what was the marine corps motto before semper fidelis

There were three mottos prior to Semper Fidelis including Fortitudine (meaning "with courage") antedating the War of 1812, Per Mare, Per Terram ("by sea, by land"; presumably inherited from the British Royal Marines, who have that as a motto), and, up until 1843, there was also the Marines' Hymn motto "To the Shores of Tripoli". "Semper fidelis" signifies the dedication and loyalty that individual Marines have for 'Corps and Country', even after leaving service. Marines frequently shorten the motto to "Semper Fi" /ˌsɛmpər ˈfaɪ/.

Semper fidelis

Semper fidelis is a Latin phrase that means "always faithful" or "always loyal". It is the motto of the United States Marine Corps usually shortened to Semper fi. It is also in use as a motto for towns, families, schools, and military units.

The earliest definitively recorded use of semper fidelis is as the motto of the French town of Abbeville since 1369. It has also been used by other towns, and is recorded as the motto of various European families since the 16th century, and possibly since the 13th century or earlier. Records show many families in England, France and Ireland using this motto.

The earliest recorded use of semper fidelis by a military unit is by the Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, raised in south-western England in 1685. This is apparently linked to its use as a motto by the city of Exeter since no later than 1660. Subsequently, a variety of military organisations adopted the motto.

This phrase was used in Europe, at least in Great Britain, Ireland and France and probably in other countries as well. A more recent adoption is by Senator Joe Doyle, in arms granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1999.

Bernard Burke in 1884[1] listed many notable families in Great Britain and Ireland using the motto "Semper fidelis" in their coats of arms. They include:

Burke's full list of families using the motto was: Booker, Barbeson, Bonner, Broadmead, Carney, Chesterman, Dick, Dickins, Duffield, Edge, Formby, Frisby, Garrett, Haslett, Hill, Houlton, Kearney, Lynch, Lund, Marriott, Nicholls, Onslow, Pollexfen, Smith, Steele, Steehler, Steuart, Stirling and Wilcoxon. A large portion of these families were Irish or Scottish.

Chassant and Tausin (1878, p. 647)[7] list the following French families as using it: D'Arbaud of Jonques, De Bréonis, Chevalier of Pontis, Du Golinot of Mauny, De Coynart, De Genibrouse of Gastelpers, Macar of the Province of Liege, Milet of Mureau, Navoir of Ponzac, De Piomelles, De Poussois, De Reymons, and De Rozerou of Mos.

The city of Abbeville in France is recorded by 19th century sources (such as Chassant and Taussin, 1878) as using the motto "Semper fidelis," and recent sources[8] state that the city was accorded this motto by Charles V, by letters patent of 19 June 1369, issued at Vincennes. This would make it the earliest recorded user of the motto among cities. However both Louandre (1834, p. 169)[9] and the city's current official website[10] give the motto simply as "Fidelis", and Sanson (1646, p. 15)[11] claimed that even this was not part of Charles's original grant, but was added later, sometime in the 14th to 17th centuries.

In 1658, Pope Alexander VII declared the city to be Semper fidelis, in recognition of the its key role in defending Europe and Roman Catholicism from Muslim invasion.

Today, in Poland, the motto is referenced mainly in connection with the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919 following the collapse of Austro-Hungary in the wake of World War I, and more especially in connection with the Polish-Bolshevik War that followed.

In Ukraine, the phrase is used much less, and refers to the survival of the Ukrainian Church through the period of Soviet persecution.

The City of Exeter, in Devon, England, has used the motto since at least 1660, when it appears in a manuscript of the local chronicler, Richard Izacke. Izacke claimed that the motto was adopted in 1588 to signify the city's loyalty to the English Crown. According to Izacke, it was Queen Elizabeth I who suggested that the city adopt this motto (perhaps in imitation of her own motto, Semper eadem, "Ever the same"); her suggestion is said to have come in a letter to "the Citizens of Exeter," in recognition of their gift of money toward the fleet that had defeated the Spanish Armada. John Hooker's map of Exeter of around 1586 shows the city's coat of arms without the motto, suggesting that the city's use of the motto is no older than this. However the city archives do not hold any letter relating to the motto, and Grey (2005) argues that the Elizabethan origin of the motto may be no more than a local myth, since it is not recorded in contemporary chronicles, and that it may have been adopted at the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy to compensate for the city's less than total loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War.

Various bodies associated with the city of Exeter also use the motto:

"Semper fidelis" is the motto of the town of St. Malo, in Brittany, France. The date of its adoption is not known, but it appears to have been in use in the 17th century,[13] replacing an earlier motto, "Cave canem".

"Civitas Calvi Semper Fidelis" may have been the motto of the city of Calvi, Balagna area in Corsica for 500 years.[citation needed]

"Semper Fidelis" is the motto of the city of White Plains, in New York, United States.

The south-western English town of Exeter has used the motto semper fidelis since no later than 1660, inspiring its use by several south-western English military units.

In 1685 the motto was used by Duke of Beaufort when The Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, or Beaufort Musketeers, were raised to defend Bristol against the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. It was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751 and was designated the regiment for North Devonshire.

The 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Rifle Volunteer Corps, raised in Exeter in 1852, was using the motto on its cap badge by 1860 at the latest; the Illustrated London News reported its use in its 7 January 1860 issue.[14] The motto was continued by The Devonshire Regiment of the British Army.

The motto was further continued on the badges of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment when the Devonshires were amalgamated into them in 1958. This use of the motto evidently derives from these regiments' close connection with the city of Exeter, where they had a base from their foundation (see the Illustrated London News article referenced above) until their disappearance by amalgamation into the Rifles in 2007.

The Irish units in France used a similar motto, "Semper et ubique Fidelis", meaning "Always and Everywhere Faithful". These units, forming the Irish Brigade, were raised in 1690-1 under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, which ended the war between King James II and King William III in Ireland and Britain. As the native Irish army in exile, "Semper et ubique Fidelis" was a reference to their fidelity to the Catholic faith, King James II, and to the king of France. For decades the Irish Brigade served as an independent army within the French army, remaining "Always and Everywhere Faithful" to their native Irish traditions (such as having the men elect their own officers, unheard of in France and England).

Walsh's regiment of the Irish Brigade is noted for aiding the American cause in the American Revolution, when they were assigned as marines to John Paul Jones's ship, the Bonhomme Richard.[15]

The involvement of Irish Brigade soldiers serving as marines in the American War of Independence may have inspired the adoption of the motto "Semper Fidelis" by the US Marines. This would be ironic since the Irish Brigade motto referred specifically to their loyalty to Catholicism and Catholic kings, while the American rebels were fighting for a republican form of government for a largely Protestant population.

The phrase "Semper Fidelis" was made the official motto of the Marine Corps by Charles Grymes McCawley, the eighth Commandant of the Marine Corps, who was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which had a large Irish Catholic population. McCawley owed his commission[16] to Senator Pierre Soule of Louisiana a Catholic, born and raised in France, who would have been well aware of the Irish Brigade's service as Marines during the American Revolution.[17]

"Semper fidelis" is the motto of the cadets corps of the Dutch Royal Military Academy.[18] The corps was founded on 24 November 1828.

"Semper fidelis" is also the motto of the 11th Infantry Regiment, which was founded in May 1861 by President Abraham Lincoln. It served as part of the Army of Ohio and later in the Indian wars, Spanishâ€“American War, 1916 Mexican Border war, World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam war. Today the regiment trains young Army officers at Fort Benning, Georgia.

"Semper fidelis" is the motto of The West Nova Scotia Regiment (of the Canadian Forces), formed in 1936. It inherited the motto from The Lunenburg Regiment, formed in 1870.

The United States Marine Corps adopted the motto "Semper Fidelis" in 1883, on the initiative of Colonel Charles McCawley (29 January 1827 â€“ 13 October 1891), the 8th Commandant of the Marine Corps.[19]

"Semper fidelis" is the motto of CFB Valcartier. The base was originally erected as a military camp in August 1914.

The Swiss Grenadiers, first designated as such in 1943, and since 2004 forming a distinct Command in the Swiss Armed Forces, use the motto "Semper fidelis".[20]

A Chinese language version of Semper fidelis has been the motto of the Republic of China Marine Corps since 1 April 1947. The motto is not in Latin and translates as "loyalty forever". Their motto is specifically modelled on the US marine motto.

"Semper Fidelis" is the motto of the Protection and Guard Service, a Romanian secret service concerned with the national security and personal security of officials in Romania.[21]

"Semper Fidelis" has been the official motto of the Hungarian Government Guard since 28 August 1998.

"Semper Fidelis" serves as the motto of a number of schools around the world:

B. Burke (1884) and Chassant & Tausin (1878), and other sources, list a number of similar mottos that appeared in family or city coats of arms in Great Britain, Ireland and France, though none was ever as popular as "Semper fidelis". They include:


when is somebody's gotta do it on

Somebody's Gotta Do It is a program that aired on CNN with host Mike Rowe.[1][2] The show premiered on October 8, 2014. On May 13, 2016 Mike Rowe announced on his website MikeRowe.com that CNN and he had agreed to end production of the show. Rowe is currently looking for an alternative channel to air a new season of the show that would avoid preemption and interruption from political and news events.[3]

Somebody's Gotta Do It

According to the CNN press release on the show, the show brings "viewers face-to-face with men and women who march to the beat of a different drum. In each episode, Rowe visits unique individuals and joins them in their respective undertakings, paying tribute to innovators, do-gooders, entrepreneurs, collectors, fanaticsâ€“people who simply have to do it. This show is about passion, purpose, and occasionally, hobbies that get a little out of hand."[1]

The show has its origins from a KPIX-TV news magazine segment on Evening Magazine titled "Somebody's Gotta Do It" which Rowe hosted.[4] That segment was pitched to Discovery Channel in the early 2000s. Ultimately Discovery decided it only wanted to feature the dirty part of the segment and made a show out of it, which would become Dirty Jobs.[5][6][7]

On May 6, 2013, Rowe posted on Facebook that he was open to creating a new show that is similar to Dirty Jobs titled Somebody's Gotta Do It. Rowe said that if half the people on his Facebook fan page said "Hey, Mike, here's 10 bucks for jet fuel and basic production costs", he'd "put the band back together and start shooting 'Somebody's Gotta Do It' tomorrow".[8] On April 10, 2014, Rowe announced on his Facebook page that CNN had decided to air the show.[9] Filming on the show started on May 22, 2014.[10] On August 23, 2014, Rowe announced that it would debut on October 8, 2014, at 9 pm ET.[11] On September 29, 2014, CNN made the first episode available to watch on their website before its debut date.[12] On November 13, 2014, Somebody's Gotta Do It was renewed for a second season.[13] Season two debuted on April 9, 2015.[14] Season three debuted on September 27, 2015.

Somebody's Gotta Do It is now airing in reruns on TBN.[15]


what is the average temperature of the crust

The temperature of the crust increases with depth,[3] reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C (392 °F) to 400 °C (752 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere. Because of convection in the underlying plastic (although non-molten) upper mantle and asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust, but the geothermal gradient is smaller in deeper crust.[4]

Crust (geology)

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous processes, and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles. The Earth's crust is composed of distinctly different continental crust and oceanic crust, which have different chemical compositions and physical properties, and which were formed by different geological processes.

The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.[1]

The crust of the Earth is of two distinctive types: oceanic and continental. The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick[2] and is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust.

Both the continental and oceanic crust "float" on the mantle. Because the continental crust is thicker, it extends both to greater elevations and greater depth than the oceanic crust. The slightly lower density of felsic continental rock compared to basaltic oceanic rock contributes to the higher relative elevation of the top of the continental crust. As the top of the continental crust reaches elevations higher than that of the oceanic, water runs off the continents and collects above the oceanic crust. Because of the change in velocity of seismic waves it is believed that beneath continents at a certain depth continental crust (sial) becomes close in its physical properties to oceanic crust (sima), and the transition zone is referred to as the Conrad discontinuity.

Partly by analogy to what is known about the Moon, Earth is considered to have differentiated from an aggregate of planetesimals into its core, mantle and crust within about 100 million years of the formation of the planet, 4.6 billion years ago. During the Hadean, the primordial crust was very thin and was probably destroyed by much more vigorous plate tectonics, volcanic activity and significant asteroid impacts,[5] which were much more common in the early stages of the solar system.

Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust, but the age of the oldest oceanic crust today is only about 200  million years. In contrast, the bulk of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28  billion years [6][7] and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield. Some zircon with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane.

The average age of the current Earth's continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0Â billion years.[8] Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons. Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction. Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts, and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle.

The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of andesite.[9] The most abundant minerals in Earth's continental crust are feldspars, which make up about 41% of the crust by weight, followed by quartz at 12%, and pyroxenes at 11%.[10] Continental crust is enriched in incompatible elements compared to the basaltic ocean crust and much enriched compared to the underlying mantle. Although the continental crust comprises only about 0.6 weight percent of the silicate on Earth, it contains 20% to 70% of the incompatible elements.

All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1%. Estimates of average density for the upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g/cm3 and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g/cm3.[11]

A theoretical protoplanet named "Theia" is thought to have collided with the forming Earth, and part of the material ejected into space by the collision accreted to form the Moon. As the Moon formed, the outer part of it is thought to have been molten, a “lunar magma ocean.” Plagioclase feldspar crystallized in large amounts from this magma ocean and floated toward the surface. The cumulate rocks form much of the crust. The upper part of the crust probably averages about 88% plagioclase (near the lower limit of 90% defined for anorthosite): the lower part of the crust may contain a higher percentage of ferromagnesian minerals such as the pyroxenes and olivine, but even that lower part probably averages about 78% plagioclase.[12] The underlying mantle is denser and olivine-rich.

The thickness of the crust ranges between about 20 and 120 km. Crust on the far side of the Moon averages about 12 km thicker than that on the near side. Estimates of average thickness fall in the range from about 50 to 60 km. Most of this plagioclase-rich crust formed shortly after formation of the moon, between about 4.5 and 4.3 billion years ago. Perhaps 10% or less of the crust consists of igneous rock added after the formation of the initial plagioclase-rich material. The best-characterized and most voluminous of these later additions are the mare basalts formed between about 3.9 and 3.2 billion years ago. Minor volcanism continued after 3.2 billion years, perhaps as recently as 1 billion years ago. There is no evidence of plate tectonics.

Study of the Moon has established that a crust can form on a rocky planetary body significantly smaller than Earth. Although the radius of the Moon is only about a quarter that of Earth, the lunar crust has a significantly greater average thickness. This thick crust formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon. Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago, but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust.[13]


which 16th-century explorer sailed around the world in a ship called the golden hinde

Golden Hind was an English galleon best known for her privateering circumnavigation of the globe between 1577 and 1580, captained by Sir Francis Drake. She was originally known as Pelican, but was renamed by Drake mid-voyage in 1578, in honour of his patron, Sir Christopher Hatton, whose crest was a golden 'hind' (a female red deer). Hatton was one of the principal sponsors of Drake's world voyage. There is one full-size replica in existence in London, on the south bank of the Thames.

Golden Hind

In 1577, Queen Elizabeth partly sponsored Sir Francis Drake as the leader of an expedition intended to pass around South America through the Strait of Magellan and to explore the coast that lay beyond. The queen's support was advantageous; Drake had official approval to benefit himself and the queen as well as to cause the maximum damage to the Spaniards. This would eventually culminate in the Anglo–Spanish War. Before setting sail, Drake met the queen face-to-face for the first time and she said to him, "We would gladly be revenged on the King of Spain for divers injuries that we have received."[1] The explicit object was to "find out places meet to have traffic." Drake, however, acted as a privateer, with unofficial support from Queen Elizabeth.[2]

Drake commissioned his flagship in Plymouth. The keel was registered in 1575. The majority of the work was done in 1576, and it was completed early the next year.[3][4] She is described as a "mid 16th century warship during the transition from the carrack to the galleon," and displaced about 100 tons.[4] He first named his flagship Pelican, but renamed her Golden Hind on 20 August 1578[5] to honor his patron, Sir Christopher Hatton, whose family crest was a golden hind (a female red deer).

He set sail in December 1577 with five small ships, manned by 164 men, and reached the Brazilian coast in early 1578.[6]

On 1 March 1579, now in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Ecuador, Golden Hind challenged and captured the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción. This galleon had the largest treasure captured to that date: over 360,000 pesos (equivalent to around £480m in 2017).[7] The six tons of treasure took six days to transship and included 26 tons of silver, half a ton of gold, porcelain, jewellery, coins and jewels.[8]

On 26 September 1580, Francis Drake sailed his ship into Plymouth Harbour with 56 of the original crew of 80 left aboard. The ship was unloaded at Saltash Castle nearby where the treasure offloading was supervised by the Queen's guards.[9]

Over half of the proceeds went to the Queen and country and were used to pay off the annual debt in its entirety. Queen Elizabeth I herself went aboard Golden Hind, which was then permanently at Deptford on the Thames Estuary, where she had requested it be placed on permanent display as the first'museum ship'. There she shrewdly asked the French ambassador to bestow a knighthood on Drake.[10] Her share of the treasure came to at least £160,000: "enough to pay off her entire government debt and still have £40,000 left over to invest in a new trading company for the Levant. Her return and that of other investors came to more than £47 for every £1 invested, or a total return of 4700%."[11]

After Drake's circumnavigation, Golden Hind was maintained for public exhibition at the dockyard at Deptford, London. The ship remained there from 1580 to approximately 1650 (some 45 years after Queen Elizabeth had died) before the ship eventually rotted away and was finally broken up. In 1668, the keeper of the stores at Deptford, one John Davies of Camberwell, had the best remaining timber of Golden Hind made into a chair which was presented to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford,[4][12] where it remains (with a replica in the Great Hall, Buckland Abbey, Devon, Drake's home and now maintained by the National Trust).

A table, known as the cupboard (pronounced "cubboard"), in the Middle Temple Hall (in London) is also reputed to have been made from the wood of Golden Hind. Upon the cupboard is placed the roll of members of Middle Temple, which new members sign when they are called to the Bar. The ship's lantern was hung in the vestibule of Middle Temple Hall but was destroyed during the Second World War.[citation needed]

A replica of Golden Hind was constructed at Peter Pan's Playground (now Adventure Island (amusement park)), Southend-on-Sea, Essex. It was constructed from 1947 and opened in 1949 together with a waxworks. It was popular at first, but by 1992 attendances had dropped; rising maintenance costs together with the need for major renovation to the wooden structure caused its closure in 1997. The ship was replaced by a replica of Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge. This ship was demolished in 2013.[13]

A tourist attraction replica of Golden Hind has been permanently moored in the harbour of the sea port of Brixham in Devon (50°23′48″N 3°30′46″W / 50.39667°N 3.51278°W / 50.39667; -3.51278) since 1963 following its use in the TV series Sir Francis Drake, which was filmed in and around the bays of Torbay and Dartmouth. The replica ship used in the TV series cost £25,000 to construct and had no rear gallery or gun deck and was a converted fishing boat.[14] The ship sank whilst under tow in 1987 to Dartmouth for restoration in heavy seas and could not be saved. A second replica, which is not full size, was completed in 1988 and stands in the harbour welcoming thousands of visitors annually. The current vessel is based on a steel barge and could never sail. It does not have a gun deck. [15]

A full-size reconstruction of the ship Golden Hinde was built by traditional handcraft in Appledore, North Devon and launched in 1973. Golden Hinde was the result of three years research and construction. Since then she has travelled more than 140,000 miles (225,000 km). She sailed from Plymouth on her maiden voyage in late 1974, arriving on 8 May 1975 [16] in San Francisco. In 1979 she sailed to Japan to make the movie Shogun, after which she returned to the UK having completed a circumnavigation. Between 1981 and 1984, she was berthed in England and was established as an educational museum. In 1984–85 she sailed around the British Isles and then crossed the Atlantic to St Thomas in the Caribbean. In 1986, she passed through the Panama Canal to sail on to Vancouver where she was the main attraction in the Marine Plaza at Expo86. In 1987, she began a tour of US coastal cities spending two years on the Pacific coast. In late 1988 she passed back through the Panama Canal to continue port visits on the Gulf and East Coasts of the USA. In 1992 she returned home to the UK and spent the next four years visiting ports in Europe. Since 1996 she has been berthed at St Mary Overie Dock, in Bankside, Southwark, London where she is open to the public and hosts a range of educational programmes.[17]


who plays agent may on agents of shield

Ming-Na Wen (Chinese: 溫明娜; pinyin: Wēn Míngnà; born November 20, 1963)[1] is an Macanese-American actress. (She has been credited with and without her family name "Wen", but most credits since the late 1990s have been without it.[citation needed] She has been known by such variants of her name as Ming-Na, Ming Na, Ming Na Wen and Ming Wen.) She is known for playing the role of Melinda May in the ABC action drama series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and for voicing Fa Mulan, one of the Disney Princesses, in the films Mulan and Mulan II, the video game Kingdom Hearts II, and in the Disney animated series Sofia the First. She is due to reprise her role as Mulan in Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2.[2]

Ming-Na Wen

Wen is also known for her role as Dr. Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen on the medical drama series ER. She was the series lead of the show Inconceivable, a medical drama that was aired on NBC, but the show was short-lived. The show is one of the few American television shows with an Asian American series lead. She is also known for her roles on the main casts of the animated series The Batman and the sci-fi series Stargate Universe. Besides television, she is notable for starring in the films The Joy Luck Club, Street Fighter, and Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within.

Wen was born November 20, 1963, was born in Coloane, one of the two main islands of Macau.[1] Her parents divorced when she was an infant, and she moved with her mother to Hong Kong. Her mother remarried, and at age 4, Wen and her family moved to New York City. After five years, they relocated again, to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area, where they opened The Chinatown Inn restaurant, which remained ongoing in the 2010s.[1] Raised in the suburb of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, she attended Mount Lebanon High School,[3] and graduated from Carnegie Mellon University in 1986.[4]

Wen's first television role was in the children's television series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1985.[5] From 1988 to 1991, she played Lien Hughes on the soap opera As the World Turns.

After starring in the acclaimed 1993 film The Joy Luck Club, she landed the role of Dr. Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen on the NBC drama series ER. She first starred in a recurring role during the 1994-1995 season before returning in 1999 as a series regular, remaining on the show until midway through SeasonÂ 11 in 2004. Wen also played Chun-Li in Street Fighter and co-starred on the sitcom The Single Guy from 1995 to 1997.

She provided the voice for the title character in Disney's 1998 animated movie Mulan, its direct-to-video sequel, Mulan II, and the video game Kingdom Hearts II, subsequently winning an Annie Award. She also voiced Aki Ross in the computer animated film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, and Detective Ellen Yin in the animated series The Batman. She was also the voice actress for Jade, a minor character in the HBO animated series Spawn.

In 2004, she took part in a Hollywood Home Game on the World Poker Tour, and won. In fall 2005, she starred on the NBC drama series Inconceivable as the lead character, Rachel Lu. However, the series was canceled after only two episodes. Her next TV role was an FBI agent in the Fox kidnap drama series Vanished, which premiered in the fall of 2006 then was canceled roughly three months later. She also has played a small role as a college professor in the comedy series George Lopez.

On October 8 through October 29, 2007, Wen (billed as Ming Wen) appeared in a four-episode arc of CBS' Two and a Half Men playing Charlie Sheen's love interest, a judge closer to his own age. In November 2008, she guest-starred on two ABC series: Private Practice and Boston Legal. From December 5â€“6, 2008, Wen starred in a benefit production of the musical Grease with "Stuttering" John Melendez at the Class Act Theatre.[6]

She was cast as a regular in the Stargate Universe television series as political attachÃ© Camile Wray from October 2009 to May 2011. Wen made an appearance in "Disney Through the Decades", a short documentary about the history of the Walt Disney Company through to the present, as the hostess of the 1990s section.

Wen appeared on the Syfy series Eureka as the inquisitive U.S. Senator Michaela Wen, beginning in Season Four in 2011 and serving as a major villain in the fifth and final season in 2012.

Wen plays Agent Melinda May in the ABC action drama series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., which premiered on September 24, 2013.[7]

In August 2014, Wen reprised her role as Mulan for the first time since Kingdom Hearts II in the Disney Channel show Sofia the First.[8] Her daughter Michaela Zee has a recurring role on the show as Princess Jun.

In December 7, 2017, Marvel Entertainment announced to launch a new animation film franchise Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors in 2018. Wen would voice Hala the Accuser, the main antagonist of the film, along with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. co-star Chloe Bennet.[9]

From 1985 to 1989 Wen was in a relationship with Australian actor Brett Hinch and juggled her commitments between the USA and Australia. In 1990, Wen married American film writer Kirk Aanes. They divorced in 1993. On June 16, 1995, Wen married her second husband, Eric Michael Zee. Together they have two children, a daughter, Michaela Kitlin, born on November 21, 2000, and a son, Cooper Dominic Zee, born on October 12, 2005. As of 2007, Wen and her family live in Calabasas, California. Michaela has followed her mother's footsteps in voice-acting, and voices Princess Jun in the Disney Channel show Sofia The First.


power rangers spd cast pink ranger real name

Sydney "Syd" Drew (portrayed by Alycia Purrott) is the S.P.D. Pink Ranger. Her parents worked at S.P.D. and were involved with the creation of the Delta Morphers, which altered Syd's DNA, giving her the ability to change her hand into any material she touches. Her family is very wealthy. She was on the B-Squad along with Bridge Carson and Sky Tate.

List of Power Rangers S.P.D. characters

Power Rangers S.P.D. is the 2005 season of Power Rangers that tells the story of the fight between the Power Rangers of the Space Patrol Delta police force and the evil Troobian Empire in the year 2025.

The S.P.D. Power Rangers are characters and heroes in the Power Rangers universe, and the primary protagonists in the television series Power Rangers S.P.D..[1] This series is set in the year 2025.

The S.P.D. Rangers that appear in the series are labeled B-Squad, a weak team that are initially a backup team as their name suggests. They are promoted to the Earth's primary line of defense and granted Ranger status after the A-Squad vanishes, as well acting as tutors for the D-Squad Cadets. They are an integral part of the Space Patrol Delta organization.

Jack Landors (played by Brandon Jay McLaren) is the S.P.D. Red Ranger. A homeless street thief alongside his best friend Z, Jack volunteered to become the Red B-Squad Ranger in order to save Z's life as well as those of the other Rangers and took over as team leader, to the ire of Sky Tate. At first, he took his position as team leader very lightly, but has since proven he is a very capable leader, albeit one who often clashes with the chain of command as well as bend the rules sometimes (giving Sky a head start to deal with a former partner by "reciting" a regulation when he's not allowed to pursue on his own). He formed a slightly uneasy but respect-based relationship with Sky, taking tactical suggestions from him in the field and helping him deal with his issues regarding Mirloc and his father.

After his encounter with the volunteer Ally, he realized that, while he liked being a Ranger, what he really wanted to do was go back to helping people on the streets - the conflict of these two interests led to him nearly botching the mission against Delex. Following the destruction of the Magnificence and the containment of Gruumm, Jack left S.P.D. to work with Ally full-time and Sky took his place. Despite his casual attitude, he loathes having to say goodbye and left S.P.D. without telling the rest of B-Squad; despite this, they remain close.

It is possible that he rejoined his teammates during Power Rangers Super Megaforce, as all five B-Squad Ranger powers were employed during the final battle with the Armada.

While unmorphed, his genetic power enables him to become intangible and pass through any object. As Red Ranger, he has exclusive access to a Battlizer and also control over two separate Zords and S.W.A.T. Mode. He wields the Delta Blasters and is an impressive sharpshooter. His uniform sports the number 1.

Jack doesn't know when he was born. Syd, however, offered to share her birthday with him.

Schuyler "Sky" Tate (portrayed by Chris Violette[2]) is the S.P.D. Blue Ranger and second-in-command who was originally a stickler for rules. Sky is top on B-Squad on weapons and fighting, and believes he should be the Red Ranger just like his father was. Unfortunately, his pride gets in the way and Commander Cruger picks him to be the Blue Ranger.

When Sky faces off against Mirloc, the one responsible for the death of his father, Jack thinks Sky should be the one to bring him in as the Red Ranger. Although it was an honor to be the Red Ranger, Sky realized that heroes come in all colors. After going through extensive S.W.A.T. training on Zantor to acquire S.W.A.T. Mode, he discovers the importance of his team. With teamwork, they are able to even defeat the corrupt A-Squad. Over time, he learns the values of following rather than leading, and when put in a temporary leading position, impresses even Cruger with the skills he learned during their battles.

With Jack leaving S.P.D., Sky has grown into a great leader and has learned to accept his teammates as equals. Cruger chooses him to step up as the new Red Ranger. His assigned S.P.D. number is 2; he is later promoted to 1 after Jack resigns. When Cruger becomes Supreme Commander, Sky replaces Cruger and is promoted to Earth Commander and Bridge replaced Sky as the S.P.D. Red Ranger. This may also mean Sky is the new Shadow Ranger, which would make his number 100, or has a Ranger identification similar to that of the Shadow Ranger.

He may have reassumed his Blue Ranger powers to join the Ranger army in Super Megaforce.

While unmorphed, his genetic power allows him to create force fields.

Bridge Carson (portrayed by Matt Austin) is the S.P.D. Green Ranger. Bridge might appear slow at times, but he is a computer genius, a master mechanic, and much more. He might be gullible, but he also has a heart of gold. People underestimate Bridge, but he always manages to come through with his quick-thinking. He is well known for his love of "buttery" toast, and one of his more amusing behaviors is an apparent inability to say the word "buttery" without wiggling his fingers in front of his mouth. The phrase "buttery" was first mentioned by him when offering toast to the Yellow S.P.D. Ranger, Z, who formed a firm friendship with him; as evidenced when she defended him, when Sky blamed Syd's confusion and Bridge's ramblings. While thinking, he will sometimes do a handstand to help him think, or so he says. He is also Jewish since in "Walls" he tells Jack that he celebrates Hanukkah when Jack says that Christmas has come early upon Bridge and him receiving new patrol bikes.

Bridge takes it upon himself to over-analyze any situation and sometimes lacks confidence. Bridge endures S.W.A.T. training on Zantor with the others to achieve S.W.A.T. Mode. Bridge relies more on intuition than any other Ranger and is the first one to sense that something is wrong with A-Squad. As time goes on, the other Rangers come to respect how he always comes through for them and he becomes more confident.

While unmorphed, his genetic power gives him a form of psychometry and the ability to scan and read auras and energy signatures. He has no control over this ability, and consequently wears gloves most of the time. As the series progressed, Bridge's power evolved to include tracking thoughts, since, as he stated, thoughts are energy.

After Jack left S.P.D., and once Sky was promoted to Red Ranger, Bridge was promoted to Blue Ranger. After Commander Cruger is promoted, Sky is promoted as well, leaving Bridge as the Red Ranger. He was later called upon to join veteran Rangers Adam Park, Tori Hanson, Kira Ford, and Xander Bly in battling alongside the Operation Overdrive Rangers against the villainous alliance led by Thrax.

He may also have become the Green Ranger again with his predecessors reclaiming their Red and Blue powers for the final battle with the Armada in Super Megaforce.

His assigned S.P.D. number is 3; he is later promoted to 2 and eventually to 1.

Elizabeth "Z" Delgado (played by Monica May) is the S.P.D. Yellow Ranger. When Z was younger, she was considered an outcast at school due to her genetic power. She ran away and upon being attacked by a vicious monster, she was saved by a disguised Anubis Cruger. Eventually, she began living on the streets. It was there that she met her best friend Jack and began stealing. She eventually grew tired of that profession and wished to be part of something bigger, which led to her being drafted into the S.P.D. B-Squad.

Despite their differing personalities, she formed a firm friendship with both Bridge and Syd, often teaming up with the Pink Ranger in battle. She defended her when Sky blamed Syd's confusion and Bridge's ramblings. Easy-going and somewhat sloppy, she is a viciously determined fighter and, due to her past alienation, took it upon herself to reach out to young Sam.

Her genetic power of duplication allows her to become a virtual one-Ranger army in the blink of an eye. Z has the power to make several copies of herself when needed.

She has a long history with Piggy and appears to trust him as a friend, often going to him for underworld information or help even when his duplicitous nature was obvious. When he was revealed to be openly working for Gruumm, Z was shocked that he could have betrayed them.

Through S.W.A.T. training on Zantor, Z learns to get over her differences with Syd and together as a team, the Rangers take down a corrupted A-Squad. When Jack leaves S.P.D., Z stays with the Rangers and continues to live out her dream of protecting the innocent.

She and her teammates later appeared as part of the Ranger army in Super Megaforce.

Her assigned S.P.D. number is 4. She is good at tap dancing and jazz dancing.

Her life before S.P.D. is not clear. Multiple references during the show imply that she has many talents, including being an excellent fencer, pop star, and model. Despite her flagrant vanity and occasional selfishness, she is very caring and compassionate, and is often the first to stand up for someone when they are being treated wrong. Though she and Z are constantly fighting, deep down they care for each other and very frequently team up in battle.

Syd and her teammates later took part in the Megaforce Rangers' final battle with the Armada.

Sydney is the first Pink Ranger not to wear a skirt on her uniform, despite being female in both Sentai and Power Rangers footage. Her assigned S.P.D. number is 5. She is also the first Pink Ranger since Power Rangers Time Force, Jen Scotts.

Anubis "Doggie" Cruger is a member of the dog-like Sirian race from the planet Sirius, and was a member of the original Space Patrol Delta, training in the Academy alongside future criminal Icthior. He led the SPD forces against the Troobian Empire's invasion, fighting and scarring Emperor Gruumm by shearing off his right horn, before General Benagg kidnapped his wife Isinia and managed to bring down Cruger from behind. The battle was lost and all the Sirians except for Cruger and Isinia were killed. After that, Anubis made a vow to never fight again and left for Earth, thinking his wife was lost.

On Earth, Anubis founded the S.P.D. Earth Academy and trained the elite S.P.D. Ranger squads. He sends the A-Squad Rangers to the Helix Nebula to fight at the front line against Grumm, not realising this was a trap by Gruumm to take out Earth's front line of defense. When he hears that Gruumm is on his way to Earth and could not contact the A-Squad, he promotes the B-Squad Rangers to active status and gives Schyler "Sky" Tate, Bridge Carson, and Sydney "Syd" Drew a set of S.P.D. Morphers. They were soon rejoined by Elizabeth "Z" Delgado, and Jack Landors,

Cruger is portrayed as a good judge of character. He gives both Jack Landors and Elizabeth Delgado, two criminals, a chance at redemption by making them Rangers, and sees the potential in Boom when he drops out of the Academy.

Anubis will go to any lengths to protect those he values and loves; for example, when Dr. Manx was abducted by General Benaag, he broke his own vow of peace and became the Shadow Ranger (suit number 100). He is armed with his Patrol Morpher (his morphing call of "S.P.D. Emergency!" is the same as the other S.P.D. Rangers, but his morpher is different, as the normally white SPD text is black), the Shadow Saber, and the Delta Command Megazord (in reality, the S.P.D. Base). As the Shadow Ranger, he has proved to be a great asset to the B-Squad Rangers. He takes a very hardline approach to discipline and training, once deliberately letting the Rangers see he was watching them being defeated and not intervening in order to make them stop relying on Shadow Ranger to solve their battles for them. Sometimes he can go too far, at which point Kat will argue against him.

Cruger is not fond of his superior officer, Supreme Commander Fowler Birdy. He demonstrates this in his referring to Birdy as "that overstuffed pelican". The two do not have similar strategic styles, and this temporarily resulted in Cruger being dismissed and relieved of command duty. However, Birdy changed his tune forever when the Shadow Ranger showed up to save him from Gruumm. Cruger did possess a high level of respect for previous Power Rangers, expressing particular pleasure at working with Tommy Oliver when their two teams worked together against a time-traveling Gruumm and Zeltrax. Cruger erased the memories of most of the Dino Rangers to prevent contamination of history, but-agreeing with his Rangers that it wasn't fair that only the Dino Rangers should forget their encounter-he then erased B-Squad's memories and his own before they returned to the future.

Although he believed that his wife was dead since the Battle of Sirius, an encounter with his old enemy General Benaag cast doubt on that belief. When Cruger used his Morpher/judgement scanner for abducting his wife, the morpher "acquitted" Benaag. Later, when his old rival-turned enemy Icthior claimed that Isinia Cruger was still alive, Cruger wasn't sure what to believe. He never told the B-Squad about his marriage to Isinia or about her in generalâ€”keeping his painful secret from everyone but Kat.

The question was answered after he was taken captive by A-Squad. He saw her being held captive onboard Gruumm's spacecraft. Also when the A-Squad returned he started to ignore B-Squad and they thought that he was just demoting them on purpose and was going to ignore them again although he presumably did this because of procedure. Dr. Kat Manx admitted to the B-Squad when they went to fight the A-Squad that he told her that they were the best squad that he ever had the pleasure of working with showing them just how highly he really thought of them.

After B-Squad was thrown into captivity along with Cruger, they all escaped with Piggy's help. B-Squad returned to Earth while Cruger morphed and engaged Gruumm in battle card-capturing Mora along the way. Cruger came out the winner and rescued Isinia while Grumm apparently fell to his death, but he had one more task to complete. Cruger was tasked with opening an access panel in the left arm of the Magnificence, which would allow the S.W.A.T. Megazord to destroy it with a maxed-out laser blast. He did, and the Megazord fired, causing the Magnificence to implode, destroying Omni and saving Earth and the universe. Cruger was thought dead, but he and Isinia survived. This discovery overjoyed the Rangers.

Gruumm survived as well, and engaged Cruger (who was unmorphed) one last time, only to lose his left horn and be contained. Following the battle, he promoted B-Squad to A-level, only to have them refuse because ultimately, they were the B Squad, the team that had come through their trials together. Cruger made Squad B be the highest Ranger level at S.P.D. on the spot, saying then that there would be no A-Squad. He also promoted Sky to Red Ranger status, and Bridge to Blue Ranger status following the departure of Jack. There was no mention of a new Green S.P.D. Ranger.

In the first half of the two-part Operation Overdrive episode "Once a Ranger", it is revealed that an unknown amount of time after the finale of S.P.D., Cruger is promoted to Supreme Commander when Fowler Birdy retires, bringing about the subsequent promotions of Sky Tate to Commander of S.P.D. Earth, and Bridge Carson to B-Squad's leader as the Red Ranger. It is unknown if he kept his Shadow Ranger powers, or if he passed them down to Sky when Sky was promoted to his old position.

The Shadow Ranger was also not among the veteran Rangers who appeared in Super Megaforce.

Cruger is performed by John Tui and voiced by Darryl Kurylo in the Power Rangers: Super Legends video game.

NOTE: Cruger's unmorphed costume is different from his Japanese equivalent in Dekaranger where the character was more furry.

Dr. Katherine "Kat" Manx (played by Michelle Langstone) is the technical expert for Earth's S.P.D.(Space Patrol Delta), and a master of many sciences. She is a humanoid cat-like alien of an unknown world. Despite her youthful appearance, Kat is 147 Earth years old. Kat serves as the chief technologist in S.P.D. and was responsible for the invention of all of Earth's S.P.D. technology, from the Judgment Scanner to the Delta Command Megazord. During all S.P.D. missions, she can be found in the Command Center running ops and providing scientific assistance to the Rangers.

Kat was part of the early days of Earth's SPD branch, when it was a top-secret organisation in 2001, the same year that the Time Force season was set during. She was one of several scientists, along with the B-Squad's parents, who worked with highly energized chemicals that led to the B-Squad's mutations. Kat is also a good friend to Commander Cruger, though she considers him a "stubborn old dog", and provides a reasoned argument against his more emotional decision. When General Benaag captured her, Cruger accepted the Patrol Morpher that she had given him and became the Shadow Ranger (Producer Greg Aronowitz has stated in a podcast interview that Kat was in love with Cruger and vice versa, but that he never acted on it; the comment comes 16 minutes into the interview).

Kat serves as a mentor to Boom, a reject from the academy. Despite his apparent ineptitude, her teaching turned him into a technical expert.

Although Kat is a scientist by trade, she is capable of fighting when called upon. Her cat-like physiology makes her exceptionally agile, and she is a skilled fighter. She led the defense of the Space Patrol Delta Base against the final Troobian invasion.

In "Katastrophe", Kat was granted the use of her own (temporary) Delta Morpher (given to her by Commander Birdy) to become the S.P.D. Kat Ranger. The Kat Ranger costume is half-orange and half-white with cat-like ears, making her the first 8th Ranger, and the first Ranger to share the same first name with a previous Ranger, Katherine Hillard. The Kat Ranger also marks the first time that a Power Rangers team has had three female rangers on one team. Her powers expired after an hour. Her costume was similar to those of the B-Squad, but she did not have a number on her Ranger form like the other members of S.P.D. Instead, she had a heptagon as her chest symbol. As Kat Ranger, she created blinding auroras and threw feather-like "Cat Stunners". She wanted desperately to help out against an enemy called Mooney who was a former classmate of hers and was given the Morpher to fight. She captures Mooney herself after stopping his giant robot. In Endings Part 1 she was amongst those captured by Broodwing's forces and was put into a cell alongside Boom. After Boom gets them out by summoning RIC she disables the Delta Command Megazord stopping Broodwing and allowing the B-Squad to capture him. In Endings Part 2 she fights in the final battle with Grumm's forces and retreats inside when the Nova Ranger shows up. She also witnesses the final showdown between Grumm and Cruger.

For unknown reasons, she did not appear as part of the Ranger army in Super Megaforce.

Sam (played by Brett Stewart and voiced by Yuri Lowenthal in the Power Rangers: Super Legends video game) was once a very lonely and misunderstood street orphan whose mother died in a tragic incident and whose genetic powers (of being able to teleport objects) made him a constant target for bullies. His desperate search for friends led him to be manipulated by Mora and her newest creation Bugglesworth, who turned people into dolls for Mora to collect. While the other Rangers were quick to judge Sam poorly, Z realized that Sam was not evil and just wanted to fit in. Although it took a lot of convincing, Sam eventually agreed to stay with his new friend and the other Rangers at the S.P.D. Academy.

In the year 2040, Sam was chosen by S.P.D. to become the Omega Ranger and charged with a special mission: travelling back through time to 2025 to stop the rogue Morgana from destroying the Rangers and eventually Earth, thus preventing the disaster that has befallen his world. He destroyed Shorty upon the start of the deciding battle and drove off Morgana and Devastation however he refused help believing the Rangers of this time too outdated to help him. He later learned he was wrong when the other Rangers rushed to his aid when he was in trouble and together they saved the future by riding the Delta Squad Megazord on the back of the Omegamax Cycle and blasting Devastation's robot until it was destroyed and then capturing him. This battle taught him the value of teamwork. However, passing through the time warp heavily altered his human form, reducing him to a floating orb of pure energy. Due to this setback, his only remotely human form is his Ranger form. As Kat searched for a way to send him back to the future, he assisted the B-Squad Rangers in their battle to save Earth.

Omega joined the B-Squad to prevent Emperor Gruumm's invasion and brought with him a powerful array of futuristic equipment including the Uniforce Cycle, a Zord known as the Omegamax Cycle, and an Omega Morpher that - in addition to increasing his strength (Muscle Mode), allowed him to perform various feats including temporal manipulation (Hyper Mode), fire bursts of electricity from his palm (Electro Mode), and an ultimate finisher attack of shining energy (Lightbeam Mode). Like the S.P.D. and Patrol morphers, the Omega Morpher can also grant access to the Judgement Mode function. His suit brandishes the Roman Numeral for six, "VI".

When some friends of Piggy stole the S.W.A.T. technology, Sam's technological advancements were outmatched, but, as he is "the force from the future", he was always at the Rangers disposal when they needed him.

During the final battle against Gruumm, Sam's old friend Nova Ranger came looking for him. After the battle ended, the two of them returned to the future. Presumably she was able to return him to human form as he unmorphed for a moment before traveling back to the future.

He apparently joined his teammates in traveling to the past in Super Megaforce to battle the Warstar Armada alongside other past Rangers.

Nova Ranger is a fictional character in the TV series Power Rangers S.P.D. She is voiced by Antonia Prebble while her human form was portrayed by an uncredited actress. Her numeric S.P.D. insignia is M, the Roman numeral for 1000.

During the final battle with Gruumm, the B-Squad Rangers had left the S.P.D. base relatively unguarded, save for Dr. Kat Manx, Boom, the Omega Ranger, and the S.P.D. cadets. Grumm's forces were overpowering the S.P.D. forces, when a time-portal suddenly appeared, and a silver-colored Ranger stepped out. She identified herself as the S.P.D. Nova Ranger. Nova Ranger had been Omega Ranger's ally in the future, and had been searching various timelines in her effort to locate him. With her help, the S.P.D. base was protected from harm. A second time portal was opened after the battle ended and the unmorphed Nova Ranger, along with the unmorphed and now-fully-human Omega Ranger, returned to the future.

Nova Ranger had a blue-and-gold device very similar in appearance to the Omega Ranger's Morpher, which was called the Nova Morpher. Like the Omega Morpher, Nova Ranger's morpher acted as her only weapon in combat and had an Electro-Mode. However, unlike the Omega Morpher, the Nova Morpher appeared to have better time traveling capabilities and the power to restore Omega Ranger to human form.

Short for Space Patrol Delta, S.P.D. is an interplanetary police force that oversees law in the different areas of outer space. S.P.D. maintains the peace where they train and deploy their own teams of Power Rangers, who are equipped with the latest technology.

Fowler Birdy (portrayed by Paul Norell) is the bird-like Supreme Commander of S.P.D. and Commander Cruger's superior. However, the two do not get along at all, as indicated by Cruger referring to Birdy as an "over-stuffed pelican." Arrogant and supremely blunt, he does not tolerate insubordination and views Gruumm's victory on Sirius as an embarrassment.[3]

When Birdy came to Earth to inspect S.P.D.'s Earth headquarters, his style of tactics clashed with Cruger's (which was to keep the Rangers as a team because that's how he thought they worked best). This led to Cruger's brief expulsion from S.P.D., during which Birdy took command of the Delta Base. After foolishly splitting up the Ranger team, he went out personally to fight Emperor Gruumm and was quickly overwhelmed by Gruumm's superior skill. Luckily, Shadow Ranger, acting against orders, showed up on his ATV and drove Gruumm off. Fowler was at first enraged, but changed his tune after Cruger drew a salute from his fellow Rangers. Birdy departed, commending Cruger for his actions and telling him that the galaxy is depending on him.

Birdy appeared again when Morgana launched her all out attack on the Power Rangers. Birdy told them that Galactic Command is now aware of their plight and that Galactic Command could not respond on such short notice. Birdy told them that even if they did, they fear that they might fall into Gruumm's trap. Birdy concludes that they were on their own for this one and wishes them good luck.

He later appeared to promote Dr. Manx (which she later refused) to a position at Galaxy Command and when she wanted to stop Mooney he gave her the Kat Morpher to go into battle herself.

In the final S.P.D. episode Endings Pt. 2, Fowler Birdy, Sergeant Silverback, and some unnamed S.P.D. officials (consisting of an unnamed lion-like alien, an unnamed octopus-headed alien, an unnamed red ape-like alien, and an unnamed exotic bird-like alien) were among the S.P.D. reinforcements to assist in the final battle against the Troobians, apparently having decided to go into battle himself.

In the Operation Overdrive team-up story Once a Ranger, Bridge reveals that at some point after the finale of S.P.D., Birdy retired from his position (and moved to Miami). Cruger was promoted to his position as Supreme Commande, so Sky then was promoted as the Shadow Ranger and as the Commander of S.P.D. Earth and Bridge was promoted as the Red S.P.D. Ranger.

Sergeant Silverback (performed by John Tui) is an S.P.D. training instructor based on the planet Zentor who looks like an alien gorilla. He is a (rather odd) friend of Anubis Cruger, who sends B-Squad to him following their lack of teamwork. Silverback put them through their paces, training them and strengthening the bonds of friendship between them. After receiving his approval, he sent a communication to Cruger only to learn that he was in trouble. Dismissing B-Squad once and for all from Zentor, he gave them the S.P.D. S.W.A.T. Truck, allowing them access to S.W.A.T. mode.

Sergeant Silverback's only companion is an older model S.P.D. canine robot reminiscent of R.I.C. It seems to be modeled after a bulldog. He speaks as a stereotypical military officer (reminiscent of military actor R. Lee Ermey).

In Endings, Part 2 he was among several reinforcements to help S.P.D. in their final battle against the Troobians. He also brought his R.I.C. with him, and another S.W.A.T. truck to assist in the battle.

Boom (portrayed by Kelson Henderson) is the lab assistant of Kat Manx, and is always willing to test out her latest inventions. Boom attended S.P.D. academy, but was kicked out because of his incompetence. However, he was of interest to Cruger, who convinced Kat to let him serve as her assistant.[4]

Boom never told his parents about being kicked out of the academy. He managed to convince them that he was the "Orange Ranger", which came back to haunt him when they came to visit. He was forced to don a mock-up costume and team up with the B-Squad, putting the true Rangers in trouble. He then returned to what he knew best, and finally told his parents about his real job: guinea pig for Kat's inventions.

Short for Series One Processor Hyper Intelligent Ecryptor, S.O.P.H.I.E. (portrayed by Natacha Hutchison) is a computer programmer and cyborg. She enrolled at S.P.D. to use her skills for good, hiding her cyborg origins (as cyborgs are highly prejudiced against). When the S.P.D. Rangers discovered her secret, she was expelled from the academy and pursued by Valko. After escaping from him (with the help of Cruger who heard her cry for help and as the Shadow Ranger card-captured him), she returned to S.P.D. and helped activate the Delta Command Megazord. Realizing that she meant no harm and what an asset she could be to S.P.D., she was given a job as a programmer at the Theta Quadrant.

The lowest-ranking squad, this squad consists of cadets who trained for eventual promotion to active status as C-Squad and up. They are trained and advised by the B-Squad. The D-Squad consists of S.O.P.H.I.E., 3 Caucasian Males, and an Asian Female.

Piggy (portrayed by Barnie Duncan) is a bird-faced informant who works for whoever pays him the best, or threatens him for it (including SPD, Emperor Gruumm, and/or Broodwing). He spends much of his life on Earth as a homeless bum, eating garbage and developing connections with the underworld. He has a form of friendship with Z who has multiple times been shown to trust Piggy more than anyone else does - trusting him to guard the proton accelerator in "Beginnings", taking Kat to get a quantum enhancer from him in "S.W.A.T." and appealing to his better nature (and thanking him) when Bridge was in danger in "Missing". Unknown to most, however, he was in contact with Emperor Gruumm, who he appeared to serve directly, and was personally responsible for handing Gruumm the technology he needed to reach Earth.

In "Shadow", Piggy wins the lottery and opened his own trailer cafe that brings in lowlife patrons from many different planets. While Piggy otherwise lives a very comfortable life, when the Rangers show up at his cafe, his customers flee, which irritates Piggy to no end; to his customers, S.P.D. are the monsters to fear. His frequent jesting comments towards Syd make some believe that he had a minor crush on her.

He quickly finds himself caught between aiding either S.P.D., Gruumm, or Broodwing multiple times, such as stealing S.W.A.T. technology for both villains, and several times giving advice & information to the Rangers, contacting Gruumm/Broodwing to tell him about the Rangers being on their way, and then contact Broodwing/Gruumm to tell them about the other's plot! Both Broodwing and Gruumm saw Piggy as being key to their plans because of this. In Endings, he ended up leading the B-Squad into a trap where they were captured by Emperor Gruumm, much to Z's shock. When Piggy asked if he did the right thing, a lightning bolt destroyed his cafe and, taking the hint, Piggy sneaked onto Gruumm's ship disguised as a Krybot and freed them returning to Earth with them on the SWAT Flyers. He participated in the final battle against the Troobians and, afterward, joined Jack and Ally in their business of giving clothes to the homeless. Also Jack gave him credit for what he did saying none of them would be there (in front of SPD after the battle was over) if it hadn't been for him.

He makes a cameo in the Power Rangers Mystic Force episode "Ranger Down". He reveals that he just came from another galaxy, making it known that he was on Earth way before S.P.D. started (2006 most likely). When the cat genie Jenji stumbles upon the same alley Piggy is in, Piggy (after discouraging Jenji from a life of crime) predicts much of SPD that he explains that his dream is: "to win the lottery and open a restaurant... with wheels, called "Piggy's", and says "in 20 years this place will be crawling with aliens...".

Ally Samuels (played by Beth Allen) is the daughter of the Samuel Clothings owner. She first appears in "Resurrection" where Jack mistakes her for robbing a truck only to learn that she is unloading the truck's contents for Samuel Clothings (which helps out the city's less fortunate). Jack later apologizes to her for the misunderstanding and she was able to forgive him.

In "Endings," Jack resigned from S.P.D. and joined Piggy into helping Ally and the other workers of Samuel Clothings.

The Troobian Empire is a galactic empire and warlike army in the service of Emperor Gruumm. The term Troobian refers to any being that serves under Gruumm (as stated by Bruce Kalish).

Gruumm's forces travel in the Terror Spacecraft that they use to travel throughout outer space in its journey to conquer and destroy planets. Inside, everything is green, dank, and skeletal.

Information about them can be found below.

Omni (voiced by Geoff Dolan) is secretly the power behind the throne and de facto leader of the Troobians. He is a giant brain housed in a tank in a room on Gruumm's spacecraft. He has a single eye on a tentacle-like appendage. He was mentioned on a few occasions throughout in the season, but was finally revealed at the end of the episode Insomnia, making Mora pledge her allegiance to it. In Endings, Part 1, he not only "spoke" for the first time (berating Gruumm over his petty feud with Cruger), but his name was revealed.

Omni's reason for attacking Earth was to drain its resources for a weapon in development that he refers to as The Magnificence, a colossal biomechanical body for himself that Gruumm created with the stolen resources. Once the Terror Spacecraft locked in, Omni was connected to his body and used it to fight the S.W.A.T. Megazord, having the upper hand until Doggie Cruger opened an access panel from the inside, allowing the Megazord to deliver a maxed-out laser blast, causing the Magnificence to implode and taking Omni with it.

Omni possesses psychic powers and is able to both talk to & harm Gruumm from a distance, as well as brainwash people into serving him. In his Magnificence, he is large enough to hold the Megazord in his hand and wields incredible destructive power.

In an interview (9:26 in), Greg Aronowitz stated that "Gruumm has always been Omni's puppet... [Gruum] has power, but he has issues and he has weakness, and Omni has taken advantage of that for as long as time can remember." [1]

Emperor Gruumm (portrayed by Rene Naufahu) is a figurehead who serves as the de jure leader of the Troobians alien race whose ultimate goal is to conquer other worlds. Gruumm is relentless and nothing will stand in his way to conquer the universe. He previously destroyed the planet Sirius (home world of Commander Anubis "Doggie" Cruger), and in 2025 he launched an assault on Earth.

Gruumm's main strategy is to overwhelm and devastate a planet with constant, large-scale assaults and then drain the planet of its resources, as shown in the flashbacks to the Sirian invasion, and used such tactics on the Helix Nebula simply to draw the A-Squad into an ambush. His highly destructive tactics show life means little to him, and it was initially unclear why he wasn't using such tactics to conquer Earth except on rare occasions, and why he allowed Broodwing to battle the Rangers for him on several occasions. It's briefly shown that his ship can even destroy a planet from orbit. He also was shown repeatedly talking to either himself or an unseen entity whom he referred to as "the Magnificence". It became clear later on that Gruumm had been working off a long term plan, intending not to leech and destroy Earth but instead to use its resources - which he looted over the course of the season - to construct a body for Omni, a higher power who he fears and worships.

Emperor Gruumm has two aides, Mora (later Morgana) and Broodwing. He has a bitter hatred for Cruger, who cut off his right horn in the battle for Sirius. He is also the most powerful warrior among the Troobian empire, as proved in his victories over the B-Squad Rangers and Supreme Commander Fowler Birdie. His main weapon is a staff that shoots energy, and he also rides a motorcycle with laser cannons. Gruumm has the ability to use telepathy and shapeshift into a selected human form. In battle, he has shown the ability to decimate the Rangers, defeat Commander Birdie and also harm Zeltrax, though Cruger has shown the ability to defeat him.

As Omni's master plan came to fruition, Cruger escaped from a cell onboard Gruumm's ship and the two engaged in battle. Although Gruumm was thought to have perished along with the Magnificence, he survived and engaged Cruger (who was unmorphed) one last time, only to get his left horn cut off after being easily defeated. He was then contained. He appears in the Nintendo DS version of Power Rangers: Super Legends as the main villain who has set his sights upon the myth of the Hall of Legends, the resting place of the collected energies of Power Rangers across time. In his twisted mind he envisioned a world where his enemy's power is not only stolen, but used to make him a living god over all creation.

Broodwing (voiced by Jim McLarty) is a three-eyed vampire bat-like alien who is encased in an artificial environment, as demonstrated by the jar on his head. He served as the weapons dealer for the Troobians. He is an emotionless criminal who cares about nothing except money. He supposedly works for Emperor Gruumm, but has been known to work for other aliens as well. He is often forced to play with Mora, much to his displeasure. Broodwing is the source of the rare Orangehead Krybots, as well as providing Gruumm with giant robots for his monsters and Blueheads. Broodwing also has control over a rare race of bats, whose bite can cause beings to grow huge. Shortly after the arrival of Omega Ranger, Gruumm began ordering Broodwing to provide his services while refusing to pay for them. This did not sit well with Broodwing, whose main motivation has always been money, so he began plotting against Gruumm and attempted to conquer Earth first in order to one-up him. For a while, Broodwing was actually behind more attacks on Earth than Gruumm was. One of his assaults involved bringing the Dino Rangers from the past, planning to force them to do his bidding so he could destroy the SPD Rangers.

When Cruger was kidnapped, Broodwing took advantage of this and invaded the Delta Base with the intent of using the Delta Command Megazord to destroy Newtech City, but he was arrested and contained by the Canine Cannon when the plan backfired.

Morgana is a servant of Emperor Gruumm. Gruumm found Morgana and turned her into Mora. She initially appeared as Mora, a 10-year-old girl who is pure evil and is a gifted pictomancer, being able to create real monsters from her drawings. Mora enjoyed playing with dolls. She has multiple contacts in the criminal underworld such as General Valko and Shorty.

As Mora, she was very spoiled and got on Gruumm's nerves. She took advantage of a young, lonely boy named Sam by promising to be his friend if he would use his power of teleportation to help her monster, Bugglesworth. Sam finally realized the evil acts that Bugglesworth was committing and helped Z Delgado foil Mora's plan to turn people into dolls.

After the defeat of her ally, General Valko, Gruumm punished Mora by reverting her to her adult form, Morgana. She was known for both her beauty and strength but, ironically enough, she thought she looked hideous as an adult(a sentiment Piggy also shares with the belief she looked better as Mora). Morgana became desperate to be given back her youth, and set about trying to impress Gruumm and make him turn her back into Mora. Some later she reveals she has a battlesuit and dons it when she fights along with the villains. Morgana was armed with energy projection, martial art techniques, and she occasionally controlled giant robots. Despite being an adult, Morgana still acted like a child, albeit an extremely sadistic and powerful one; her first battle was a grudge match against Z for shooting her doll, where she beat Z into submission and then walked away to rub it in.

When Morgana was successful in retrieving the Hymotech Synthetic Plasma from Newtech Laboratory, Gruumm granted her wish and turned her back into Mora. However, Omni soon forced Mora to pledge her allegiance to him under his mind control. As a result of this, Mora's personality underwent a dramatic change; she even discarded her beloved doll into the abyss inside the ship, and started wearing a more militaristic outfit instead of her dress, and wore her hair up.

Near the end of the series, Cruger confronted Mora on Gruumm's ship. She threw as many monsters as she could (given the amount of paper in her sketchpad) at him, but he destroyed them all and confined her.

Mora is played by Olivia James-Baird and Morgana is played by Josephine Davison.

The A-Squad was the Space Patrol Delta Academy's elite Ranger team, the defenders of Earth.

The members of A-Squad are:

During their early appearances in the series, they only appear morphed and are sent out to face the newest threat to the planet's safety. However, the A-Squad were already corrupt. Bridge sensed "something off" with their aura in the first episode, but didn't have the chance to find out what. In the episode "Confronted", the A-Squad is sent to the Helix Nebula to defend it from Emperor Gruumm. This was a trap and contact is lost with them in "Walls" after it was made clear they were being overwhelmed. They were considered "missing in action". In this episode, A-Squad Red's voice was distorted in editing to sound male instead of female.

Unknown to the Rangers, the A-Squad had survived and had defected to Gruumm's side, wanting to be on "the winning team" (as stated in "Endings"). They bide their time, destroying the SPD Gamma 4 base (confirmed at conventions and in interviews by the show's producers), before finally faking a crash-land on Gamma-Orion and sending an SOS to have the B-Squad 'find' them alive. The B-Squad Rangers soon became frustrated when Cruger abruptly dismissed them to debrief the A-Squad.

However, at the end of "Resurrection", the A-Squad revealed their true allegiance and kidnapped Commander Cruger. Following this treachery, the B-Squad battled with the A-Squad. Despite the A-Squad initially having the upper hand, B-Squad managed to overcome them with a combination of smarter battle tactics and S.W.A.T. Mode. Escalating the battle, the A-Squad upped the ante by unleashing their own Megazord, which transforms from Broodwing's drill vehicle. A battle ensued, but when the Delta Command Base was overtaken by Broodwing's forces and transformed into the Delta Command Megazord to destroy the city, the Omegamax Megazord was disabled and the Delta Squad Megazord was destroyed. After the B-Squad had recovered, they recovered the S.W.A.T. flyers from the secret underground zord bay – which only Bridge had known about – and used the S.W.A.T. Megazord to destroy the A-Squad's Megazord, finally defeating them.

The A-Squad was found guilty of treason and contained by the B-Squad with their Delta Morphers without a further fight. Commander Cruger promoted B-squad rangers to the A-squad status but at the request of B-Squad (who felt that they were B-Squad rather than A-Squad) the A-Squad "ranking" was retired and the B-squad was made the highest ranked team in SPD.

In the pages of Jetix Magazine, the A-Squad makes an appearance in the S.P.D. comic strip in the two part "finale" of the strip called "Invasion". Here, they are brainwashed by Gruumm as opposed to corrupted and turn on the S.P.D. defense armada orbiting Earth. They are disposed of by B-Squad after a brief battle in the following issue and are not seen again. Their ranking is given to B-Squad for defeating Gruumm and Omni.

The Krybots are the Troobian Empire's foot soldiers which come in many varieties. The Krybots come in three different varieties, each one stronger than the previous. The most commonly used and weakest version are ones that have round, gray-colored heads.

Bluehead Krybots are stronger versions of the normal Krybots. Like their names suggest, they have blue, x-shaped heads and have blue breastplates. They wield laser blasters and sometimes swords. They are summoned from spherical devices that resemble their heads.

The Bluehead Krybots are voiced by Derek Judge.

Orangehead Krybots are the strongest version of the Krybots. Like their name implies, they have spikey, orange heads and orange and black bodies. They wield swords in battle and can summon powerful attacks like the Triforce Shockwave to attack with. They are summoned from orange, spikey spherical devices that resemble their heads.

The Orangehead Krybots are voiced by James Gaylyn.

These are the criminals hired by the Troobian Empire. Some of them are drawn up by Mora. These criminals are adapted from the criminals that appeared in Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger. While a few of them have grown, most of them pilot giant robots.

Throughout the series, alien criminals, Krybots, and members of the Troobian Empire would sometimes use giant robots to battle the Megazords as most of the other alien criminals did not possess the ability to grow to giant size. Many of these giant robots were sold to Gruumm and his minions by Broodwing. Many of the robots were upgraded and recolored versions of past versions.


disadvantages of liquid cooling system in a car

Water accelerates corrosion of metal parts and is a favorable medium for biological growth. Dissolved minerals in natural water supplies are concentrated by evaporation to leave deposits called scale. Cooling water often requires addition of chemicals to minimize corrosion and insulating deposits of scale and biofouling.[5]

Water cooling

Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. As opposed to air cooling, water is used as the heat conductor. Water cooling is commonly used for cooling automobile internal combustion engines and large industrial facilities such as steam electric power plants, hydroelectric generators, petroleum refineries and chemical plants.[1] Other uses include cooling the barrels of machine guns, cooling of lubricant oil in pumps; for cooling purposes in heat exchangers; cooling products from tanks or columns, and recently, cooling of various major components inside high-end personal computers such as CPUs, GPUs, and motherboards. The main mechanism for water cooling is convective heat transfer.[2]

Cooling water is the water removing heat from a machine or system. Cooling water may be recycled through a recirculating system or used in a single pass once-through cooling (OTC) system. Recirculating systems may be open if they rely upon cooling towers or cooling ponds to remove heat or closed if heat removal is accomplished with negligible evaporative loss of cooling water. A heat exchanger or condenser may separate non-contact cooling water from a fluid being cooled,[3] or contact cooling water may directly impinge on items like saw blades where phase difference allows easy separation. Environmental regulations emphasize the reduced concentrations of waste products in non-contact cooling water.[4]

Water is inexpensive and non-toxic. The advantages of using water cooling over air cooling include water's higher specific heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity. This allows water to transmit heat over greater distances with much less volumetric flow and reduced temperature difference.

For cooling CPU cores in computing equipment, the primary advantage of water cooling is that it is capable of transporting heat away from the source to a secondary cooling surface to allow for large, more optimally designed radiators rather than small, relatively inefficient fins mounted directly on the heat source.

The water jacket around an engine is also very effective at deadening mechanical noises, which makes the engine quieter.

An open water cooling system makes use of evaporative cooling, lowering the temperature of the remaining (unevaporated) water. This method was common in early internal combustion engines, until scale buildup was observed from dissolved salts and minerals in the water. Modern open cooling systems continuously waste a fraction of recirculating water as blowdown to remove dissolved solids at concentrations low enough to prevent scale formation. Some open systems use inexpensive tap water, but this requires higher blowdown rates than deionized or distilled water. Purified water systems still require blowdown to remove accumulation of byproducts of chemical treatment to prevent corrosion and biofouling.[6]

Modern automotive cooling systems are slightly pressurized, often to 15 psi (103 kPa). This raises the boiling-point of the coolant and reduces evaporation.[7]

The use of water cooling carries the risk of damage from freezing. Automotive and many other engine cooling applications require the use of a water and antifreeze mixture to lower the freezing point to a temperature unlikely to be experienced. Antifreeze also inhibits corrosion from dissimilar metals and can increase the boiling point, allowing a wider range of water cooling temperatures.[7] Its distinctive odor also alerts operators to cooling system leaks and problems that would go unnoticed in a water-only cooling system. The heated coolant mixture can also be used to warm the air inside the car by means of the heater core.

Other less common chemical additives are products to reduce surface tension. These additives are meant to increase the efficiency of automotive cooling systems. Such products are used to enhance the cooling of underperforming or undersized cooling systems or in racing where the weight of a larger cooling system could be a disadvantage.[citation needed]

Since approximately 1930 it is common to use water cooling for tubes of powerful transmitters. As these devices uses high operation voltages ( around 10 kV), the use of deionized water is required and it has to be carefully controlled. Modern solid-state transmitters can be built so that even high power transmitters do not require water cooling. Water cooling is however also sometimes used for thyristors of HVDC valves, for which also the use of deionized water is required.[citation needed]

Cooling hot computer components with various fluids has been in use since at least as far back as the development of Cray-2 in 1982, using Fluorinert. Through the 1990s, water cooling for home PCs slowly gained recognition amongst enthusiasts, but it started to become noticeably more prevalent after the introduction of AMD's hot-running Athlon processor in mid-2000.[citation needed] As of 2011, there are several manufacturers of water cooling components and kits, and some custom computer retailers include various setups of water cooling for their high-performance systems.

Water cooling can be used to cool many computer components, but especially the CPU. Water cooling usually uses a CPU water block, a water pump, and a water-to-air heat exchanger. By transferring device heat to a separate heat exchanger which can variously be made large and use larger, lower-speed fans, water cooling can allow quieter operation, improved processor speeds (overclocking), or a balance of both. Less commonly, GPUs, Northbridges, Southbridges, hard disk drives, memory, voltage regulator modules (VRMs), and even power supplies can be water-cooled.[8]

Radiator size may vary: from 40mm dual fan (80mm) to 140 quad fan (560mm) and thickness from 30mm to 80mm

Water coolers for desktop computers were, until the end of the 1990s, homemade. They were made from car radiators (or more commonly, a car's heater core), aquarium pumps and home-made water blocks, laboratory-grade PVC and silicone tubing and various reservoirs (homemade using plastic bottles, or constructed using cylindrical acrylic or sheets of acrylic, usually clear) and or a T-Line. More recently a growing number of companies are manufacturing water-cooling components compact enough to fit inside a computer case. This, and the trend to CPUs of higher power dissipation, has greatly increased the popularity of water cooling, although only a very small minority of computers are water-cooled.[citation needed]

Dedicated overclockers occasionally use vapor-compression refrigeration or thermoelectric coolers in place of more common standard heat exchangers. Water cooling systems in which water is cooled directly by the evaporator coil of a phase change system are able to chill the circulating coolant below the ambient air temperature (impossible with a standard heat exchanger) and, as a result, generally provide superior cooling of the computer's heat-generating components. The downside of phase-change or thermoelectric cooling is that it uses much more electricity, and antifreeze must be added due to the low temperature. Additionally, insulation, usually in the form of lagging around water pipes and neoprene pads around the components to be cooled, must be used in order to prevent damage caused by condensation of water vapour from the air on chilled surfaces. Common places from which to borrow the required phase transition systems are a household dehumidifier or air conditioner.[citation needed]

An alternative cooling system, which enables components to be cooled below the ambient temperature, but which obviates the requirement for antifreeze and lagged pipes, is to place a thermoelectric device (commonly referred to as a 'Peltier junction' or 'pelt' after Jean Peltier, who documented the effect) between the heat-generating component and the water block. Because the only sub-ambient temperature zone now is at the interface with the heat-generating component itself, insulation is required only in that localized area. The disadvantage of such a system is a higher power dissipation.[citation needed]

To avoid damage from condensation around the Peltier junction, a proper installation requires it to be "potted" with silicone epoxy. The epoxy is applied around the edges of the device, preventing air from entering or leaving the interior.[citation needed]

Apple's Power Mac G5 was the first mainstream desktop computer to have water cooling as standard (although only on its fastest models). Dell followed suit by shipping their XPS computers with liquid cooling[citation needed], using thermoelectric cooling to help cool the liquid. Currently, Dell's only computers to offer liquid cooling are their Alienware desktops.[9]

Liquid cooling techniques are increasingly being used for the thermal management of electronic components. This type of cooling is a solution to ensure the optimisation of energy efficiency while simultaneously minimising noise and space requirements. Especially useful in supercomputers or Data Centers as maintenance of the racks is quick and easy. After disassembly of the rack, advanced technology quick release couplings eliminate spillage for the safety of operators and protects the integrity of fluids (no impurities in the circuits). These couplings are also capable of being locked (Panel mounted?) to allow blind connection in difficult to access areas. It is important in electronics technology to analyse the connection systems to ensure:

Industrial cooling towers may use river water, coastal water (seawater), or well water as their source of fresh cooling water. The large mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft cooling towers in industrial plants continuously circulate cooling water through heat exchangers and other equipment where the water absorbs heat. That heat is then rejected to the atmosphere by the partial evaporation of the water in cooling towers where upflowing air is contacted with the circulating downflow of water. The loss of evaporated water into the air exhausted to the atmosphere is replaced by "make-up" fresh river water or fresh cooling water. Since the evaporation of pure water is replaced by make-up water containing carbonates and other dissolved salts, a portion of the circulating water is also continuously discarded as "blowdown" water to prevent the excessive build-up of salts in the circulating water.[10]

On very large rivers, but more often at coastal and estuarine sites, "direct cooled" systems are often used, instead. These industrial plants do not use cooling towers and the atmosphere as a heat sink, but put the waste heat to the river or coastal water instead. These OTC systems thus rely upon a good supply of river water or seawater for their cooling needs. Many facilities, particularly electric power plants, use millions of gallons of water per day for cooling.[12] Such facilities are built with intake structures designed to pump in large volumes of water at a high rate of flow. These structures tend to also pull in large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms, which are killed or injured on the intake screens.[13]

The warmed water is returned directly to the aquatic environment, often at temperatures significantly (to aquatic life) above the ambient receiving water. Thermal pollution of rivers, estuaries and coastal waters is a consideration when siting such plants.

High-grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis) and potable water are sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water.

A hospital in Sweden relies on snow-cooling from melt-water from to cool its data centers, medical equipment, and maintain a comfortable ambient temperature.[14]

Some nuclear reactors use heavy water as cooling. Heavy water is employed in nuclear reactors because it is a weaker neutron absorber. This allows for the use of less enriched fuel. For the main cooling system, normal water is preferably employed through the use of a heat exchanger, as heavy water is much more expensive. Reactors that use other materials for moderation (graphite) may also use normal water for cooling.

Water is an ideal cooling medium for vessels as they are constantly surrounded by water that generally remains at a low temperature throughout the year. This does however pose new challenges as cooling systems operating with sea water need to be manufactured from materials that are suitable for the environment. A heat exchanger for example will need to be manufactured from materials such as Cupronickel, Bronze or Titanium to protect it from erosion or corrosion. The velocity will also need to be far more restricted compared with a fresh water cooling system. If the velocity is too low; then sand and other sediments can block the tubes. If the velocity is too high then the tubes can be eroded by the sediments in the water.[15]

Water is a favorable environment for many life forms. Water cooling may alter natural water environments and create new environments. Flow characteristics of recirculating cooling water systems encourage colonization by sessile organisms to use the circulating supply of food, oxygen and nutrients. Volumes of water lost during evaporative cooling may decrease natural habitat for aquatic organisms. Water temperature increases modify aquatic habitat by increasing biochemical reaction rates and decreasing oxygen saturation capacity of the habitat. Temperature increases initially favor a population shift from those requiring the high-oxygen concentration of cold water to those enjoying advantages of increased metabolic rates in warm water.[16] Temperatures may become high enough to support thermophilic populations.

Biofouling of heat exchange surfaces can reduce heat transfer rates of the cooling system; and biofouling of cooling towers can alter flow distribution to reduce evaporative cooling rates. Biofouling may also create differential oxygen concentrations increasing corrosion rates. OTC and open recirculating systems are most susceptible to biofouling. Biofouling may be inhibited by temporary habitat modifications. Temperature differences may discourage establishment of thermophilic populations in intermittently operated facilities; and intentional short term temperature spikes may periodically kill less tolerant populations. Biocides have been commonly used to control biofouling where sustained facility operation is required.[17]

Large OTC flow rates may immobilize slow-swimming organisms including fish and shrimp on screens protecting the small bore tubes of the heat exchangers from blockage. High temperatures or pump turbulence and shear may kill or disable smaller organisms passing the screens entrained with the cooling water.[18] In the U.S., cooling water intake structures kill billions of fish and other organisms each year.[19] More agile aquatic predators consume organisms impinged on the screens; and warm water predators and scavengers colonize the cooling water discharge to feed on entrained organisms.

Manufactured metals tend to revert to ores via electrochemical reactions of corrosion. Water can accelerate corrosion as both an electrical conductor and solvent for metal ions and oxygen. Corrosion reactions proceed more rapidly as temperature increases.[5] Preservation of machinery in the presence of hot water has been improved by addition of chemicals including zinc, chromates and phosphates. The first two have toxicity concerns;[20] and the last has been associated with eutrophication.[21] Residual concentrations of biocides and corrosion inhibitors are of potential concern for OTC and blowdown from open recirculating systems.[22] With the exception of machines with short design life, closed recirculating systems require periodic cooling water treatment or replacement raising similar concern about ultimate disposal of cooling water containing chemicals used with environmental safety assumptions of a closed system.

Industrial cooling water regulations

The U.S. Clean Water Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue regulations on industrial cooling water intake structures.[23] EPA issued final regulations for new facilities in 2001 (amended 2003),[13][24] and for existing facilities in 2014.[25]

Water contains varying amounts of impurities from contact with the atmosphere, soil, and containers. Cooling water treatments add other chemicals attempting to maintain satisfactory heat exchange.

Total dissolved solids or TDS (sometimes called filtrable residue) is measured as the mass of residue remaining when a measured volume of filtered water is evaporated.[26] Salinity measures water density or conductivity changes caused by dissolved materials.[27] Probability of scale formation increases with increasing total dissolved solids. Solids commonly associated with scale formation are calcium and magnesium carbonate and sulfate. Corrosion rates initially increase with salinity in response to increasing electrical conductivity, but then decrease after reaching a peak as higher levels of salinity decrease dissolved oxygen levels.[5]

Water ionizes into hydronium (H3O+) cations and hydroxide (OH−) anions. The concentration of ionized hydrogen (as protonated water) is expressed as pH.[28] Low pH values increase rate of corrosion while high pH values encourage scale formation. Amphoterism is uncommon among metals used in water cooling systems, but aluminum corrosion rates increase with pH values above 9. Galvanic corrosion may be severe in water systems with copper and aluminum components. Acid may be added to cooling water systems to prevent scale formation if the pH decrease will offset increased salinity and dissolved solids.[29]

Concentrations of polyphosphates or phosphonates with zinc and chromates or similar compounds have been maintained in cooling systems to keep heat exchange surfaces clean so a film of gamma iron oxide and zinc phosphate may inhibit corrosion by passivating anodic and cathodic reaction points.[30] These increase salinity and total dissolved solids, and phosphorus compounds may provide the limiting essential nutrient for algal growth contributing to biofouling of the cooling system or to eutrophication of natural aquatic environments receiving blowdown or OTC water. Chromates reduce biofouling in addition to effective corrosion inhibition, but residual toxicity in blowdown or OTC water has encouraged reduced chromate concentrations and use of less flexible corrosion inhibitors.[20] Blowdown may also contain chromium leached from cooling towers constructed of wood preserved with chromated copper arsenate.

Some groundwater contains very little oxygen when pumped from wells, but most natural water supplies include dissolved oxygen. Corrosion increases with increasing oxygen concentrations.[5] Dissolved oxygen approaches saturation levels in cooling towers. Dissolved oxygen is desirable in blowdown or OTC water being returned to natural aquatic environments.

Chlorine may be added in the form of hypochlorite to decrease biofouling, but is later reduced to chloride to minimize toxicity of blowdown or OTC water returned to natural aquatic environments. Hypochlorite is increasingly destructive to wooden cooling towers as pH increases. Chlorinated phenols have been used as biocides or leached from preserved wood in cooling towers. Both hypochlorite and pentachlorophenol have reduced effectiveness at pH values greater than 8.[31] Non-oxidizing biocides may be more difficult to detoxify prior to release of blowdown or OTC water to natural aquatic environments.