which have for a long time been a subject of dispute, the settlement made in the year 1812 of Christ, corresponding with year 1869 of Bikram Sambat, shall be taken, and everything else relinquished, that is to say, that the settlement and negotiations, such as occurred at that period, shall in the present case hold good and be established.

The British Government is willing likewise to return the territories of Terai lying between the Rivers Gandak and Rapti, that is to say, from the River Gandak to the western limits of the Jilla of Gorakhpur, together with Butwal and Sheeraj, such as appertained to Nepal previous to the disagreements, complete, with the exception of the disputed places in the Terai, and such quantity of ground as may be considered mutually to be requisite for the new boundary.

As it is impossible to establish desirable limits between the two States without survey, it will be expedient that Commissioners be appointed on both sides for the purpose of arranging in concert a well defined boundary on the basis of the preceding terms, and of establishing a straight line of frontier, with a view to the distinct separation of the respective territories of the British Government to the south and of Nepal to the north; and in case any indentations occur to destroy the even tenor of the line, the Commissioners should effect an exchange of lands so interfering on principles of clear reciprocity.[citation needed]

And should it occur that the proprietors of lands situated on the mutual frontier, as it may be rectified, whether holding of the British Government of the Raja of Nepal, should be placed in the condition of subjects to both Governments, with a view to prevent continual dispute and discussion between the two Governments, the respective Commissioners should effect in mutual concurrence and co-operation the exchange of such lands, so as to render them subject to one dominion alone.

In the event of the Rajah's approving the foregoing terms, the proposed arrangement for the survey and establishment of boundary marks shall be carried into execution, and after the determination in concert, of the boundary line, Sunnuds conformable to the foregoing stipulations, drawn out and sealed by the two States, shall be delivered and accepted on both sides.

EDWARD GARDNER Resident Substance of a Letter under the Seal of the Raja of Nepal, received on 11 December 1816

After complimentsÂ : I have comprehended the document under date 8 December 1816, or 4th of Push, 1873 Sambat, which you transmitted relative to the restoration, with a view to my friendship and satisfaction, of the Terai between the Rivers Kushwaha and Rapti to the southern boundary complete, such as appertained to my estate previous to the war. It mentioned that in the event of my accepting the terms contained in that document, the southern boundary of the Terai should be established as it was held by this Government.

I have accordingly agreed to the terms laid down by you, and herewith enclose an instrument of agreement, which may be satisfactory to you. Moreover, it was written in the document transmitted by you, that it should be restored, with the exception of the disputed lands and such portion of land as should, in the opinion of the Commissioners on both sides, occur for the purpose of settling a boundary; and excepting the lands which, after the cessions of the Terai to the Honourable Company, may have been transferred by it to the ascertained proprietors. My friend, all these matters rest with you, and since it was also written that a view was had to my friendship and satisfactions with respect to certain Articles of the Treaty of Sugauli, which bore hard upon me, and which could be remitted, I am well assured that you have at heart the removal of whatever may tend to my distress, and that you will act in a manner corresponding to the advantage of this State and the increase of the friendly relations subsisting between the two Governments.

Moreover I have to acknowledge the receipt of the orders under the red seal of this State, addressed to the officers of Terai between the Rivers Gandak and Rapti, for the surrender of that Terai, and their retiring from thence, which was given to you at Thankote, according to your request, and which you have now returned for my satisfaction.

Substance of a Document under the Red Seal, received from the Durbar, on 11 December 1816 With regard to friendship and amity, the Government of Nepal agrees to the tenor of the document under date 8 December 1816 or 4th Poos 1873 Sambat which was received by the Durbar from the Honourable Edward Gardner on the part of the Honorable Company, respecting the revertance of the Terai between the Rivers Kushwaha and Rapti to the former southern boundary, such as appertained to Nepal previous to the war, with exception of the disputed lands.

Dated the 7th of Push 1873 Sambat

A subsequent agreement was made in December 1816 according to which Nepal got all the low lands (Terai) from Mechi, in the east, to Mahakali, in the west. Therefore, the indemnity of two lakhs of rupees ceased to continue. A land survey was also proposed to fix the boundary between the two States.

1. Article 9 of the treaty says that the treaty shall be approved by the King of Nepal, but records of the treaty being approved by King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah have not been conclusively traced.

2. The British had feared that Nepal might not implement the treaty signed on 4 March 1816 by Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya. Therefore, General David Ochterlony, on behalf of the British Government, ratified the treaty the same day and the counterpart treaty was handed over to Upadhyaya.

3. Some Nepalese nationalists have argued that the treaty was signed between the Nepalese Kingdom and the British and thus "lacks the force to be implemented" between Republic of Nepal and Republic of India. However, the Republic of Nepal has assumed the duties and responsibilities of essentially all other treaties signed by the predecessor Kingdom of Nepal, including membership in the United Nations and other comparable relationships. But there exists no treaty or any other legal and formal conclusion that this Sugauli Treaty will be followed by these two independent nations Nepal and India.[citation needed]

Treaty of Friendship between Nepal and India signed after British left India on the line of[where?] Sugauli treaty but on the other hand some of Nepali Historians claims the boundary line in treaty of Sugauli was not clear about the National delimitation.

Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions.[1] Both Kalapani and Susta covers 40 km of Indo-Nepal border.[2] In the Susta region, 14500 hectares of land is generally dominated by Indian side with support of Seema Shashatra Bal (SSB) forces.[1]