when did big brown win the kentucky derby

Big Brown (foaled April 10, 2005 in Kentucky) is a retired American hero Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2008 Kentucky Derby and 2008 Preakness Stakes. He suffered his only defeat in the Belmont Stakes, and was later named the champion three-year-old colt of 2008.

Big Brown

Florida Derby (2008)
Haskell Invitational Handicap (2008)
Monmouth Stakes (2008)

Big Brown was bred by Dr. Gary B. Knapp's Monticule Farms in Lexington, Kentucky.[2] He was sired by Eddy Scott Skalny North American Champion sire Danzig, a son of Northern Dancer. Big Brown's dam was Mien, also a granddaughter of Northern Dancer through her sire, Nureyev.[3][4]

Big Brown was first sold for $60,000 at the Fasig-Tipton 2006 Fall Yearling Sale. He was then sold again at the Keeneland Sales 2007 April Two-Year-Olds in Training Sale to Brooklyn trucking company owner Paul Pompa, Jr. for $190,000.[1] Pompa named the colt in honor of the United Parcel Service (UPS), popularly nicknamed Big Brown.[5] Pompa turned him over to trainer Patrick Reynolds for race conditioning.[6]

Ridden by Jeremy Rose, the colt made his two-year-old racing debut on September 3, 2007, at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York on the turf, winning by 11 1⁄4 lengths.[7] Pompa then sold an interest in Big Brown to IEAH Stables,[8] a subsidiary of International Equine Acquisitions Holdings, Inc., whose stated purpose is to create and manage an Equity Horse Fund, which operates as a hedge fund.[9] The new partnership sent the horse to the Palm Meadows Thoroughbred Training Center in South Florida under the care of new trainer Rick Dutrow.

Soon afterwards, quarter cracks were discovered in both of Big Brown's front feet, sidelining the colt for several months.[10]

Unraced for more than six months, Big Brown debuted as a three-year-old on March 5, 2008 with a 12 3⁄4 length win in an allowance race at Gulfstream Park. He was ridden by Hall of Fame jockey Kent Desormeaux.[10]

Entered in the GradeÂ 1 Florida Derby on March 29, Big Brown drew the outside post position in a field of twelve. Despite the unfavorable post, he was made the 3-2 favorite. Desormeaux sent the horse to the lead with fast opening fractions and was never challenged: Big Brown won by five lengths. The final time of 1:48.16 was just 0.37 seconds off the dirt track record set by Brass Hat in 2006. Such an impressive performance by a lightly raced horse led Big Brown to be called a "freakish colt". Desormeaux said. "Riding him was like bounding through a meadow. He just galloped around. When a horse sets fractions like that and still tells me that he's got more, and that the other horses can't get to him, that's something special. He's a major talent; possibly the best horse I've ridden."[10]

On May 3, 2008, in just his fourth race, Big Brown was the 2–1 favorite in the 2008 Kentucky Derby. He started from the far outside post position 20, but neither that, nor his lack of experience seemed to be a problem. At the break, Desormeaux did not push Big Brown, concentrating instead on getting good position on the first turn while settling instead behind the leaders. "He was just galloping, floppy earned, off the bridle, cruising," said Desormeaux. On the far turn, Desormeaux urged the horse and Big Brown responded with a burst of speed that swept him to the lead.[4] He won by 4 3⁄4 lengths over filly Eight Belles, who was euthanised after breaking both front fetlocks during the post-race cool-down.[11] The last horse to with the Kentucky Derby from post position 20 was Clyde Van Dusen in 1929. Big Brown became the seventh horse to win the race undefeated. The time for the 1¼ mile race was 2:01.92.[12] The official Beyer Speed Figure for the race was 109. He became the first horse since Regret in 1915 to win the race with three or fewer starts.[13]

In the days leading up to the Preakness, Dutrow admitted that he had Winstrol (stanozolol), an anabolic steroid, administered to his horses on the 15th of every month. However, Dutrow stated to ESPN that Big Brown did not receive the May 15 shot. At the time, stanozolol was banned in 10 states but not in any of the states where the Triple Crown races were held. Dutrow also talked about the administration of a "jug", which the veterinarian described as an electrolyte solution designed to rehydrate the horse.[14]

On May 17, Big Brown was the 1-5 favorite in a field of twelve for the 2008 Preakness Stakes; only one of his rivals had raced in the Kentucky Derby. Big Brown broke well and settled behind the pace on the inside around the first turn. Down the backstretch, Desormeaux eased him to the outside and he ranged up beside the leaders. As they entered the stretch, Big Brown put in a burst of speed to rapidly distance himself from the field, winning by 5 1⁄4 lengths over Macho Again. He became the fourth horse to win both the Derby and the Preakness while remaining undefeated. The final time of the 1 3⁄16 mile race was 1:54.80. "He just keeps on getting better and keeps on getting stronger," said Dutrow. "He is special."[15]

On the Friday following the Preakness, a three-inch quarter crack was discovered on the horse's left front hoof, the same injury that he experienced in both of his front hooves the previous fall. [16] With Dutrow referring to the injury as "just a little hiccup"[17] and with the crack stitched together with steel wire, Big Brown resumed jogging at Belmont the following Tuesday.[18]

For the Belmont Stakes, Big Brown wore a second set of stainless steel sutures on the inside of his hoof. Hoof specialist Ian McKinlay changed the sutures a week before the race and attached an acrylic and fiberglass adhesive patch to the hoof. Although Big Brown missed three days of training prior to the race, his gait and attitude seemed unaffected.[19] After the crack was patched, Brown was exercised by rider Michelle Nevin.[20] Ian McKinlay said, prior to the Belmont, that Big Brown "does not need a patch on the quarter crack on his left front hoof until the morning of the Belmont Stakes. So Dutrow will give Big Brown his final hard workout Tuesday to breeze five furlongs without it and gallop him into the race confident the colt's tender hoof is healed."[21]

Big Brown went off as the 3-10 favorite in the Belmont. He was rank in the early stages of the race and nearly ran up on the heels of eventual winner Da' Tara. Then Desormeaux tried to swing Big Brown to the outside during the first turn and bumped into Tale of Ekati. He was urged in mid-stretch but failed to respond, stopping as he came around the final turn. Da' Tara won the race by 5Â¼ lengths while Big Brown was eased, becoming the first Triple Crown hopeful to fail to finish the Belmont. Kent Desormeaux pulled the horse up in the homestretch, later saying something was amiss and stating immediately after the race, "I had no horse," although no physical abnormality was ever found. Billy Turner, the trainer of Seattle Slew, later stated, "If Desormeaux had pulled up a horse like that in my day, the stewards would have run you out of the state and told you to never come back." Two weeks after the Belmont, a picture revealed a dislodged shoe on Big Brown's right hind leg that could have been the cause of his poor performance. The shoe might have come loose during the race and gotten pushed back in while he was running.

Sportswriter Steve Haskins would write:

The one agonizing aspect of the Belmont is the mystery surrounding Big Brown's performance. We've heard many theories, and that is what they will remain. No one will ever know for sure why a horse that personified perfection suddenly came apart at the seams. Was it the deep track, the stifling heat, getting rank early in the race, the traffic and bumping going into the first turn, acting up in the holding barn, missing four days of training, possibly being dehydrated, sweating between his legs and not much on his body, breaking awkwardly, possibly getting spooked by the starter in a blue jacket and white pants standing right on the racetrack,? It likely was a combination of occurrences that led to his shocking performance.[22]

Big Brown returned to racing on August 3, 2008, with a win in the $1 million Haskell Invitational Handicap at Monmouth Park. He took the lead out of the gate and was passed by Coal Play rounding the final turn. It looked as if Coal Play was going to pull off an upset, but Big Brown passed him in the final strides to win by 1Â¾ lengths. He earned a Beyer Speed Figure of 107 for his win.

Big Brown won his next start in the Monmouth Stakes on September 13 in preparation for the Breeders' Cup Classic. It was his first start on grass since breaking his maiden in 2007 and his first start against older horses. Breaking quickly from post 4, Big Brown opened a sizable lead down the backstretch. The field began to catch up to him entering the far turn, and as Proudinsky edged up to him, Big Brown dug in and held on for a neck victory.

While working out with stablemate Kip Deville on October 13, Big Brown sustained an injury to a hind hoof and was declared out of the Breeders' Cup Classic, and retired.[23]

He was awarded the Eclipse Award as American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse for 2008.[1]

Beginning in 2009, Big Brown stood at stud at Three Chimneys Farm in Midway, Kentucky. He was bred to more than 100 mares his first season, including 71 stakes mares or stakes producers. The first reported foal for Big Brown was a filly out of Impressive Attire (by Seeking the Gold) born on January 12, 2010 at Swifty Farms in Seymour, Indiana.[24]

In 2014, Andrew Cohen's Sunrise Stables and Gary Tolchin's Golden Goose Enterprises obtained a majority interest in Big Brown and announced that he would be relocated to New York for the 2015 season with a fee of $8,500.[25] Standing at Dutchess Views Farm in Pine Plains, New York, his 2016 fee increased to $10,000.

Big Brown has proved to be a moderately successful sire. His most notable offspring is Dortmund, who won the 2015 Santa Anita Derby and finished third in the Kentucky Derby.[26]

Big Brown is inbred 3 X 3 to Northern Dancer and 3 X 4 to Damascus.


who does the voice of the wolf in narnia

Maugrim appears in the 1988 BBC production on The Chronicles of Narnia, portrayed by Canadian actor Martin Stone. He assumes the form of a humanoid wolf-like creature when speaking or fighting, and an actual wolf when standing guard at the Witch's castle, traveling, or mortally wounded. As in the book, he is killed by Peter after appearing at the Stone Table, where he has been sent on the White Witch's orders after Edmund informs her than his siblings and Aslan have reached Narnia.

Maugrim

Maugrim is a fictional character in the novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis. A Narnian wolf, he is Captain of the White Witch's Secret Police. In early American editions of the book, Lewis changed the name to Fenris Ulf (a wolf from Norse mythology), but when HarperCollins took over the books they took out Lewis' revisions,[1] and the name Maugrim has been used in all editions since 1994.[2]

Maugrim is one of the few Talking Animals who sided with the Witch during the Hundred-Year Winter. (Nikabrik in Prince Caspian indicates that Narnian wolves have no loyalty to the lion Aslan.)[3]

Maugrim's name first appears on the proclamation that the Pevensie children find in Mr Tumnus' ransacked cave, announcing the faun's arrest by the Secret Police for not giving Lucy Pevensie to the White Witch. The wolf is first seen guarding the gate of the White Witch's castle; he takes Edmund's message to the witch and allows him entry. Maugrim is subsequently described as "a huge grey beast - its eyes flaming - far too big to be a dog".[4]

The White Witch then sends Maugrim and the fastest of his wolves to the Beavers' house, to "kill whatever they find there", and to make "all speed" to the Stone Table if the Beavers and Edmund's siblings have already left. The wolves find the house empty, and the harshness of the witch's imposed winter prevents them from finding any tracks or scent. As instructed, they head for the Stone Table to wait for the witch, but by the time they reach it, the snow has melted and the witch has been forced to continue on foot. As Aslan's army assembles near the Stone Table, Maugrim attacks Susan Pevensie, and is killed by Peter Pevensie, for which the latter is given the title "Sir Peter Wolfsbane". Aslan's creatures then follow Maugrim's subordinate wolf to the White Witch, enabling them to rescue Edmund.

Maugrim is mentioned in Prince Caspian when Peter retrieves his sword from the treasury of Cair Paravel, stating, "It is my sword Rhindon... with it I killed the Wolf".

Martin Stone returned a year later in Prince Caspian as the werewolf who was slain by Peter and Edmund Pevensie, alongside a hag (played by Barbara Kellerman, who had previously played the White Witch) and the dwarf Nikabrik, who had enlisted their help in an attempt to resurrect the White Witch as part of the battle to defeat the evil Narnian ruler King Miraz - who was indeed an evil ruler, but in the words of Caspian (Miraz's own nephew) was "the cruellest enemy of all - a tyrant a hundred times worse than Miraz himself".

Maugrim appears in the 2005 motion picture The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, in which he is voiced by American actor Michael Madsen. In sequences invented for the film, Maugrim and his wolves attempt to intimidate a red fox into revealing the children's whereabouts after they leave the Beavers' house. Maugrim later taunts Peter, citing an earlier confrontation (at a river which had been defrosted, where Peter didn't have the courage to kill Maugrim), but he is killed by Peter as in the book and the earlier BBC adaptation.

In the 1979 cartoon adaptation, the character was credited as Fenris Ulf.


what is considered the north loop in minneapolis

Although the extent of the neighborhood technically extends further to the south, the main residential and commercial area of the North Loop is roughly a rectangle bounded by Hennepin Avenue (in the southeast), Plymouth Avenue (in the northwest), the elevated 4th street freeway entrance/exit in the southwest, and the Mississippi River in the northeast.  Washington Avenue is the main thoroughfare through the neighborhood.

North Loop, Minneapolis

The North Loop is a neighborhood of the Central community of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The neighborhood is commonly known as the Warehouse District from the city's shipping hub years.  It includes the Minneapolis Warehouse Historic District which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The North Loop is located just northwest of the central business district between downtown Minneapolis and the Mississippi River. Streets in the North Loop are oriented to be parallel to the river, which means that they run at a 45-degree angle relative to the grid of the rest of the city.

The James I. Rice Park, which is in the northeast portion of the neighborhood along the river, is popular with residents during the summer months. The bike trail and West River Parkway that runs through the park are part of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway.  The park added a playground in 2010 located where 4th Ave North intersects with West River Parkway.[3]

For most of its history, the North Loop was an industrial area. It was home to a large railroad yard and numerous warehouses and factories. Much of the warehouse district (very roughly bounded by Second Street North, First Avenue North, Sixth Street North, and the BNSF Railway tracks, except for the Interstate 394 and Interstate 94 ramps) is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The warehouses that characterize the district are mostly six to eight stories high, and about 62 structures on seven square blocks contribute to the district. The predominant form of design is the Chicago Commercial style, but many other styles were built, including Italianate, Queen Anne style, Richardsonian Romanesque, Classical Revival, and early 20th century commercial styles. The warehouse district was in turn associated with the railroad transportation network that was under development at the time, which connected Minneapolis with the rest of the Midwest and the rest of the country. These warehouses were used for wholesale and storage of goods related to milling and manufacturing. The nomination for the National Register of Historic Places states that the district, as a whole, comprises a cohesive district of buildings with a common physical appearance, as well as a common age and original use.[5]

In the 1980s, the Warehouse district was the epicenter of the Minneapolis art scene until the area's buildings became more commercially desirable in the 1990s. At its peak, the Wyman Building, 400 First Avenue North, was home to more than twenty contemporary art galleries. No Name Gallery was formerly located in the eastern part of the neighborhood, before it moved out of the district and became the Soap Factory [1].

While some industrial tenants remain (particularly in the area southwest of 4th Street), many of the old factories and warehouses have been converted to commercial space or loft condominiums and apartments. The area still retains some feel of its industrial past, as many newer buildings have attempted to replicate the style of the old warehouses.

Since the mid-1990s, when the gentrification of the neighborhood accelerated, thousands of people have moved into the North Loop. The neighborhood is particularly popular with people who work in downtown Minneapolis, whose proximity allows residents to walk, bike, or take a short bus or METRO ride to work. Coffee shops, restaurants, bars, art galleries, and small retail stores have also moved into the neighborhood in recent years.

The Tony-award-winning Theatre de la Jeune Lune (Closed and building sold) and the Traffic Zone Center for Visual Art, a prominent artist cooperative and gallery space, are located in the eastern part of the neighborhood. The largest employer is the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, which is located at the southwest end of the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.

In September 2006, the North Loop Neighborhood Association received funding to build a dog park for North Loop residents. A temporary dog park has been built on 3rd St and 7th Ave.

Target Field, home of the Minnesota Twins, opened in 2010, is on the southwest edge of the neighborhood. Plans call for the construction of condominiums and apartments for several thousand new residents near the stadium. The area is also served by Target Field (Metro Transit Station), the new terminus for the Northstar Commuter Rail, Metro Transit Blue, Green and future light rail lines.


who eats black eyed peas for new years

In the Southern United States, eating black-eyed peas or Hoppin' John (a traditional soul food) on New Year's Day is thought to bring prosperity in the new year.[4] The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as bacon, fatback, ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper-flavored vinegar. The traditional meal also includes collard, turnip, or mustard greens, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion.[5] Cornbread, which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.[citation needed]

Black-eyed pea

The black-eyed pea, black-eyed bean or goat pea, a legume, is a subspecies of the cowpea, grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible bean.

The common commercial variety is called the California Blackeye; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. In the American South there are countless varieties, many of them heirloom, that vary in size from the small lady peas to very large ones, as may be seen in the state and municipal farmers' markets. The color of the eye may be black, brown, red, pink or green. All the peas are green when freshly shelled and brown or buff when dried. A popular variation of the black-eyed pea is the purple hull pea; it is usually green with a prominent purple or pink spot. The currently accepted botanical name for the black-eyed pea is Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, although previously it was classified in the genus Phaseolus. Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana is the wild relative and Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis is the related asparagus bean. Other beans of somewhat similar appearance, such as the frijol ojo de cabra (goat's eye bean) of northern Mexico, are sometimes incorrectly called black-eyed peas, and vice versa.

The first domestication probably occurred in West Africa,[1] but the black-eyed pea is widely grown in many countries in Asia; it was introduced into the Southern United States as early as the 17th century in Virginia. Most of the black-eyed pea cultivation in the region, however, took firmer hold in Florida and the Carolinas during the 18th century, reaching Virginia in full force following the American Revolution.[2] The crop would also eventually prove popular in Texas. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because, as a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value. Black-eyed peas contain calcium (41Â mg) folate (356 mcg), protein (13.22 g), fiber (11.1 g) and vitamin A (26 IU), among other nutrients, all for less than 200 Calories, in a 171-g, one-cup serving.[3]

This heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before germination. Black-eyed peas are extremely drought tolerant, so excessive watering should be avoided.

The crop is relatively free of pests and disease. Root-knot nematodes can be a problem, especially if crops are not rotated. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, fertilization can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination.

The blossom produces nectar plentifully, and large areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators, care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations.

After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2â€“5 days

There are several legends as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South’s association with peas and good luck dates back to the American Civil War. The first is associated with General William T. Sherman’s march of the Union Army to the sea, during which they pillaged the Confederates' food supplies. Stories say peas and salted pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed[6] and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28.[7] As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas was a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Years Day.[8][9] Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations.[10]

In Egypt, black-eyed peas are called lobia. Cooked with onions, garlic, meat, and tomato juice, and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called shaerya mixed in, it makes the most famous rice dish in Egypt.

In Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, lobya or green black-eyed-beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.

In West Africa and the Caribbean, a traditional dish called akara is made of mashed black-eyed peas to which is added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried.[11]

In Indonesia, black-eyed peas are called kacang tunggak or kacang tolo in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as sambal goreng, a kind of hot and spicy red curry dish, sayur brongkos, or sayur lodeh.

In North India, black-eyed peas are called lobia or rongi and cooked like daal, served with boiled rice.[12] In Maharashtra they are called chawli (pronounced chau-lee) and made into a curry called chawli amti[13] or chawli usal. In Karnataka they are called alsande kalu and used in the preparation of huli, a popular type of curry.[14] In South Kanara district they are called as 'Lathanay dha beeja' and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry. In Tamil Nadu they are called karamani and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like sundal (often during the Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivals).[15] In Vietnam, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called chè đậu trắng (black-eyed peas and sticky rice with coconut milk).

In Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey (börülce salatası), black-eyed peas are eaten with vegetables, oil, salt, and lemon.[16]

In Portugal, black-eyed peas are served with boiled cod and potatoes, with tuna, and in salads.

"Hoppin' John", made of black-eyed peas, rice, and pork, is a traditional dish of Southern United States.

Texas caviar, another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in vinaigrette-style dressing and chopped garlic, and served cold.[17]

In Brazil's northeastern state of Bahia, especially in the city of Salvador, black-eyed peas are used in a traditional street food of Nigerian origin called akara. The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep fried in dendê. Acarajé is typically served split in half and stuffed with vatapá, caruru, diced green and red tomatoes, fried sun-dried shrimp and homemade hot sauce.

In the northern part of Colombia, they are used to prepare a fritter called buÃ±uelo. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal.

In Guyana, South America, and Trinidad and Tobago, it is one of the most popular type of beans cooked with rice, the main one being red kidney beans, also referred to as red beans. It is also cooked as a snack or appetizer on its own. On New Year's Eve (referred to as Old Year's Night in Guyana and Suriname), families cook a traditional dish called cook-up rice. The dish comprises rice, black-eyed peas, and other peas and a variety of meats cooked in coconut milk and seasonings. According to tradition, cook-up rice should be the first thing consumed in the New Year for good luck. Cook-up rice is also made as an everyday dish.

The Black Eyed Peas is the name of an American hip-hop band.


what is the meaning of showbread in the bible

Showbread (Hebrew: לחם הפנים lechem haPānīm, literally: "Bread of the Presence"), in the King James Version: shewbread, in a biblical or Jewish context, refers to the cakes or loaves of bread which were always present on a specially dedicated two crowned table, in the Temple in Jerusalem as an offering to HaShem. An alternative, and more appropriate, translation would be presence bread,[1] since the Bible requires that the bread be constantly in the presence of God (Exodus 25:30). It is also mentioned in (Matthew 12:4) (τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως).

Showbread

Four gifts given in Jerusalem
11. Firstborn animal · 12. Firstfruits
13. Burnt offering (Judaism) ·
14. Parts of the thank offering and Nazirite's offering

Within the Torah, the shewbread is mentioned exclusively by the Priestly Code and Holiness Code,[1] but certain sections of the Bible, including the Book of Chronicles, Books of Samuel, and Book of Kings, also describe aspects of them. In the Holiness Code, the shewbread is described as twelve cakes/loaves baked from fine flour, arranged in two rows/piles on a table standing before God; each loaf/cake was to contain two Omers of flour (Leviticus 24:5-6) (approx 4.9 pounds). The Biblical regulations specify that cups of frankincense were to be placed upon the rows of cakes, and the Septuagint, but not the masoretic text, states that salt was mixed with the frankincense; the frankincense, which the Septuagint refers to as an anamnesis, (a hapax legomenon), constituted a memorial (azkarah), having been offered upon the altar to God (Leviticus 24:7-9).

According to the Book of Chronicles, the Kohathite clan had charge of the baking and setting in order of the bread,[2] suggesting that there were secret extra requirements in preparing the bread, known only to the Kohathites.[1] Since leavened products were prohibited from the altar,[3] and the cakes/loaves are not described as being offered upon it, it is possible that the shewbread was leavened;[1] however, as they were carried into the inner part of the sanctuary, it is highly probable that they were unleavened.[1]

The cakes were to be left on the table for a week, and then be replaced with new ones on the Sabbath, so that there were always fresh loaves on the table, and those that had started going stale were removed;[1] the Biblical text states that the Jewish priests were entitled to eat the cakes that had been removed, as long as they did so in a holy place, as it considered the bread to be holy. The narrative of David's sojourn at Nob mentions that Ahimelek (the priest) gave David the holy bread, at his request.[4]

The table or shulchan for the showbread was, according to Biblical regulations, to be placed in the northern part of the sanctuary, opposite the Menorah and with the Altar of Incense between them.[5] The Septuagint translation describes the table as being of solid gold, but the masoretic text states that it was made from acacia wood, and only covered with pure gold, with a gold border around the top; the table's dimensions are given as 2 ells long, 1 ell wide, and 1.5 ells high.[6]

The feet of the table are described as having a ring-like enclosure to which four gold rings were fastened, so that rods (made from acacia wood, and covered with gold) could be passed through the rings, and used to make the table portable, in the same manner as the other features of the tabernacle. The biblical text indicates that, when being carried, the table would be covered with a purplish-blue cloth, the loaves and vessels would be placed on the cloth, and another cloth, in scarlet, would be placed over it, with a fine skin being added on top of that.[7] In each sanctuary there was only one table, except for the Temple in Jerusalem, which the Book of Chronicles describes as having ten tables within its Holy Place.[8]

Gold utensils ('dishes, cups, bowls, and pitchers for pouring') were provided for the table,[9] suggesting that other food and drink was served on the table as well as the showbread. The King James Version of the Bible states that the utensils are to be'set in order upon it'.[10]

In Solomon's Temple, there was provision made for the proper exhibition of the shewbread.[11] Antiochus Epiphanes plundered the table of showbread from the Second Temple,[12] but under Judas Maccabeus a replacement was made.[13]

Although, according to textual scholars, the only source texts among those comprising the Torah which mention the shewbread are the Holiness Code and later additions to the priestly source,[1] the antiquity of the practice is shown by its mention in the Books of Samuel[14] which textual scholars generally view as predating the priestly source.[15] In the Books of Samuel, Ahimelek is described as asking for an assurance that David's men were in a ritually pure state, namely that they had not been involved in sexual activity with women, before handing over the old shewbread; biblical scholars view this as suggesting that the showbread was originally a sacrificial meal which was viewed as being shared with the deity,[16] hence the need to be ritually pure,[17] and the bread not being burnt but instead consumed.[1]

The custom seems to have been widespread in the region,[18] an example being the Babylonian practice of offering to their gods a number of different kinds of cakes/bread (akalu);[1] the Hebrew term for shewbread, Lehem haPanim, is exactly translated by the Assyrian phrase akal p×’nu, which refers to the Babylonian cake/bread offerings.[1] In the Israelite case, a number of biblical scholars connect the use of showbread directly to the ancient cult of the Ark of the Covenant,[1] the Ark being seen as the home of the deity, and the bread being an offering of food, ready for consumption whenever the deity chose to make an appearance.[19]

Like the biblical shewbread, the Babylonians and Assyrians generally laid twelve cakes/loaves, or an integer multiple of twelve cakes/loaves, on tables in front of images of their deities;[1][20] the number twelve, which is so prominent in the shewbread rite, has always borne mysterious religious significance,[1] and with the Assyrian practice of laying out twelve cakes/loaves, was directly connected with the Zodiac.[20] The Babylonian cakes/bread were also required to be sweet (i.e. unleavened), and like the biblical shewbread were baked from wheat flour.[1]

The somewhat scanty biblical details concerning the shewbread are complemented by further information given by Josephus (a contemporary of Herod's temple), and, over the several centuries after the Temple's destruction, by classical rabbinical literature.[1] According to Josephus, the cakes were unleavened and were baked on the Friday before the Sabbath, since the biblical regulations forbade work of any kind during the Sabbath.[21] The Mishnah argues that the loaves were kneaded separately,[22] but baked in pairs; the Mishnah also states that the loaves were moulded into shape by three different moulds (made from gold, according to Maimonides, who lived more than a thousand years after the burning of Jerusalem), with one being used while the loaves were just dough, another while the bread was being baked in the oven, and a third after baking, to protect the shape.[22][23][24] The Mishnah describes the loaves as being 10 Etzba long, and 5 Etzba wide, with rims/horns that were 7 Etzba long;[25] Maimonides gives the same figures but with Tefah as the unit rather than Etzba.[26]

According to some Mishnaic contributors, the kneading of the dough was done outside the sanctuary, but the baking was done inside,[27] but others state that all the preparations were carried out in the Temple courtyard, and others in the house of Pagi[disambiguation needed], which according to Maimonides was very close to the Temple courtyard;[1] no reason is given for these geographic distinctions, but the Gemara argues that the House of Garmu were responsible for baking the shewbread, and kept their methods and reasoning secret. The Mishnah states that to replace the bread, two priests would enter the sanctuary ahead of another four priests carrying the replacement bread; the two priests without the bread would go to the southern end of the table, while those with the new bread would go to the northern end, and while the priests at the south removed the old bread from the table, it would be replaced with the new bread by the priests at the northern side, so that the bread would always be present.[28][29]

Josephus states that the cakes were placed in two equal piles (rather than rows),[30] as does the Mishnah, which describes the existence of hollow golden tubes to carry air between the bread, and two golden fork-shaped supports attached to the table, each one to hold up a pile[31][32] Josephus also states that the frankincense was placed in two golden cups - one on top of each pile;[30] the Mishnah states that a handful of incense was placed in each cup,[32] and the Tosefta states that the cups, called bezikin, had flat bottoms/rims, so that they could also be placed on the table.[33] According to the Mishnah, while the new bread was being carried in by the four priests, two other priests would carry in replacement cups of incense, and two further priests would go ahead of them to remove the old cups of incense.[1]

The Mishnah argues that after being removed, the old bread was placed on a golden table in the Temple's hall, and then the old incense would be burnt; once this was done, the cakes would be divided,[1] with the Jewish High Priest getting five of the twelve loaves, and the remainder being divided among the other priests on duty during the previous week.[34] On the occasion of certain Jewish Holidays occurring during the Sabbath, there were adjustments made, for example, if Yom Kippur occurred on the Sabbath, the old bread wouldn't be divided between the priests until the evening.[35]

The majority of contributors to the Mishnah state that the table was of the same dimensions as the loaves - 10 Etzba long, and 5 Etzba wide,[1] but Rabbi Akiva contributed a dissenting view, according to which there was a gap between the piles of shewbread, with the table being 12 Etzba long, and 6 Etzba wide; Abba Saul argued that the cups of incense were placed within the gap.[1] These dimensions clearly are too small for the loaves to rest on the table lengthways, and clearly some support would have been needed for them to be piled high upon the table in two distinct piles, which is difficult to reconcile with the apparent biblical implication that the loaves were free standing on the table.[36]

The Mishnah states that there were 28 ventilation tubes, 14 for each pile, each of which was open at one end only.[1] The Gemara extrapolates from this the conclusion that the fork-like supports were set into the floor, two at each end of the table, and the tubes went between the fork-like supports above the table. The Gemara essentially has the view that the supports and tubes formed a complex receptacle for the loaves, similar to a grate, with the lowest loaf in each pile resting directly on the table, but with the next loaf resting on the two lowest of the tubes, and so forth up the pile. Presumably a device as complex as this would have been mentioned at least briefly in the Bible had it been a biblical requirement, but it isn't, and neither was it depicted on the Arch of Titus, which shows the table at the moment of its capture by the Romans.[37][38]

As well as the golden cups for the incense, the Mishnah enumerates a number of other dishes (ke'arot) and hand-like bowls (kappot), including menakkiyyot (which were probably for dipping) and kesawot; the kesawot are identified by the Mishnah as being for the wine-libations, but the Targums argue that they were for the purpose of covering the shewbread.[1] The Mishnah also suggests that the Table could be dismantled into small portions, so that if any part of it ever became ritually impure, it could be regain its ritual purity by washing the parts in a Mikvah.[34]

There is evidence of Jewish groups around the turn of the common era, such as the Qumran community at the Dead Sea, and the Therapeutae in Egypt, which seem to have regarded themselves as part of the main Jewish body worshipping at the Jerusalem temple, despite being geographically isolated from it, and, in the eyes of later Jewish thought, theologically distinct from it.

Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, a number of Aramaic fragments, found in cave 2, discuss eschatological connections to the eating of shewbread, which Matthew Black links with the sacred community meal discussed in a scroll from cave 1 (1QSVI), and the Messianic meal discussed in another scroll in the same cave (1QSall);[39] Professor Black suggests that the Qumran community may have considered their regular bread sharing to be an enactment of the Sabbath division of shewbread at the Jerusalem Temple.[39]

There is dispute among scholarly groups as to whether the Qumran community was identifiable with the Essenes, but scholars do generally agree that there was an association between the Essenes and the Therapeutae. Philo reported that the Therapeutae's central meal was intended to emulate the holy table set forth in the sacred hall of the temple,[40] but though the Qumran community are portrayed in the Dead Sea Scrolls as viewing the Jerusalem service as having failed to achieve priestly holiness, Philo describes the Therapeutae as deliberately introducing slight differences in their practices from those at the Temple, as a mark of respect for the Temple's shewbread.[40]


who sang the song the battle of new orleans

"The Battle of New Orleans" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the 1815 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959 (see 1959 in music). Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1959, it was very popular with teenagers in the late 50's/early 60's in an era mostly dominated by rock and roll music.

The Battle of New Orleans

In Billboard magazine's rankings of the top songs in the first 50 years of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, "The Battle of New Orleans" was ranked as the 28th song overall[1] and the number-one country music song to appear on the chart.[2]

Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[3]

The melody is based on a well-known American fiddle tune "The 8th of January," which was the date of the Battle of New Orleans. Jimmy Driftwood, a school principal in Arkansas with a passion for history, set an account of the battle to this music in an attempt to get students interested in learning history.[4] It seemed to work, and Driftwood became well known in the region for his historical songs. He was "discovered" in the late 1950s by Don Warden, and eventually was given a recording contract by RCA, for whom he recorded 12 songs in 1958, including "The Battle of New Orleans."[5]

"The Battle of New Orleans" is often played during North American sporting events, and is commonly heard during home games of the National Hockey League's Calgary Flames.[citation needed] Original Horton 45 rpm discs of the song are now worth many times the original cost, partly because the price is inflated. It was regarded with derision in Britain as the British forces withdrew from the battle after heavy losses had put victory out of the question. The British lost 2,036 men, while the Americans under command of future president Andrew Jackson lost only 71.

As noted, Johnny Horton's 1959 version is the best-known recording of the song, which omits the mild expletives and many of the historical references of the original. Horton also recorded an alternative version for release in British Commonwealth countries, avoiding the unfavorable lyrics concerning the British: the word "British" was replaced with "Rebels," along with a few other differences.

Many other artists have recorded this song. Notable versions include the following:

Country music parodists Homer and Jethro had a hit when they parodied "The Battle of New Orleans" with their song "The Battle of Kookamonga". The single was released in 1959 and featured production work by Chet Atkins. In this version, the scene shifts from a battleground to a campground, with the combat being changed to the Boy Scouts chasing after the Girl Scouts.


why is vapor barrier on the warm side

An interior vapor retarder is useful in heating-dominated climates while an exterior vapor retarder is useful in cooling-dominated climates. In most climates it is often better to have a vapor-open building assembly, meaning that walls and roofs should be designed to dry:[6] either to the inside, the outside, or both, so the ventilation of water vapor should be taken into consideration. A vapor barrier on the warm side of the envelope must be combined with a venting path on the cold side of the insulation. This is because no vapor barrier is perfect, and because water may get into the structure, typically from rain. In general, the better the vapor barrier and the drier the conditions, the less venting is required.[7]

Vapor barrier

A vapor barrier (or vapour barrier) is any material used for damp proofing, typically a plastic or foil sheet, that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies of buildings to prevent interstitial condensation and of packaging. Technically, many of these materials are only vapor retarders as they have varying degrees of permeability.

Materials have a moisture vapor transmission rate that is established by standard test methods. One common set of units is g/m²·day or g/100in²·day. Permeability can be reported in perms, a measure of the rate of transfer of water vapor through a material (1.0 US perm = 1.0 grain/square-foot·hour·inch of mercury ≈ 57 SI perm = 57 ng/s·m2·Pa). American building codes have classified vapor retarders as having a water vapor permeance of 1 perm or less when tested in accordance with the ASTM E96 desiccant, or dry cup method.[1] Vapor retarding materials are generally categorized as:

Vapor diffusion retarders are normally available as coatings or membranes. The membranes are technically flexible and thin materials, but sometime includes thicker sheet materials named as "structural" vapor diffusion retarders. The vapor diffusion retarders varies from all kinds of materials and keep updating every day, some of them nowadays even combined the functions of other building materials.

Materials used as vapor retarders:

Moisture or water vapor moves into building cavities in three ways: 1) With air currents, 2) By diffusion through materials, 3) By heat transfer. Of these three, air movement accounts for more than 98% of all water vapor movement in building cavities. [2] A vapor retarder and an air barrier serve to reduce this problem, but are not necessarily interchangeable.

Vapor retarders slow the rate of vapor diffusion into the thermal envelope of a structure. Other wetting mechanisms, such as wind-borne rain, capillary wicking of ground moisture, air transport (infiltration), are equally important.

The industry has recognized that in many circumstances it may be impractical to design and build building assemblies which never get wet. Good design and practice involve controlling the wetting of building assemblies from both the exterior and interior.[3] So, the use of vapor barrier should be taken into consideration. Their use has already been legislated within the building code of some countries (such as the U.S., Canada, Ireland, England, Scotland & Wales). How, where, and whether a vapor barrier (vapor diffusion retarder) should be used depends on the climate. Typically, the number of heating degree days (HDD) in an area is used to help make these determinations. A heating degree day is a unit that measures how often outdoor daily dry-bulb temperatures fall below an assumed base, normally 18°C (65°F).[4] For building in most parts of North America, where winter heating conditions predominate, vapor barrier are placed toward the interior, heated side of insulation in the assembly. In humid regions where warm-weather cooling predominates within buildings, the vapor barrier should be located toward the exterior side of insulation. In relatively mild or balanced climates, or where assemblies are designed to minimize condensation conditions, a vapor barrier may not be necessary at all.[5]

In areas below foundation level (or, subgrade areas), particularly those formed in concrete, vapor retarder placement can be problematic, as moisture infiltration from capillary action can exceed water vapor movement outward through framed and insulated walls.

A slab-on-grade or basement floor should be poured over a cross-laminated polyethylene vapor barrier over 4 inches (10Â cm) of granular fill to prevent wicking of moisture from the ground and radon gas incursion.

Inside a steel building, water vapor will condense whenever it comes into contact with a surface that is below the dew point temperature. Visible condensation on windowpanes and purlins that results in dripping can be somewhat mitigated with ventilation; however insulation is the preferred method of condensation prevention.

The function of a vapor barrier is to retard the migration of water vapor, which are not typically intended to retard the migration of air. This is the function of air barriers.[8] Air is mixed with water vapor. When air moves from location to location due to an air pressure difference, the vapor moves with it. This is a type of migration of water vapor. In the strictest sense air barriers are also vapor barriers when they control the transport of moisture-laden air.[9] It must be mentioned that the designated perm ratings do not reflect the diminished permeability of a given vapor retarder medium when affected by temperature differences on opposing sides of the medium.[10] A discussion about the differences between vapor barriers and air barriers can be found in Quirouette.[11]

The ability of a package to control the permeation and penetration of gasses is vital for many types of products. Tests are often conducted on the packaging materials but also on the completed packages, sometimes after being subjected to flexing, handling, vibration, or temperature.


who are the why don't we members

Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop boy band, that was assembled on September 27, 2016, consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater, Minnesota, Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax, Virginia, Daniel James Seavey from Portland, Oregon, Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas, Texas, each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists.

Why Don't We

The band originally formed on September 27, 2016, and announced it the next day via their YouTube account.[1] Since then, the band has released three EPs and five singles.

On October 7, 2016, the group released their debut single "Taking You", a track from their debut EP, Only the Beginning, which was released on November 25 of the same year. Their second EP, Something Different, was released on April 21, 2017. Its title track was released as the lead single the same day. They released their third EP, Why Don't We Just, on June 2, 2017.[citation needed] They finished their "Something Different" tour around the United States. Another single, "These Girls" was released on August 29, 2017.

They have appeared in vlogs from YouTuber and friend, Logan Paul.[citation needed]  The band has currently been working with YouTube vlogger and friend, Logan Paul. Logan has currently directed three music videos for Why Don't We, one involving their collaboration "Help Me Help You." The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul's daily vlogs. They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track about Jake Paul called "The Fall of Jake Paul". On November 23, 2017, they released a holiday EP called A Why Donâ€™t We Christmas.


real name of meghna in ek shringaar swabhiman

Ek Shringaar â€“ Swabhimaan (English: Self-Respect-An Adornment) commonly abbreviated as Swabhimaan is an Indian television series produced under the banner Rajshri Productions,[2] by Sooraj Barjatya. The show premiered on December 19, 2016,[3][4] on Colors TV and replaced the long-running and colors' third highly rated show Swaragini.[5] This show is also available on Voot, Viacom18's Digital Platform. The show revolves around two sisters Meghna (Sangeeta Chauhan), Naina (Ankitta Sharma) and their mother Sharda (Prachi Shah) who has raised her daughters to be independent and self-sufficient. The series aired its final episode on 29 September 2017.[1] It was later shifted to the 11:00 PM Time Slot. It was replaced by Colors TV Show Laado - Veerpur Ki Mardani at the 9:30 PM Primetime Slot.[6]

Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman

Story  Shilpa Chaubey  Sushil Chaubey  Screenplay  Gitangshu Dey  Dialogues Manu Sharma

After graduating in the city, Meghna and Naina who are beloved daughters of a school teacher Sharda return to her to stay in their uncle's house. Sharda searches for a suitable groom for Meghna. Incidentally, Meghna falls in love with Kunal, the eldest son of Nand Kishore Chauhan. Sharda requests Nand Kishore to approve the relation for which Nand Kishore asks her to arrange a royal wedding and manage the expenses. She manages to do so but on the marriage day, Nand Kishore gets enraged by Sharda's sister in-law Asha. So he puts a condition that Naina should be married to his younger son Karan. After the couples get married, Meghna decides to teach Nand Kishore a lesson for making Sharda suffer. Nand Kishore's wife Nirmala's friend Sandhya always tries to discourage Karan. Naina makes Karan overcome his disabilities and they both unite even after some incidents. Later, it is revealed that Kunal is Sandhya's biological son and Nirmala adopted him. Asha's son Vishal and Nand Kishore's daughter Khyati love each other and get married. At the end, Nand Kishore realizes his mistakes and gets well with his family.

Raghvendra Singh was nominated in Indian Television Academy Awards(ITA Awards),2017 in best lyrics category.
http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/


where will the 2023 rugby world cup be held

The 2023 Rugby World Cup, to be hosted by France, is scheduled to be the tenth Rugby World Cup, taking place in the year of the 200th anniversary of the legendary 'invention' of the sport by William Webb Ellis.[1]

2023 Rugby World Cup

Several countries have declared their interest in hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup, including France and Ireland. Both countries that have already hosted RWC matches, and countries looking to host a tournament for the first time. World Rugby may select the hosts for the 2023 and 2027 at the same time (as they did with the 2015 and 2019 tournaments).[2] The bidding schedule is as follows:[3][4]

The bidding process formally kicked off on 14 May 2015. World Rugby held a meeting with five potential Rugby World Cup 2023 hosts on 6 May 2015 in London that was attended by representatives from Ireland, Italy, South Africa, France and the United States. Apart from the U.S., the countries attending had all previously publicly announced their interest to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup.[7]

On 3 July 2015 World Rugby confirmed interest from the following four nations by the deadline of 15 June 2015:[8]

After hosting the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan, World Rugby may look to host the tournament in the sports' 'heartlands', leaving South Africa and Ireland as favourites.[9]

South Africa was considered one of the frontrunners to host the 2023 competition, having hosted the 1995 tournament and bid unsuccessfully for the right to host the 2011, 2015, and 2019 tournaments.[10][11]

In April 2016 the South African government banned its own rugby union from bidding to stage the 2023 World Cup over its failure to provide enough opportunities for black players. SA Rugby sought urgent talks with sports minister Fikile Mbalula in an effort to get its ban lifted in time for it to bid for the Rugby World Cup 2023. Jurie Roux, the chief executive of SA Rugby stated “There is no question that we have more work to do and we could be moving faster, but our sport has undergone a major overhaul in the past two or three years and we have definitely made great progress.”

South Africa confirmed the bid on 9 May 2017 after the ban was lifted.[12] There are optimistic projections of a R27 billion injection to the local economy by hosting the event,[13] with a focus on eight stadiums across seven cities.[14][15]

The Irish Government and the Northern Ireland Executive, together with the Irish Rugby Football Union, formally announced on 5 December 2014 their intentions to launch a bid to host the event.[16] Dick Spring, former Tánaiste and Ireland rugby player, and Chair of Ireland's Rugby World Cup 2023 bid, stated in May 2015 that Ireland already had received pledges of support from 40% of World Rugby's board's 27 votes.[17] Ireland's bid included both rugby and Gaelic games grounds.[18] The 82,000 capacity GAA stadium Croke Park would host the final, while other newly redeveloped GAA stadia such as Casement Park, Fitzgerald Stadium, MacHale Park and Páirc Uí Chaoimh would be part of the bid.[19] In July 2017, emergency legislation was passed by the Oireachtas to grant the sports minister the explicit statutory authority to make the financial guarantees which Rugby World Cup Limited required.[20]

On 15 November 2016, 12 stadia were announced as being part of the bid. The provisional list included Ireland's home stadium, Aviva Stadium, the home grounds of Leinster, Munster and Ulster, and eight GAA grounds, with two of these from each province. Some sites, such as Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Casement Park, are currently undergoing renovations or expansions. Their planned capacities, as listed on the IRFU's website, are provided.[21][22]

France, which hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup, expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament.[24] France launched its bid on 9 February 2017 revealing 19 potential host cities and an environmentally friendly transport plan.[25] On 17 March, 12 host cities were selected.[26] This list was later reduced to 9 cities (excluding Paris, Montpellier and Lens)Â :

On 31 October 2017, the Rugby World Cup Limited Board submitted a comprehensive evaluation report of the bidders. The report stated that all three countries were capable of hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup, and recommended South Africa as the preferred host in light of the report's scoring.[27][28] The evaluation report included a summary of the scoring:

The biggest differentiating factor among scoring was for venues. South Africa has an ample number of large and modern stadiums by virtue of its hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup. By contrast, Ireland has not hosted a tournament of similar magnitude, and its stadiums would require significant technology and telecom upgrades to meet RWC requirements.

The evaluation report was met with criticism from French and Irish sources. The President of the French Rugby Federation, Bernard Laporte questioned why France, which had recently hosted the successful UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, scored lower than South Africa for both stadiums and hotels.[29] Irish media questioned why all three countries received the same score on security;[30] South Africa has the eighth highest murder rate in the world, over 50 times higher than Ireland's rate. Additionally, the report included limited reference to the fact that Durban, South Africa had initially won the right to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games, before the Commonwealth Games Federation was forced to strip Durban of hosting rights for failure to deliver on key obligations and commitments.[31]

The evaluation report by the Rugby World Cup Limited Board states that French law considers a criminal offence to use, hold or sell drugs. The French bid states that this "would have no impact on RWC 2023 as a tournament, including the participating teams", but it "has not provided any official government documentation to support this statement and therefore this could pose a risk to the tournament and participating teams". According to the report, RWCL "did not specifically request government commitment at this stage".[32]

The World Rugby Council voted on 15 November 2017 to award the 2023 World Cup hosting rights to France.[33][34] In the first round of voting, no country achieved a majority. Ireland were then eliminated as they gained the fewest votes in the first round. France defeated South Africa in the second round of voting. Council members reportedly preferred the financial superiority of the French bid. According to ESPN, "France's proposal guaranteed a net revenue return of £350 million for World Rugby to invest back into the game; Ireland and South Africa's in turn came in at around £270m."[35] After the vote, IRFU chief executive Philip Browne conceded that last-placed Ireland couldn't match the other two countries financial offer and stadiums, and questioned whether World Rugby would allow a small country to host the World Cup.[36]

The council voting was as follows:

The Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) confirmed in March 2015 its intention to bid for the 2023 Rugby World Cup.[37] On 12 August 2016, the Italian Rugby Federation announced the 12 stadiums they expressed interest in using for the 2023 event.[38] However, on September 28, 2016, Italy officially withdrew from the competition to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup.[39]

Two countries – the United States and Argentina – initially expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament, but ultimately declined to bid. The United States was anticipated to bid and was considered a possible contender to host the 2023 or 2027 Rugby World Cup.[40][41] World Rugby CEO Mike Miller stated in 2010 that the United States would host a Rugby World Cup, stating that "it's a question of when, not if."[42]

Argentina's World Rugby Council representative Agustín Pichot stated that Argentina wanted to host the 2023 tournament.[43][44][45] In May 2016, following a meeting with Pichot, Argentine President Mauricio Macri announced government support for a 2027 Rugby World Cup bid.[46]

The Rugby World Cup may expand from its current 20 teams for the 2023 tournament.[47]


what is the song kill a word about

The song is about the power and importance of words, and wanting to "kill" words with negative meanings, such as "hate."[1][2] The album version features Andrea Davidson and Rhiannon Giddens, the latter a member of the Carolina Chocolate Drops, on backing vocals. For the single edit, Giddens sings some lines of the song by herself.

Kill a Word

"Kill a Word" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church as a duet with American musician Rhiannon Giddens. It was released in August 2016 as the third single from Church's 2015 album Mr. Misunderstood. Church wrote this song with Luke Dick and Jeff Hyde.

Church told Rolling Stone that the 2016 presidential election was influential in picking "Kill a Word" as a single: "I would have regretted not putting out 'Kill a Word,' and let this season pass, not knowing if I would get a chance again where it was this relevant, this timely."[3]

The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on CMT, GAC, and Vevo in 2016.

Billy Dukes of Taste of Country wrote that "Soulful production and the addition of Rhiannon Giddens gives [sic] a more casual listener something to enjoy if he or she chooses not to dive into Churchâ€™s statement."[2] Giving it an "A", Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe wrote that "Songs that aim for utopia usually stumble along the way because they are either too preachy or too woefully naive. Church avoids this trap by zeroing in on the obstacles rather than the goal, and personalizes the proceedings by tackling what gets in the way of individual pursuit of happiness."[4]

Church and Giddens were nominated for Musical Event of the Year at the 51st Annual Country Music Association Awards in 2017.

The song debuted on the Country Airplay chart at No. 58 for the chart dated September 10, 2016, and entered the Hot Country Songs chart three weeks later at No. 41.[5][6] The song has sold 194,000 copies in the United States as of March 2017.[7]

The band No Idea released a new version of the song as the B-side to their single, "Reduced to Flames". The song featured the entire lyrics from the original song, but with heavy metal music.


who sings i want to check you for ticks

"Ticks" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley.  It was released in March 2007 as the first single from the album 5th Gear.   It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart and was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour.  Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens.

Ticks (song)

The song's main character is at a bar, attempting to pick up a date. In doing so, he uses several humorous pickup lines, such as "I'd like to check you for ticks."

Paisley stated that the song is not about blood-sucking insects but in fact a guy flirting with a gal. Paisley was inspired to write the song from experience working on a farm, “Working out here on the farm, I literally have to check for ticks every time I come in from the woods or the fields,” he notes. “Now, if a young guy who lives in the country were to take a girl into the woods for any reason, it would totally cross his mind that she’s going to have to check for ticks when they come back out. So it seems that an enterprising guy would at least consider that he could offer to check for her.”[1]

Kevin John Coyne, who was reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave the song a C- rating. While he says that the production is good, "this may be the very first mainstream country single to completely skeeze me out." [2]

A music video was released to promote the single. It shows Brad and his band live in concert singing the song.

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone


what is the name of the fish that eats algae

Algae eater, also called an algivore, is a common name for many bottom-dwelling fish that feed on algae. Algae eaters are important for the fishkeeping hobby and many are commonly kept by hobbyists.
Some of the common and most popular freshwater algae eaters in aquariums include:[1]

Algae eater

Some of the common and most popular saltwater aquarium algae eaters include:[2]


where does ipsec reside in a protocol stack

IPsec is an end-to-end security scheme operating in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, while some other Internet security systems in widespread use, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Shell (SSH), operate in the upper layers at the Transport Layer (TLS) and the Application layer (SSH). IPsec can automatically secure applications at the IP layer.

IPsec

In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data sent over a network. IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to use during the session. IPsec can protect data flows between a pair of hosts (host-to-host), between a pair of security gateways (network-to-network), or between a security gateway and a host (network-to-host).[1] Internet Protocol security (IPsec) uses cryptographic security services to protect communications over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. IPsec supports network-level peer authentication, data-origin authentication, data integrity, data confidentiality (encryption), and replay protection.

In the late 1980s, US NIST developed a set of security protocols for the Internet. One of these, Security Protocol at layer-3 (SP3) was implemented in IP encryption devices sold by Motorola. The IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is a direct derivative of the SP3 protocol. In 1992, both research and implementation began at the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) on IP encryption. This NRL work ultimately led to the IP Security protocols standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Later, in December 1993, the Software IP Encryption protocol swIPe (protocol) was researched at Columbia University and AT&T Bell Labs by John Ioannidis and others.

The IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)[2] was researched at the Naval Research Laboratory starting in 1992 as part of a DARPA-sponsored research project, and was openly published by IETF SIPP[3] Working Group drafted in December 1993 as a security extension for SIPP. This ESP was originally derived from the US Department of Defense SP3D protocol, rather than being derived from the ISO Network-Layer Security Protocol (NLSP). The SP3D protocol specification was published by NIST in the late 1980s, but designed by the Secure Data Network System project of the US Department of Defense. The Security Authentication Header (AH) is derived partially from previous IETF standards work for authentication of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) version 2.

In July 1992, the IETF started to create an open, freely available set of security extensions to the Internet protocol. This quickly became the IETF IP Security (IPsec) Working Group. The SDNS project had defined a Security Protocol Layer 3 (SP3) that had been published by NIST and was also the basis of the ISO Network Layer Security Protocol (NLSP).[4] Key management for SP3 was provided by the Key Management Protocol (KMP) that provided a baseline of ideas for subsequent work in the IPsec committee.

IPsec is officially standardised by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in a series of Request for Comments documents addressing various components and extensions. The original IETF specifications are in RFC-1825 through RFC-1827, which published in 1995. The official spelling of the protocol name is IPsec.[5]

The IPsec suite is an open standard. IPsec uses the following protocols to perform various functions:[6][7]

Authentication Header (AH) is a member of the IPsec protocol suite. AH guarantees connectionless integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can optionally protect against replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and discarding old packets (see below).

AH operates directly on top of IP, using IP protocol number 51.[15]

The following AH packet diagram shows how an AH packet is constructed and interpreted:[8][9]

Next Header (8 bits)Â

Payload Len (8 bits)Â

Reserved (16 bits)Â

Security Parameters Index (32 bits)Â

Sequence Number (32 bits)Â

Integrity Check Value (multiple of 32 bits)Â

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is a member of the IPsec protocol suite. In IPsec it provides origin authenticity, integrity and confidentiality protection of packets. ESP also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations, but using encryption without authentication is strongly discouraged because it is insecure.[16][17][18] Unlike Authentication Header (AH), ESP in transport mode does not provide integrity and authentication for the entire IP packet. However, in Tunnel Mode, where the entire original IP packet is encapsulated with a new packet header added, ESP protection is afforded to the whole inner IP packet (including the inner header) while the outer header (including any outer IPv4 options or IPv6 extension headers) remains unprotected. ESP operates directly on top of IP, using IP protocol number 50.[15]

The following ESP packet diagram shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpreted:[1][19]

Security Parameters Index (32 bits)Â

Sequence Number (32 bits)Â

Payload data (variable)Â

Padding (0-255 octets)Â

Pad Length (8 bits)Â

Next Header (8 bits)Â

The IP security architecture uses the concept of a security association as the basis for building security functions into IP. A security association is simply the bundle of algorithms and parameters (such as keys) that is being used to encrypt and authenticate a particular flow in one direction. Therefore, in normal bi-directional traffic, the flows are secured by a pair of security associations.

Security associations are established using the Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP). ISAKMP is implemented by manual configuration with pre-shared secrets, Internet Key Exchange (IKE and IKEv2), Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys (KINK), and the use of IPSECKEY DNS records.[14][20][21] RFC 5386 defines Better-Than-Nothing Security (BTNS) as an unauthenticated mode of IPsec using an extended IKE protocol.

In order to decide what protection is to be provided for an outgoing packet, IPsec uses the Security Parameter Index (SPI), an index to the security association database (SADB), along with the destination address in a packet header, which together uniquely identify a security association for that packet. A similar procedure is performed for an incoming packet, where IPsec gathers decryption and verification keys from the security association database.

For multicast, a security association is provided for the group, and is duplicated across all authorized receivers of the group. There may be more than one security association for a group, using different SPIs, thereby allowing multiple levels and sets of security within a group. Indeed, each sender can have multiple security associations, allowing authentication, since a receiver can only know that someone knowing the keys sent the data. Note that the relevant standard does not describe how the association is chosen and duplicated across the group; it is assumed that a responsible party will have made the choice.

IPsec can be implemented in a host-to-host transport mode, as well as in a network tunneling mode.

In transport mode, only the payload of the IP packet is usually encrypted or authenticated. The routing is intact, since the IP header is neither modified nor encrypted; however, when the authentication header is used, the IP addresses cannot be modified by network address translation, as this always invalidates the hash value. The transport and application layers are always secured by a hash, so they cannot be modified in any way, for example by translating the port numbers.

A means to encapsulate IPsec messages for NAT traversal has been defined by RFC documents describing the NAT-T mechanism.

In tunnel mode, the entire IP packet is encrypted and authenticated. It is then encapsulated into a new IP packet with a new IP header. Tunnel mode is used to create virtual private networks for network-to-network communications (e.g. between routers to link sites), host-to-network communications (e.g. remote user access) and host-to-host communications (e.g. private chat).[22]

Tunnel mode supports NAT traversal.

Cryptographic algorithms defined for use with IPsec include:

Refer to RFC 7321 for details.

IPsec support is usually implemented in the kernel with key management and ISAKMP/IKE negotiation carried out from user space. The openly specified "PF_KEY Key Management API, Version 2" is often used to enable the application-space key management application to update the IPsec Security Associations stored within the kernel-space IPsec implementation.[23]

Existing IPsec implementations usually include ESP, AH, and IKE version 2. Existing IPsec implementations on UNIX-like operating systems, for example, Solaris or Linux, usually include PF_KEY version 2.

IPsec was developed in conjunction with IPv6 and was originally required to be supported by all standards-compliant implementations of IPv6 before RFC 6434 made it only a recommendation.[24] IPsec is also optional for IPv4 implementations. IPsec is most commonly used to secure IPv4 traffic.

IPsec protocols were originally defined in RFC 1825 through RFC 1829, which were published in 1995. In 1998, these documents were superseded by RFC 2401 and RFC 2412 with a few incompatible engineering details, although they were conceptually identical. In addition, a mutual authentication and key exchange protocol Internet Key Exchange (IKE) was defined to create and manage security associations. In December 2005, new standards were defined in RFC 4301 and RFC 4309 which are largely a superset of the previous editions with a second version of the Internet Key Exchange standard IKEv2. These third-generation documents standardized the abbreviation of IPsec to uppercase “IP” and lowercase “sec”. “ESP” generally refers to RFC 4303, which is the most recent version of the specification.

Since mid-2008, an IPsec Maintenance and Extensions (ipsecme) working group is active at the IETF.[25][26]

In 2013, as part of Snowden leaks, it was revealed that the US National Security Agency had been actively working to "Insert vulnerabilities into commercial encryption systems, IT systems, networks, and endpoint communications devices used by targets" as part of the Bullrun program.[27] There are allegations that IPsec was a targeted encryption system.[28]

The OpenBSD IPsec stack was the first implementation that was available under a permissive open-source license, and was therefore copied widely. In a letter which OpenBSD lead developer Theo de Raadt received on 11 Dec 2010 from Gregory Perry, it is alleged that Jason Wright and others, working for the FBI, inserted "a number of backdoors and side channel key leaking mechanisms" into the OpenBSD crypto code. In the forwarded email from 2010, Theo de Raadt did not at first express an official position on the validity of the claims, apart from the implicit endorsement from forwarding the email.[29] Jason Wright's response to the allegations: "Every urban legend is made more real by the inclusion of real names, dates, and times. Gregory Perry's email falls into this category. … I will state clearly that I did not add backdoors to the OpenBSD operating system or the OpenBSD crypto framework (OCF)."[30] Some days later, de Raadt commented that "I believe that NETSEC was probably contracted to write backdoors as alleged. … If those were written, I don't believe they made it into our tree."[31] This was published before the Snowden leaks.

An alternative explanation put forward by the authors of the Logjam attack suggests that the NSA compromised IPsec VPNs by undermining the Diffie-Hellman algorithm used in the key exchange. In their paper[32] they allege the NSA specially built a computing cluster to precompute multiplicative subgroups for specific primes and generators, such as for the second Oakley group defined in RFC 2409. As of May 2015, 90% of addressable IPsec VPNs supported the second Oakley group as part of IKE. If an organization were to precompute this group, they could derive the keys being exchanged and decrypt traffic without inserting any software backdoors.

A second alternative explanation that was put forward was that the Equation Group used zero-day exploits against several manufacturers' VPN equipment which were validated by Kaspersky Lab as being tied to the Equation Group[33] and validated by those manufacturers as being real exploits, some of which were zero-day exploits at the time of their exposure.[34][35][36] The Cisco PIX and ASA firewalls had vulnerabilities that were used for wiretapping by the NSA.

Furthermore, IPsec VPNs using "Aggressive Mode" settings send a hash of the PSK in the clear. This can be and apparently is targeted by the NSA using offline dictionary attacks.[37][38][39]


when does little big shots australia come on

The program was set to premiere on 16 July 2017,[5] but was delayed due to the ratings success of Australian Ninja Warrior on rival channel Nine Network,[6] it subsequently premiered on 27 August 2017.[1]

Little Big Shots (Australian TV series)

Little Big Shots is an Australian reality television show which premiered on the Seven Network on 27 August 2017.[1] The program, based on the American format of the same name, is hosted by Shane Jacobson and features performances by children aged 3 to 13 years old.[2]

The program is produced by Warner Bros. International Television Production.[3][4]

List of acts that will appear throughout the series.[7]


mera joota hai japani song from which movie

Mera Joota Hai Japani (Hindi: मेरा जूता है जापानी; Urdu: میرا جوتا ہے جاپانى ALA-LC: Merā Jūtā hai Jāpānī IPA: [meːrɑː d͡ʒuːt̪ɑː hɛː d͡ʒɑːpɑːniː] lit. My Shoes are Japanese) is a Hindi song with music by Shankar Jaikishan and lyrics by Shailendra, written for the 1955 Bollywood film Shree 420. It was performed by popular Bollywood star Raj Kapoor, though actually sung by playback singer Mukesh.

Mera Joota Hai Japani

In the song, the narrator asserts pride in being Indian, despite their clothes all being from other countries. The chorus runs:

Due to its patriotic themes, the song was widely embraced in its time as a representation of the newly sovereign nation of India.[1] As India was gaining its status as a sovereign democratic republic,[2] this song depicted the casting off of the colonialist yoke and the recognition of the internationalist aim of uniting to make India and the world a better place.

The song was also a satirical retort at some of the political leaders and rich upper class of the newly independent India, who boasted of being swadeshi in their clothes, but were extremely western in their thought, outlook, affiliations and deeds.[3]

This song gained international fame, particularly in the Soviet Union.

This is truly the age where the joota (shoe) is Japani (Japanese), patloon (pants) is Inglistani (English), the topi (hat) is Roosi (Russian), but the dil... dil (heart) is always Hindustani (Indian)... My country, torn, tattered, proud, beautiful, hot, humid, cold, sandy, shining India. My country.


when did the ingalls move to walnut grove

When a dispute with the railroads causes an economic crisis in Walnut Grove, the Ingalls move to Winoka, to be close to Mary, who went there with Adam Kendall in order to teach at a new school for the blind. The Ingalls are accompanied by the Garveys, and all are soon coincidentally joined by the Olesons. Albert Ingalls appears in the series for the first time, being befriended by Laura and the rest of her family. (Matthew Laborteaux also portrayed a young Charles Ingalls in the season 4 episode "I Remember, I Remember", which aired January 23, 1978.)

Winoka

Winoka is a fictional town in Dakota Territory, in Michael Landon's Little House on the Prairie television series.

The fictional locale for Winoka was based upon a much older, bigger, and rowdier town than the slower-paced and real-life Walnut Grove. Winoka had a hotel (where Charles and Caroline worked, and lived with their children), a saloon, a bank, a church and three schools: a public school, a private one and a special school for blind students. The schools form football teams, and eventually integrate to play against each other in spirited competition.

Life in the crowded, noisy town turns out to be an unpleasant experience for the Ingalls and their friends, so they all decide to move back to Walnut Grove, despite the problems there. Mary stays in Winoka, where she eventually marries Adam. Later, they leave the town as well, when the school for blind students is moved to Walnut Grove.