what was the cause of the humboldt broncos accident

On April 6, 2018 at the intersection of Highways 35 and 335 near Armley, Saskatchewan, sixteen people were killed and thirteen injured [1] when a westbound semi-trailer truck was struck by a northbound coach bus. The semi-trailer had failed to yield [2][3][4] at a flashing stop sign. [5] [6] The bus was travelling at a speed of approximately 100 km/h.[7] Most of the dead and injured were teenagers from the Humboldt Broncos, a junior ice hockey team that plays in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL).

Humboldt Broncos bus crash

Across the country, the crash prompted condolences from public figures and celebrities, vigils, and tributes, such as people leaving hockey sticks outside their doors. A GoFundMe crowdfunding campaign set a national record by raising over $15 million.

Saskatchewan Highways 35 and 335 meet at a right-angle intersection near the village of Armley in the Rural Municipality of Connaught, Saskatchewan. The intersection is commonly known as "Armley Corner". Traffic on Highway 35, running north–south, has the right of way at the intersection and a speed limit of 100 km/h (60 mph).[8] Traffic on Highway 335, both westbound and eastbound, has a speed limit of 100 km/h (60 mph) dropping to 60km/h (35 mph) at the intersection, which has stop signs with flashing red lights.[9] The signal lights were installed after a fatal traffic collision at the same intersection in 1997 in which six members of a family from British Columbia were killed.[8][10] Six memorial crosses in the intersection's southeast corner commemorate those deaths.[11]

From 2011 to 2015, Saskatchewan had 13.2 traffic deaths per 100,000 people, the highest rate of any province or territory in Canada and over double the national average.[12]

The coach bus carrying the team and the semi-trailer truck collided at the intersection of Highways 35 and 335 near Armley at about 5:00Â p.m. CST. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) are investigating the collision but have not confirmed any account of the incident. The federal force, which also acts as Saskatchewan's provincial police, stated the investigation would take some time.[13]

The semi-trailer truck was travelling westbound on Highway 335, while the bus was travelling northbound on Highway 35. At the time of the collision, the roads were clear on a sunny afternoon.[14] Photos of the scene shown in a video released by a news agency show that the front of the bus was obliterated, while the front of the truck was undamaged.[10] One of the survivors described how the bus broadsided the semi, which was consistent with the photographic account of the incident.[15] A father of one of the victims stated that they "pulled up and saw the front of the bus was gone", and that the normal seating plan on the bus would have been rookies in the front, veterans in the back.[16] The father of one deceased victim claims police told him the truck ran a stop sign.[17] The force of the impact caused both vehicles to come to rest off the highway in the northwest corner lying on their sides.[10] According to the RCMP, the bus carried 29 people, including the driver. 14 died initially and 15 suffered injuries (three of them critically).[14][18][19][20] Two of the critically injured later died in the hospital.[21][22]

As part of the emergency response to the accident, Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society (STARS) dispatched three helicopters to assist with transporting victims. Several of the injured were taken to the Royal University Hospital in Saskatoon, about 250 kilometres (160Â mi) southwest of the accident.[23][24] The truck driver was not injured in the crash. Photos show the semi-trailer's load of peat moss was strewn over the ground.[25] Police detained and later released the truck driver.[23][26] The RCMP stated that the driver was being provided with mental health and wellness assistance.[23] The owner of the trucking company later confirmed that the truck driver was receiving psychological support since his release.[27]

The team chaplain Sean Brandow arrived at the scene of the accident shortly after the collision, and attempted to offer prayers and aid. Officers directed families of the team toward a church in Nipawin, where family and friends gathered to wait. One father recounted: "You're at the church and most of the families are there. All the veterans' parents start getting phone calls, we got your boy, come to the hospital. You get a little deeper and at the end of the night it's mostly the rookies parents thereÂ ... And then of course the police had the conversation with us."[16]

The RCMP stated that they would not be releasing the names of the dead until the families were notified, but the family of Broncos head coach and general manager Darcy Haugan confirmed on Twitter that he was one of the 16 killed.[28] Team captain Logan Schatz was also confirmed as dead by his father.[29] The bus driver, Glen Doerksen, and two radio station employees, announcer Tyler Bieber and statistician Brody Hinz, died in the collision.[30] Doerksen was a former board member for the Carrot River Outback Thunder hockey team, serving from 2006-2011 and a driver for Charlie's Charters, a Saskatchewan bus company.[31] Four days after the crash, athletic therapist Dayna Brons, the only woman on the bus, died from head injuries sustained in the collision.[32]

Three helicopters and four air ambulance planes were loaned from various cities and companies to help transport the most critically wounded to the Royal University Hospital in Saskatoon, almost 270 kilometres (170Â mi) away. Due to the number of injuries, the hospital declared a Code Orange, indicating mass casualties were en route.[33] The Saskatchewan Health Authority, which oversees hospitals and ambulance services in the province, has encouraged employees affected to access counselling available, as many of the first responders had ties to the accident. Jessica Brost, a paramedic from Nipawin stated that the crash was "just too close to home, especially in Saskatchewan, where everyone is either a billet, obsessed with hockey, or the parent of a teenage hockey player".[34]

Doug Lapchuk, President of the Saskatchewan Volunteer Firefighters Association, said his organization has sent peer counsellors to help members of the Nipawin and Tisdale fire departments who were involved in removing victims from the crash. A Tisdale Crane Operator was called to the scene of the crash to use his crane to hoist the roof of the bus to allow first responders to access victims underneath it. He stated concern about the "poor first responders, them guys – they were the ones getting the people out of there, they were the ones making the decisions".[34]

It was estimated that 80 first responders were on scene of the crash, with resources from Tisdale, Nipawin, Zenon Park, Carrot River, Belfort, and other locations dispatched to provide aid.[35] An eyewitness who was waiting to turn at the intersection stated that her 911 call, placed moments after the incident, was responded to 15 minutes later by police.[36]

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) planned a news conference[37] about the investigation into the crash. According to a statement released April 18, 2018. the Assistant Commissioner Curtis Zablocki, the Commanding Officer of the Saskatchewan RCMP, will not announce any charges related to the crash. The RCMP planned to only answer general questions from the media about the collision.[38] During the press conference Zablocki stated that the truck driver was immediately taken into custody and released after the accident, and that the driver has been in constant contact with the RCMP. Under investigation are the engine computers for both vehicles, the drivers logs, and the driver's experience.[39] It was also stated during the press conference that the truck driver was in the intersection at the time of collision, but Assistant Commissioner Zablocki said he could not comment on its speed when the crash took place.[40]

RCMP returned to the scene of the crash on April 19, 2018, to do additional analysis and testing with reconstructionists and officers. A police news release stated the investigators would be using vehicles similar to those involved in the collision to allow the reconstructionists to take further measurements and analyze sight lines.[39] Previously, members of the RCMP had conducted more than 50 interviews with independent witnesses, the driver of the semi, the trucking company's owner, victims and other individuals. Over 5,500 pictures had been taken to document the scene and analyzed, along with imaging from 3D technology and drone usage.[40]

Kelsey Fiddler, present at the intersection at the time of the crash, has been identified as a key eyewitness. She stated in an interview she had to swing her vehicle away seconds before the crash to avoid being sandwiched by the two vehicles. Reportedly she was waiting at the eastbound stop sign on Highway 335 to make the turn onto Highway 35 and saw the bus approaching in the northbound lane of Highway 35 at what seemed to her as "regular highway speed". Fiddler is also identified as one of the first callers to 911 in response to the crash.[36]

Numerous politicians and dignitaries in Canada expressed their condolences after the accident, including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,[41] Saskatchewan Premier Scott Moe, and Alberta Premier Rachel Notley.[42] Condolences were also offered from politicians around the world from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip.[43] US President Donald Trump phoned Trudeau and subsequently tweeted to offer his condolences to the victims and their families.[44][45] Celebrities and other public figures such as Ellen DeGeneres and Drake joined in voicing their sympathy and condolences to those who were affected.[46] Pope Francis also sent a message of condolences, which was read out by the Bishop of Saskatoon at a Sunday service two days after the accident.[47]

The Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League expressed their condolences to the Humboldt Broncos organization, players, and families.[48] A group of survivors from the Swift Current Broncos bus crash in 1986, led by Sheldon Kennedy, headed to Humboldt to offer their support to the community and hockey team.[49]

The SJHL indefinitely suspended its playoffs immediately following the crash.[50] The league's board of governors, which is composed of representatives from each member club, unanimously decided on April 11 to allow the two remaining teams in the play-offs (the Nipawin Hawks and Estevan Bruins) to play for the league championship.[51] The Manitoba Junior Hockey League, the SJHL's counterpart in the neighbouring province of Manitoba, delayed its championship series by four days out of respect for the SJHL and the Broncos.[52] The champions of the two leagues play for the ANAVET Cup regional junior championship following the conclusion of their respective league playoffs.[52]

Humboldt schools reopened, though classes were not expected to be in session, on April 10, 2018, with crisis workers present.[53] It was also released that the truck was from a Calgary-based company, Adesh Deol Trucking Ltd, which had been operating for only one year.[27] Adesh Deol's safety certificate was automatically suspended due to the severity of the incident while they are investigated by the Alberta Transportation ministry.[27] A letter posted on Reddit and linked on Facebook, offering support and sympathy to the unidentified driver of the semi-trailer, has been widely shared.[54]

On April 8, it was discovered that one of the dead, Parker Tobin, had been misidentified by the coroner as Xavier Labelle, who survived the crash.[55] This prompted an apology from the coroner.[55] One of the survivors, Ryan Straschnitzki, paralyzed from the waist down as a result of the accident, has told his parents he wants to continue playing sledge hockey and compete in the Paralympic Games.[56]

Saskatchewan Government Insurance announced on April 13, 2018, plans to improve training standards for truck drivers by 2019; at that time, no training was required to be done by certified schools.[57]

Blood donations increased by as much as 25% in some cities in Western Canada after the crash.[58] Organ donation registration subsequently went up from an average of 425 to 3,071 after the news of Logan Boulet's organ donation.[59]

The National Hockey League, Canadian Hockey League, the Canadian Junior Hockey League, and many of their respective teams and players offered tributes to the Broncos team, as did the Saskatchewan Rush of the National Lacrosse League and the Saskatchewan Roughriders Canadian football team.[60][61] Players on the Winnipeg Jets and Chicago Blackhawks teams had the "Broncos" name in place of their regular name bars on the back of their jerseys in their game on April 7 and stood united in a circle at centre ice during the national anthems.[62] The Nashville Predators played "O Canada" before their April 7 home game against the Columbus Blue Jackets, despite neither team being Canadian-based. Several teams added special decals to their helmets to honour the Broncos.[63] On April 7, a moment of silence was observed before the 2018 NCAA "Frozen Four" Championship Game.[64] Sidney Crosby, captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins, had a special Penguins jersey with the words "BRONCOS 18", made and signed by the whole Penguins team, sent to the Broncos.[65]

After the Winnipeg Jets beat Minnesota Wild team, on April 20, 2018, the team featured survivor Matthieu Gomercic, a forward for the Humboldt Broncos, on the jumbotron, which led to a standing ovation for him.[66]

A vigil for the victims was held on April 8 at Elgar Petersen Arena, the home of the Broncos. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Saskatchewan Premier Scott Moe attended but did not speak.[67] Outside the arena the cars of those who died in the accident have remained parked with white roses placed on their windshields.[33]

Shortly after the accident, people began leaving their hockey sticks out on their front porches as tributes to the victims.[68] The tribute, known by the social media hashtag #PutYourSticksOut, was started after TSN Radio and former Broncos broadcaster Brian Munz received a text message from a friend urging people to leave their hockey sticks out, stating "the boys might need themÂ ... wherever they are".[69][70] The grandparents of one of the deceased initially set out to collect and display fifteen sticks but by April 12 had received 50 sticks and other memorabilia.[71] Kingston musician Jason "Smitty" Smith posted a song about the crash on Facebook, the video shares a similar idea from the campaign and is entitled "Leave a Stick Out By the Door" which had generated over 1.3 million views by April 12, 2018. He began working on recording the song professionally and will donate the proceeds to families of the victims.[72]

On April 12, 2018, people across Canada were encouraged to wear sports jerseys to remember the victims in a movement known as #JerseysForHumboldt.[73][74] Many Canadians and others around the world wore jerseys, and Toronto Mayor John Tory proclaimed April 12 to be Jersey Day in honour of those killed in the accident.[75] On April 14, during Game 1 of the Toronto Raptors and Washington Wizards of the 2018 NBA Playoffs, Canadian rapper Drake wore a Humboldt Broncos jersey to show solidarity.[vague][76] Canadian professional golfer Brooke Henderson dedicated her win at the LPGA's Lotte Championship to the Broncos.[77] A week after the crash, one of the teams taking part in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL) championship made a stop to the scene of the crash to pay their respects, with players and coaches stating they felt stopping at the site was an important step in the grieving process.[78]

The crash location has been turned into a memorial, with Canadians from all across the country leaving flowers, candles, stuffed bears, stickers, coffee cups, wreaths and hockey sticks.[33] On April 14, 2018, Nipawin resident Rocky Salisbury placed 16 crosses at the crash site to memorialize the dead.[79]

At least two tattoo tributes were carried out by those connected to the crash. Two siblings and two friends of survivor Morgan Gobeil had his heartbeat, measured at the hospital, tattooed onto their arms at Rites of Passage Tattoo, who also said fans were making bookings for tribute tattoos, such as of jerseys and team numbers.[80] Mark Antonichuk, a passer-by from Moose Jaw who was one of the first on the scene, had the team's logo tattooed onto his back under the words "With You on the Scene" and above the words "With You Forever".[81]

After the accident, the Stanley Cup was brought to the hospital for the injured players.[82]

On April 27, 2018, a Country Thunder Humboldt Broncos tribute concert was planned. It was held in Saskatoon and some NHL players attended.[83][84]

Clint Jackson, an artist associated with the Olds Mavericks, created a artwork piece to commemorate the victims; the piece is a set of wings encasing two hockey sticks, with the faces of the dead airbrushed in the interior. At least one survivor, Graysen Cameron, a previous Olds player, has signed the piece, and it was delivered to Humboldt by the artist.[85]

A crowdfunding effort was launched by Humboldt resident Sylvie Kellington within hours of the collision to support victims and their families, and raised more than $1 million within 24 hours, and $4 million by the next day.[86] On April 18, it reached $15,185,502,[87] making it Canada's largest GoFundMe campaign and the second largest in the history of the site.[88][89] Public discussion on the use of funds raised coincided with the Humboldt Broncos using the services of a Western Canada law firm, MLT Aikins, for assistance. Consideration[by whom?] of possible future NHL salaries to home renovations for disabled access were part of public discussion.[90] The GoFundMe campaign closed on April 18, 2018, at 11:59 PM MST, and the Bronco's President Kevin Garinger met with the media to announce a plan for managing the donations.[91]

Under the newly formed Humboldt Broncos Memorial Fund Inc. the funds will be disbursed through a committee that will work with the team and establish how the funds will be disbursed. After the campaign ends the GoFundMe page will stay live, to allow the team to continue to update the public on the progress of allocating the funds.[92] At least one family of a survivor has commented on how the money should be split between the victims. The father of Ryan Straschnitzki has suggested that it be divided evenly by to all 29 victims.[93]

Fundraisers and donations outside of the GoFundMe will go to the Humboldt Strong Community Foundation, created with legal counsel from Robert Stromberg LLP. The Foundations' mission will be to support the Broncos' players, employees, families and volunteers as well as first responders, emergency personnel, teams, athletes, organizations, and community affected by the crash and the aftermath.[94]

The Canalta Hotel offered free rooms to family members travelling to Saskatchewan after the crash and provided food and support.[95] Restaurants have been handing out free food, and servers from other restaurants in the chain of Boston Pizza came to cover the shifts of workers in Humboldt who had been friends with team members.[96] Other groups such as STARS Air Ambulance and Ronald McDonald House, have been credited by family members of those injured for providing support after the accident and during family members recovery.[97]

Wounded Warriors Canada have offered support for the first responders involved with the crash. An online fundraising campaign started by Wounded Warriors Canada and TEMA Conter Memorial Trust raised over $110,000 for Humboldt's first responders.[further explanation needed][98] Tim Hortons, a Canadian fast-food company, raised $800,000 selling yellow and green sprinkle doughnuts, the proceeds of which were donated to the Humboldt Broncos.[99]

Toledo Walleye players and coaches raised $6,040 through a jersey auction during their April 13, 2018 game and then raised the donation total to $10,000 through the teams Walleye Wishing Well charity fund.[100] Family members and friends of those injured and killed have also created their own fundraisers such as a four-on-four hockey tournament, memorial funds for scholarship use, and medical funds.[97]

A fake GoFundMe that mimicked the initial one that benefited the entire team was discovered and reported by a Vancouver woman, who grew suspicious when she noticed the account had only $1,300 donated, while the original had over $8 million at the time.[101] Families of those who died due to the accident discovered a website with error-filled obituaries of 11 out of the 16 victims; the public could then purchase an online memorial candle or flowers, although the money would not be donated.[102] One of the more vocal injured players, Ryan Straschnitzki, had a fake Twitter account and GoFundMe set up under his name.[103]

The funeral for Tyler Bieber was held on April 12 in Humboldt, Saskatchewan. Three funerals were held on April 13; Jacob Leicht in Humboldt; Adam Herold in Montmartre, Saskatchewan; and bus driver Glen Doerksen in Carrot River, Saskatchewan. Funerals for Darcy Haugan and Brody Hinz were held on April 14 in Humboldt. A celebration of life for Logan Boulet was held on April 14 in Lethbridge, Alberta.[104]. A celebration of life for Logan Schatz was held on April 15 in Allan, Saskatchewan.[105]. The funeral for Evan Thomas was held April 16 at SaskTel Centre in Saskatoon.[106] A public memorial was held on April 17 at Rogers Place in Edmonton for Jaxon Joseph, Logan Hunter, Parker Tobin, and Stephen Wack.[107] A private service was held for Parker Tobin in Stony Plain, Alberta, on April 16. The funerals for Conner Lukan and Dayna Brons took place on April 18, in Slave Lake, Alberta and Humboldt respectively. The funeral for Logan Schatz was held on April 15 in Allan, Saskatchewan.[108][109][110] The funeral for Mark Cross was scheduled for April 21, in Strasbourg, Saskatchewan.[111]

The Saskatchewan government plans to hire a private consulting firm to do a safety assessment of the intersection where the crash occurred. Premier Moe has stated that the government is waiting for the RCMP and Ministry of Highways to finish the crash investigation before hiring the firm.[112]

In May 2018 it was announced that the Humboldt Broncos Junior Hockey team would be taking steps to be ready for the start of the next season. They are looking to replace positions that had been lost through the accident, as well as an invite-only camp in Saskatoon.[113]


what do brackets in an chemical equation mean

Conventionally for concentrations and activities, square brackets [ ] are used around the chemical molecular formula. For an arbitrary atom, generic letters in upright non-bold typeface such as A, B, R, X or Y etc. are often used.

Defining equation (physical chemistry)

In physical chemistry, there are numerous quantities associated with chemical compounds and reactions; notably in terms of amounts of substance, activity or concentration of a substance, and the rate of reaction. This article uses SI units.

Theoretical chemistry requires quantities from core physics, such as time, volume, temperature, and pressure. But the highly quantitative nature of physical chemistry, in a more specialized way than core physics, uses molar amounts of substance rather than simply counting numbers; this leads to the specialized definitions in this article. Core physics itself rarely uses the mole, except in areas overlapping thermodynamics and chemistry.

Entity refers to the type of particle/s in question, such as atoms, molecules, complexes, radicals, ions, electrons etc.[1]

No standard symbols are used for the following quantities, as specifically applied to a substance:

Usually the symbol for the quantity with a subscript of some reference to the quantity is used, or the quantity is written with the reference to the chemical in round brackets. For example, the mass of water might be written in subscripts as mH2O, mwater, maq, mw (if clear from context) etc., or simply as m(H2O). Another example could be the electronegativity of the fluorine-fluorine covalent bond, which might be written with subscripts χF-F, χFF or χF-F etc., or brackets χ(F-F), χ(FF) etc.

Neither is standard. For the purpose of this article, the nomenclature is as follows, closely (but not exactly) matching standard use.

For general equations with no specific reference to an entity, quantities are written as their symbols with an index to label the component of the mixture - i.e. qi. The labeling is arbitrary in initial choice, but once chosen fixed for the calculation.

If any reference to an actual entity (say hydrogen ions H+) or any entity at all (say X) is made, the quantity symbol q is followed by curved ( ) brackets enclosing the molecular formula of X, i.e. q(X), or for a component i of a mixture q(Xi). No confusion should arise with the notation for a mathematical function.

The average mass

⟨
m

(

X

)

⟩

{\displaystyle \langle m\left({\rm {X}}\right)\rangle }

 is the average of the T masses mi(X) corresponding the T isotopes of X (i is a dummy index labelling each isotope):

⟨
m

(

X

)

⟩
=

1
T

∑

i

T

m

(

X

i

)

{\displaystyle \langle m\left({\rm {X}}\right)\rangle ={\frac {1}{T}}\sum _{i}^{T}m\left({\rm {X}}_{i}\right)}

j = index labelling each element,
N = number of atoms of each element Xi.

where solv = solvent (liquid solution).

where Mix = mixture.

where mix = gaseous mixture.

m(Xi) = mass of Xi

m(Xi) = mass of Xi

The defining formulae for the equilibrium constants Kc (all reactions) and Kp (gaseous reactions) apply to the general chemical reaction:

and the defining equation for the rate constant k applies to the simpler synthesis reaction (one product only):

The dummy indices on the substances X and Y label the components (arbitrary but fixed for calculation); they are not the numbers of each component molecules as in usual chemistry notation.

The units for the chemical constants are unusual since they can vary depending on the stoichiometry of the reaction, and the number of reactant and product components. The general units for equilibrium constants can be determined by usual methods of dimensional analysis. For the generality of the kinetics and equilibria units below, let the indices for the units be;

For the constant Kc;

Substitute the concentration units into the equation and simplify:,

The procedure is exactly identical for Kp.

For the constant k

where Ni = number of molecules of component i.

a

i

=

γ

x
i

x

i

{\displaystyle a_{i}=\gamma _{xi}x_{i}\,}

a

i

=

γ

b
i

b

i

/

b

⊖

{\displaystyle a_{i}=\gamma _{bi}b_{i}/b^{\ominus }\,}

a

i

=

γ

c
i

[

X

i

]

/

[

X

i

]

⊖

{\displaystyle a_{i}=\gamma _{ci}\left[\mathrm {X} _{i}\right]/\left[\mathrm {X} _{i}\right]^{\ominus }\,}

a(Xi) and a(Yj) are activities of Xi and Yj respectively.

Notation for half-reaction standard electrode potentials is as follows. The redox reaction

split into:

a reduction reaction:

B

+

+

e

−

↽

−

−

⇀

B

{\displaystyle {\ce {{B+}+{e^{-}}<=>{B}}}}

and an oxidation reaction:

A

+

+

e

−

↽

−

−

⇀

A

{\displaystyle {\ce {{A+}+{e^{-}}<=>{A}}}}

(written this way by convention) the electrode potential for the half reactions are written as

E

⊖

(

A

+

|

A

)

{\displaystyle E^{\ominus }\left({\ce {A+}}\vert {\ce {A}}\right)}

 and

E

⊖

(

B

+

|

B

)

{\displaystyle E^{\ominus }\left({\ce {B+}}\vert {\ce {B}}\right)}

 respectively.

For the case of a metal-metal half electrode, letting M represent the metal and z be its valency, the half reaction takes the form of a reduction reaction:

where Def is the standard electrode of definition, defined to have zero potential. The chosen one is hydrogen:

E

⊖

(

H

+

)

=

E

⊖

(

H

+

|

H

)

=
0

{\displaystyle E^{\ominus }\left({\ce {H+}}\right)=E^{\ominus }\left({\ce {H+}}\vert {\ce {H}}\right)=0}

where Cat is the cathode substance and An is the anode substance.

I
=

1
2

∑

i
=
1

N

z

i

2

[

X

i

]

{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}z_{i}^{2}\left[{\rm {X}}_{i}\right]}

and one using molality,[4]

I
=

1
2

∑

i
=
1

N

z

i

2

b

i

{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}z_{i}^{2}b_{i}}

The sum is taken over all ions in the solution.

Ï† = local electrostatic potential (see below also) zi = valency (charge) of the ion i

χ

A

−

χ

B

=
(

e
V

)

−
1

/

2

E

d

(

A
B

)
−
[

E

d

(

A
A

)
+

E

d

(

B
B

)
]

/

2

{\displaystyle \chi _{\rm {A}}-\chi _{\rm {B}}=({\rm {eV}})^{-1/2}{\sqrt {E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AB}})-[E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AA}})+E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {BB}})]/2}}}

Mulliken (absolute):

χ
=

10

−
3

[
187

(

E

I

+

E

E
A

)

+
170
]

{\displaystyle \chi =10^{-3}\left[187\left(E_{I}+E_{EA}\right)+170\right]\,}

Energies (in eV) Ed = Bond dissociation EI = Ionization EEA = Electron affinity


what does the end of halloween 2 mean

The police discover Michael's location and surround the shed. Loomis arrives and goes inside to try to reason with Michael. Inside, he finds Laurie, who is hallucinating a younger Michael holding her down, and tries telling her that no one is restraining her. Just then, Deborah instructs the older Michael that it is time to go home; Michael attacks Loomis and kills him. Stepping in front of a window while holding Loomis' body, Michael is shot twice by Sheriff Brackett, and falls into the spikes of some farming equipment. Apparently released from her visions, Laurie walks over and tells Michael she loves him, then stabs him repeatedly. The shed door opens and Laurie walks out, wearing Michael's mask. In the final scene, Laurie sits in isolation in a psychiatric ward, grinning at a vision of Deborah.

Halloween II (2009 film)

Halloween II is a 2009 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a sequel to Zombie's 2007 remake of 1978's Halloween, and the tenth installment of the  franchise. Picking up where the 2007 film ended and then jumping ahead two years, Halloween II follows Laurie Strode as she deals with the aftermath of the previous film's events, Dr. Loomis who is trying to capitalize on those events by publishing a new book that chronicles everything that happened, and Michael Myers as he continues his search for Laurie so that he can reunite with his sister. The film sees the return of lead cast members from the 2007 film Malcolm McDowell, Scout Taylor-Compton, and Tyler Mane, who portray Dr. Loomis, Laurie Strode, and Michael Myers, respectively.

For Halloween II, Zombie decided to focus more on the connection between Laurie and Michael, and the idea that they share similar psychological problems. Zombie wanted the sequel to be more realistic and violent than its 2007 predecessor. For the characters of Halloween II, it is about change. Zombie wanted to look at how the events of the first film affected the characters. Zombie also wanted to show the connection between Laurie and Michael, and provide a glimpse into each character's psyche. Filming primarily took place in Georgia, which provided Zombie with a tax incentive as well as the visual look the director was going for with the film. When it came time to provide a musical score, Zombie had trouble finding a place to include John Carpenter's original Halloween theme music. Although Carpenter's theme was used throughout Zombie's remake, the theme was only included in the final shot of this film.

Halloween II was officially released on August 28, 2009 in North America, and was met with a negative reception from critics. On October 30, 2009 it was re-released in North America to coincide with the Halloween holiday weekend. The original opening of the film grossed less than the 2007 remake, with approximately $7 million. The film would go on to earn $33.4 million in North America, and $6 million in foreign countries giving the film a worldwide total of $39.4 million.[3]

In a flashback, Deborah Myers (Sheri Moon Zombie) visits her son, a young Michael Myers (Chase Wright Vanek), at Smith's Grove Sanitarium. She gives him a white horse statuette as a gift. Michael says that the horse reminds him of a dream he had of Deborah's ghost, all dressed in white and telling him she was going to bring him home.

Moving ahead fifteen years, Laurie Strode (Scout Taylor-Compton) is wandering around in shock after having shot an adult Michael (Tyler Mane). Sheriff Leigh Brackett (Brad Dourif) finds Laurie and takes her to the emergency room. Meanwhile, the paramedics pick up Annie Brackett (Danielle Harris) and Michael's psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis (Malcolm McDowell), who are still alive after being attacked by Michael, and take them to the hospital. Michaelâ€™s body is taken in another ambulance. When the driver (Dayton Callie) has a traffic accident, Michael awakens and escapes, killing a paramedic (Richard Brake) injured in the accident.

Two years after the events of the first film, Laurie is now living with the Bracketts. Michael has been missing since last Halloween and is presumed dead, while Laurie has been having recurring nightmares about the event. While Laurie deals with her trauma through therapy, Dr. Loomis has chosen to turn the event into an opportunity to write another book. Elsewhere, Michael, who is still alive and living as a drifter, has been having visions of his mother's ghost and a younger version of himself, who instruct him that it is time to bring Laurie home. Michael arrives at a farm and kills the owners, and he sets off for Haddonfield.

As Michael travels to Haddonfield, Laurie begins having hallucinations that mirror Michael's, which involves Deborah's ghost and a young Michael in a clown costume. Her hallucinations also begin to include her acting out Michael's murders. Meanwhile, Loomis goes on tour to promote his new book, only to be criticized by the public, who blame him for Michael's actions and for exploiting the deaths of Michael's victims.

When Loomis' book is released, Laurie discovers that she is really Angel Myers, Michael's long-lost sister. She goes to a Halloween party with Mya (Brea Grant) and Harley (Angela Trimbur) to escape how she is feeling. Michael appears at the party and kills Harley, then goes to the Brackett house and fatally wounds Annie. When Laurie and Mya return to the house, they find Annie, who dies in Laurie's arms. Michael kills Mya and then comes after Laurie, who manages to escape. Sheriff Brackett arrives home and finds his daughter dead. Laurie flags down a car, but Michael kills the driver and flips the car over with Laurie still inside. Michael then takes the unconscious Laurie to an abandoned shed.

In 2008, at the 30 Years of Terror Convention, Halloween producer Malek Akkad confirmed that a sequel to Rob Zombie's 2007 film was in the works. French filmmakers Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo were in negotiations to direct the sequel in November 2008,[5] but on December 15, 2008 Variety reported that Rob Zombie had officially signed on to write and direct the Halloween sequel.[6] In an interview, Zombie expressed how the exhaustion of creating the first Halloween made him not want to come back for a sequel, but after a year of cooling down he was more open to the idea.[7] The writer/director explained that with the sequel he was no longer bound by a sense of needing to retain any "John Carpenter-ness", as he "felt free to do whatever".[8] Producer Malek Akkad said the original intention, when they believed Zombie was not returning, was to create a "normal sequel".[4] Akkad and his Trancus producing company hired various writers to come up with drafts for a new film, but none worked. Akkad and the Weinstein brothers then turned to Bustillo and Muary, whose film Inside had recently been bought for distribution by the Weinstein Company. According to Akkad, the producers really wanted Zombie to return, as Akkad felt that there was something "lost in the translation" when the French filmmakers took over the project.[4] After his work on the 2007 remake, Zombie had earned the trust of Akkad, who told him to ignore any rules they had set for him on the previous film. Akkad said that he wanted Zombie to move the franchise away from some of its established rules.[4]

For the sequel, Mane, McDowell, Taylor-Compton, Harris, Moon Zombie, and Dourif returned to the roles of Michael Myers, Dr. Loomis, Laurie Strode, Annie Brackett, Deborah Myers, and Sheriff Brackett, respectively. Daeg Faerch, who portrayed a young Michael Myers in the 2007 remake, was set to reprise his role for Halloween II. By the time production was getting started for the sequel Faerch had grown too big for the part. Zombie had to recast the role, much to his own dismay, because Faerch's physical maturity did not fit what was in the script. Although Faerch is not in the sequel, the first trailer for Halloween II contained images of Faerch. Zombie pointed out that those images were test shots done and were not intended to be in either the trailer or the film.[9]

Taylor-Compton described her character as having "these bipolar moments",[11] where her emotions are spontaneously changing from points of happiness to agitation. The actress stated that Zombie wanted to see Laurie Strode travel into "these really dark places".[11] Taylor-Compton clarified that when the film starts Laurie is still not aware that Michael is her older brother, and as the film progresses more and more pieces of information are given to her and she does not know how to deal with them. The actress explained that the darkness brewing inside Laurie is manifested externally, generally through her physical appearance and the clothes she chooses to wearâ€”Zombie characterized the look as "grungy".[11]

Zombie further described Laurie as a "wreck", who continually sinks lower as the film moves forward.[12] Even Sheriff Brackett goes through changes. Brackett, who receives more screen time in this film, allows Laurie to move in with him and his daughter after the events of the first film. Zombie explained, "He's old, he's worn out, he's just this beat-down guy with these two girls he can't deal with."[13] Zombie characterized Loomis in the sequel as more of a "sellout",[14] who exploits the memories of those who were killed by Michael in the 2007 film. Zombie explained that he tried to channel Vincent Bugliosi, a lawyer who prosecuted Charles Manson and then wrote a book about it, into Loomis's character for the sequel; noting that he wanted Loomis to seem more "ridiculous" this time.[14] As for Michael Myers, the character is given almost an entirely new look for the film, which is being used, according to Taylor-Compton, to illustrate a new emotion for the character as he spends much of his time trying to hide himself.[11] Zombie said that of all of the characters that return in the sequel, Michael is the only one that does not change: "All the other characters are very different. Laurie; Loomis; they're having all kinds of problems in their life, but Michael just moves along. Michael is no different; he's exactly the same as he was ten years old and he killed everybody [...] He has no concept of the world around him, so he can never be affected by it."[15]

With a $15 million budget,[2] production began on February 23, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.[16] Zombie acknowledged that filming in Georgia provided certain tax breaks for the company, but the real reason he chose that location was because the other locations he was planning to use were still experiencing snowy weather. For him, Georgia's landscapes and locations provided the look that he wanted for his film.[9] During production, Zombie described the sequel as being "Ultra gritty, ultra intense and very real"[17] and said that he was trying to create almost the exact opposite of what people would expect.[18] Known for filming multiple sequences during production of his films, Zombie filmed an alternate ending to Halloween II. In the alternate ending, Loomis and Michael crash through the shed the police have surrounded, and out into the open air. As Loomis grasps at Michael's mask, and pleads for him to stop, Michael stabs him in the stomach, telling him to "Die!".[19]

For the sequel, Zombie only used Carpenter's original theme music in the final scene of the film, though the director admits that he and music composer Tyler Bates tried to find other places to include it. According to Zombie, Carpenter's music did not fit with what was happening in the film; whenever he or Bates would insert it into a scene it "just wouldn't feel right" to the director.[15] Zombie also used popular culture songs throughout the film, with "Nights in White Satin" appearing the most prominently. Zombie chose songs that he liked, and that would enhance a given scene within the film.[15] An official soundtrack for the film was released on August 25, 2009.[20] In addition, an album featuring the music of psychobilly band Captain Clegg and the Night Creatures was released in conjunction with Halloween II on August 28, 2009. Captain Clegg and the Night Creatures is a fictional band that appears in Halloween II.[21][22] Nan Vernon, who recorded a new version of the song "Mr. Sandman" for the end credits of the 2007 remake, recorded a cover of "Love Hurts" for Halloween II.[23]

Dimension Films released Halloween II in North America on August 28, 2009 to 3,025 theaters.[24] Following that, the film was released in the United Kingdom on October 9, 2009.[25] Dimension re-released Halloween II in North America on October 30, 2009 to coincide with the Halloween holiday,[26] across 1,083 theaters.[27] The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 12, 2010; the theatrical cut and an unrated director's cut, which Zombie says is "very different from the theatrical version," are available.[28][29][30][31] The Theatrical cut can only be purchased on Blu-ray in a Canadian double feature disc along with the theatrical cut of Halloween (2007).[citation needed]

On its opening day, the film grossed an estimated $7,640,000,[32] which is less than the $10,896,610 Zombie's 2007 remake pulled in during the same weekend of August.[33] By the end of its opening weekend, Halloween II had grossed $16,349,565.[3] That weekend earned more than the entire box office performances of Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers ($11,642,254), Halloween III: Season of the Witch ($14,400,000), and Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers ($15,116,634), in unadjusted dollars.[34] The film dropped 64.9% in its second weekend, only grossing $5,745,206 and slipping from third to sixth place. Grossing just $2,114,486 in its third weekend, Halloween II dropped out of the box office top ten to fourteenth place.[35] The re-release of the film was intended to take advantage of the Halloween holiday, but the film only brought in approximately $475,000.[27] By the end of its theatrical run, Halloween II grossed a total of $33,392,973 in North America, and an additional $6,028,494 overseas for a worldwide total of $39,421,467.[3] Compared to the other Halloween films, the 2009 sequel sits in fourth place, just behind the original Halloween.[34]

Based on 74 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, Halloween II has an overall 20% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 3.7 out of 10, with the general consensus reading "Zombie shows flashes of vision in the follow-up to his Halloween reboot, but they're smothered by mountains of gore and hackneyed, brutal violence."[36] Rob Nelson, of Variety, felt the use of Deborah and the white horse was nothing more than "silly", and he disagreed with Zombie's choice to film Halloween II in 16mm film, as opposed to the wider format of 35mm that he used on his 2007 remake. Nelson also stated that the hospital scene was nothing more than a "butcher"-version of Carpenter's 1981 sequel, with the rest of the film feeling like it was rushed and "slapped together" at the last minute.[37] In contrast, Time Out believed the hospital scene at the start of the film "[bested the 1981 sequel] in just about every respect". Time Out stated that Compton's portrayal of Laurie Strode showed an "intense, nontrivializing dedication to the role" that kept interest, while the storyline of Dr. Loomis's egocentricity hinders the overall storyline. Time Out also said that Zombie hurt the film by trying to show how "violence lingers with, and perverts, all who are touched by it", but then undercutting himself with "carnivalesque" violence.[38] Although the New York Post's Kyle Smith did not believe the character of Laurie Strode was a balance for Michael Myers or Dr. Loomis, he agreed the ghostly images of Deborah Myers were a "relief from the blood-streaked brutality" of Michael's murders.[39]

The Boston Globe's Tom Russo had varied reactions to the film. Russo pointed out that Zombie attempted to be more inventive with Halloween II, but only achieved mixed results for his efforts. Russo referred to the dream sequences of Deborah Myers and the white horse as "pretentiously silly", but agreed that the scenes did help to break up the standard genre violence and even went so far as to compare the sensation created by those scenes to "Tim Burton doing straight horror". In the end, Russo claimed that "only the most hardcore fans" would want the film series to continue.[40] Joe Neumaier, of the Daily News, stated that Zombie has found himself with Halloween II. Neumaier describes the film as a successful "'character-based' monster-flick". Zombie's use of music from the 1970s, like The Moody Blues' "Nights in White Satin" and 10cc's "The Things We Do for Love", is "terrifically odd" throughout the film. Neumaier also said that the imagery of Deborah Myers and the "ethereal white horse" were a "nice visual relief" from Michael's violent attacks.[41]

In 2009, Rob Zombie declined to return to direct the sequel to Halloween II.[42] The direct sequel[43][44] was originally planned for 2010.[45] In 2011, the next film in the series, Halloween 3D, was announced by The Weinstein Company, and planned to be released in 2012.[46] That film was ultimately cancelled in 2012.[47] Halloween 3D was planned to have Michael Myers stalk Laurie Strode while she was confined in a mental asylum.[43]


the girl who was shot for going to school

On 9 October 2012, while on a bus in the Swat District, after taking an exam, Yousafzai and two other girls were shot by a Taliban gunman in an assassination attempt in retaliation for her activism; the gunman fled the scene. Yousafzai was hit in the head with a bullet and remained unconscious and in critical condition at the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, but her condition later improved enough for her to be transferred to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, UK.[7]  The attempt on her life sparked an international outpouring of support for Yousafzai. Deutsche Welle reported in January 2013 that Yousafzai may have become "the most famous teenager in the world".[8] Weeks after the attempted murder, a group of fifty leading Muslim clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her.[9] The Taliban was internationally denounced by governments, human rights organizations and feminist groups. Taliban officials responded to condemnation by further denouncing Yousafzai, indicating plans for a possible second assassination attempt which was justified as a religious obligation. Their statements resulted in further international condemnation.[citation needed]

Malala Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai (Malālah Yūsafzay: Urdu: ملالہ یوسفزئی; Pashto: ملاله یوسفزۍ [məˈlaːlə jusəf ˈzəj];[2] born 12 July 1997)[2][3] is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate.[4] She is known for human rights advocacy, especially the education of women and children in her native Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northwest Pakistan, where the local Taliban had at times banned girls from attending school. Her advocacy has grown into an international movement, and according to Pakistani Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, she has become "the most prominent citizen" of the country.[5]

Yousafzai was born to a Pashtun family in Mingora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Her family came to run a chain of schools in the region. Considering Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Benazir Bhutto as her role models, she was particularly inspired by her father's thoughts and humanitarian work.[6] In early 2009, when she was 11â€“12, she wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC Urdu detailing her life during the Taliban occupation of Swat. The following summer, journalist Adam B. Ellick made a New York Times documentary[3] about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the region. She rose in prominence, giving interviews in print and on television, and she was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize by activist Desmond Tutu.

Following her recovery, Yousafzai became a prominent activist for the right to education. Based out of Birmingham, she founded the Malala Fund, a non-profit organisation,[10] and in 2013 co-authored I am Malala, an international best seller.[11] In 2012, she was the recipient of Pakistan's first National Youth Peace Prize and the 2013 Sakharov Prize.[12]  In 2014, she was the co-recipient of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Kailash Satyarthi. Aged 17 at the time, this made her the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate.[13][14][15] In 2015, Yousafzai was a subject of the Oscar-shortlisted documentary He Named Me Malala. The 2013, 2014 and 2015 issues of Time magazine featured her as one of the most influential people globally. In 2017, she was awarded honorary Canadian citizenship and became the youngest person to address the House of Commons of Canada.[16] Yousafzai attended Edgbaston High School from 2013 to 2017,[17] and is currently studying for a bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.[18]

Yousafzai was born on 12 July 1997 in the Swat District of Pakistan's northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, into a lower-middle-class family.[19] She is the daughter of Ziauddin Yousafzai and Tor Pekai Yousafzai.[20] Her family is Sunni Muslim[3] of Pashtun ethnicity.[21] The family did not have enough money for a hospital birth and as a result, Yousafzai was born at home with the help of neighbours.[22] She was given her first name Malala (meaning "grief-stricken")[23] after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan.[24] Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistan's Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two younger brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Toor Pekai, and two pet chickens.[3]

Fluent in Pashto, Urdu and English, Yousafzai was educated mostly by her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, who is a poet, school owner,[25] and an educational activist himself, running a chain of private schools known as the Khushal Public School.[26][27] In an interview, Yousafzai once stated that she aspired to become a doctor, though later her father encouraged her to become a politician instead.[3] Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed.[28]

Inspired by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, when her father took her to Peshawar to speak at the local press club.[6] "How dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education?", Yousafzai asked her audience in a speech covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region.[29] In 2009, Yousafzai began as a trainee and then a peer educator in the Institute for War and Peace Reporting's Open Minds Pakistan youth programme, which worked in schools in the region to help young people engage in constructive discussion on social issues through the tools of journalism, public debate and dialogue.[30]

In late 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan of the BBC Urdu website and his colleagues came up with a novel way of covering the Taliban's growing influence in Swat. They decided to ask a schoolgirl to blog anonymously about her life there. Their correspondent in Peshawar, Abdul Hai Kakar, had been in touch with a local school teacher, Ziauddin Yousafzai, but could not find any students willing to do so, as it was considered too dangerous by their families. Finally, Yousafzai suggested his own daughter, 11-year-old Malala.[31] At the time, Taliban militants led by Maulana Fazlullah were taking over the Swat Valley, banning television, music, girls' education,[32] and women from going shopping.[33] Bodies of beheaded policemen were being displayed in town squares.[32] At first, a girl named Aisha from her father's school agreed to write a diary, but then the girl's parents stopped her from doing it because they feared Taliban reprisals. The only alternative was Yousafzai, four years younger than the original volunteer, and in seventh grade at the time.[34] Editors at the BBC unanimously agreed.[32]

Malala Yousafzai, 3 January 2009 BBC blog entry[23]

"We had been covering the violence and politics in Swat in detail but we didn't know much about how ordinary people lived under the Taliban", said Mirza Waheed, the former editor of BBC Urdu. Because they were concerned about Yousafzai's safety, BBC editors insisted that she use a pseudonym.[32] Her blog was published under the byline "Gul Makai" ("cornflower" in Urdu),[35] a name taken from a character in a Pashtun folktale.[36][37]

On 3 January 2009, Yousafzai's first entry was posted to the BBC Urdu blog. She would hand-write notes and then pass them on to a reporter who would scan and e-mail them.[32] The blog records Yousafzai's thoughts during the First Battle of Swat, as military operations take place, fewer girls show up to school, and finally, her school shuts down.

In Mingora, the Taliban had set an edict that no girls could attend school after 15 January 2009. The group had already blown up more than a hundred girls' schools.[32] The night before the ban took effect was filled with the noise of artillery fire, waking Yousafzai several times. The following day, Yousafzai also read for the first time excerpts from her blog that had been published in a local newspaper.[23]

Following the edict, the Taliban destroyed several more local schools. On 24 January 2009, Yousafzai wrote: "Our annual exams are due after the vacations but this will only be possible if the Taliban allow girls to go to school. We were told to prepare certain chapters for the exam but I do not feel like studying."[38]

Malala Yousafzai, 24 January 2009 BBC blog entry[38]

In February 2009, girls' schools were still closed. In solidarity, private schools for boys had decided not to open until 9 February, and notices appeared saying so.[38] On 7 February, Yousafzai and her brother returned to their hometown of Mingora, where the streets were deserted, and there was an "eerie silence". "We went to the supermarket to buy a gift for our mother but it was closed, whereas earlier it used to remain open till late. Many other shops were also closed", she wrote in her blog. Their home had been robbed and their television was stolen.[38]

After boys' schools reopened, the Taliban lifted restrictions on girls' primary education, where there was co-education. Girls-only schools were still closed. Yousafzai wrote that only 70 pupils attended, out of 700 pupils who were enrolled.[38]

On 15 February, gunshots could be heard in the streets of Mingora, but Yousafzai's father reassured her, saying "Don't be scared â€“ this is firing for peace." Her father had read in the newspaper that the government and the militants were going to sign a peace deal the next day. Later that night, when the Taliban announced the peace deal on their FM Radio studio, another round of stronger firing started outside.[38] Yousafzai spoke out against the Taliban on the national current affairs show Capital Talk on 18 February.[39] Three days later, local Taliban leader Maulana Fazlulla announced on his FM radio station that he was lifting the ban on women's education, and girls would be allowed to attend school until exams were held on 17 March, but they had to wear burqas.[38]

On 25 February, Yousafzai wrote on her blog that she and her classmates "played a lot in class and enjoyed ourselves like we used to before".[38] Attendance at Yousafzai's class was up to 19 of 27 pupils by 1 March, but the Taliban were still active in the area. Shelling continued, and relief goods meant for displaced people were looted.[38] Only two days later, Yousafzai wrote that there was a skirmish between the military and Taliban, and the sounds of mortar shells could be heard: "People are again scared that the peace may not last for long. Some people are saying that the peace agreement is not permanent, it is just a break in fighting."[38]

On 9 March, Yousafzai wrote about a science paper that she performed well on, and added that the Taliban were no longer searching vehicles as they once did. Her blog ended on 12 March 2009.[40]

After the BBC diary ended, Yousafzai and her father were approached by New York Times reporter Adam B. Ellick about filming a documentary.[34] In May, the Pakistani Army moved into the region to regain control during the Second Battle of Swat. Mingora was evacuated and Yousafzai's family was displaced and separated. Her father went to Peshawar to protest and lobby for support, while she was sent into the countryside to live with relatives. "I'm really bored because I have no books to read", Yousafzai is filmed saying in the documentary.[3]

That month, after criticising militants at a press conference, Yousafzai's father received a death threat over the radio by a Taliban commander.[3] Yousafzai was deeply inspired in her activism by her father. That summer, for the first time, she committed to becoming a politician and not a doctor, as she had once aspired to be.[3]

Malala Yousafzai, Class Dismissed (documentary)[3]

By early July, refugee camps were filled to capacity. The prime minister made a long-awaited announcement saying that it was safe to return to the Swat Valley. The Pakistani military had pushed the Taliban out of the cities and into the countryside. Yousafzai's family reunited, and on 24 July 2009 they headed home. They made one stop first â€“ to meet with a group of other grassroots activists that had been invited to see United States President Barack Obama's special representative to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke. Yousafzai pleaded with Holbrooke to intervene in the situation, saying, "Respected ambassador, if you can help us in our education, so please help us." When her family finally did return home, they found it had not been damaged, and her school had sustained only light damage.[3]

Following the documentary, Yousafzai was interviewed on the national Pashto-language station AVT Khyber, the Urdu-language Daily Aaj, and Canada's Toronto Star.[34] She made a second appearance on Capital Talk on 19 August 2009.[41] Her BBC blogging identity was being revealed in articles by December 2009.[42][43] She also began appearing on television to publicly advocate for female education.[33] From 2009 to 2010 she was the chair of the District Child Assembly of the Khpal Kor Foundation through 2009 and 2010.[44][45]

In October 2011, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a South African activist, nominated Yousafzai for the International Children's Peace Prize of the Dutch international children's advocacy group KidsRights Foundation. She was the first Pakistani girl to be nominated for the award. The announcement said, "Malala dared to stand up for herself and other girls and used national and international media to let the world know girls should also have the right to go to school."[46] The award was won by Michaela Mycroft of South Africa.[47]

Her public profile rose even further when she was awarded Pakistan's first National Youth Peace Prize two months later in December.[32][46] On 19 December 2011, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani awarded her the National Peace Award for Youth. At the proceedings in her honour, Yousafzai stated that she was not a member of any political party, but hoped to found a national party of her own to promote education.[48] The prime minister directed the authorities to set up an IT campus in the Swat Degree College for Women at Yousafzai's request, and a secondary school was renamed in her honour.[49] By 2012, Yousafzai was planning to organise the Malala Education Foundation, which would help poor girls go to school.[50]

As Yousafzai became more recognised, the dangers facing her increased. Death threats against her were published in newspapers and slipped under her door.[51] On Facebook, where she was an active user, she began to receive threats.[32] Eventually, a Taliban spokesman said they were "forced" to act. In a meeting held in the summer of 2012, Taliban leaders unanimously agreed to kill her.[51]

Malala Yousafzai envisioning a confrontation with the Taliban[32]

On 9 October 2012, a Taliban gunman shot Yousafzai as she rode home on a bus after taking an exam in Pakistan's Swat Valley. Yousafzai was 15 years old at the time. According to reports, a masked gunman shouted "Which one of you is Malala? Speak up, otherwise I will shoot you all",[27] and, upon being identified, Yousafzai was shot with one bullet, which travelled 18 inches from the side of her left eye, through her neck and landed in her shoulder.[52][53] Two other girls were also wounded in the shooting: Kainat Riaz and Shazia Ramzan,[54] both of whom were stable enough following the shooting, to speak to reporters and provide details of the attack.

After the shooting, Yousafzai was airlifted to a military hospital in Peshawar, where doctors were forced to begin operating after swelling developed in the left portion of her brain, which had been damaged by the bullet when it passed through her head.[55] After a five-hour operation, doctors successfully removed the bullet, which had lodged in her shoulder near her spinal cord. The day following the attack, doctors performed a decompressive craniectomy, in which part of her skull was removed to allow room for swelling.[56]

On 11 October 2012, a panel of Pakistani and British doctors decided to move Yousafzai to the Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology in Rawalpindi.[56] Mumtaz Khan, a doctor, said that she had a 70% chance of survival.[57] Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Yousafzai would be moved to Germany, where she could receive the best medical treatment, as soon as she was stable enough to travel. A team of doctors would travel with her, and the government would bear the cost of her treatment.[58][59] Doctors reduced Yousafzai's sedation on 13 October, and she moved all four limbs.[60]

Offers to treat Yousafzai came from around the world.[61] On 15 October, Yousafzai travelled to the United Kingdom for further treatment, approved by both her doctors and family. Her plane landed in Birmingham, England where she was treated at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital,  one of the specialties of this hospital being the treatment of military personnel injured in conflict.[62] According to media reports at the time, the UK Government stated that "[t]he Pakistani government is paying all transport, migration, medical, accommodation and subsistence costs for Malala and her party."[63]

Yousafzai had come out of her coma by 17 October 2012, was responding well to treatment, and was said to have a good chance of fully recovering without any brain damage.[64] Later updates on 20 and 21 October stated that she was stable, but was still battling an infection.[65] By 8 November, she was photographed sitting up in bed.[66] On 11 November, Yousafzai underwent surgery for eight and a half hours, in order to repair her facial nerve.[52]

On 3 January 2013, Yousafzai was discharged from the hospital to continue her rehabilitation at her family's temporary home in the West Midlands,[67][68] where she had weekly physiotherapy.[52] She underwent a five-hour long operation on 2 February to reconstruct her skull and restore her hearing with a cochlear implant, after which she was reported to be in stable condition.[69][70] Yousafzai wrote in July 2014 that her facial nerve had recovered up to 96%.[52]

The murder attempt received worldwide media coverage and produced an outpouring of sympathy and anger. Protests against the shooting were held in several Pakistani cities the day after the attack, and over 2 million people signed the Right to Education campaign's petition, which led to ratification[71][72] of the first Right to Education Bill in Pakistan.[73][verification needed] Pakistani officials offered a 10 million rupee (US$105,000) reward for information leading to the arrest of the attackers. Responding to concerns about his safety, Yousafzai's father said, "We wouldn't leave our country if my daughter survives or not. We have an ideology that advocates peace. The Taliban cannot stop all independent voices through the force of bullets."[59]

Pakistan's president Asif Ali Zardari described the shooting as an attack on "civilized people".[74] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called it a "heinous and cowardly act".[75] United States President Barack Obama found the attack "reprehensible, disgusting and tragic",[76] while Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Yousafzai had been "very brave in standing up for the rights of girls" and that the attackers had been "threatened by that kind of empowerment".[77] British Foreign Secretary William Hague called the shooting "barbaric" and that it had "shocked Pakistan and the world".[78]

American singer Madonna dedicated her song "Human Nature" to Yousafzai at a concert in Los Angeles the day of the attack,[79] as well had a temporary Malala tattoo on her back.[80] American actress Angelina Jolie wrote an article about explaining the event to her children and answering questions like "Why did those men think they needed to kill Malala?"[81] Jolie later donated $200,000 to the Malala Fund[82] for girls' education.[83] Former First Lady of the United States Laura Bush wrote an op-ed piece in The Washington Post in which she compared Yousafzai to Holocaust diarist Anne Frank.[84] Indian director Amjad Khan announced that he would be making a biographical film based on Yousafzai.[85]

Ehsanullah Ehsan, chief spokesman for the Pakistani Taliban, claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that Yousafzai "is the symbol of the infidels and obscenity", adding that if she survived, the group would target her again.[86]
In the days following the attack, the Taliban reiterated its justification, saying Yousafzai had been brainwashed by her father: "We warned him several times to stop his daughter from using dirty language against us, but he didn't listen and forced us to take this extreme step."[54] The Taliban also justified its attack as part of religious scripture, stating that the Quran says that "people propagating against Islam and Islamic forces would be killed", going on to say that "Sharia says that even a child can be killed if he is propagating against Islam".[87]

On 12 October 2012, a group of 50 Islamic clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā – a ruling of Islamic law – against the Taliban gunmen who tried to kill Yousafzai. Islamic scholars from the Sunni Ittehad Council publicly denounced attempts by the Pakistani Taliban to mount religious justifications for the shooting of Yousafzai and two of her classmates.[88]

Although the attack was roundly condemned in Pakistan,[89] "some fringe Pakistani political parties and extremist outfits" have aired conspiracy theories, such as the shooting being staged by the American Central Intelligence Agency to provide an excuse for continuing drone attacks.[90] The Pakistani Taliban and some other pro-Taliban elements branded Yousafzai an "American spy".[91][92][93][94]

On 15 October 2012, UN Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown, the former British Prime Minister, visited Yousafzai while she was in the hospital,[95] and launched a petition in her name and "in support of what Malala fought for".[96] Using the slogan "I am Malala", the petition's main demand was that there be no child left out of school by 2015, with the hope that "girls like Malala everywhere will soon be going to school".[97] Brown said he would hand the petition to President Zardari in Islamabad in November.[96]

The petition contains three demands:

The day after the shooting, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik stated that the Taliban gunman who shot Yousafzai had been identified.[98] Police named 23-year-old Atta Ullah Khan, a graduate student in chemistry, as the gunman in the attack.[99] As of 2015 he remained at large, possibly in Afghanistan.[100][101]

The police also arrested six men for involvement in the attack, but they were later released due to lack of evidence.[100] In November 2012, US sources confirmed that Mullah Fazlullah, the cleric who ordered the attack on Yousafzai, was hiding in Eastern Afghanistan.[102]

On 12 September 2014, ISPR Director, Major General Asim Bajwa, told a media briefing in Islamabad that the 10 attackers belong to a militant group called "Shura". General Bajwa said that Israrur Rehman was the first militant group member who was identified and apprehended by the troops. Acting upon the information received during his interrogation, all other members of the militant group were arrested. It was an intelligence-based joint operation conducted by ISI, police, and military.[103][104]

In April 2015, the ten who were arrested were sentenced to life in prison by Judge Mohammad Amin Kundi, a counterterrorism judge, with the chance of eligibility for parole, and possible release, after 25 years. It is not known if the actual would-be murderers were among the ten sentenced.[101]  In June 2015, it was revealed that eight of the ten men tried in-camera for the attack had in fact been secretly acquitted, insiders revealed one of the men acquitted and freed was the murder bid's mastermind. It is believed that all other men who shot Yousafzai fled to Afghanistan afterwards and were never even captured. The information about the release of suspects came to light after the London Daily Mirror attempted to locate the men in prison. Senior police official Salim Khan stated that the eight men were released because there was not enough evidence to connect them to the attack.[105][106]

Mullah Fazlullah was killed by a U.S.-Afghan air strike in June 2018.[107]

Yousafzai at the Girl Summit in London[108]

Yousafzai expressing her concerns to Barack Obama that drone attacks are fueling terrorism[109]

Yousafzai spoke before the United Nations in July 2013, and had an audience with Queen Elizabeth II in Buckingham Palace.[110] In September, she spoke at Harvard University,[110] and in October, she met with US President Barack Obama and his family; during that meeting, she confronted him on his use of drone strikes in Pakistan.[109] In December, she addressed the Oxford Union.[111] In July 2014, Yousafzai spoke at the Girl Summit in London, advocating for rights for girls.[112] In October 2014, after receiving the World Children's Prize for the rights of the child in Mariefred, Sweden, she announced donating $50,000 through the UNRWA, to help rebuild 65 schools in Gaza.[113]

Even though she was fighting for women's rights as well as children's rights, Yousafzai did not describe herself as a feminist when asked on Forbes Under 30 Summit in 2014.[114][115] In 2015, however, Yousafzai told Emma Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing Watson's speech at the UN launching the HeForShe campaign.[116]

On 12 July 2015, her 18th birthday, Yousafzai opened a school in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon, near the Syrian border, for Syrian refugees. The school, funded by the not-for-profit Malala Fund, offers education and training to girls aged 14 to 18 years. Yousafzai called on world leaders to invest in "books, not bullets".[117][118]

Yousafzai has repeatedly condemned the Rohingya persecution in Myanmar. In June 2015, the Malala Fund released a statement in which Yousafzai argues that the Rohingya people deserve "citizenship in the country where they were born and have lived for generations" along with "equal rights and opportunities." She urges world leaders, particularly in Myanmar, to "halt the inhuman persecution of Burma's Muslim minority Rohingya people."[119][120] In September 2017, speaking in Oxford, Yousafzai said that "This should be a human rights issue. Governments should react to it. People are being displaced, they're facing violence."[121] Yousafzai also posted a statement on Twitter calling for Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi to condemn the treatment of the Rohingya people in Myanmar. Suu Kyi has avoided taking sides in the conflict, or condemning violence against the Rohingya people, leading to widespread criticism.[122]

In 2014, Yousafzai stated that she wished to return to Pakistan following her education in the U.K., and inspired by Benazir Bhutto, she would consider running for prime minister: "If I can help my country by joining the government or becoming the prime minister, I would definitely be up for this task".[123] She repeated this aim in 2015[124] and 2016.[125] However, Yousafzai noted in 2018 that her goal had changed, stating that "now that I have met so many presidents and prime ministers around the world, it just seems that things are not simple and there are other ways that I can bring the change that I want to see".[126] In an interview with David Letterman, for Netflix's show My Next Guest Needs No Introduction, Yousafzai was asked "Would you ever want to hold a political position?" and replied "Me? No."[127]

Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown arranged for Yousafzai's appearance before the United Nations in July 2013.[95] Brown also requested that McKinsey consultant Shiza Shahid, a friend of the Yousafzai family, chair Yousafzai's charity fund, which had gained the support of Angelina Jolie.[95] Google's vice-president Megan Smith also sits on the fund's board.[128]

In November 2012, the consulting firm Edelman began work for Yousafzai on a pro bono basis, which according to the firm "involves providing a press office function for Malala".[95][128] The office employs five people, and is headed by speechwriter Jamie Lundie.[128] McKinsey also continues to provide assistance to Yousafzai.[128]

On 12 July 2013, Yousafzai's 16th birthday, she spoke at the UN to call for worldwide access to education. The UN dubbed the event "Malala Day".[129] Yousafzai wore one of Benazir Bhutto's shawls to the UN. It was her first public speech since the attack,[130] leading the first ever Youth Takeover of the UN, with an audience of over 500 young education advocates from around the world.[131]

The terrorists thought they would change my aims and stop my ambitions, but nothing changed in my life except this: weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was born... I am not against anyone, neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group. I'm here to speak up for the right of education for every child. I want education for the sons and daughters of the Taliban and all terrorists and extremists.[130]

Yousafzai received several standing ovations. Ban Ki-moon, who also spoke at the session, described her as "our hero".[129] Yousafzai also presented the chamber with "The Education We Want",[132] a Youth Resolution of education demands written by Youth for Youth, in a process co-ordinated by the UN Global Education First Youth Advocacy Group,[133] telling her audience:

Malala day is not my day. Today is the day of every woman, every boy and every girl who have raised their voice for their rights.[134]

The Pakistani government did not comment on Yousafzai's UN appearance, amid a backlash against her in Pakistan's press and social media.[135][136]

Words from the speech were used as lyrics for "Speak Out", a song by Kate Whitley commissioned by BBC Radio 3 and broadcast on International Women's Day 2017.[137][138]

On 10 October 2014, Yousafzai was announced as the co-recipient of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize for her struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education. Having received the prize at the age of 17, Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel laureate.[14][15][139] Yousafzai shared the prize with Kailash Satyarthi, a children's rights activist from India.[140] She is the second Pakistani to receive a Nobel Prize after 1979 Physics laureate Abdus Salam.[141]

After she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, there was praise, but also some disapproval of the decision.[142][143] A Norwegian jurist, Fredrik Heffermehl, commented on being awarded the Nobel Prize: "This is not for fine people who have done nice things and are glad to receive it. All of that is irrelevant. What Nobel wanted was a prize that promoted global disarmament."[144]

Adán Cortés, a college student from Mexico City and asylum seeker, interrupted Yousafzai's Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony in protest for the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping in Mexico, but was quickly taken away by security personnel. Yousafzai later sympathised, and acknowledged that problems are faced by young people all over the world, saying "there are problems in Mexico, there are problems even in America, even here in Norway, and it is really important that children raise their voices".[145]

In March 2018, Yousafzai was the subject of an interview with David Letterman for his Netflix show My Next Guest Needs No Introduction. Speaking about the Taliban, she opined that their misogyny comes from a superiority complex, and is reinforced by finding "excuses" in culture or literature, such as by misinterpreting teachings of Islam.[146] On the topic of her attackers, Yousafzai comments that "I forgive them because that's the best revenge I can have". Pointing out that the person who attacked her was a young boy, she says that "He thought he was doing the right thing".[147]

Asked about the presidency of Donald Trump, Yousafzai criticised that "Some of the things have really disappointed me, like sexual harassment and the ban on Muslims and racism."[148] She also criticised the Trump administration's proposed budget cuts to education, saying that education is the first step to "eradicating extremism and ending poverty". Throughout the episode, clips are shown of Yousafzai acting as a tour guide for prospective students to her college Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.[146]

Yousafzai's memoir I Am Malala: The Story of the Girl Who Stood Up for Education and was Shot by the Taliban, co-written with British journalist Christina Lamb, was published in October 2013 by Little, Brown and Company in the US and by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in the UK.[149] A reviewer for The Guardian called the book "fearless" and stated that "the haters and conspiracy theorists would do well to read this book", though she criticised "the stiff, know-it-all voice of a foreign correspondent" that is interwoven with Yousafzai's.[150] A reviewer for The Washington Post called the book "riveting" and wrote "It is difficult to imagine a chronicle of a war more moving, apart from perhaps the diary of Anne Frank."[151] Entertainment Weekly gave the book a "B+", writing "Malala's bravely eager voice can seem a little thin here, in I Am Malala, likely thanks to her co-writer, but her powerful message remains undiluted."[152]

A children's edition of the memoir was published in 2014 under the title I Am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for Education and Changed the World.[153] According to Publishers Weekly, in 2017 the book had sold almost 2 million copies, and there were 750,000 copies of the children's edition in print.[154]

Yousafzai was the subject of the 2015 documentary He Named Me Malala, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.[155] In 2017, a Hindi biopic film Gul Makai was announced, with Reem Sameer Shaikh portraying her.[156]

Yousafzai authored a picture book, Malala's Magic Pencil, which was illustrated by Kerascoët and published on 17 October 2017.[157] By March 2018, The Bookseller reported that the book had over 5,000 sales in the UK.[158] In a review for The Guardian, Imogen Carter describes the book as "enchanting", opining that it "strikes just the right balance" between "heavy-handed" and "heartfelt", and is a "welcome addition to the frustratingly small range of children's books that feature BAME central characters".[159] Rebecca Gurney of The Daily Californian gives the book a grade of 4.5 out of 5, calling it a "beautiful account of a terrifying but inspiring tale" and commenting "Though the story begins with fantasy, it ends starkly grounded in reality."[160]

In March 2018, it was announced that Yousafzai's next book We Are Displaced: True Stories of Refugee Lives[161] would be published on 4 September 2018 by Little, Brown and Company's Young Readers division. The book is about refugees, and will include stories from Yousafzai's own life along with those of people she has met.[162] Speaking about the book, Yousafzai said that "What tends to get lost in the current refugee crisis is the humanity behind the statistics"[161] and "people become refugees when they have no other option. This is never your first choice."[163] Profits from the book will go to Yousafzai's charity Malala Fund.[161] The book was delayed to January 2019.[164]

From March 2013 to July 2017, Yousafzai was a pupil at the all-girls Edgbaston High School in Birmingham.[17] In August 2015, she received 6 A*s and 4 As at GCSE level.[165] At A Level, she studied Geography, History, Mathematics and Religious Studies.[166] Also applying to Durham, Warwick and London School of Economics, Yousafzai was interviewed at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford in December 2016 and received a conditional offer of three As in her A Levels; in August 2017, she was accepted to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE).[166][167]

Reception of Yousafzai in Pakistan is mostly negative. Yousafzai's opposition to Taliban policy makes her unpopular among Taliban sympathisers.[168][169] A Dawn columnist alleges that she is scapegoated by the failing state government,[168] and a journalist in The Nation wrote that Yousafzai is hated by "overzealous patriots" who are keen to deny oppression of women in the country.[169] Yousafzai's statements conflict with the view that militancy in Pakistan is a result of Western interference,[135] and conservatives and Islamic fundamentalists describe her ideology as "anti-Pakistan" and "anti-Islam".[170][171]

In 2015, the All Pakistan Private Schools Federation (APPSF) banned I Am Malala in all Pakistani private schools, and the president Mirza Kashif Ali released a book I Am Not Malala.[172] The book accuses Yousafzai of attacking Pakistan's army under the pretence of female education, describes her father as a "double agent" and a "traitor" and denounces the Malala Fund's promotion of secular education. However, Ali claimed that "we are not against her but the ideology being imposed on us" and pointed out that the APPSF went on a national strike when Yousafzai was attacked.[173]

Conspiracy theorists in newspapers and on social media have alleged that Yousafzai staged her assassination attempt, or that she is an agent of the American Central Intelligence Agency.[136][135] Many Pakistanis view her as an "agent of the West",[174] due to her Nobel prize, Oxford education and residence in England.[175] Another conspiracy theory alleges that Yousafzai is a Jewish agent.[175][170] However, Yousafzai does have some support in Pakistani media; Farman Nawaz argues that Yousafzai would have gained more fame in Pakistan if she belonged to the province of Punjab. His opinion was not given importance by the mainstream media of Pakistan but his views in this regard were published by Daily Outlook Afghanistan.[176] Yousafzai is seen as courageous by some Pakistanis.[170]

On 29 March 2018, Yousafzai returned to Pakistan for the first time since the shooting. Meeting Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi,[177] she gave a speech in which she said it had been her dream to return "without any fear".[178] Yousafzai then visited her hometown Mingora in Swat Valley.[179] The APPSF, a group representing the 173,000 private schools in Pakistan, organised "I am not Malala Day" on 30 March.[172] Yousafzai responded by saying "I am proud of my religion, and I am proud of my country."[171]

Yousafzai has been received the following national and international honours, listed by the date they were awarded: