the phenomenon of interference is used to prove that light is

Young's interference experiment, also called Young's double-slit interferometer, was the original version of the modern double-slit experiment, performed at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Thomas Young. This experiment played a major role in the general acceptance of the wave theory of light.[1] In Young's own judgement, this was the most important of his many achievements.

Young's interference experiment

During this period, many scientists proposed a wave theory of light based on experimental observations, including Robert Hooke, Christiaan Huygens and Leonhard Euler.[2] However, Isaac Newton, who did many experimental investigations of light, had rejected the wave theory of light and developed his corpuscular theory of light according to which light is emitted from a luminous body in the form of tiny particles. This theory held sway until the beginning of the nineteenth century despite the fact that many phenomena, including diffraction effects at edges or in narrow apertures, colours in thin films and insect wings, and the apparent failure of light particles to crash into one another when two light beams crossed, could not be adequately explained by the corpuscular theory which, nonetheless, had many eminent supporters, including Pierre-Simon Laplace and Jean-Baptiste Biot.

While studying medicine at GÃ¶ttingen in the 1790s, Young wrote a thesis on the physical and mathematical properties of sound[3] and in 1800, he presented a paper to the Royal Society (written in 1799) where he argued that light was also a wave motion. His idea was greeted with a certain amount of skepticism because it contradicted Newton's corpuscular theory.

Nonetheless, he continued to develop his ideas. He believed that a wave model could much better explain many aspects of light propagation than the corpuscular model:

A very extensive class of phenomena leads us still more directly to the same conclusion; they consist chiefly of the production of colours by means of transparent plates, and by diffraction or inflection, none of which have been explained upon the supposition of emanation, in a manner sufficiently minute or comprehensive to satisfy the most candid even of the advocates for the projectile system; while on the other hand all of them may be at once understood, from the effect of the interference of double lights, in a manner nearly similar to that which constitutes in sound the sensation of a beat, when two strings forming an imperfect unison, are heard to vibrate together.[4]

He demonstrated the phenomenon of interference in water waves.

In 1801, he presented a famous paper to the Royal Society entitled "On the Theory of Light and Colours"[6] which described various interference phenomena, and in 1803 he performed his famous double-slit experiment. Strictly speaking, there was no double slit in the original experiment as described by Young. Instead, the sunlight reflected off a steering mirror passed through a small hole in a paper, and the resulting thin light beam was then split in half alongside a paper card[6][7][8].

Supposing the light of any given colour to consist of undulations of a given breadth, or of a given frequency, it follows that these undulations must be liable to those effects which we have already examined in the case of the waves of water and the pulses of sound. It has been shown that two equal series of waves, proceeding from centres near each other, may be seen to destroy each other's effects at certain points, and at other points to redouble them; and the beating of two sounds has been explained from a similar interference. We are now to apply the same principles to the alternate union and extinction of colours.

In order that the effects of two portions of light may be thus combined, it is necessary that they be derived from the same origin, and that they arrive at the same point by different paths, in directions not much deviating from each other. This deviation may be produced in one or both of the portions by diffraction, by reflection, by refraction, or by any of these effects combined; but the simplest case appears to be, when a beam of homogeneous light falls on a screen in which there are two very small holes or slits, which may be considered as centres of divergence, from whence the light is diffracted in every direction. In this case, when the two newly formed beams are received on a surface placed so as to intercept them, their light is divided by dark stripes into portions nearly equal, but becoming wider as the surface is more remote from the apertures, so as to subtend very nearly equal angles from the apertures at all distances, and wider also in the same proportion as the apertures are closer to each other. The middle of the two portions is always light, and the bright stripes on each side are at such distances, that the light coming to them from one of the apertures, must have passed through a longer space than that which comes from the other, by an interval which is equal to the breadth of one, two, three, or more of the supposed undulations, while the intervening dark spaces correspond to a difference of half a supposed undulation, of one and a half, of two and a half, or more.

From a comparison of various experiments, it appears that the breadth of the undulations constituting the extreme red light must be supposed to be, in air, about one 36 thousandth of an inch, and those of the extreme violet about one 60 thousandthÂ ; the mean of the whole spectrum, with respect to the intensity of light, being about one 45 thousandth. From these dimensions it follows, calculating upon the known velocity of light, that almost 500 millions of millions of the slowest of such undulations must enter the eye in a single second. The combination of two portions of white or mixed light, when viewed at a great distance, exhibits a few white and black stripes, corresponding to this interval: although, upon closer inspection, the distinct effects of an infinite number of stripes of different breadths appear to be compounded together, so as to produce a beautiful diversity of tints, passing by degrees into each other. The central whiteness is first changed to a yellowish, and then to a tawny colour, succeeded by crimson, and by violet and blue, which together appear, when seen at a distance, as a dark stripe; after this a green light appears, and the dark space beyond it has a crimson hue; the subsequent lights are all more or less green, the dark spaces purple and reddish; and the red light appears so far to predominate in all these effects, that the red or purple stripes occupy nearly the same place in the mixed fringes as if their light were received separately.[4]

The figure shows the geometry for a far-field viewing plane. It is seen that the relative paths of the light travelling from the two points sources to a given point in the viewing plane varies with the angle θ, so that their relative phases also vary. When the path difference is equal to an integral number of wavelengths, the two waves add together to give a maximum in the brightness, whereas when the path difference is equal to half a wavelength, or one and a half etc., then the two waves cancel, and the intensity is at a minimum. The angular spacing of the fringes, θf,  is then given by

where θf <<1, and λ is the wavelength of the light. It can be seen that the spacing of the fringes depends on the wavelength, the separation of the holes, and the distance between the slits and the observation plane, as noted by Young.

This expression applies when the light source has a single wavelength, whereas Young used sunlight, and was therefore looking at white-light fringes which he describes above. A white light fringe pattern can be considered to be made up of a set of individual fringe patterns of different colours. These all have a maximum value in the centre, but their spacing varies with wavelength, and the superimposed patterns will vary in colour, as their maxima will occur in different places. Only two or three fringes can normally be observed. Young used this formula to estimate the wavelength of violet light to be 400 nm, and that of red light to be about twice that – results with which we would agree today.

In the years 1803â€“1804, a series of unsigned attacks on Young's theories appeared in the Edinburgh Review. The anonymous author (later revealed to be Henry Brougham, a founder of the Edinburgh Review) succeeded in undermining Young's credibility among the reading public sufficiently that a publisher who had committed to publishing Young's Royal Institution lectures backed out of the deal. This incident prompted Young to focus more on his medical practice and less on physics.[9]

In 1817, the corpuscular theorists at the French Academy of Sciences which included Siméon Denis Poisson were so confident that they set the subject for the next year's prize as diffraction, being certain that a particle theorist would win it.[3] Augustin-Jean Fresnel submitted a thesis based on wave theory and whose substance consisted of a synthesis of the Huygens' principle and Young's principle of interference.[2]

Poisson studied Fresnel's theory in detail and of course looked for a way to prove it wrong being a supporter of the particle-theory of light. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he argued that a consequence of Fresnelâ€™s theory was that there would exist an on-axis bright spot in the shadow of a circular obstacle blocking a point source of light, where there should be complete darkness according to the particle-theory of light. Fresnel's theory could not be true, Poisson declared: surely this result was absurd. (The Poisson spot is not easily observed in every-day situations, because most everyday sources of light are not good point sources.)

However, the head of the committee, Dominique-François-Jean Arago thought it was necessary to perform the experiment in more detail. He molded a 2-mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax.[10] To everyone's surprise he succeeded in observing the predicted spot, which convinced most scientists of the wave-nature of light. In the end Fresnel won the competition.

After that, the corpuscular theory of light was vanquished, not to be heard of again till the 20th century. Arago later noted that the phenomenon (which was later to be known as the Arago spot) had already been observed by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle[1][10] and Giacomo F. Maraldi[11] a century earlier.


what is the meaning of vishal in hindi

Vishal ( विशाल) is a first name for males, often found in the South Asian community.  Vishal means great, grandeur, magnificence, prominence, illustriousness and eminence. The meaning is also attributive to the property of being grand.

Vishal (name)

Vishal means supreme consciousness, Great, prominence, eminence, immense, grandeur, magnificence and illustriousness.

Vishal  refers to the greatness, grandeur and magnificence of attributes and quality of wide range of things including metaphysical, conceptual, physical, even geographical size supernatural, humans, living beings, objects or even immense reach of something e.g.  ideology, popularity, superiority, power, influence.

There is no exact translation for Vishal in English. It is not limited to physical size. Vishal has an implied connotation of being wide, broad, huge, spacious, reach, influence, intellectual attainment, great size or a great expanse.

Some of the few interpretations include:

The word Vishal finds its origins in the ancient language of Sanskrit. Vishal is also a common adjective found in North and South Indian languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Telugu and Gujarati.

Vishalta (Hindi & Sanskrit: विशालता) comes from the word Vishal and is a state of mind that is often embraced by different religious and spiritual leaders in India. The word embodies the ultimate state of selflessness, or belief that the body, mind, and all worldly possessions belong to God. One in a state of Vishaltha believes that the body is only a tool for carrying out the wishes of the Lord.

It has been suggested that one of Buddha's favorite resorts, Vaishali, was named after King Vishal, a ruler during the times of Ramayana. There exists a large, but ruined fort, which is believed to be built by King Vishal.

Commonly in Sanskrit the name is spelt as Vishaala, since in Sanskrit nouns receive an extra a. In Hindi it is commonly spelt as Vishal.

In Guyana it is commonly spelt as Vishaul.


when did cod modern warfare remastered come out

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. A remastered version of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, it was released worldwide on November 4, 2016 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. It is available as a bundle with either the Legacy, Digital Deluxe or Legacy Pro editions of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, with physical versions requiring the Infinite Warfare disc inserted to access the remaster. A standalone edition of the game was released on June 27, 2017 for the PlayStation 4, and July 27, 2017 for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered

Modern Warfare Remastered builds upon the original by featuring extensive graphical, rendering, and lighting enhancements, updated animations, remastering original sound effects as well as adding new, and offers numerous small improvements while retaining the original core gameplay. Extras such as new multiplayer content and additional achievements and cheats are also included.

Upon release, the game received positive reviews, though it did not garner the same level of acclaim as the original. Praise was given for the improved graphics, sound, and range of enhancements, in addition to the gameplay for having aged well and providing challenge. Criticism focused on the dated narrative, artificial intelligence, and certain design choices retained from the original, with split opinions given to the multiplayer for being both dated and refreshingly simplistic (although new online content would later be distributed through post-release updates). Remastered was also the subject of controversy for initially only being released as part of a bundle, having microtransactions incorporated into the multiplayer, and the determined pricing of the downloadable content and standalone version of the game.

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered features the same core gameplay as the original version, which is a first-person shooter that has the player take control of several characters, however it includes several minor modifications.[1] While in the prone position, the player's equipped weapon is now visible, and during the act of crawling, the gamepad will give feedback as the gun makes contact with the ground. The game utilizes "dual render technology" for sniper rifle scopes when aiming, providing the player with a view of the scope and blurred surroundings, as opposed to a black screen representing the scope interior present in the original.[2] Throughout the campaign, new predetermined first-person animations are present on a few occasions, for example, when removing a non-player character's bonds during one of the levels.[3][4] Pressing down on the gamepad's D-pad in multiplayer when a weapon is equipped will initiate a brief animation to "taunt" opponents, such as allowing the player to inspect the exterior of their gun.[3][5]

The campaign is all but identical to the original. It keeps the same collectibles and cheats as before, with the addition of several new cheats, such as exaggerated physics that fling enemies backwards as they are killed, and replacing the heads of non-player characters with watermelons.[6] The game offers full PlayStation Network trophy and Xbox Live achievement support (trophies of which had been absent from the PlayStation 3 version of Modern Warfare, due to the game releasing before they were introduced[7]), with the inclusion of several new challenges.[8]

Remastered features an updated version of the multiplayer that shares similarities with those featured in later Call of Duty games. It includes the same weapons, killstreaks, perks, and game modes from the original,[9] with existing modes present in other Call of Duty installments included such as "Kill Confirmed", "Gun Game" and "Hardpoint", as well as new modes like "Prop Hunt" (in which players hide as inanimate objects from the opposing team).[10][11] The multiplayer offers a greater variety of customization options for profile personalization, character skins, and weapon camouflage. A number of weapons not featured in Modern Warfare were also added.[12][13][14][15] All new content can be unlocked through completing challenges, crafting by consuming "Parts" that the player can earn, or by opening supply drops, while existing content from the original remain unlockable only through gaining in experience.[16] The online includes 20 prestige levels, an increase from the 10 available in Modern Warfare. Entering each new prestige level resets any unlockables that have been previously made available, but retains all customization items, in addition to any weapons, attachments, or perks that have been permanently unlocked.[17][18] A firing range is present in the online lobby, allowing the player to test out different weapon loadouts.[19]

Modern Warfare Remastered features the same plot as the original game. The player acts as a member of the United States Marine Corps and the SAS and takes on missions to fight against a separatist group in the Middle East as well as an ultranationalist group in Russia.

While the United States invades a small, oil rich Middle Eastern country following a coup d'état by the extremist Khaled Al-Asad, a British Special Air Service (SAS) squad infiltrates a cargo ship found to be carrying a nuclear device. The ship is sunk by enemy jets, but the SAS team escapes with its manifest, and then heads to Russia to rescue their informant, codenamed "Nikolai", from the Ultranationalist party. The intelligence from these operations indicate Al-Asad has a Russian nuclear device. The U.S. military launches an assault on Al-Asad's palace, but the nuclear device is detonated, wiping out most of the city along with everyone in it.

The SAS team tracks down Al-Asad in Azerbaijan, and discover that he was working with Imran Zakhaev, the leader of the Ultranationalist party. The mission then flashes back to 1996, where Captain Price, who was a Lieutenant at the time, is sent alongside his commanding officer, Captain MacMillan, on a failed assassination attempt on Imran Zakhaev in Pripyat, Ukraine. After killing Al-Asad, the SAS team, with support from U.S. Marine Force Recon and Russian loyalists, attempt to capture Zakhaev's son and learn his whereabouts. They ambush him, but he commits suicide. In response, Zakhaev seizes control of a nuclear launch facility. A joint operation is launched to take back the site, but Zakhaev launches intercontinental ballistic missiles at the U.S. Eastern Seaboard. The joint teams are able to breach the facility and remotely destroy the missiles before fleeing the area.

Zakhaev's forces trap the escaping joint force on a bridge, and during the fight many are killed. Zakhaev arrives and begins executing wounded soldiers, when a loyalist helicopter arrives and distracts him. The player uses their pistol to kill Zakhaev.

The player mainly controls British Special Air Service (SAS) recruit Sergeant John "Soap" MacTavish for most of the game, starting with his enrollment in the 22nd SAS Regiment. The player also controls United States Marine Corps (USMC) Sergeant Paul Jackson during five of the levels on Act 1. Captain John Price (voiced by actor Billy Murray) is an SAS officer who is playable in two flashback missions from 1996 in which he is still Lieutenant. The player also assumes the role of an American thermal-imaging TV operator aboard a Lockheed AC-130 gunship during one level, and a British SAS operative infiltrating a hijacked airliner to save a VIP in a secret level titled "Mile High Club". Finally, the player may control Yasir Al-Fulani, the president of the unnamed Middle Eastern country in the game before he is executed, although he has no freedom of action beyond turning his head.

After an online petition signed by fans of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare was released requesting that a remaster of the game be developed, series publisher Activision became interested in carrying out such a project.[3] The company approached Raven Software, who had developed multiplayer modes for several Call of Duty titles in the past, to be the primary developer, overseen by Infinity Ward who would act as executive producer.[20] Raven's studio director David Pellas recalled that "not a single person at Raven turned away and said no. It was a universal, "yeah, weâ€™re there."" Development of Modern Warfare Remastered began in early 2015.[21]

The developers had pledged to focus on four key areas throughout development: respecting the original game, modernizing the visuals and audio, improving the overall experience with new technology, and redefining what the term "remaster" meant.[4] The majority of Modern Warfare was consequently "rebuilt from the ground up" for Remastered[22] through the revitalisation of the original's source codes, materials, layouts, and effects that Raven were given access to from Infinity Ward. The game runs in full 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second and uses the latest iteration of the series' game engine that was present at the time.[23]

Raven wanted the game to provide a nostalgic experience for fans of the original,[4] while introducing it to newcomers by connecting them to a world that they were used to in recent Call of Duty games, albeit one that mirrored reality.[21] Pellas noted that the risk of negative fan reactions resulting from any small changes made to the original and the desire to meet high expectations was daunting for Raven, saying "There was a realization that this is freaking terrifying, because it's not just important to us". To assist in their decision-making, they reviewed a large number of internet forums where active players of Modern Warfare could be found in order to understand what they would want from a re-release of the game. Raven were encouraged by their principle of keeping the core gameplay unchanged, a decision that remained consistent throughout the process as respecting the experience of the original was essential. Subtle improvements were made to both the controls and timing of existing animations, such as the transition between aiming a sniper rifle and the scope overlay appearing, but were designed to be as close to identical as possible.[1]

In order to bring Modern Warfare's visuals up to modern standards, enhancements of the environments and vistas were achieved using a procedure called "Paint-over", with a larger amount of onscreen objects and effects being integrated into them. Raven also wanted to give the environments a sense of place and history to avoid feeling generic.[3] The vast majority of objects were remodeled, with the game using improved texture depth, physically-based rendering, and light-reflection; and additional features such as realistic physics and joints employed for movable objects like character models. Raven paid close attention to improving every gun in the game because, as a developer explained, "We needed to take the weapons up to the same level of personality as the characters"; each received better dynamics, alterations made to their firing mechanisms, and a new feature in the series that allowed each type to eject shell casings unique to that weapon.[3][4] Raven faced some issues during the remastering of the game's graphics as the remaster used a heavily upgraded version of the series' engine. As a result, this meant that several of the original's visual assets were not compatible with the new technology, so the developers were necessitated to remake them.[1] Most of the existing motion capture animation was redone for the same reason, as well as to provide further story exposition.[24][25] The campaign saw a number of new first-person animations similarly added for further immersion and emotional responses from players, and to improve how the camera made use of the player character's body, enhancing the "body sense". Pellas said, "I think that for [the single-player] campaign, we were definitely more liberal with our animations and additions, as long as they enhanced the true intent of the moment." The artificial intelligence of non-player characters was also improved to respond more realistically with the environment, and vice versa, such as long grass reacting to the player character's presence.[3][1]

The existing audio was remastered using reverberation, depth, and spatial effects to enhance the overall ambiance of the game;[24] one example a developer from Raven made note of is that "Layering out multiple sounds now makes a big difference".[3] A range of other sound effects that were not present in Modern Warfare were also used, including unused audio channels that had been created for the original, but due to restraints had not been included during its development.[4] The original music and voice performances were retained, with the exception of the campaign dialogue spoken by Al-Asad in Arabic which was amended and re-recorded,[26] and a slight alteration in the voice acting for Zakhaev during part of a speech.[27]

In addition to these updates, the game received an array of new features. A few new cheats were incorporated into the game's campaign, while keeping the same cheats and intel file collectibles from the original.[6] The multiplayer initially remained largely unchanged in terms of content from Modern Warfare. Ten of the original sixteen maps were featured at launch, while the remaining six were released as a free update several weeks later,[28][10] due to the developers being unable to meet the proposed deadline.[23] The multiplayer began to receive support over the following months, during which a wide range of new content was released to bring it more in line with recent Call of Duty installments: from December 2016, a supply drop and crafting system was introduced along with an expanded array of customization items such as emblems, calling cards, and character skins, in addition to new varieties of weapon camouflage.[16] Further guns and melee weapons were also incorporated in the time since release.[12][13][14][15] Some of the content, namely new game modes and variants of existing maps, were exclusive to the game's various temporary playlists and seasonal events.[29][30][31][32]

News of Modern Warfare Remastered was leaked on Reddit on April 27, 2016 prior to its announcement. The leak revealed a screenshot of a reservation card for the online store Target that included the Legacy Edition of Infinite Warfare and the bundled remaster.[33] Call of Duty's official Twitter account responded with an emoji tweet later that day, seemingly confirming that a remaster of Modern Warfare existed.[34]

Remastered was officially announced at E3 2016, showing an extended trailer for its campaign, following a gameplay reveal for Infinite Warfare.[35] After the trailer, it was revealed that PlayStation 4 users who pre-purchased (as opposed to pre-ordered) an edition of Infinite Warfare that came with the remaster would be able to play Remastered's campaign 30 days earlier, as part of Sony's exclusivity deal with Activision.[36][37] A gameplay video for the game's "Crew Expendable" mission was released online on July 14, 2016, displaying the improved graphics, lighting, and textures, as well as upgraded models and animations.[38][39] The game's multiplayer mode was revealed during the Call of Duty: XP 2016 convention,[40][41] and attendees were able to play it first with others.[42] In September 2016, official trailers were released for the campaign and multiplayer.[43][44]

Modern Warfare Remastered was released worldwide on November 4, 2016 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows, alongside the Legacy, Digital Deluxe and Legacy Pro editions of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare. At the time, the game was only available by purchasing a premium version of Infinite Warfare, with physical versions requiring the Infinite Warfare disc inserted to access the remaster.[45][46] Remastered was later released standalone for PlayStation 4 on June 27, 2017, and for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on July 27, 2017.[47] Activision confirmed that premium versions of Infinite Warfare must be permanently installed in order to use the included remaster.[48]

On March 8, 2017, it was announced that a remastered version of the Variety Map Pack, originally released for Modern Warfare, would be made available for Remastered. It includes the same four maps, "Killhouse", "Chinatown", "Creek", and "Broadcast", as well as 10 rare supply drops. The map pack was released as a separate purchase on March 21, 2017 for PlayStation 4,[49] and on April 20, 2017 for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows,[50] not being included with any retail versions of Remastered.[51]

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic.[52][53][54] The game was awarded the accolade for "Best Remaster" of 2016 from IGN.[60]

Joey Thurmond of Push Square wrote how playing through the campaign from Modern Warfare reminded him of its sheer memorability and how it had long endured with fans compared with other games in the series, saying "there's tension and gravity shot through the experience, as if the world is on your shoulders to push past every enemy line with explosive bravado or exacting stealth." He praised the game's graphical enhancements, saying "Modern Warfare Remastered looks and sounds like a fresh game on par with today's graphical and aural standards" and calling it a "ridiculously faithful remake", but wrote that the game still showed some slight signs of age, such as artificial intelligence problems and pacing issues. In short, he commended Raven Software "for arguably delivering the most substantial, masterful remake we have ever experienced", and that "Modern Warfare Remastered celebrates this legacy with updated visuals and sound that really go above and beyond the call of duty, sprucing up an old care package for a more modern age to near-perfection."[57]

Kallie Plagge at IGN remarked how the remaster wasn't as revolutionary a game when compared with the original, and that certain aspects, such as the pacing and level design, felt notably dated. She praised the range of visual and technical improvements compared with other remasters, but criticized some minor shortcomings with regards to both graphical and design elements. Despite this, she complimented the gameplay as having held up remarkably well and which was more gratifying as a result of being unaltered, stating how it left her "feeling relatively weighed down, encumbered, and more desperate in the fray." She thought the game felt more classic rather than outdated, saying that "It might not have the same effect it did the first time around, but it works as both a great embodiment of what shooters used to be and one that still plays well."[55]

Destructoid's Chris Carter was positive of all the changes made to the original that showcased Raven's efforts, but stated that the game was still at its core one from 2007. He cited the story as an example, saying that the game's campaign was still worth playing despite having been topped by its competition. Carter further noted that the cast were "nothing more than warm bodies at points", but opined that the crux of the story and the relationship between main protagonist Soap and Captain Price was "worth the price of admission". Alternatively, he found the multiplayer to be timeless, and that the design of each map held up well and felt justified. He compared the mode to those offered by other first-person shooter games, stating "There's a nice, comfortable balance between the two philosophies, to the point where it's not too alienating for folks who didn't grow up with twichy FPSes or feel like dedicating the time to learning the ins and outs of breaching and clearing each and every room, knocking on permadeath's door on every match."[56]

Metro complimented the visuals of the remaster, saying that "The game still doesn't look quite as good as the last couple of Call Of Duty's, but it's extremely close. And whatever else you say about it, on a presentational level this is an excellent remaster." The multiplayer they praised for being more pleasingly simple than recent Call of Duty games and pointed out how it was sure to bring considerable nostalgia to players of the original, but nonetheless criticized it for feeling limited and shallow. They also noted that the remaster inadvertently felt clichÃ©d and overfamiliar due to the original having inspired numerous imitations, but praised the modern-day setting as feeling surprisingly fresh again. Metro summarized their review by saying "One of the most influential video games of all time gets the remaster it deserves, and is still impressively entertaining after all these years."[58]

Kevin Dunsmore of Hardcore Gamer opined that the plot was much more grounded and realistic than other recent titles in the series, writing "You're not a super soldier stuck in the middle of out-of-this-world set piece, but rather a regular soldier working with a squad to complete objectives." However, he stated that the decision to keep many of the design choices intact from the original was both refreshing and a hindrance, such as infinitely-spawning enemies, infamous perks, and a lack of killstreak-countering, finding it "extremely outdated" that they hadn't been removed or fixed. Despite this, he complimented the multiplayer as feeling fresh, saying "After years of over-the-top killstreaks, wall-running, and other crazy antics, it's nice to get back to the basics". He heavily praised the visual enhancements on display, saying "Modern Warfare Remastered is the most extensive visual upgrade any remaster has ever received yet, being more in line with a remake than an actual remaster", and concluded by writing "What Raven has accomplished is impressive, but it has its limits. A few tweaks would have gone a long way to fixing some balancing issues, but for those looking for a blast from the past, this works just fine".[59]

Before its standalone version was announced in June 2017, many criticized the decision that Modern Warfare Remastered would only be available through purchasing a premium version of Infinite Warfare. Critics recognized that Remastered was more sought-after than Infinite Warfare, due to the contrast in reception of both games, and saw bundling it as anti-consumerist and coercing those into paying more than necessary. Joey Thurmond disagreed with how a re-release of a classic that had shaped both the series' formula and first-person shooter genre in general had been coupled with a new, poorly-received title, calling the choice "preposterous" and "a bullet in the face to consumers". He argued that selling Remastered separately would actually benefit Activision, forecasting an eventual influx of pre-owned copies of the bundle being sold, devaluing Infinite Warfare's worth in the process.[61] Forbes' Paul Tassi described the bundling as being "a way to essentially blackmail players into picking up a more expensive version of a base game they may not have even wanted (Infinite Warfare) in order to get something they desperately wanted (Modern Warfare Remastered)", but understood why Activision had made the choice as a result of it being "pro-money".[62]

Others found that the bundling of the games was a sensible business decision, most highlighting the risk that the sales of Remastered could overshadow those of Infinite Warfare and result in direct competition between the two.[63][64] Stephen Wright of Gamespresso, meanwhile, agreed with Activision based around the impulsiveness of the Call of Duty fanbase, writing that many of those who felt discontent towards a new title would still choose to buy it regardless due to the series' popularity; Activision had capitalized on this by releasing the bundle with the knowledge that fans would certainly purchase Infinite Warfare in order to obtain a remaster of Modern Warfare. While Wright did disagree with having to pay for an unwanted game in order to obtain another, he expressed faith that the bundle would be good value for money.[65]

Controversy arose several weeks after the release of Remastered when Activision incorporated the use of microtransactions into the multiplayer, along with further new content, which had been absent from Modern Warfare.[66][10] Evidence of micropayments had first been raised some days after release when data miners uncovered hidden content within the game's files that pointed to their future inclusion.[67] The choice resulted in a backlash from fans, many of whom accused Activision of defiling the memory of Modern Warfare and exploiting their feelings of nostalgia for profit.[68][69][70] Connor Murphy at Beyond Entertainment wrote that its release "comparatively blows open Pandora's Box as to what players may encounter".[66]

Gaming journalist Jim Sterling was highly critical of the decision to include microtransactions in the remaster, and asserted that Activision were subsequently helping to set an example for other video game publishers to sell re-releases with new or omitted content at extra cost:

It's a rerelease of a nine-year-old game that quietly smuggled microtransactions into its online mode, and I can’t believe a concept so ludicrous is a real thing. That's something a parody of the industry would come up with. It's one thing to see the sad normalization of fee-to-pay elements within brand new releases, but to witness them shoveled retroactively into an old beloved title from an age before such trash gained traction? Activision has set the bar for “AAA” avarice – a new height for greed and a new low for the games business overall. [...] Most remasters are sold as complete, definitive editions of the original games, packing in all the downloadable content and expansions that may have followed the initial launch. COD4 is paving the way for publishers to triple down – not just make money by selling an old game with updated visuals, but by tacking on DLC and microtransactions too. Should this pay off, I’ve little doubt that other publishers will attempt it themselves. [...] The rampant, unchecked greed on display is almost impressive in its audacity. To sneak freemium bullshit into a nine-year-old game that leveraged its own fandom to sell a completely different game is a masterstroke of sliminess, a monument to Bobby Kotick's notorious lack of shame.[71]

Following the announcement of the remastered Variety Map Pack in March 2017, Activision was condemned for deciding that the downloadable content would not be available for free. The most common complaints were that the publisher had already generated additional revenue for Remastered by bundling it with Infinite Warfare (increasing its cost to more than an individual game) and by including microtransactions; and that as a remaster, which often includes all previously-released DLC, the map pack should have been released alongside it at launch. Many also asserted that selling the DLC for a higher price than its original release was an unprincipled move.[72][73][74] Sterling further slated Activision for charging for the DLC, stating that it was "incomprehensible" and that to increase its cost highlighted "just how far [Activision] can mock its customers and get away with it", labeling it as the latest scam to befall the game.[75] Erik Kain of Forbes similarly argued that the DLC should have been available free of charge, maintaining his belief that charging for map packs "[was] a huge mistake".[72] However, in a follow-up article, he felt he could sympathize with Activision, writing that it was easier for them to set price points for early and late buyers. He also noted that the remaster was cheap in its contribution to the overall price for two bundled games and so further costs for the DLC were justified.[76]

Activision faced further criticism upon revealing that the Variety Map Pack would equally not be sold alongside the standalone version of Remastered. Fans also argued that the standalone itself was overpriced, especially as both its cost and that of the DLC amounted to an almost full-price game; some noted that purchasing the version bundled with Infinite Warfare was more desirable since certain retailers were now selling it at a cheaper price.[77][78] Kain was understanding of the cost of the standalone, as selling it cheaply would have affronted those who had bought a premium version of Infinite Warfare for the remaster, but had been almost certain that the game would have included the DLC. Subsequently, he wrote that doing so would have been "a gesture of good will to the community" and "a smart move for the company".[79] Mic's Jason Faulkner condemned Activision's previous business practices involving Remastered and considered the standalone version to be "a bad deal", criticizing that it was being sold for double that of its cost than when it was bundled with Infinite Warfare, and found it "ridiculous" that with the DLC it amounted to almost full-price. As a result, he advised that fans should wait for the game to be reduced in price before buying.[80]

The Windows version of Remastered was criticized for suffering from a number of technical issues in the multiplayer, with players also being dissatisfied with the game's available settings. On Steam, it received mostly negative user reviews, with complaints including poor performance, a locked 90 frames per second, inadequate mouse support, numerous hackers, and a low player count. Many players felt that Activision had failed to provide adequate support for PC in favor of the game's console versions, a trait which had also been apparent with previous Call of Duty installments. Consequently, some users suggested that the multiplayer of Modern Warfare would be a more suitable alternative, which still attracted a sizable amount of players and offered better options for performance, modding and customization.[81][82][83]


where are the davis mountains located in texas

The Davis Mountains, originally known as Limpia Mountains, are a range of mountains in West Texas, located near Fort Davis, after which they are named in honor to Jefferson Davis. They are a popular site for camping and hiking and the region includes Fort Davis National Historic Site and Davis Mountains State Park. The historical and architectural value of the fort, along with the rugged natural environment of the park are a significant destination for tourism in Texas.[citation needed]

Davis Mountains

The mountains are of volcanic origin composed of strata associated with eruptions of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field 35 million years ago.[1] The highest peak in the Davis Mountains is Mount Livermore at 8,382 feet, and is the fourth highest peak in Texas.

Vegetation in the mountain range is similar to some other sky island ranges in west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, and includes montane grasslands, pine-oak woodlands and isolated stands of ponderosa pine forest at higher elevations.[2]

Since 1996, The Nature Conservancy has acquired 33,000 acres (130 km²) in the mountain range, along with conservation easements on 70,000 acres (280 km²) more. This parcel is open to the public at specified times.[2]

McDonald Observatory is accessed by Spur 78 from State Highway 118. Spur 78 is the highest state maintained road in Texas at 6,791 feet near the summit of Mt. Locke where the older telescopes of the observatory are located. Spur 77 branches off from Spur 78 providing access to the newer research equipment atop Mt. Fowlkes.

The Texas separatist organization known as the Republic of Texas has its origins in the Davis Mountains. On April 27, 1996, the leader of the group, Rick McLaren, staged an attack on his neighbor's house and demanded that he cede his property to the Republic of Texas. This led to 300 state troopers surrounding his house with him, his five followers, his wife, and the victims of the attack inside for close to a week. Ultimately, one follower was shot in the standoff and McLaren was arrested and imprisoned for the equivalent of a life sentence. [3]


what is speed of sound by coldplay about

In an interview, Coldplay vocalist Chris Martin revealed that the song was written in mid-2004 and was inspired by Martin's daughter, Apple, and English alternative rock singer Kate Bush: "That's a song where we were listening to a lot of Kate Bush last summer, and we wanted a song which had a lot of tom-toms in it. I just had my daughter up also, and was kind of feeling in a sense of awe and wonderment, so the song is kind of a Kate Bush song about miracles."[4] The drumbeat of the song was inspired by Bush's 1985 song "Running Up that Hill".[5] In a separate interview, bassist Guy Berryman said: "We were really trying to recreate the drums on that song for this song, and the chords. Some bands are reluctant to admit that they take things from other artists and bands that they listen to and we're shameless in that respect, we don't mind telling."[6]

Speed of Sound (song)

"Speed of Sound" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all members of the band for their third studio album, X&Y (2005). Constructed around a piano riff, the song builds into a huge, synthesiser-heavy chorus. It was released by Parlophone Records as the lead single from the album. "Speed of Sound" was released in the US on 18 April 2005, and then made its radio premiere on BBC Radio 1 with Lamacq on the day of the release on 19 April.[1] The single was pressed with two B-sides: "Things I Don't Understand" and "Proof". The song premiered in the UK on 23 May.[2]

Coldplay vocalist Chris Martin admitted that the song was developed after the band had listened to English art rock singer Kate Bush. The song's drum beat is similar to Bush's 1985 song "Running Up That Hill". Upon the song's release, it charted in the UK Singles Chart in the number two position. In the United States, it debuted at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100,[3] their first top ten hit in the country, and their most successful song until "Viva la Vida" reached number one in 2008.

"Speed of Sound" was recognised Song of the Year by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) and it was nominated twice at the 48th Grammy Awards. The song won a Brit Award in the category for Best British Single in 2006. The track's music video was nominated for four MTV Video Music Awards. "Speed of Sound" was also the billionth song downloaded from the iTunes Store.

The band's opinion towards the song, however, has soured. Martin has said that he dislikes "Speed of Sound", saying in a 2011 interview, "We never got it right."[7] During an interview with Howard Stern, Martin said that his dislike of "Speed of Sound" stems from the song having "a shit recording."[8] Due to this, Martin is reluctant to perform the song live, citing his feelings towards the song, noting that "an audience can pick up real fast if youâ€™re not convinced by something."[9]

"Speed of Sound" is a piano-based song with an upbeat tempo. The song begins with the insistently ornate keyboard melody,[10][11] with a backing synthesizer that is heard throughout the song. The melody then transitions into the first verse being sung by lead singer Chris Martin. It repeats, with the song then transitioning into its second verse. The verses of song feature the rest of the band as the song continues to build. It then climaxes with the anthemic chorus, which features a huge roar of instrumentation that includes electric & bass guitars, drums, and synthesizers. The song then ends with the chorus and its grandiose sound. "Speed of Sound" is written in the key A Mixolydian.

The lyrics in the song are cryptic; The ending lines of the third verse emphasise belief and assurance: "If you could see it then you'd understand/ah, when you see it then you'll understand," and "Some things you have to believe/others are puzzles puzzling me."[12] The fourth line in the second verse alludes to discovering your place in the world: "How long am I gonna stand/with my head stuck under the sand."[12][13]

In his review of X&Y, Bill White of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer newspaper noted that the "slowingÂ ... creative juices" evident in "Speed of Sound" compare to "melodies from both Jeff Buckley ('Last Goodbye') and Keane ('Everybody's Changing')".[14]

The song was met with a polarised response from critics. PopMatters felt that the song "comes close to sounding too safe, almost like the band is on autopilot."[15] Several critics felt that the song resembled Coldplay's earlier single "Clocks". MusicOMH commented that "Speed Of Sound, the lead single, has 'Clocks'-like drumming contrasts with synth sequences that remind more of Enya than rock music" and criticised it for sounding "familiar and far older than it is." Pitchfork Media likewise criticised the song's "uncanny resemblance to 'Clocks'" and continued "Certainly, it rarely hurts to stick with what works, but this is not just a near-exact replica of its successful predecessor; it's also a less memorable song riding a piano hook that has so deeply infiltrated the pop-culture landscape that I've become numb to it." The reviewer did, however, comment that "the track's vocal melody outperforms the one from 'Clocks' by a hair."

The Village Voice felt that the song was "unusually accomplished, fresh, and emotional."[16] Paste Magazine praised the song, saying that it "reveals the hand [Coldplay are] playing: a piano riff as memorable as the one in 'Clocks,' ringing guitars, martial drums, orchestral pomp and, in the center, Chris Martin's keening vocal, so vulnerable and yet forceful enough to stand out from the mass of sonic detail." The New York Times, contrariwise, dinged X&Y for "trying to carry beauty of 'Clocks' across an entire album â€“ not least in its first single, 'Speed of Sound,' which isn't the only song on the album to borrow the 'Clocks' drumbeat." Rolling Stone magazine gave a mixed review, calling it "an appealing but not thrilling song" and noted "...it sounds a bit like..."Clocks" but without the swagger."[17]

"Speed of Sound" was beaten to the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart by the novelty song "Axel F" by the Crazy Frog,[18][19] instead peaking at number two for a week, although it did stay in the Top 75 for sixteen non-consecutive weeks.[20] However, it became Coldplay's first UK download number one.[18]

It also became Coldplay's first and (at that point) biggest single to chart in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, debuting as well as peaking at number eight,[21][22] making it the band's most successful single until "Viva la Vida" reached number one in 2008.[23] The single marked the first time a British band entered directly in the top 10 of the Billboard HotÂ 100 chart since "Say You'll Be There" by the Spice Girls.[20] The song was also the billionth song downloaded from Apple, Inc.'s iTunes Store.[24][25] A ringtone was available from Cingular Wireless, which had a song clip from "Speed of Sound" available a week before it was heard on radio.[26] The song was also included in "Weird Al" Yankovic's polka medley "Polkarama!" from his 2006 album Straight Outta Lynwood.

"Speed of Sound" was nominated for two Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance By a Duo or Group With Vocals at the 2006 Grammy Awards.[27][28] The song won an MTV Europe Music Award in the category for Best Song.[29] In December 2005, "Speed of Sound" appeared at number nine on Q magazine's "100 Greatest Tracks of the Year".[30] In 2006, the song won a Brit Award for Best British Single.[31] That same year, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) named the track Song of the Year.[32][33]

The video promo for "Speed of Sound" was shot on a Los Angeles sound stage on 22 and 23 April 2005.[34] Shooting took place on large sets backed by large Light-emitting diode (LED) displays developed by Element Labs.[35] The performance-based video was directed by Mark Romanek.[36][37] The video features the band performing in front of a curved ellipse wall that consists of 640 Element Labs' VersaTubes placed on 6" centres.[38]

The on-set animations were programmed and performed live during the shoot.[39][40] Romanek wanted the song's stem "split out" and to have the drums, bass, guitar, and vocals on separate tracks, which were then animated, and the lights were synthesised to each of the tracks. In the end, Romanek and Michael Keeling, the lighting designer, opted to use Chris Martin's vocal track to animate "because it had such dynamics. Roughly 75% of the video is driven by voice-activated animation", said Keeling.[38]

The video opens in pitch-black, followed by a light framing Martin as he reaches skyward out of the shadows. The scene then shifts to the band, as they play the song. When Martin spread his hands, the two-story-high LED lights erupt in a colour of rainbow hues. The LED background changes colours as the band continues. The video concludes its ending with the band lined up, one-by-one, and the LED set displaying a white light background.

The video debuted on 23 May 2005 and proved successful on video-chart programs.[41] It debuted on 11 June 2005 on Fuse's No. 1 Countdown Rock, at number six,[42] and retired on 5 August at number seven of the countdown.[42] It also reached number sixteen in MuchMusic's Countdown a month after its debut.[43] At the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for four nominations in the categories of Video of the Year, Best Special Effects, Best Editing, and Best Cinematography.[35][44] The video was the ranked at number 10 on VH1's Top 40 of 2005.[45]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone


who plays missy in love's enduring promise

Missie Davis (January Jones) is a young woman who, although working as a school teacher, spends lots of time reading. Her father has a near-fatal accident but is saved by a mysterious stranger with a troubled past (Logan Bartholomew). When she meets a rich young man who is just like the heroes in the novels she reads (Mackenzie Astin), she is torn between them and has to decide what is really important.

Love's Enduring Promise

Love's Enduring Promise is a 2004 Christian Drama made-for-TV movie based on a series of books by Janette Oke.

The film is the second in the "Love Comes Softly" series of television movies on Hallmark Channel that includes Love Comes Softly (2003), Love's Long Journey (2005), Love's Abiding Joy (2006), Love's Unending Legacy (2007), Love's Unfolding Dream, Love Takes Wing (2009), and Love Finds a Home produced for Hallmark by Larry Levinson Productions(2009),[1][2] as well as the 2011 prequels Love Begins and Love's Everlasting Courage.

The following people won a Camie Award in 2005 for their part in making the film:


beatles song rain what album is it on

First released as a B-side to "Paperback Writer" in the United States (Capitol 5651) on 30 May 1966 and in the UK on 10 June 1966, the single was later released part of a Record Store Day reissue in 2010.[22] It later appeared on the compilations Hey Jude in the US and Rarities in the UK. It also appeared on the Past Masters CD.[11]

Rain (Beatles song)

"Rain" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles first released in May 1966 as the B-side of the "Paperback Writer" single. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the album Revolver although neither appears on that album.

Written by John Lennon although credited to Lennon–McCartney,  it is noted for its slowed-down rhythm track and backwards vocals, both of which were a hint of things to come on Revolver, released two months later. The single's release marked the first time that reversed sounds had appeared in a pop song, although the Beatles used the same technique on the Revolver track "Tomorrow Never Knows", released in August 1966.[2]

Three promotional films were made for the song "Rain".[3]

The inspiration for "Rain" is agreed on by Neil Aspinall, the Beatles' roadie, and John Lennon. They both described the band's arrival in Sydney, Australia, marked by rain and poor weather.[4] Lennon said, "I've never seen rain as hard as that, except in Tahiti", and later explained that "Rain" was "about people moaning about the weather all the time".[5]   Another interpretation is that the song's "rain" and "sun" are phenomena experienced during a benign LSD trip.[6]

"Rain" has a simple musical structure. Set in the key of G major (the final mix pitches it about a quarter of a semitone below this, while the backing track was taped in G sharp), it begins with what Alan W. Pollack calls, "a ra-ta-tat half-measure's fanfare of solo snare drums", followed by a guitar intro of the first chord. The verses are nine measures long, and the song is in 44 time. Each verse is based on the G, C, and D chords (I, IV, and V). The refrain contains only I and IV chords, and is twelve measures long (the repetition of a six-measure pattern). The first two measures are the G chord. The third and fourth measures are the C chord. The third measure has the C chord in the so-called 64 (second) inversion. The fifth and sixth measures return to the G chord. Pollack says the refrain seems slower than the verse, though it is at the same tempo, an illusion achieved by "the change of beat for the first four measures from its erstwhile bounce to something more plodding and regular". After four verses and two refrains, a short solo for guitar and drums is played, with complete silence for one beat. Following this, the music returns accompanied by what Pollack terms "historically significant" reverse lyrics.[7] Musicologist Walter Everett cites this closing section as an example of how the Beatles pioneered the "fade-outâ€“fade-in coda", a device used again by them on "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Helter Skelter", and by Led Zeppelin on "Thank You".[8]

Allan Kozinn describes McCartney's bass as "an ingenious counterpoint that takes him all over the fretboard...  while Lennon and McCartney harmonize in fourths on a melody with a slightly Middle Eastern tinge, McCartney first points up the song's droning character by hammering on a high G (approached with a quick slide from the F natural just below it), playing it steadily on the beat for twenty successive beats."[9]

Recording began on 14 April 1966, in the same session as "Paperback Writer", and concluded on 16 April, with a series of overdubs before mixing on the same day.[10][11] At that time, the Beatles were enthusiastic about experimenting in the studio to achieve new sounds and effects.[12] These experiments were showcased in their seventh album, Revolver. Geoff Emerick, who was the engineer for both sessions, described one technique he used to alter the sonic texture of the track by recording the backing track "faster than normal." When played back, slightly slower than the usual speed, "the music had a radically different tonal quality.[13] The opposite technique was used to alter the tone of Lennon's lead vocal: it was recorded with the tape machine slowed down, making Lennon's voice sound higher when played back.[14]

The last verse of "Rain" includes backwards vocals, the first use of this technique on a record.[15] (the hit novelty song "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!
", where side B is side A played backwards, was released later that year of 1966). The backwards vocals are Lennon singing the lyrics of the song: "When the sun shines," "Rain," and "If the rain comes, they run and hide their heads."[16] Both Lennon and producer George Martin have claimed credit for the idea; Lennon said:

Emerick confirms Lennon's creative accident, but Martin remembers it differently:

Later, in 1980, John claimed:

Regardless of who is credited for the technique, "from that point on," Emerick wrote, "almost every overdub we did on Revolver had to be tried backwards as well as forwards."[20]

The "Paperback Writer"/"Rain" single was the first release to use a new device invented by the maintenance department at Abbey Road called "ATOC" for "Automatic Transient Overload Control". The new device allowed the record to be cut at a louder volume, louder than any other single up to that time.[13] On the final mix of the single, Lennon played a 1965 Gretsch Nashville, Paul McCartney a 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass, Harrison a 1964 Gibson SG, and Ringo Starr used Ludwig drums.[21][11]

In the United States, the song peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 9 July 1966,[23] and remained in that position the following week.[24] The "Paperback Writer" single reached number one in the UK (for two weeks starting on 23 June 1966).[11] Rolling Stone magazine ranks "Rain" 463rd in its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[25] On a similar list compiled by the New York radio station Q104.3, the song appeared at number 382.[26]

"Rain" is notable for Ringo Starr's drumming, which Starr rates as his best recorded performance.[27] Critics agreed: both Ian MacDonald and Rolling Stone described his drumming on the track as "superb", while Richie Unterberger of AllMusic praised his "creative drum breaks".[28][29][30] In 1984, Starr said: "I think it's the best out of all the records I've ever made. 'Rain' blows me away … I know me and I know my playing … and then there's 'Rain'."[31]

Music critic Jim DeRogatis describes it as "the Beatles' first great psychedelic rock song".[32] It has been noted for its slowed-down rhythm track and backwards vocals, both of which were a hint of things to come on Revolver, released two months later.[33][10][21]

The Beatles created three promotional films for "Rain"[3] which are considered among the early precursors of music videos.[34] These videos, along with other Beatles videos at the time, sparked George Harrison to say during the Beatles Anthology, "So I suppose, in a way, we invented MTV."[35]

The films were directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg who worked with them earlier on the pop 1960 television programme Ready Steady Go![36] One features the Beatles walking and singing in a garden and a greenhouse (filmed 20 May 1966 at Chiswick House in London).[3][37] The other two feature the band performing on a sound stage (filmed 19 May 1966, one in colour for Ed Sullivan and the other in black and white for the UK).[3][38] McCartney was injured in a moped accident on 26 December 1965, six months prior to the filming of "Rain" and closeups in the film reveal a scarred lip and a chipped tooth.[36][38] McCartney's appearance in the film played a role in the "Paul is dead" rumours from 1969.[11]

The Beatles' Anthology documentary video includes a re-edit of two of these three clips, full of rhythmic fast cuts and several shots that went unused in the original videos.[39] This creates an impression that the videos were more technically complex, fast-paced, and innovative than was the case. For example, the backwards film effects shown here are 1990s creations. Such effects were actually first deployed in the "Strawberry Fields Forever" promotional film of January 1967.[40]

U2 has played the song in whole or in part throughout many of their tours, usually during outdoor concerts when it has started to rain.[41] Pearl Jam improvised the song into their song "Jeremy" during their 1992 Pinkpop Festival show and played it in full at the Isle of Wight Festival in 2012.[42] Kula Shaker covered the song live at Reading Festival in 1996 as did Fairport Convention, featuring Dan Ar Braz, at the Cropredy Festival in 1997. Todd Rundgren has also covered the song,[11] as has the late Dan Fogelberg, who reprised it as part of his own cover of "Rhythm of the Rain". The Grateful Dead played it twenty times throughout the early 1990s.

The Beatles tribute act Rain derives its name from the song.[43]

In 2016 Aloe Blacc sings it as Boris the Frog in the eponymous Beat Bugs episode 3b.


is there a train station in newark airport

Newark Liberty International Airport Station[4][5] (also known as Newark International Airport Station[6]) is a railroad station on the Northeast Corridor (NEC) in Newark, New Jersey. The station provides access to Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) via the AirTrain monorail which connects the station to the airport's terminals and parking areas. It is served by New Jersey Transit's (NJT) Northeast Corridor Line and North Jersey Coast Line and Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Keystone Service trains. The station, located in the Dayton neighborhood of the city, has no pedestrian access, bus service, parking facility, or drop-off area.[7]

The station opened on October 21, 2001.[8] It is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), the airport's operator, and therefore has a different design than NJT and Amtrak stations, especially the signage, which is the same as used throughout the airport.[9] The Port Authority originally intended to name the station "Newark Airport" but changed it to "Newark Liberty International Airport" after the airport's renaming, which honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the proximity of the airport to the Statue of Liberty.[10][11]

Passengers must pass through faregates and pay a $5.50 fee to transfer between the NEC and AirTrain. The fee is usually included in the price and encoded on magnetic stripes of NJT tickets with the station as the origin or destination (denoted with **EWR**). Monthly pass holders who do not have Newark Airport as the origin or destination for their pass need to pay the fee, which is waived for children 11 and under.[12] There is a staffed Amtrak ticket counter between AirTrain and the NEC platforms. Although there are NJ Transit staff on site, passengers are required to use the ticket vending machines (TVMs) on either side of the faregates for NJT service.

On the NEC, it is a 6-minute trip to Newark's Penn Station, where connections are available to the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) system to Jersey City, Hoboken and Lower Manhattan as well as the Newark Light Rail and regional bus services. New York City's Penn Station, where connections are available to Long Island Rail Road and the New York City Subway, is a 22-to-25-minute trip. Trenton is a 31-to-50-minute trip and Philadelphia is a 59-to-67-minute trip.[13][14][15] NJT local trains stop at Secaucus Junction, where connections are available to other New Jersey Transit Rail Operations commuter lines in northern New Jersey and Metro-North Railroad's West of Hudson services.

In September 2012, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that work would commence on a study to explore extending the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) system to the station and building a park and ride facility at it.[16] In 2014, the PANYNJ proposed a 10-year capital plan that included the PATH extension,[17][18] which was approved by the Board of Commissioners approved on February 19, 2014.[19]

However, there were calls in late 2014 for reconsideration of PA funding priorities. The PATH extension was called "redundant" of existing Manhattan-to-Newark Airport train service, while funding was lacking for both the proposed Amtrak Gateway Tunnel under the Hudson River (a substitute for the cancelled ARC Tunnel), and the replacement of the aging and overcrowded Port Authority Bus Terminal.[20]


what does it mean when a baby is born blue

Blue baby syndrome refers to at least two situations that lead to cyanosis in infants: cyanotic heart disease and methemoglobinemia. The most common cyanotic heart defects include transposition of the great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

Blue baby syndrome

A number of cardiovascular defects may lead to Blue baby syndrome, including the following:

Persistent (or patent) truncus arteriosus

Transposition of the great vessels

Tetralogy of Fallot

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection

The most common cause of blue baby syndrome,[citation needed] and the one which was the subject of the classic "blue baby operation" developed at Johns Hopkins in the 1940s,[1] is tetralogy of Fallot. In the normal heart, there are four separate chambers; the two top chambers, or atria, pump blood simultaneously into the two bottom chambers, or ventricles. Blood first enters the heart at the right atrium, which then empties blood into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood into the lungs through the pulmonary artery to get oxygen. From the lungs, the blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein; the left atrium empties into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood into the aorta and from there reaches the rest of the body. Because the left ventricle is responsible for getting blood to the entire body through the aorta, it is usually the biggest and strongest chamber of the heart.

After the body uses up the oxygen delivered by the blood flowing through the arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries, the unoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the capillaries, then venules, then veins.

The blue baby syndrome known as tetralogy of Fallot consists of an incomplete wall between the ventricles (known as a ventricular septal defect or VSD); an aorta that sits over this defect so that its blood comes from both ventricles instead of just from the left (overriding aorta); a defective right ventricular outflow tract near the pulmonary valve that prevents full flow of blood to the lungs; and a muscular right ventricle necessary to accomplish the extra work required to overcome that defect (right ventricular hypertrophy).

Unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle flows into the aorta preferentially because of the obstructed outflow tract into the lungs. This means less blood has the opportunity to be oxygenated in the lungs. Blood mixes abnormally between the left and right ventricles and into the aorta. Oxygen gives blood its reddish color [citation needed]Â ; cyanosis describes the "blueness" in the baby which results from the pumping of mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood throughout the body.

A sort of "blue baby syndrome" can also be caused by methemoglobinemia.[2][3] It is widely believed to be caused by nitrate contamination in groundwater resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin in babies leading to death. The groundwater can be contaminated by leaching of nitrate generated from fertilizers used in agricultural lands, waste dumps or pit latrines.[4] Cases of blue baby syndrome have been reported in villages in Romania and Bulgaria, and were thought to be caused by groundwater that had been polluted with nitrate leaching from pit latrines.[5] However, the linkages between nitrates in drinking water and blue baby syndrome have been disputed in other studies.[6][7] The syndrome outbreaks might be due to other factors than elevated nitrate concentrations in drinking water.[8]

Other insults in neonates, such as respiratory distress syndrome, can also produce a "blue baby syndrome". Like methemoglobinemia, these are not structural lesions and are not regarded by most doctors as true "cyanotic lesions."

‘Blue Baby’ syndrome has two main symptoms which are easy to pick up if you know what you are looking for. The most obvious is a blue tint to the skin especially around the fingertips, toes and lips. A lack of oxygenated blood cells means there is not enough oxygen to supply the needs of these areas. The other, more stressful symptom is breathlessness. The baby may gasp and wheeze, while slipping in and out of consciousness. It may be weary, have laboured breathing and convulsions may occur. The baby will likely be fatigued and unalert to its surroundings.

On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for tetralogy of Fallot was performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1943, the syndrome had been brought to the attention of surgeon Alfred Blalock by pediatric cardiologist Helen B. Taussig. Taussig was trying to figure out a way to treat the hundreds of babies and children who had congenital blue baby syndrome. Blalock's surgical technician, Vivien Thomas, had earlier developed for another purpose a procedure involving the anastomosis, or joining, of the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery. Adapting this procedure for patients with tetralogy of Fallot gave the blood another chance to become oxygenated. The surgery, which became known as a Blalock-Taussig shunt, rapidly spread worldwide as the treatment of choice for Tetralogy of Fallot.[9] Thomas, an African American, was later recognized as the true developer of the procedure, which is sometimes called the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt. In 1976, Johns Hopkins University presented Thomas with an honorary doctorate.[10]

Blue baby syndrome or methemoglobinemia mostly affects infants under 6 months of age, although the most common age range is 0 to 4 months. Infants in this age range are vulnerable because they have not matured enough to produce methemoglobin reductase, an oxygen-carrying molecule.[11][12] The most at-risk populations are those with private water sources. Private wells are not regulated by the US government and therefore, if unmonitored, can have higher levels of nitrates, being hazardous to the infants.[13][14] The link between blue baby syndrome in infants and high nitrate levels is well established for waters exceeding the normal limit of 10Â mg/L.[15][16] However, there is also evidence that breastfeeding is protective in exposed populations.[17] Many laboratories will provide a water test free of charge.


how big is the denny sanford premier center

Completed in 2014, it has a seating capacity of approximately 12,000 spectators and replaces the DakotaDome and the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center as the largest indoor venue in South Dakota.[7] The Sioux Falls Arena remains and hosts smaller concerts and events, while the Denny Sanford Premier Center hosts large scale concerts and sporting events.[8]

Denny Sanford Premier Center

The Denny Sanford Premier Center is a large, multi-use  indoor arena in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.  The building is located at 1201 North West Avenue, and is connected to the Sioux Falls Arena and Sioux Falls Convention Center, and is adjacent to Howard Wood Field, and Sioux Falls Stadium. The arena's naming rights partners, and largest sponsors, are Sanford Health, First Premier Bank and Premier Bankcard.[6]

A replacement of the Sioux Falls Arena had been discussed since 1999, with numerous task forces formed and studies completed to determine the need for a new events center.[2]  The Sioux Falls Arena was built in 1961 when the population of Sioux Falls was 65,000.[9]  By 2000, the population had nearly doubled to 124,000[9] while updates to the Arena were few and far between.  After years of arguments and meetings, the new events center was put to a public vote in a special election on November 8, 2011.  By a vote of 23,284 to 16,807, Sioux Falls citizens passed the events center special ballot, allowing design and construction of a new events center to begin.[4]

The first concert held at the arena was held on October 3, 2014 and featured Jason Aldean and Florida Georgia Line with Tyler Farr in front of a sold-out crowd of over 11,000 fans.[10]

Slipknot, along with guests Korn and opening band King 810, performed at the Premier Center as part of the "Prepare for hell" tour on November 9, 2014.[11] Eric Church and Dwight Yoakam performed at the venue on December 6, 2014 as part of The Outsiders World Tour.[12]

Other artists and acts that have performed at the venue are Luke Bryan, Demi Lovato,[13] Christina Perri,[13] Carrie Underwood (who holds the highest attendance), and Varekai - a Cirque du Soleil production.[14]

Events in 2015 included Chris Tomlin, Nickelback, Kenny Chesney, Def Leppard, Rod Stewart, The Eagles, Ed Sheeran, Lady Antebellum, Shania Twain, Elton John, and Mötley Crüe. Paul McCartney will be appearing on May 2, 2016.

The Premier Center hosts The Summit League Men's Basketball Tournament and The Summit League Women's Basketball Tournament every year in March.  The winner receives an automatic berth to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship and the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship, respectively.

The Denny Sanford Premier Center also plays host to the home contests of the Sioux Falls Stampede of the United States Hockey League and the Sioux Falls Storm of the Indoor Football League.

Since 2015, the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) association has hosted an annual Built Ford Tough Series event at the Premier Center, known as the First Premier Bank/Premier Bankcard Invitational.

Country-pop Canadian singer, Shania Twain brought her Rock This Country Tour to the arena on September 23, 2015 to play a sold-out show of 9,925 patrons, grossing over $1 million from the single-night show. She returned three years later during her Shania Now Tour on May 16, 2018.


is there a military base in colorado springs

The Cheyenne Mountain Complex is a military installation and nuclear bunker located in Colorado Springs, Colorado at the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station,[a] which hosts the activities of several tenant units. Also located in Colorado Springs is Peterson Air Force Base, where the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters are located.[5]

Cheyenne Mountain Complex

Formerly the center for the United States Space Command and NORAD, the Complex monitored the air space of Canada and the United States through a worldwide system for missiles, space systems, and foreign aircraft through its early-warning system.[7] Since 2008, NORAD and the United States Space Command have been based at Peterson Air Force Base and the complex, re-designated as an air force station, is used for flight crew training and as a back-up command center if required.[8]

The military complex has included, in the past, many units of NORAD, U.S. Space Command, Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM), Air Force Systems Command, Air Weather Service, and Federal Emergency Management (FEMA). The complex's communication center is also used by the nearby U.S. Civil Defense Warning Center.[7]

The complex was built under 2,000 feet (610Â m) of granite on 2 hectares (5 acres).[11] Fifteen three-story buildings are protected from movement by an earthquake or explosion by a system of giant springs that the buildings sit on and flexible pipe connectors to limit the operational effect of movement.[12] A total of more than 1,000 springs are designed to prevent any of the 15 buildings from shifting more than one inch.[12] The complex is the only high altitude Department of Defense facility certified to be able to sustain an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).[12] There is a large quantity of cots for most of the personnel and suites for "top brass" within the nuclear bunker. Amenities include a medical facility, store, cafeteria,[12] and fitness centers inside and outside the mountain.[13]

The bunker is built to deflect a 30 megaton nuclear explosion as close as 2 kilometers (1.2Â mi).[14] Within a mountain tunnel are sets of 25-ton blast doors and another for the civil engineering department. The doors were built so that they can always be opened when needed. Should a nuclear blast hit the building, they are designed to withstand a blast wave. There is a network of blast valves with unique filters to capture air-borne chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear contaminants.[12]

Outside of the military complex are the parking lots, a heliport,[16][b] a fire station,[17][c] and outdoor recreational facilities. The recreational amenities include Mountain Man Park, picnic areas, a racquetball facility, softball field, sand volleyball court, basketball court, a putting green, and horseshoe area.[13] A military gate limits NORAD Road usage from the State Highway 115 interchange.

It has its own power plant, heating and cooling system, and water supply[11] and it is the job of the 721st Mission Support Group to ensure that there is a 99.999% degree of reliability of its electricity, water, air conditioning, power, and other support systems.[12] The threats, in descending order of likelihood that the complex may face are: "medical emergencies, natural disasters, civil disorder, a conventional attack, an electromagnetic pulse attack, a cyber or information attack, chemical or biological or radiological attack, an improvised nuclear attack, a limited nuclear attack, or a general nuclear attack." The least likely events are the most hazardous.[12]

There is more water produced by mountain springs than the base needs, and a 1.5 million gallon reservoir ensures that even in event of fire, there is enough water to meet the facility's needs. A reservoir of 4.5 million gallons of water is used as a heat sink.[12] There is a "massive" reservoir for diesel fuel and a "huge" battery bank with redundant power generators.[12]

The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the Ent Air Force Base on September 12, 1957. This command is a bi-national organization, of Canadian and United States Air Defense Command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958.[18]:5,16 In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a Cold War defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers,[5] ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack.[19][d]

Cheyenne Mountain was excavated under the supervision of the Army Corps of Engineers for the construction of the NORAD Combat Operations Center[5] beginning on May 18, 1961,[18]:18 by Utah Construction & Mining Company.[21]

The Space Defense Center and the Combat Operations Center achieved full operational capability on February 6, 1967. The total cost was $142.4 million.[18]:20[22] Its systems included a command and control system developed by Burroughs Corporation. The electronics and communications system centralized and automated the instantaneous (one-millionth of a second) evaluation of aerospace surveillance data.[23] The Space Defense Center moved from Ent AFB to the complex in 1965.[18]:20 The NORAD Combat Operations Center was fully operational April 20, 1966[1]:15 and The Space Defense Command's 1st Aerospace Control Squadron moved to Cheyenne Mountain that month.[24] The following systems or commands became operational between May and October, 1966: The NORAD Attack Warning System,[18]:20 Combat Operations Command,[1]:19 and Delta I computer system, which recorded and monitored every detected space system.[1]:19 By January 4, 1967, the National Civil Defense Warning Center was in the bunker.[10]

System Development Corporation updated Air Defense Command satellite information processing systems for $15,850,542 on January 19, 1973.[1][25] The improvements were primarily to the Space Computational Center's displays and application software, which was updated to provide real-time positioning of orbiting space systems for the NORAD Combat Operation Center. The first phase, which established a system integrator and modernized the communications to a major data processing system, was completed in October 1972.[25]

The Ballistic Missile Defense Center (BMDC) BW 1.2 release was installed in February 1974 in the Combat Operations Center, under the command of CONAD. The Safeguard command and control system, operated by the commander, communicated warnings, observation data, and attack assessment to the Combat Operations Center. It was also designed to release nuclear weapons.[26]

By 1978, five operating centers and a command post resided within the NORAD Combat Operations Center. The Space Computational Center catalogued and tracked space objects. The Intelligence Center analyzed intelligence data. Data was consolidated and displayed in the Command Post by the System Center. The Weather Support Unit monitored local and global weather patterns. The NORAD Commander's wartime staff reported to the Battle Staff Support Center.[27]:5

The Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC), established on October 1, 1979, consolidated United States Air Force satellite survivability, space surveillance, and US ASAT operations into one wartime space activities hub at the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex.[28] Space surveillance and missile warning functions were performed by the Core Processing Segment (CPS) using Worldwide Military Command and Control System's Honeywell H6080 computers at the SPADOC Computational Center (SCC) and NORAD Computer System (NCS). A third computer was operational backup for SCC or NCS. By 1981, the H6080 failed to meet the requirements for timely computations.[29]:54 SPADATS was deactivated about 1980, although some of its logic continued on in SPADOC systems.[30]

NORAD had a series of warning and assessment systems that were not fully automated in the Cheyenne Mountain complex into the 1970s. In 1979, the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program 427M system became fully operational.[31][1]:27,93 It was a consolidated Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade program for command center, space, ballistic missile, and space functions, developed using new software technology and designed for computers with large processing capacity.[31][27]:39 There were three major segments of the 427M system: the Communication System Segment (CSS), NORAD Computer System (NCS), and Space Computational Center (SCC).[32]:Chapter 1:2 The 425L Command and Control System, Display Information Processor, Command Center Processing System, and other hardware were replaced by the NORAD Computer System (NCS). The new system was designed to centralize several databases, improve on-line display capabilities, and consolidate mission warning information processing and transmission. It was intended to have greater reliability and quicker early warning capability.[27]:9 The Command Center Processing System's original UNIVAC 1106, re-purposed for Mission Essential Back-up Capability (MEBU),[27]:9 was upgraded to the more robust UNIVAC 1100/42.[29]:55 The 427M system, intended to modernize systems and improve performance, was initially "wholly ineffective" and resulted in several failures of the Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) system.[33]

In 1979 and 1980, there were a few instances when false missile warnings were generated by the Cheyenne Mountain complex systems. For instance, a computer chip "went haywire" and issued false missile warnings, which raised the possibility that a nuclear war could be started accidentally, based upon incorrect data. Staff analyzed the data and found that the warnings were erroneous and the systems were updated to identify false alarms. Gen. James V. Hartinger of the Air Force stated that "his primary responsibility is to provide Washington with what he calls 'timely, unambiguous, reliable warning' that a raid on North America has begun." He explained that there are about 6,700 messages generated on average each hour in 1979 and 1980 and all had been processed without error.[34] An off-site testing facility was established in Colorado Springs by NORAD in late 1979 or early 1980 so that system changes could be tested off-line before they were moved into production. Following another failure in 1980, a bad computer chip was updated and staff and commander processes were improved to better respond to warnings.[35]

The Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) of November 1988, designed to consolidate five improvement programs, was not installed because it was not compatible with other systems at Cheyenne Mountain and it did not meet the defined specifications according to deficiencies identified during testing.[36]:15 The five improvement programs were the CCPDS Replacement (CCPDS-R), CSS Replacement (CSS-R), Granite Sentry upgrade, SCIS, and SPADOC 4.[37] SPADOC 4 was for upgrading the SCC with primary and backup 3090-200J mainframes),[37] and SPADOC 4 block A achieved initial operating capability (IOC) in April 1989.[38] The CSS-R "first element" achieved IOC on April 12, 1991;[39] and the 427M system was replaced c.â€‰1992. The CSSR, SCIS, Granite Sentry, CCPDS-R, and their interfaces were tested in 1997. Testing of Granite Sentry nuclear detonation (NUDET) data processing system found it to be inadequate.[31]

The Joint Surveillance System (JSS), developed under an agreement with the Canadian government, became fully operational in seven Region Operations Control Centers (ROCCs) on December 23, 1983.[1]:49,57 The Joint Surveillance System was implemented to replace Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE).[40]

In 1986, Congress approved development of the Survivable Communications Integration System (SCIS) to communicate missile warning messages simultaneously over many forms of media, but it was subject to delays and cost overruns. By 1992, the project was estimated to be delayed to 1995 and cost projected to increase from $142 million to $234 million.[41]:2,9â€“10

By 1992, the U.S. Space Command Space Surveillance Center (SSC) was the data analysis and tracking center for Baker-Nunn camera images[42] and Cheyenne Mountain was connected to the AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN)[41]:16 communication site in Pueblo, Colorado. By 1995, the AN/FPS-129 HAVE STARE (Globus II) radar in Norway had been upgraded to "relay data to Cheyenne Mountain",[43]:b and by October 1995 the 1st Command and Control Squadron (1CACS) in the bunker[where?] was providing space collision avoidance data to the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center's space control center.[44]

In June 1993, the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Operations Center had the USSPACE and NORAD Command Center, NORAD Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC), NORAD/USSPACECOM Combined Intelligence Watch Center (CIWC), USSPACECOM Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC), USSPACECOM Space Surveillance Center (SSC), AFSPACECOM Weather Operations Center, and the AFSPACECOM Systems Center within its facility.[45]

Plans to house the USSPACECOM and NORAD command centers in the same location began by July 1994.[46] A $450 million upgrade was made to the missile warning center beginning in February 1995. The effort was part of a $1.7 billion renovation program for Cheyenne Mountain.[47]

The Combatant Commanderâ€™s Integrated Command and Control System (CCIC2S) program began in 2000 with a Lockheed Martin[48] contract "to upgrade all of the mission systems within Cheyenne Mountain, which included the space surveillance systems" for delivery in 2006.[37]:11 The portion of CCIC2S modernizing "attack warning systems within Cheyenne Mountain [was to] cost more than $700 million from fiscal years 2000 to 2006",[49] and the delayed CCIC2S upgrades for space surveillance were superseded[when?] by systems for the Joint Space Operations Center's Space C2 program and Integrated Space Situational Awareness program.[37]:11

By 2003, consoles for the Ground-Based Mid-Course Defense (GMD) had been contracted for Cheyenne Mountain,[50] and the planned 18 month Cheyenne Mountain Realignment to move Command Center operations to Peterson AFB[51] was complete by May 13, 2008.[52] On August 3, 2011, a ribbon cutting was held for the January 2010 â€“ June 30, 2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by USSTRATCOM.[53]

Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Air Force Space Command and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America.[5]

On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate[e] was re-designated as the Cheyenne Mountain Division, with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center within the headquarters building at Peterson Air Force Base.[5] The Unified Space Vault and the Space Control Center were moved from Cheyenne Mountain to the Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base about October 2007.[55]:8

In 2006, NORAD relocated to a basement[56] in the Peterson No. 2 building at the nearby Peterson AFB. Northern Command and Space Command[56] and Canadian military defense partners relocated at Peterson.[57] The Cheyenne Mountain complex is maintained by a skeleton crew and no longer operates on a 24/7 basis. The complex is on "warm standby", meaning it is only staffed when required.[58]

On the fiftieth anniversary of the NORAD agreement—May 12, 2008—the Command Center located within Cheyenne Mountain Complex was officially re-designated as the NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center. The Cheyenne Mountain Division of NORAD and USNORTHCOM was re-designated as the J36 branch within the NORAD and USNORTHCOM's Operations Directorates.[5]

Since 2002, the complex has been classed as Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station and has been used in crew qualification training, while the former command function has been redesignated as the "NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center" since 2008 after all the original functions of the complex were removed to Peterson Air Force Base.[59] The complex is maintained by the 721st Mission Support Group which provides support and maintenance for the 'NORAD/USNORTHCOM's training, exercise and alternate command center functions, U.S. Strategic Command's Missile Warning Center, Detachment 2 of the 17th Test Squadron, Air Force Technical Applications Center's research laboratory, the Defense Intelligence Agency's Western Continental United States Regional Service Center'.[60] At its peak the Cheyenne complex had 1,800â€“2,000 personnel; only 210 remain and the site's satellite dishes and antenna masts are now owned and used by commercial communication businesses.

Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station is owned and operated by Air Force Space Command. NORAD and USNORTHCOM now use just under 30% of the floor space within the complex and comprise approximately 5% of the daily population at Cheyenne Mountain.[5] The Cheyenne Mountain Complex serves as NORAD and USNORTHCOM's Alternate Command Center and as a training site for crew qualification. Day-to-day crew operations for NORAD and USNORTHCOM typically take place at Peterson Air Force Base.[5]

In early 2015, Admiral William Gortney, commander of NORAD and NORTHCOM, announced a $700 million contract with Raytheon to move systems into the complex to shield it from electromagnetic pulse attack, with additional work to be done at Vandenberg and Offutt. According to Adm. Gortney, "because of the very nature of the way that Cheyenne Mountain's built, it's EMP-hardened. And so, there's a lot of movement to put capability into Cheyenne Mountain and to be able to communicate in there".[61][62][63]

Electronic Systems Division Detachment 10 at Ent AFB became the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Management Office (CMCMO) in 1963,[1] the year the Chidlaw Combined Operations Center began operations; and on February 15, 1980, ESD Detachment 2 was established[1] at the "Cheyenne Mountain Complex" (Det 2 became the AFSC focal point during the Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade.)[38] Aerospace Defense Command organizations in the bunker became a specified command when the major command ended in 1980; e.g., the J31 unit of HQ NORAD/ADCOM subsequently manned the Space Surveillance Center in the same room as the Missile Warning Center (separated by partitions).[40] The "HQ Cheyenne Mountain Support Group... was activated at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex" in October 1981[40] to support the Aerospace Defense Center's operation of the NORAD combat operations center".[64] In 1983 the Foreign Technology Division had an operating location at the bunker[65] and in 1992, an airman of the "1010th Civil Engineering Squadron at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base" developed a 3-D AutoCAD model of the bunker "to zoom in on a specific room".[66]

By 1995 a "missile operations section" supported the missile warning center,[47] and in 2001 the 1989 1CACS at the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station was renamed the 1st Space Control Squadron.[67] On June 24, 1994, when the "Joint Task Force â€” Cheyenne Mountain Operations organization was brought online to take responsibility for the installation", Brig. Gen. Donald Peterson was the commander of the JTF,[68] which was renamed the "U.S. Space Command Cheyenne Mountain operations center" by March 1995[43]:a (the unit had an exercise branch in June 1996).[69] On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Realignment[55] redesignated the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate to the Cheyenne Mountain Division.[70] Circa 2004 the bunker included the 17th Test Squadron's Detachment 2 and AFTAC's research laboratory,[71] in 2008 Detachment 1 of the 392d Training Squadron operated the Cheyenne Mountain Training System (CMTS),[72] and in 2011 the installation's 721st SFS was expanded.[73]