what is compressed air

Compressed air, commonly called Industry's Fourth Utility, is air that is condensed and contained at a pressure that is greater than the atmosphere. The process takes a given mass of air, which occupies a given volume of space, and reduces it into a smaller space. In that space, greater air mass produces greater pressure.

The pressure comes from this air trying to return to its original volume. It is used in many different manufacturing operations. A typical compressed air system operating at 100 psig (7 bar) will compress the air down to 1/8 of its original volume. (figure CA1-1)Why Use Compressed Air? Compressed air supplies power for many different manufacturing operations. At a pressure of 100 psig (7 bar), compressed air serves as a utility. It supplies motive force, and is preferred to electricity because it is safer and more convenient. There are numerous industries that use compressed air for various applications. Industrial Plant Maintenance: Air tools, such as paving breakers, are used to fix cement floors, to open up brick walls for assorted service lines, and other comparable work. Caulking and chipping (fig. CA1-2) can be done using smaller air hammers. For other maintenance work, plants can use air-operated drills, screwdrivers, and wrenches, provided that the air outlets are well placed throughout the plant. Painting can be done using paint-spraying systems. Sprinkler systems are controlled by air pressure, which keeps water from entering the pipes until heat breaks the seal and releases the pressure. Air jets speed up the process of cleaning machines, floors, remote ceiling areas, move heavy loads and overhead pipes. Air pressure also efficiently cleans boiler tubes. Tuck pointing of brick walls and metalizing of worn parts are two other compressed air uses. On the Production Line: Pneumatic tools are convenient for industrial production because they have a low weight-to-power ratio, and they may be used for long periods of time without overheating and with low maintenance costs. Chipping and scaling hammers are used in railroads, oil refineries, chemical refineries, shipyards, and many other industries for general application. They are also used in the foundry for cleaning large castings, and to remove weld scale, rust, and paint in other industries. Additionally, these hammers are good for cutting and sculpturing stone. Pneumatic drills can be used for all classes of reaming, tapping, and drilling anytime that the work cannot easily be carried to the drill press and for all classes of breast drill work. These air-powered drills (fig. CA1-3) are also often used for operating special boring bars, and in emergencies, for independent drive of a machine tool where required horsepower is within their capacity. Grinding, wire brushing, polishing, sanding, shot blasting and buffing are performed efficiently with compressed air in the automotive, aircraft, rail car, locomotive, vessel shops, shipbuilding, other heavy machinery, and other industries. The primary goals are to finish surfaces and prepare them for finishing operations. Two of the most basic assembly operations, driving screws and turning up nuts, are performed more efficiently because of pneumatic screwdrivers and nut runners. Air Motors, Vacuum, & Other Auxiliary Devices: Air motors are often used as a power source in operations involving flammable or explosive liquids, vapor, or dust, and can operate in hot, corrosive, or wet atmospheres without damage. Their speeds may be easily changed; they will start and stop rapidly and are not damaged by stalling and overloading. Air motors power (fig. CA1-4) many hand-held air tools and air hoists. They are used in various applications in underground tunnels and mines and in industrial areas where there are flammable liquids or gas. They also drive many pumps used in construction and many positioning apparatuses used in manufacturing. Vacuum has numerous applications in production. A vacuum pump is a compressor in which the desired effect is the intake vacuum, not the pressurized air. For vacuum chucking, the pump holds a vacuum in a tank located close to the machine, while bleeder holes under the part to be machined are opened to hold the part in place. Pneumatic auxiliary production equipment is used extensively. Positioners, feeders, clamps, air chucks, presses, air knives and many other devices powered by air cylinders increase production efficiency. Pneumatic cylinders plus ratchets or stops provide reciprocating or rotating interrupted motions much more economically than by traditional mechanical tools. In finishing and packaging areas, pneumatic devices are used for many applications, such as dry powder transporting and fluidizing, liquid padding, carton stapling, and appliance sanding. Blast cleaning and finishing are other widely used compressed air applications. Automation The field of automation has been impacted by pneumatics. For instance, air circuitry and pneumatic controls allow the integration of traditional and special air tools and auxiliary devices into single automatic machines. One system has a high degree of interchangeability of pneumatic tools and controls. Because of fluidics, we have simple devices for pneumatic control at lower pressures and with almost no moving parts. Pneumatic positioners have been created that are capable of positioning parts to within 1/1000"" without the use of mechanical stops. Compressed air is also used for the pneumatic transportation of materials, such as substances in granular, chip, pelletized, or powdered form and liquids where inertness is not required. Painting is another frequently automated application that uses air circuitry and pneumatic controls in robotic machines and paint spray systems. Compressed air is often used in automatic packaging machinery for sealing, locating the work, and actuating arms that fold paper to wrap the work. Vacuuming machines also perform similar tasks, such as picking up and transferring materials. Automated Assembly Stations Compressed air is speeding up operations in the automotive, appliance, electronics, communications, and business machines industries. Common air-powered tasks in automatic machines include the following: tightening threaded fasteners to specified torque; pressing of hammering plugs, pins, and rivets with air; feeding fasteners or parts; actuating positioning cylinders, slides, or work heads, blow-offs, operating indicator lights; and transmitting signals to recording computers. Common compressed air applications: The Levels of Compressed Air Quality Level Application Air Treatment Components Function1 Shop Air Filtered Centrifugal Separator Removes solids 3 microns & larger, 99% of water droplets, & 40% of oil aerosols2 Air Tools, Sand Blasting, Pneumatic Control Systems Refrigerated Compressed Air Dryer, Air Line Filter Removes moisture producing a 35° to 50°F (-1.67° to 10°C) pressure dew point, removes 70% of oil aerosols, and all particles 1 micron and larger3 Instrument Air, Paint Spraying, Powder Coating,Packing Machines Refrigerated Compressed Air Dryer, Oil Removal Filter Removes moisture & produces a 35° to 50°F (-1.67° to 10°C) pressure dew point, removes 99.999% of oil aerosols, and all particles .025 microns and larger4 Indoor Applications,Food Industry, Dairy Industry, Laboratories Refrigerated Compressed Air Dryer, Oil Removal Filter, & Oil Vapor Adsorber Removes moisture & produces a 35° to 50°F (-1.67° to 10°C) pressure dew point, removes 99.999% of oil aerosols, all particles .025 microns and larger, oily vapor, oily smell, & oily taste5 Outdoor Pipelines, Pneumatic Transport of Hygroscopic Material, Breweries, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industry, Electronics Industry Air Line Filter, Oil Removal Filter, Low Dew Point Desiccant Dryer, Air Line Filter Removes moisture producing a -40° to -150°F (-40° to -101°C) pressure dew point, removes 99.999% of oil aerosols, and all particles .025 microns and larger6 Breathing Air Breathing Air System (Continuous or Portable) Removes harmful compressed air contaminants and will produce Grade D breathing air Rules of thumb:compressed air. These rules apply to the design and installation of the system: There are several rules of thumb regarding All compressors produce heat during the compression process. This heat must be removed from the compressor room for proper operation of the compressor. Be sure to provide sufficient ventilation for all equipment that may be installed in the compressor room. All compressor manufacturers publish allowable operating temperatures. Leave sufficient space around the compressor to permit routine maintenance. It is also suggested to provide space for the removal of major components during compressor overhauls. An air receiver near the compressor should be located to provide a steady source of control air, additional air cooling, and moisture separation. In the distribution system, there may periodically be large volume demands, which will rapidly drain the air from surrounding areas, and cause pressure levels to fall for surrounding users. However, strategically located receivers in the system can supply these abrupt demands and still provide a consistent air flow and pressure to the affected areas. Select piping systems that have low pressure drop and provide corrosion free operation. When selecting the main air header, size for a maximum pressure drop of 1 to 2 psi (.07 to .14 bar). A good rule is to use a header pipe size at least one size larger than calculated. This will provide additional air storage capacity and allow for future expansion. It is suggested that all piping in a loop system (fig. CA1-5) be sloped to accessible drain points. Air outlets should be taken from the top of the main line to keep possible moisture from entering the outlet. Drip legs or drain valves should be installed at all low points in the system where it is possible for moisture to accumulate. One gallon per CFM of capacity is the minimum amount of storage recommended. Systems with sharp changes in demand should have a minimum amount of storage of three gallons per CFM of capacity. An efficient control system will help to accommodate these abrupt changes in demand. A Load/No Load control will help system efficiency because it operates the compressor at either full load or no load. The motors continue to run in the unloaded state, but the inlet valves to the compression chamber are left open, keeping air from being compressed. The motor still does a small amount of work even when no air is compressed. Position filters and dryers in the air line before any pressure-reducing valve (highest pressure) and after air is cooled to 100°F (38°C) or less (lowest temperature). (fig. CA1-6)These rules give measurements at which a standard system operates: Every 1 psig pressure drop increases compressor power required by .5%. At discharge pressures of 100 psig, most water-cooled aftercoolers will need about 3 gpm per 100 CFM of compressed air. The water vapor content at 100°F (37.78°C) of saturated compressed air is equal to about two gallons per hour for each 100 CFM of compressor output. In saturated compressed air, for every 20°F (-6.67°C) temperature drop the water content of the air drops by 50%. (fig. CA1-7)Every 100 CFM of air compressed to 100 psig produces 20 gallons of condensate per day under normal conditions. "


most important battle of world war 2

The most important battles of WWII were: The Battle of Britain, The Battle of the Atlantic, Pearl Harbor, The Battle of Stalingrad, The Battle of Berlin, The Battle of Iwo Jima, and the Battle of the Bulge. Every single battle of WWII was significant in some way.

What were the most important battles of World War 2?

"Answer by Tigran khalatyan Confidence votes 266ANSWER 1. Fall of France 1940 - Hitler becomes the master of Europe 2. Battle of Britain 1940 - British manage to stay in the war 3. Battle for Moscow 1941 - First major defeat of German army on the ground. End of Nazi Blitz victories 4. Pearl Harbor 1941 - Japan advances in Pacific. US joins the war 5. Battle of Midway 1942 - Turning point of the war in Pacific 6. Stalingrad 1942-43 - Great defeat of Germans in Russia, the turning point of World War II 7. Battle of Kursk Salient 1943 - The biggest tank battle of the war starts Russian general offensive 8. D-Day 1944 - Allies open Second Front against Germany in Europe 9. Operation Bagration 1944 - Russian ""blitz"" offensive destroys German Army Group Center 10. Fall of Berlin 1945 - Russians take Berlin ending war with Germany ANSWER

But, some of the more well know battles that can be considered the turning points of the war. The Battle of Britain (and this view is controversial) may not have been the only reason that Britain was not invaded. the German navy never managed to gain control of the channel and although air cover was important it is unlikely that an invasion fleet would have been launched whilst the Royal Navy could wreak havoc amongst the landing force. The Battle of the Atlantic, by contrast, was absolutely life and death for the allied campaign. Without the constant resupply of food, men, ammunition and materiel from the US, Britain would have had no option but to surrender. Had the U boats managed to cut the sea lanes, and had the secret code Enigma not been cracked, it is likely that Hitler would have won on the Western Front and then been able to turn his full attention to the Eastern Front. The Battle of the Bulge was one of the most deadliest and bloodiest battles of all the battles fought by the Western allies during World War 2. It accomplished little after the German's began their offensive. It was a long battle that was conducted in the freezing winter. The Battle of Stalingrad was the longest and worst battle as the Red Army strove to defeat the Nazis. Nearly million were injured or died in that many months long battle. Old Man Winter helped the Red Army defeat the Nazi army and that was the turning point in the Eastern Front. The Nazis were not adequately resupplied. They did not have winter clothing that could withstand 20 below zero temperatures. They did not have enough food, medicine, ammo or replacements. So as they froze to death or starved to death the Red Army managed to lob enough barrages to make a difference. Hitler did not and could not resupply his troops at the end.221 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No "


what is the theme song

theme songnoun Definition of theme song for English Language Learners: a song that is played at the beginning and end of a television show, movie, etc.

theme song

"theme songnoun Popularity: Bottom 40% of words | Updated on: 30 Mar 2018Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLExamples: theme song in a Sentence Time Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of theme song1: a melody recurring so often in a musical play that it characterizes the production or one of its characters2: a song used as a signature See theme song defined for English-language learners Examples of theme song in a Sentence He was playing the theme song from “The Godfather.”Recent Examples of theme song from the Web Get ready to get the theme song stuck in your head once more: Nickelodeon is in talks to bring back the beloved ’90s show Clarissa Explains It All, according to The Hollywood Reporter.— megan friedman, Harper's BAZAAR, ""Nickelodeon Is Reportedly Bringing Back Clarissa Explains It All,"" 16 Mar. 2018The perennial success of Action News may also be intertwined with the newscast’s iconic theme song, which has largely gone unchanged for the better part of 50 years.— rob tornoe, Philly.com, ""Philadelphia TV Ratings: 6ABC tops NBC10, despite Olympics and Super Bowl,"" 5 Mar. 2018Fun fact: Cooper recorded a theme song for the James Bond film 'The Man With the Golden Gun' but producers decided to go with a different song and performer.— cleveland.com, ""Today's top celebrity birthdays list (February 4, 2018),"" 4 Feb. 2018These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'theme song.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. First Known Use of theme song1929THEME SONG Defined for English Language Learners

Learn More about theme song See words that rhyme with theme song Seen and Heard What made you want to look up theme song? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show "


what eats a bat

ws Bats are eaten by a number of predators like owls, hawks, snakes, cats etc. Hawks and owls regularly kill and eat bats. Snakes and predatory mammals such as weasels and raccoons climb into bat roosts during the day and attack bats when they are sleeping. In some places, bats are even killed by little birds that fly into bat caves and peck them to death. The birds then drag the bats outside and eat them. Bats sometimes are even eaten by fish that grab them when they are skimming over bodies of water as they try to catch insects Mammals A variety of mammals eat bats when they can. Animals such as weasels, minks and raccoons climb into areas where bats roost and eat them while they sleep during the day. These mammals also lie in wait just outside a bat roosting area to pounce on bats as they enter and exit the roost.

What animal eats bats?

Awais Ansari, studied at PAKTURK INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLAnswered Feb 25, 2017Bats have an amazing ability to use radar to avoid obstacles as well as predators, but there are some predators who have these night flyers figured out. Some swoop suddenly out of nowhere, grabbing bats in flight before the bats can react. Others wait until daylight when the bats are sleeping to attack them in their roosts. Mammals A variety of mammals eat bats when they can. Animals such as weasels, minks and raccoons climb into areas where bats roost and eat them while they sleep during the day. These mammals also lie in wait just outside a bat roosting area to pounce on bats as they enter and exit the roost. Some larger bats prey on smaller bats when they share habitat areas. Birds Birds have an advantage over some mammals because they can catch bats in flight. Birds such as owls, hawks and common grackles grab bats out of the sky, particularly when they are leaving and entering a roost. The narrow openings of many roosts cause bats to group together, making it easier for birds to swoop down and grab a tasty bat treat. Insects and Arachnids Because of their wingspan, it often appears bats are larger than they are. Bat bodies typically are small; the light brown bat, for example, has a body about 4 inches long and weighs less than half an ounce. This makes them suitable prey for large spiders and insects such as centipedes. A large centipede, usually longer than the bat body, crawls up the ceiling of the roost and extends his body down beside a bat. He attacks the bat from the head to incapacitate him, then eats his fill as he hangs from the ceiling. If they fall, the centipede can continue to munch from the floor of the roost, where he might be joined by other insects. Spiders might also jump into the feast of a fallen bat, although some can take bats while they sleep suspended from the ceiling of the roost. These spiders, such as tarantulas, are large, often 4 to 6 inches, and some use webs to subdue the bats, like those from the genus Nephila. Other Animals Snakes are common bat hunters, but there are a few that are a bit more surprising. Some fish, for example, wait until the bats fly close to the top of the water in search of insects and grab them from below. Bullfrogs use a similar technique, lying in wait until a bat flies close enough to catch.546 Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Korbin Learypromoted by Pretty Litter Will you know if your cat is sick? Pretty Litter's lightweight litter monitors feline health by changing color when it detects abnormalities. Learn More at prettylittercats.com Related Questions More Answers Below Is bat a evolutionary animal? Can animals eat leaves? What animals eat termites? What animal eats the eagle? What do desert animals eat? Ask New Question Aditya Moghe, works at YASH Technologies Answered Feb 24, 2017 · Author has 56 answers and 31.6k answer vie

Some larger bats prey on smaller bats when they share habitat areas. Birds Birds have an advantage over some mammals because they can catch bats in flight. Birds such as owls, hawks and common grackles grab bats out of the sky, particularly when they are leaving and entering a roost. The narrow openings of many roosts cause bats to group together, making it easier for birds to swoop down and grab a tasty bat treat. Insects and Arachnids Because of their wingspan, it often appears bats are larger than they are. Bat bodies typically are small; the light brown bat, for example, has a body about 4 inches long and weighs less than half an ounce. This makes them suitable prey for large spiders and insects such as centipedes. A large centipede, usually longer than the bat body, crawls up the ceiling of the roost and extends his body down beside a bat. He attacks the bat from the head to incapacitate him, then eats his fill as he hangs from the ceiling. If they fall, the centipede can continue to munch from the floor of the roost, where he might be joined by other insects. Spiders might also jump into the feast of a fallen bat, although some can take bats while they sleep suspended from the ceiling of the roost. These spiders, such as tarantulas, are large, often 4 to 6 inches, and some use webs to subdue the bats, like those from the genus Nephila. Other Animals Snakes are common bat hunters, but there are a few that are a bit more surprising. Some fish, for example, wait until the bats fly close to the top of the water in search of insects and grab them from below. Bullfrogs use a similar technique, lying in wait until a bat flies close enough to catch. Source - Things That Eat Bats , WHAT EATS A BAT? , What animals eat bats?1.1k Views · View Upvoters Evan Pope, studies Actors and Actresses & Writers and Authors at Brillion High School (2021)Updated Feb 14, 2018Wild Chupacabrashttp://vignette1.wikia.nocookie....157 Views · View Upvoters April Keene Answered Feb 24, 2017 · Author has 114 answers and 41.3k answer views Hawks and owls hunt bats. Snakes will creep into their roosts and eat them.136 Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Korbin Leary


what uses real time os

Real Time Operating System (RTOS) On hearing this term many of the programmers and computer enthusiasts think differently. It differs from the general purpose OS, RTOS is a real time OS working with real time constraints as power, time and efficient usage of memory. Most of the embedded systems are bound to real time constraints and it is achieved using real time system.

What is RTOS?

What is RTOS?

General purpose operating systems are suitable to do multiple tasks at the same time, but synchronization is a problem with GPOS. To do multiple tasks with worst case execution time on a particular architecture real time OS is used in an embedded computing system. The main concern of RTOS is it produces an accurate output within the deadline or time. The behavior of an embedded system or general purpose machine depends upon the nature of application design. A general purpose operating system was designed to handle multiple tasks with no time limit, we cannot say in a certain time a task will get happened. An example is form your PC if you copy some data from one device to another device it may take several minutes or more, we cannot predict responsiveness of the system of course, due to the tasks running parallel at that time. But, a real time embedded system can give an accurate output at right time that means, it is time critical no delay is encouraged for real time systems and if any delay occurs it may lead to catastrophic effects. For example Airbag control system in a car. If you drive a car at a high speed accidents may happen, in such case airbag opens and saves your life. Difference between GPOS and RTOSGeneral purpose operating systems cannot perform real time tasks whereas RTOS is suitable for real time applications. There is deadline associated with real time kernel but GPOS does not follow timely mechanism. The real time kernel follows preemptive scheduling policy whereas GPOS follow non preemptive scheduling technique. Synchronization is a problem with GPOS whereas synchronization is achieved in real time kernel. Inter task communication is done using real time OS where GPOS does not. Latency is a problem with GPOS but it is overcome using real time OS. Priority inversion cannot be done in GPOS, it is done with real time kernel. Jitter i.e. timing error in task is not present in real time OS, present in GPOS. The mathematical relation cannot be defined for GPOS, for a real time OS mathematical equation can be defined. Types of Real Time Operating System Depending upon the nature of application real time OS are designed and they are classified into 3 types: Soft Real Time Operating System Soft real time OS is a type of OS where certain deadlines may be missed, they will respond at a time t=0+. Soft real time systems are not constrained to extreme rules. The critical time of the soft real time may be delayed to some extent. The expected latency between the tasks and time constraints may be deviated. The preemption period for a soft real time task is about few milliseconds. Examples Digital camera, mobile phones, online data base etc. Hard Real Time Operating System Hard real time OS is a type of OS we can predict the deadline, they will respond at a time t=0. Hard real time systems are constrained to predicted time constraints, deadlines and latency. Examples: Air bag control in cars, anti-lock brake, engine control system etc. The preemption period for hard real time system is almost less than few microseconds. Firm Real Time Operating System This type of RTOS has certain time constraints which are not strict and it may cause undesired effect. Example for firm RTOS is automated visual inspection in industrial automation. This system examines and detects the defected parts of assembly line. This type is also called event response system. In short RTOS based system is a time critical system where most of the tasks are completed in time so that most of the deadly events are reduced. Note: In the next article we are going to see how Real Time Operating system (RTOS) manages the services and achieve its real time constraints.


what is transient global am

The doctors reassured him that it was not a stroke, but rather a memory disorder called transient global amnesia. Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a type of amnesia involving the sudden, temporary disturbance in an otherwise healthy person's memory. The other main kinds of amnesia are called anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory loss associated with a trauma, disease, or emotional events.

Transient Global Amnesia

"Biology 2022002 First Paper On Serendip Transient Global Amnesia Miranda White A little while ago, my father and grandfather were driving in our car together. All of a sudden, my grandfather said that he was feeling dizzy and thought the beginnings of a migraine were coming on. My grandfather is extremely healthy and has an amazing memory, so my father was shocked when not long after, when grandfather asked where Ruthy, his recently deceased wife, was. When my father reminded him that she had died of cancer last year, my grandfather broke into tears, as if he was being told for the first time. In addition, he couldn't even remember what he had just eaten for dinner or any other events of the day. My father drove him straight to the emergency room, worried that he had perhaps just suffered a minor stoke. By the time that he got to the hospital, he was already beginning to regain some of the memories that had been lost.

It is characterized by the inability to remember new information. (1) Retrograde amnesia is associated with the loss of distant memories usually preceding a given trauma. (2) In transient global amnesia, generally both distant memories and immediate recall are retained, as are language function, attention, visual-spatial and social skills. However, during the period of amnesia, people suffering from the disorder cannot remember recent occurrences nor can they retain any new visual or verbal information for more than a couple minutes. (3) Though patients generally remember their own identities, they are often very confused by their surroundings and the people around them. They continuously ask questions about events that are transpiring, for example where they are, who is with them, what is happening. However, once they are told, they immediate forget the answer, and repeat the question again. (4)The period of amnesia can last anywhere from one to twenty-four hours. Some people suffer from a headache, dizziness, and nausea while others have only memory loss. TGA generally affects fifty to eighty-year-old men, about 3.4 to 5.2 people per 100,000 per year. (5) People afflicted with transient global amnesia always recover and can remember the memories that were lost during the episode. (6) Once they regain their memory, some people, such as my grandfather, can recall both the episode and the feeling of not being able to remember. However, others never recover the memories of the attack nor the events immediately before. The cause of TGA remains in dispute. There is convincing evidence that external emotional stresses, such as sexual intercourse, immersion in cold water, or strenuous physical exertion, can trigger the associated loss of memory. (7) For example, my grandfather suffered from TGA directly after taking his sister to the hospital. TGA may be the result of a transient ischemic attack, a ""mini-stroke."" Transient ischemic attacks are caused by a temporary interruption of the blood flow to the brain. (8) Another possible cause of transient global amnesia is a basilar artery migraine, a type of migraine caused by the abnormal constriction and dilatation of vessel walls. (9)Patients suffering from transient global amnesia have undergone medical imaging techniques, for example magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission topography (PT), in order to find out what biological changes cause a temporary lapse in memory. The symptoms of transient global amnesia seem to be the result of dysfunction in such regions of the brain as the diencephalon and medial temporal lobes. (4) The diencephalon is composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. The thalamus is associated with memory, and changes in its structure have been proven to result in amnesia. (10) Some MRIs have shown evidence of changes in the medial temporal lobes, indicating that patients had suffered from a transient ischemic attack. Nonetheless, many people that have undergone such tests have not shown any changes in the functioning of their brains. (4)These findings are in line with our neurobiological understanding of memory. Under normal functioning, there are three kinds of memory: working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory. Working memory allows for short-term recollection, for example, it is responsible for your being able to remember the gist of the sentence you just read. It is associated with the temporary storage of verbal and visual information. The verbal working memory is localized to the frontal regions of the left hemisphere, while spatial working memory involves mainly the right hemispheres. Procedural memory is responsible for cognitive and motor skills, all learned, habitual actions, for example, my ability to type this paper without looking at the keyboard or my ability to ride a bicycle. (12) The anatomical basis for procedural memory appears to be the basil ganglia, thalamus, and the frontal lobes. Declarative memory, associated with the hippocampus, is all experiences and conscious memory, including people, events, objects, facts, figures, and names. The region of the brain termed the medial frontal lobe is particularly responsible for declarative memory function. There is much evidence proving that damage to the medial frontal lobe, severely affects a person's ability to recall and form long-term memories. The most well-known clinical example involves a patient called H. M. H. M. was afflicted with epilepsy. Surgeons removed both of his medial temporal lobes in an attempt to cure him from his disease. However, in so doing, they profoundly damaged his memory. He could no longer form new memories, though all his memories from before the surgery were retained - in other words he had anterograde amnesia. (11) Therefore, it appears that the lack of functioning and blood supply of the medial temporal lobe produces the symptoms of transient global amnesia, and results in the inability to make and recall autobiographical memories. Transient global amnesia fortunately has a very positive prognosis - its effects are never permanent and the episodes last for a relatively short period of time. However, the inability to remember can be extraordinarily frightening. It is a natural experiment because it shows fairly clearly that certain parts of the brain are involved with certain kinds of memory. We often see ourselves as unitary beings, but in fact we are made up of many different processes that make up who we are. Although much of the neurobiology associated with memory remains quite mysterious, transient global amnesia helps highlight the particular machinery of our personal narratives. References1) Anterograde amnesia2) Healthy Me Amnesia3) E Medicine, Transient Global Amnesia4) Transient Global Amnesia Case Studies5) Neuroland, TGA6) Transient Global Amnesia7) Healing Well, What Happened to Afterglow8) Transient Ischemic Attack9) Basilar Artery Migraine Page10) The Diencephalon11) Medial Temporal Lobe12) The Cognitive and Habit Subsystems, A great image of the anatomy of the brain. Continuing conversation (to contribute your own observations/thoughts, post a comment below)07/18/2005, from a Reader on the Web Today in our morning paper in “The People’s Pharmacy” column, transient global amnesia was described. Finally I have a name for the strange episode that I experienced several years ago in Paris. A goggle search led me to your very informative site. Thanks.08/28/2005, from a Reader on the Web Serendip was helpful re: TGA. I had an episode in Vauvert, France, last March,05 I was out of it for 5 to 6 hours, so my husband says. The emergency room doctor in Nimes, France, stated that it was ""dehydration"" that caused the loss of memory. After looking up many reports about TGA, my personality was just like the individuals that told about their episode. I was extremely frightened and when we had 6 more days to travel in France, I drank water like crazy. (I felt like it was not dehydration) I couldn't wait to get back to the USA. I had all the tests taken when at my clinic and nothing showed up. I have a history of migraine headaches. I did take a bath before I blacked out. I do vaguely remember filling the tub and I don't remember the water being cold or warm. I did not remember anything during or after the bath; My husband said I was fully dressed, but did not know where I was and kept repeating ""where am I"";I called him by name and our friends by name ( I don't remember any of this) If there are any more medical reports on TGA could I be receive email. 95% of individuals have never heard of TGA.10/10/2005, from a Reader on the Web Dear Serendip, I've had two episodes of Transient Global Amnesia and both occurred shortly after taking Fosamax (for osteoporosis). Both episodes followed working out at a local gym and I am convinced that physical exertion is a trigger. The first episode lasted about 4 hours and the second one lasted about 12 hours. Both times I was in and out of ""consciousness"". I could remember bits and pieces of conversations. It's a very wierd and frightening experience. My doctor said it rarely occurs more than once and since I've already had two episodes, I'm terrified it will happen again.10/18/2005, from a Reader on the Web I am one of the few people who have recurrent episodes of TGA. I have never retained any memory from an episode after the fact. My family has learned to notice predecessors to an attack that usually begin to develop between one to two days before a severe episode. I believe those may actually be mini-TGA episodes but there isn't enough data availabe for me to determine if that is true. The primary behaviors I display are: 1. )repetetive questions; i.e. ""Where is my purse?"" The same question may be asked several times within a short period of time. 2.) A generalized lack of ability to remain focused on a topic or conversation. 3.) Repetitively asking others to repeat themselves as if I did not hear them the first time. Within a day or two of onset of the above symptoms I usually have a severe episode which is almost always while driving. I may be on my way to the store and end up in a neighboring state. My recent memory is not retained after these episodes but my distant memories are. For instance, immediately upon coming out of my first attack I could remember my childhood phone number but not my new home phone number. Thankfully, my parents still had the same phone number they had when I was a child so were able to determine my location and send help. Within about an hour my short term memory was restored to the time that I left my house but I never recovered any memory of anything that transpired during the event. I have never recovered memories of anything that transpired while in a state of TGA other than a few 'flashbacks' that come to me like quick snapshot photos. Sometimes I will experience the preceding symptoms without it developing into a severe attack and sometimes I will have a severe attack without having displayed any of the precursory symptoms. I was apparently attacked during one episode which was determined after I arrived at my destination nearly two hours late without even realizing I was late. Those waiting for me were shocked to see me arrive with bruises on my throat, arms, and legs which were determined upon physical evaluation to have been caused by having someone's hands gripping me. There was one episode where I was not driving but came out of the spell several blocks from my home at 4:00am with no knowledge of how I had come to be there. I was, however, able to navigate my way back home. My EEG's are normal as are my MRI's. There is no evidence of epilepsy, stroke, or migraines associated with my attacks and no apparent triggers. The statistics on recurrence do not fit my case. I have had recurrent episodes ranging from one month to one year apart consistently for the past several years. Is there any hope for a cure? Right now, I depend on those around me to notice the preceding symptoms and keep an eye on me so that I do not drive alone or go anywhere without an escort until after I've had the episode but that obviously has not been effective. Any advice on how to live with this disorder would be sincerely appreciated. I had initially hoped I would fall within the statistical norm's and that it would subside with few new episodes but that has not been the case. This began in my early thirties and I am now 39 and am beginning to feel as though I have early onset Alzheimers or something. There must be something that can be done for those of us for whom this is not a simple 'once in a lifetime' experience.11/29/2005, from a Reader on the Web Yesterday I was diagnosed as having had TGA. I was so glad to have had a name for a most distressing condition that happened to me last August. I still cannot remember 6 to 7 hours of my time that I spent with my daughter, her partner and my 9 months old baby grandaughter, last August. I meant to stay only overnight but the frightening experience of TGA did not allow me to drive myself home again for a week. My daughter called an ambulance. I was taken to hospital but I was discharged before the end of the day, when my memory returned. I could not understand why I could not remember what had happened to me. I had not fallen over or become unconscious.12/17/2005, from a Reader on the Web Yesterday morning I was released from the hospital following the third attack that we believe was TGA. The first one occured in 1994 & was actually diagnoised as TGA, but with little information to go along with it. All my attacks have occured immediately after sexual intercourse and I apparently tell my husband that ""something is wrong with me, I don't feel right & I can't remember"". However, during the time of the ""Amnesia"" I continue to 'function' as if everything is okay, with the exception of asking the same questions repeatly. During this recent attack I even set up my medications for the week and only knew that I did so by what my husband had told me. When I was aware of what was going on again, I rechecked my meds and sure enough, they were accurate, no mistakes whatsoever. I again had another attack in 1995 which was of a much shorter duration. In all the attacks some of the common denomenators are: occurrance (sexual activity), headache previous to onset, & a total memory loss during the first 2-4 hours, and the ability to verbalize to my husband that I feel something is going wrong in my body, and then to 'function'per my husband telling me later all that I did, such as filling my weekly meds, taking the dog out, giving the Emergency Room staff pertainent information (Dr's phone numbers, my recent lab values, etc.) The time during the amnesia in all attacks has been permanently lost. I have no recall during those hours & what went on. I have been told there has been NO CONFUSION OR hallucination either. In June of 1995 I was found to have renal anureysums on the right renal artery. I lost a kidney through this surgery. There have been no further attacks until two days ago. I am wondering if the is any correlation between the renal anureysums & TGA. I really appreciated reading your information on TGA. Please feel free to e-mail anything else that may be helpful. Is there any documentation of this being a heriditary factor?01/15/2006, from a Reader on the Web Was just Googling around about amnesia. Recently saw an episode of ""House"" on TV and wanted to look up Korsikoff's Syndrome (one of the ""conditions"" diagnosed on that show) to see if that was what I had. Glad I ""only"" had transient global amnesia. I had it July 13, 1996, a hot and humid Friday in Washington D. C. I'd been on a high-protein diet for 6 months and had lost 43 pounds. Left work at 5:30, commuted home an hour or so, met friends for coffee at a restaurant, went home around 8 and told my husband, ""I think I've had a stroke, I need three aspirin."" Took them and went up to bed. Came back five minutes later and said ""I think I've had a stroke, I need three aspirin."" To make a long story short, he took me to the E. R. where I was ""polite"" until they wanted to give me an MRI. They gave me an IV tranquilizer so they could give me the test. They found nothing. I remember nothing between leaving work and waking up at noon the next day with a hospital bracelet on my writst. E. R. had referred me to a neurologist, but I didn't go. I went to my primary care physician, who determined I had low sodium, and had lost three more pounds. I'm convinced it was electrolyte depletion from the diet and the hot day. Funny thing, the experience hasn't bothered me at all - I'm even amused. A few years later I went to the hospital to give blood. They put in my SS number and up came all my information, even the cross-streets where I'd worked in D. C. I asked how they had all that info, and the nurse said, ""You've been admitted here."" I argued that I hadn't and then laughed. I HAD been admitted, but of course I didn't remember. The thing that helped me feel ""normal"" the next day - I had my husband take me to the county swimming pool. When I jumped into the pool, it was as though I was jumping back into my body. Glad to read the phenomenon (unlike Korsikof's Syndrome) isn't that big a deal. Eloise01/24/2006, from a Reader on the Web I had my second episode with TGA last week. This time it did not last as long but on both occasions I was lifting weights. The first occasion was December 2000. I went to the Hospital and after a series of tests, it was concluded that I had TGA. My primary physician was skeptical with the diagnosis. Last week while lifting weights it happened again. I called my wife from my car but drove home. After a few hours I took a long nap. Not normal for me. But I felt very tired. Slept for about 3 hours. Upon rising I believe that most if not all of the episode was over. The first episode lasted about 8 hours. last week about 4-6 hours,since I took a nap still in the TGA period. My question is: Do I dare lift weights again or better what should I do differently to avoid it happening again?01/31/2006, from a Reader on the Web I have experienced two episodes of TGA. The first was after a long period of work stress. During that period I had sporadically missed taking my medications for high blood pressure. I was unable to know where I was and how I got there or what I was doing. The episode lasted approximately 6 hours of which the memory is lost. The second, approximately two and a half years later, also followed a long period of work stress affected my past memory, I was driving and knew where I was going but couldn't remember where I had been. I am 61 years old. Samuel Garofalo Additional comments made prior to 2007One week ago I experienced and episode of transient global amnesia, caused by a TIA, as diagnosed by the emergency room physician. I am a 60 year old woman with mild hypertension; beginning stages of Type 2 diabetes; and high cholesterol. The episode lasted approximately one and a half hours, while I was driving in the car alone. I managed to call my husband, who directed me to turn off the highway, stop at a parking lot, take an asprin he knew I carried in my purse. He reached me in 20 minutes and took me to the E. R. The symptoms were: 20 minutes of driving while totally confused, not clear where I was or where I had been going; no headache or physical pain; confusion; fear; no awareness of time; unable to remember what my husband told me after a few seconds. The greatest concern I have is the possibility of a full stroke, as a TIA can be a precursor to a full stroke. The steps I have taken include blood pressure medication (25 mgs of atenolol); a baby asprin a day; added flaxseed oil daily (lowers cholesterol); fish oil capsules daily; vitamin E for heart health; changes in diet to reduce carbohydrate consumption; lost seven pounds to assist in lowering insulin resistance and therefore better manage diabetes. It would have been beneficial to have started precautionary measures before such a frightening episode! I most certainly will pay serious attention to preventative health measures in the hope of never experiencing such an event again. Although there seem to be no lingering effects, it will be a long time before I forget the associated fear. I am reluctant to add statin drugs as they potentially can cause temporary amnesia, as well as a multitude of other side effects ... Judy, 19 February 2006I've been diagnosed with TGA after an episode at work. We really thought it was low blood sugar (hypoglcemia) because I came out of the episode shortly after being made to eat some fruit. My sugar tests came back normal, as did everything else that was run, including a 24-hour ambulatory EEG. It\'s nice to know this is really a benign situation, but I don't have any of the ""usual"" triggers. No physical exertion before, no water immersion, and I\'m a young (35) female. I've now had two episodes - one for about 45 minutes at work and another while driving for about 45 minutes. One site mentioned that less than 3% have more than 3 episodes. Have there been any studies of sugar levels and what brings a person out of a TGA episode? There doesn't seem to be much to go on with this diagnosis ... Dierdra Barton, 22 March 2006I am 53 years old and have been in good health. The other night though, I became confused during the dinner conversation and unable to recognize any of the people my wife and kids had been talking about. It turned out that they were all friends and associates of mine, but no amount of prompting could convince me so. At one point, the family got out the church directory, and for the life of me, I could not associate any of the names with the faces. I was clueless. When asked, I couldn't name the current U. S. President. An emergency room physician diagnosed me as having TGA, Transient Global Amnesia. I will see a neurologist in a few days, and am looking forward to finding out more about this condition. I've had mild hangover-like symptoms for 3 days now, and I'll bet they're related ... Charlie, 17 April 2006I just had my 5th major episode of TGA. I had my first one in my late 40s and I am now 59. All 5 of these episodes were brought on by emotional stress or anxiety. I won't go into detail unless you reply and request it. I have had a few minor episodes with out the complete amnesia. It was interesting reading the other readers comments. Thanks ... Bryan Eldredge, 2 May 2006Was very happy to find your article after Googling temporal lobe amnesia. While this is very early in my research, you have given me great relief with regard to my older sister's husband. He entered the hospital yesterday evening with no recollection of the prior few hours. He has suffering from high blood pressure (no prior history) and high blood sugar (no prior history). The early diagnosis is TLA or a mild stroke, yet he has a complete lack of typical stroke symptoms. We are still waiting for the MRI results, but you have given me a basis for being optimistic. Thank you ... Reader on the web, 14 May 2006I had an episode of TGA on Sunday (just 5 days ago). Of course I didn't know then that was what it was. I was at church and sang in the choir, sang a solo and played the organ. However I can't remember doing these activities from halfway through the service on. I was appropriate after church visiting with friends and even driving home. I remember none of this. My husband took me to the ER when her realized I wasn't thinking clearly. By then I was almost back to ""normal"". The entire episode lasted about three and a half hours. I've been fine since and am going through the tests to rule out other causes for this. I don't have results yet, but feel sure TGA is what it was. I'm waiting for clearance to return to work and driving. My MD has forbidden both for now. Do most patients with TGA return to their lives as they knew them? I really want my life back even though it has only been a few days! ... Laura, 25 May 2006My father now aged 65 has started experiencing this.he got first attack two weeks after he underwent surgery for prostate and was recovering at home. Now it has happended 3-4 times since then. he loses memeory of event or talks or episode ( past memories) but remembers people and place. he could not remember that he had underwent surgery during the last episode. I shall be greatful If anyone can guide on the following? a)My father has to undergo now MRI and I am wondering what could be the causes of this? b)How to manage this? Is there any cure? Thanks and best regards ... Sunil, 1 June 2006Two days ago we had a similar frightening situation with my father -- sudden, complete -- although temporary -- memory loss. Found your post with a Google Search. Thanks so much, it's calming me down considerably! Will check back with diagnoses after MRI tomorrow ... Heidi, 20 June 2006I am grateful to have found this site. I had TGA 3 years ago ""out of the blue"" and was diagnosed as such after MRI and cat scan came back fine and based on my loss of immediate memory and repetitive questioning ""where I am, how did I get here, etc.). I was 47 year old female. Occured at work - no physical exertion invovled, etc. Then, just this last week, while taking a walk with a co-worker, I seemed to have had another TGA episode! I'm now 50, in good health - just expeiencing perimenopause and have developed migraine headaches in the last 6 months. As a result of onset of migraines 6 months ago, my dr had me have an MRI and MRA 7 when they started - both came back fine. I did not go to dr last week with TGA because it seemed so similar to episode 3 years ago. Did have headache for 3 days prior to this TGA and am continuing to have a headache ever since - has anyone ever had this? I am trying not to worry - and that is difficult at times. I wonder if ""something else"" has happened other than TGA. I feel fine except the headache and now wonder if I now have the ongoing headache due to worry? It's hard to sort out. Has anyone ever had similar feelings/experiences? I did read on the internet about some possible links between migraines and TGA. I also have a friend who wonders if it was not TGA and maybe dehydration? I can\'t sort it all out. This has been scary and disconserting to say the least. Thank you for ""listening"" ... Kathleen, 7 August 2006 I was released from the hospital last night after suffering a TGA. Of course, the doctors don't know what causes it to occur. All of the tests came out OK & my primary care doctor said this was a one-time thing, & very rarely reoccurred. To be perfectly honest, it scares the hell out of me! He said there is no connection to Alzheimer's or dementia, but I worry that there might be a relationship years from now. I am 55 years old & in good health generally, except for being overweight & taking BP meds. My episode came on after I worked outside in 90 degree heat for an hour or so, came inside & cooled off, took a nap (1 to 1-1/2 hrs. ), then got up & took a shower. My wife said when I got out of the shower I had the ""deer in the headlights"" look & asked nonsensical questions. She says I answered questions about name,home address & phone # ?s correctly, but did not remember some other recent events. We went to the ER, where I came out of it after initially talking to the doctor. My wife says there was a family squabble in the ER waiting room, but I only remeber it as happening a while ago, not that evening. I remember sitting close to a person I thought I knew & thinking I would ask them, but I don't remember actually asking them, but she says I did. I wonder about certain things that have happened to me before, much like the person who states he/she was driving one place & ended up in another. I often will start out going to one place like a store, & find myself on the road close to my work. I also have had allergic reactions to unknown triggers. These occurrences make me realize the brain is an organ we have much to learn about. Please post this to the forum ... Paul, 8 August 2006 Monday of this week Aug 21 I had a very strange episode in my life that was diagnosed by a neurologist as Transient Global Amnesia. I was working at my job and was alone. My wife called me about lunch and she said I acted very strange and since I have a history of strokes she sent an ambulance to my location. When the ambulance arrived I sent them away because I said there was nobody there who needed help. When my wife arrived she got the ambulance there and me to the hospital where I was diagnosed with TGA. It was one of the strangest days of my life of which I have no memory ... John Parton, 23 August 2006 I had an episode of trans global amnesia in March and still do research because it was so frightening. I am 61 and in fairly decent shape. It happened after exercise and sex. I told my husband I was having a TIA. I don't remember a shower I took or the trip to the hospital. I remember the CAT scan after it was almost finished. No damage was found and i have been fine but very cautious which is quite a shame since I don't like to have to feel so uneasy ... Reader on the web, 16 October 2006 My mother had her fourth attack yesterday and as your article states, whilst she is fine and can function during it, it is very scary for family and friends around her at the time. Our Doctors have never been able to shed much light on what happens or what causes them so thank you for your informative web pages - they've certainly helped me understand the situation a bit better. With Mum we have discovered it can be something as minor as a hic-cup that can trigger it. Only on one attack had she been doing exercise - the others she has either had a coughing fit or hic-cupped. Will we ever truly understand Mother Nature? My only concern is with my Dad having Type 2 diabetes and at higher risk of hypos now he is older, that the two never occur at the same time ... Jo, 20 October 2006 Since Jan of 2001 I have had 4 attacks of TGA. The first one lasted 8-9 hours and my husband and son took me to the ER. I had a CT scan, an MRI, MRA, and saw a neurologist. The last one happened a week ago. I have no memory of anything during the attacks. I had been a sufferer of migraines and they feel that is what may be triggering them. I was also recently divorced and had been under extreme stress since the summer of 2000. There seems to be a 1 1/2 year space between each one. Only one of them happened while I was driving. I always ask the same questions during each of them. What year is it, what day is it and what month is it. Also, anything that took place about 4-5 months prior to it is not remembered during the attacks. An example: I only remembered my daughter had one child when she had a second one 4 1/2 months ago. I do function during these spells but question anything out of place. I also used to try to remember what took place during the attacks but now I just let it go. A Dr. told me not to dwell on something that is not there and never will be as nothing was retained during that time so I won't have any memory of it. It is very scarey afterwards and I find myself constantly questioning myself about events testing my memory. After a period of time that part gradually stops ... Jen, 6 November 2006 On September 20, 2006 while visiting my husband's family in New Jersey I had what I have now been told was an episode of Transient Global Amnesia. I had never heard of it before. We had spent the day before visiting Ground Zero in New York, which was very emotionally stressful for me. We also took a boat tour of New York Harbor and I had my first chance to see the Statue of Liberty, I'm from California and this was my first visit to New York. The next morning, after taking my weekly Fosamax medication (I am 62 years old and have had osteopenia for a number of years)my husband tells me that I began to behave strangely, telling him that there was something wrong. I was disoriented and couldn't seem to stay awake, unusual behavior for me. My brother-in-law preparred breakfast for us but evidently I wasn't very adept at feeding myself, also unusual behavior for me. My husband determined that he thought I was having a stroke and took me to the hospital. They did a CAT scan and determined that I did not have a brain hemorrage and were preparring to give me medication to combat the effects of a stroke but evidently I was beginning to show signs of improvement so they waited. I finally came back to my senses aroud 5:00 P. M. I don't remember anything that happened between the time I finished my glass of water in the morning at about 9:30 A. M. until they were taking me to a hospital room at about 5:00 P. M. I have had a CAT Scan, a sonogram of my arteries, a sonogram of my heart function, an MRI, and two EEG's (one while sleep deprived). No abnormalities have been detected. I spent three days in the hospital in New Jersey and came back to follow up with a Neurologist here in California. The Neurologist in California is the one who suggested that what happened to me was TGA. I was told to just look it up on the Internet and that it wouldn't happen again. Well, from all of the things I've read here on this websight, it appears very possible it could happen again. I remember absolutely nothing about what happened during the episode and yet my husband tells me that I was very able to communicate with the emergency room personnel in New Jersey and was even able to explain to them exactly what medications and vitamin supplements I was taking and what they were for. It's a very frightening experience, I'm hoping someone can help us understand this phenomenon ... Ann Craft, 15 November 2006 Is there anywhere that I can find more info on TGA? ... Hywel, 9 January 2007 My mother had an episode of global transient amnesia, recovered quickly, but does not remember anything that occurred during the episode, which we were told is a hallmark of the disorder. Does your father remember now what transpired during the event? ... Betsey Thompson, 10 February 2007 I have had an episode of TGA which lasted about 9 hours. I can only remember brief snippets of what happened. For a few days afterward I still had some memory problems, was more agitated, headache, neckache, and very fatigued. 6 weeks later my memory is fine,feeling better, but still some headaches, neck aches, and somewhat easily fatigued. Nothing shows up on the MRI of the brain, CT scan, Venogram, blood tests for encephalitis and I just had an MRA of the neck and do not know the results. I was not under stress, might have been some sexual activity (cannot remember), but I am concerned about the continued symptoms and continue seeing a good neurologist. I am 64 years old, had some abdominal surgery 30 plus years ago ... DM, 4 March 2007 I have had two episodes, five years apart. Both followed very stressfull situations, one loosing my dog of 15yrs and loosing my youngest brother suddenly. I did not necessarily feel stressed at the time but had taken a warm shower both time just before on-set. I remember most of the first episode but have no memory of the 6-8 hrs of the second episode. My family recognized the symptoms from the first episode and just made me lay down and go to sleep. Had I stayed awake I may have eventually remembered everything. Both of these two events were noted because I called a family member during the on-set. I do wonder if there have been other times when I did not think to call someone. I am very scared about taking showers. Being that I like to take a shower daily, this could really be a problem!! If I drink a cold glass of water prior and after a warm shower will that make it safer? The last episode just happened the other night. I wish I knew more ... Paula Ross, 20 March 2007 Recently I witnessed my wife's behaviour during a Transient Global Amnesia or TGA episode. This is a well documented condition as per: Miranda Whites artical The behaviour of the patient could be best described as severe instant Alzheimer's. There is no memory of something that has happened 5 seconds ago. The patient repeats the same questions over and over again of events that have just been explained to them, such as where am I, what happened ect. Witnessing an episode it appears that the part of the brain affected is the same part of the brain that gets affected in Alzheimer's. With TGA the onset is commonly bought on by stress, vigorous exercise or sex. The common thread is energetic activity by the patient. It appears the brain is temporarily deprived of blood supply that rectifies itself in a short while, usually 3 to 4 hours. By the time the patient has been taken to a hospital the cause of the problem is not evident in tests performed. If there is a depravation of blood to a part of the brain it seems to me that there are three ways it can occur. 1. Rupture of vein. 2. Blockage of vein. 3. Collapse of vein. Obviously the first two could be observed, but the third can be self rectifying with no tell tale after affects. Once the patient relaxes the vein will dilate and perform as usual. This makes seeking the cause extremely difficult as there is no defect in the brain for the doctor to find. What I am trying to describe is a tube, ìveinî collapsing by way of a vacuum being drawn on it, this is the same as a coolant pipe in a car collapsing when the supportive spring is removed from inside the pipe. Rev the engine and the pipe will collapse, let the engine idle and the pipe opens up again. Sorry for this analogy but it's the best way I can describe it. The purpose of this letter is not so much as to find a cure for TGA, but may, if I am correct, be solution to the Alzheimer's condition. If the part of the brain affected by TGA is the same as Alzheimerís the cause of Alzheimer's may be a gradual closing off over several years of the same vein affecting TGA. I don't know how much attention is paid to TGA by way of research as it is not a life threatening condition, but if this condition explains Alzheimer's the consequences are huge. I don't mean to be a provocative layman but if I did not write this letter and I am correct, I would never forgive myself ... Jim Heath, 29 March 2007 Three days ago I was sitting at work and messenged a friend that I didn't feel right and something was wrong. He got me help and they took me to the ER. I've been told I was terrified and it was like I did a hard-reset every minute. I asked the same questions over and over. My son wrote down the answers and then when I asked, they pointed at the paper. I'd read it, look up and ask again. It lasted about 8 hours. It's left me with a headache and feeling a bit shaky. My neurologist said I'm fine and it should never happen again. But when you lose a chunk of your life that you will never remember, it's really disconcerting ... Jackie Mc Knite, 30 March 2007 I am so grateful I stumbled upon this website! A month ago I came home from work, changed my clothes and went to the barn to tell my husband I was having trouble remembering the events of the day. He took me to the ER. I don't remember the 6 hours that transpired after that, but finally I ""woke up"" and asked my husband ""what happened?"" His hesitation made me think that it was bad news, but it was only that I had asked him that same question every few minutes for the last 6 hours! (After explaining to him that I just woke up from a dream). I remembered who I was, who he was, where I worked, and what I was scheduled to do that day. But I did not remember that my brother was getting married in 2 months, that we were going to the wedding or that I had bought the airline tickets. Gradually I was able to put together what happened earlier in the day but have never recalled the 6 hours after the onset. This wasn't really terrifying for me because it was like it happened to someone else. Although he was concerned, after 6 hours my 9 year old started to have fun with it. He entertained himself at the hospital by telling me that I had a CAT scan so he could see my astonished reaction and watch me bust out laughing every 2 minutes because of remembering our favoirite movie scene of Tim Allen riding off in a sleigh in ""The Santa Claus"", his voice trailing off saying that when he gets home, he's getting a CAT scan! Prior to the episode, I had a 45 minute drive home from a new job that is very stressful. I also suffer from migraines every 1 or two months. That month I had three and they were more severe than usual. My episode was misdiagnosed as toxic exposure for lack of any other explanation, after reporting that I had mushroom soup for lunch. I have been wondering what really happened. All the tests only verified that my thyroid is low. In my research to find answer, I am seeing a pattern or some relationship between low thyroid and migraines and, now, migraines and TGA ... Sharron May, 14 April 2007 It has been theorised that I perhaps had a silent stroke and consequently...eletrical activities, that sets off these event they call TGAs. Since December 2003.... I have experienced at least ten events... What number can one expect that falls into the unique category. I have given up driving and except for the loss of some long past memories, balance problems from time to time.. I have been pronounced "" in good shape for a person my age "".. Female 86, Is there any proof that epilepsy is not the problem? my neurologist has me on Lamictal! ... Margaret K, 24 June 2007 I just had my second episode of TGA (am I glad to finally find a name for my experience). Both episodes were preceded by having sexual intercourse when I was in an emotionally stressful state of mind. In both episodes, I came back to our bedroom after taking a bath and dressing up, sat at my side of the bed and told my husband, ""I feel something's wrong with me."" Thereafter, I kept repeating a series of questions mostly associated to the cause of my stress (first episode: our son's departure for a protracted assignment in a foreign land and second episode: my daughter's gall bladder removal operation). In both episodes my first question was ""What date is it?"". With the second episode I fully recovered my memory after three hours unlike with my first episode where my recovery took more than twelve hours. My observation is that when an episode occurs, one must lie down and rest, drink lots of water, and have someone around who can patiently answer one's repetitive questions as well as ask questions and recall incidents related to the traumatic/stressful occurence so that the patient can slowly bring back his memory. For me, prayers and the kindness of my husband helped me get through the second episode ... Maria 25 June 2007 I have suffered Total Global Amnesia in transient duration. I am 78 and the recent one was about a month back. I was unaware of the onset and drove out doing my job and came back. I do not remember the drive, but do remember now all events prior and after the drive. My test to know whether I am likely to suffer TGA is, I do quick calculations like, 9+17=25 etc etc, plus do ""navigation"" on the computer. Operate the computer and log on to various sites one after the other. If I am fast enough, then all is ok or else, I better be careful and no driving etc. ... Nisar ul Haq, 1 July 2007 I am a 39 year old female and have been suffering these attacks since approximately 1995. The first time it happened, I had just taken a shower, which was not cold, nor too hot, and I was ""out of it"" for that day and some of the next. The funny thing was that it wasn't explainable and I couldn't describe the way it felt and both of my parents determined I was on some kind of drugs (not true). It was never an issue again until I had my daughter in 2000, then I had another ""episode"" 3 days after I had her, again after taking a shower. They continued on and off throughout the year, and my dr did an xray of my throat and saw that my vein was white (calcified). Nothing was ever done about it, I complained again, then he sent me to an ear nose throat dr who went down my throat with a camera and said everything was fine... (quack) so here it is 2007 I'm still suffering (so far seven this year alone) from the ""episodes"" but with a new dr that actually listens to what I'm saying. He sent me to have test after test that all came back normal until the cartoid doppler test showed a ""flap"" in my jugular vein. Which led us to TGA... I was relieved because it finally had a name, but at the same time scared to death because it's rare, and I have 2 daughters to consider. In conclusion, the ""episodes"" either happen to me because I take a shower, or I wake up like that already. Its really good to see that there are other people like me... I thought I was crazy, and I think my other doctor did too. To all of you other sufferers out there, may God bless you and I hope you too find some kind of solution because its very scary to go thru let alone have your family watch you go thru it ... Suzanne Reyes, 10 September 2007 I woke up one morning and had a terrible headache. Thinking it was nothing I went to the bathroom and took a bath in hopes of relaxing it down, instead it increased the severity of the headache. I got out and dressed whliest my parents (I was 16 at the time) asked me if everything was ok because I got out of the bath extremely quickly. In the middle of my speech with them it seemed like they stopped talking English and instead made wierd words and phrases up. I tried to talk to them, but to my memory they wouldn't understand. I woke up in the ER some six hours later. My folks told me that I had thrown up twice and they had to get drag me to the ER. They said I tried talking but murmers and randomn words came out of my mouth. I didn't remember any of this, and after several tests run by doctors, I was diagnosed with Global Amnesia ... Craig, 21 Octoer 2007 I don't know if what I'm experiencing is TGA or not, but it's the closest symptomology that I've found. I think that my amnesic episodes are of just a few minutes duration. At least the one today was short--lasting approximately five minutes as I drove. There were no precursor indications and no problems recovering from the incident. As others have said, I apparently can function fine during the episode and then have no memory of what transpired. I have apparently had these episodes over about two years. As far as I know, I have never been around anyone else when they happened and they are not related to having sex or the other activities that have been mentioned. I only began to suspect that I was having ""blackouts"" when things began missing or moving around my house and yard. I have not yet seen a doctor about these events, so this is my own diagnosis. I hope these episodes cease, because it's getting expensive replacing missing ipods! ... Bill Watson, 21 October 2007 "


what is mechanical handling equipment

est Best Answer: You want ''Materials Handling System/equipments'' Material handling equipment is all equipment that relates to the movement, storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal. Material handling equipment is the mechanical equipment involved in the complete system. Material handling equipment is generally separated into four main categories: storage and handling equipment, engineered systems, industrial trucks, and bulk material handling.

What is a Mechanical handling system?

Science & Mathematics Engineering What is a Mechanical handling system? I've been trying to search what it is google but nothing is coming up!Update: What is the operation of the system?1 following 7 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Old

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_ha...http://www.materialshandlingsys.com/http://materialhandlingsystems.net/Source (s):http://www.google.com.eg/search?q=Materi... Sam I · 8 years ago1 0 Comment Asker's rating Mechanical Handling System Source (s):https://shorte.im/bb7tzzamzam · 1 year ago0 0 Comment1jack · 3 years ago0 0 Comment Any mechanical system involved in the movement and relocation of materials from one place to another is considered a mechanical handling system. Such systems include mechanical conveyor systems for moving baggage in an airport terminal, or for moving material for warehousing, or pneumatic conveying systems for unloading grain from railroad cars into silos for storage. I'm sure that you can think of many other applications. Driving your car to go to the store could be considered a mechanical material handling system.gatorbait · 8 years ago1 0 Comment A mechanical handling system mainly is several mechanical units combined to handle and process solid or liquid material. As for bulk material handling, it includes conveying, filling, discharging, dosing, milling, mixing, weighing, containment etc. Source (s):http://www.powderprocessing.net伟民 · 5 years ago0 0 Comment There are many from a simple Pallet Truck or Fork Lift - to guided warehouse trucks and computerised robotically controlled conveyor systems & warehousing. Huge · 8 years ago0 0 Comment Your question is so vague that any section of the universe we want to examine can qualify.gintable · 8 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Looking for a new chandelier? How to order contacts online? Earn your MBA online! Need debt consolidation loans?


what is the lcd math

. For computers, see Lowest common denominator (computers). In mathematics, the lowest common denominator or least common denominator (abbreviated LCD) is the lowest common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions. It simplifies adding, subtracting, and comparing fractions.

Lowest common denominator

"Lowest common denominator From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about mathematics

Contents [ hide ]1 Description2 Role in arithmetic and algebra3 Slang usage4 See also5 References Description [ edit]The lowest common denominator of a set of fractions is the lowest number that is a multiple of all the denominators: their lowest common multiple. The product of the denominators is always a common denominator, as in:but it's not always the lowest common denominator, as in: Here, 36 is the least common multiple of 12 and 18. Their product, 216, is also a common denominator, but calculating with that denominator involves larger numbers:. With variables rather than numbers, the same principles apply: [1]Some methods of calculating the LCD are at Least common multiple#Computing the least common multiple. Role in arithmetic and algebra [ edit]The same fraction can be expressed in many different forms. As long as the ratio between numerator and denominator is the same, the fractions represent the same number. For example:because they are all multiplied by 1 written as a fraction: It is usually easiest to add, subtract, or compare fractions when each is expressed with the same denominator, called a ""common denominator"". For example, the numerators of fractions with common denominators can simply be added, such that and that, since each fraction has the common denominator 12. Without computing a common denominator, it is not obvious as to what equals, or whether is greater than or less than. Any common denominator will do, but usually the lowest common denominator is desirable because it makes the rest of the calculation as simple as possible. [2]Slang usage [ edit]The expression ""lowest common denominator"" is used to describe (usually in a disapproving manner) a rule, proposal, opinion, or media that is deliberately simplified so as to appeal to the largest possible number of people. [3]See also [ edit]Anomalous cancellation Greatest common divisor Partial fraction expansion, reverses the process of adding fractions into uncommon denominators References [ edit]^ Brooks, Edward (1901). The Normal Elementary Algebra, Part 1. C. Sower Company. p. 80. Retrieved 7 January 2014.^ ""Fractions"". The World Book: Organized Knowledge in Story and Picture, Volume 3. Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company. 1918. pp. 2285–2286. Retrieved 7 January 2014.^ https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/lowest-common-denominator (last accessed February 21, 2018) [ hide]v t e Fractions and ratios Division and ratio Dividend : Divisor = Quotient Fraction Numerator / Denominator = Quotient Algebraic Aspect Binary Continued Decimal Dyadic Egyptian Golden Silver Integer Irreducible Reduction LCD Musical interval Percentage Unit Categories: Elementary arithmetic Fractions (mathematics) "


what is the definition of sympathy

Sympathy is the older of the two terms. It entered English in the mid-1500s with a very broad meaning of “agreement or harmony in qualities between things or people.” Since then, the term has come to be used in a more specific way.

Empathy vs. Sympathy

Empathy vs. Sympathy How are empathyand sympathythe same? The terms empathy and sympathy are often confused, and with good reason. Both of the words deal with the relationship a person has to the feelings and experiences of another. So, let’s explore the differences between these terms and how they are most commonly used. Both sympathy and empathy have roots in the Greek term páthos meaning “suffering, feeling.” The prefix sym- comes from the Greek sýn meaning “with, together with” and the prefix em- derives from the Greek en- meaning “within, in.”What is sympathy?

Nowadays, sympathy is largely used to convey commiseration, pity, or feelings of sorrow for someone who is experiencing misfortune. This sense is epitomized in the category of greeting cards most often labeled “sympathy” that specialize in messages of support and sorrow for those in a time of need. Consider the following examples:“There was little sympathy in England for David Beckham … when he received a red card in a 1998 World Cup loss to Argentina.” — New York Times, July 2, 2015“…the new [Facebook] feature would automatically replace the existing ‘like’ button with a ‘sympathize’ one when users tag their statuses with a negative emotion, like ‘sad’ or ‘depressed.’” — New York, December 6, 2013What is empathy? Empathy entered English a few centuries after sympathy —in the late 1800s—with a somewhat technical and now obsolete meaning from the field of psychology, which referred to the physiological manifestation of feelings. Unlike sympathy, empathy has come to be used in a more broad way than it was when it was first introduced into the lexicon; the term is now most often used to refer to the capacity or ability to imagine oneself in the situation of another, experiencing the emotions, ideas, or opinions of that person. Consider the following examples:“…many of us believe that if more lives are at stake, we will — and should — feel more empathy (i.e., vicariously share others’ experiences) and do more to help.” — New York Times, July 10, 2015“I think that’s almost what it is sometimes if you sum up what acting is. It’s just the ultimate expression of empathy.” — Emily Blunt, Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2014To sum up the differences between the most commonly used meanings of these two terms: sympathy is feeling compassion, sorrow, or pity for the hardships that another person encounters, while empathy is putting yourself in the shoes of another. Like this Word Fact? Sign up for our Word Fact of the Week email!Previous Next


ariat international inc return address

ack At this time, you are unable to use our UPS flat rate shipping label and you’ll need to ship back your return with the carrier of your choice. We advise using a method that provides a tracking number Send Returns-to: Ariat International 30750 San Clemente St. Hayward, CA 94544

Returns

Returns Purchases from Ariat.com from the contiguous us +Get Organized Return items should be unworn, and still have their tags and original packaging. You may return your order within 90 days from the receipt of order. Request A Return Authorization You must obtain a return authorization number (RA#) by clicking here Ship It Back You decide-you can either use our convenient UPS flat rate shipping label and the return shipping cost ($6.00) is deducted when your return credit is processed or you can choose to use your own carrier. Now offering free returns ($6.00 value) on any product that doesn't fit! Offer valid in the contiguous U. S. only. If you choose your own carrier, returns will be refused and sent back to the sender if there is no Returns Authorization number on the box. Also, include a copy of your packing slip in your return Send Returns-to: Ariat International 30750 San Clemente St. Hayward, CA 94544If it is not sent to the proper return location or sent COD, it will be refused. What's Next When product is returned, the Credit Card/Gift Card used to make the original purchase will be automatically refunded. For this reason, it is important to retain the Credit Card/Gift Card. Please allow 3 weeks from receipt at our warehouse for your return credit to be processed. The prepaid shipping label (if you use our label) will be deducted at the time of the return credit. Note: Original shipping costs will not be reimbursed. Ariat.com does not allow exchanges at this time. A new order will be required. Questions? Contact us at: 877-702-7428 or returns@ariat.com Purchases from Ariat.com from Alaska, Hawaii, APO/FPO +Get Organized Return items should be unworn, and still have their tags and original packaging. You may return your order within 90 days from the receipt of order. Request A Return Authorization You must obtain a return authorization number (RA#) by clicking here Returns will be refused and sent back to the sender if there is no Returns Authorization number on the box Put the RA# on the box, and Include a copy of your packing slip in your return Ship It B

If it is not sent to the proper return location or sent COD, it will be refused. What's Next Please allow 3 weeks from receipt at our warehouse for your return credit to be processed. The prepaid shipping label (if you use our label) will be deducted at the time of the return credit. Note: Original shipping costs will not be reimbursed. Ariat.com does not allow exchanges at this time. A new order will be required. Questions? Contact us at: 877-702-7428 or returns@ariat.com International Returns +We do not, at this time, accept returns on International orders with the following exceptions: If any apply, please contact us at internationalorders@ariat.com and we will provide you with further instructions on where returns should be shipped and the amount you will be refunded. If the item is defective and/or under warranty. In the case of a shipping error, e.g. : wrong size, wrong style, etc. EU consumers have the ability to return unworn products within 14 days of receipt, as regulated by the European Union Consumer Rights Directive. Consumers must contact Ariat within 14 days of receipt to notify Ariat that of the return. Goods must be unworn and shipped back to Ariat during this 14 day window. Consumers are responsible for the costs of return the products to Ariat, including duties. Check return status +You returned your product, now what? Please allow 3 weeks from receipt at our warehouse for your return credit to be processed You can check the status of your return here Don't forget--Prepaid shipping label (if you use our label) will be deducted at the time of the return credit Purchases from a retailer +If you have purchased a product from one our retailers (either store or online), you must return your product to the retailer. At this time, Ariat.com is unable to process any returns for purchases that originated elsewhere.


what is the perimeter of triangle

r The perimeter of a triangle is the sum of all the sides of the triangle, and you determine the perimeter of any triangle by adding the lengths of all three sides. Since an isosceles triangle has two si

"Math Geometry Shapes Q: How Do You Solve for the Perimeter of an Isosceles Triangle? A: Quick Answe

des of equal length, start by multiplying the length of one of the equal sides by two. Then, add the product to the length of the base side. The resulting sum is the perimeter of the triangle. Using either a pen and paper or a calculator, you can make these simple calculations in just a few minutes. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Do All Sides of a Triangle Add up To? How Do You Find the Perimeter of a Triangle? What Is the Formula for Perimeter? Full Answer Determine the length of the lateral sides of the triangle An isosceles triangle has at least two equal sides. These sides are called ""lateral sides."" Measure the length of a lateral side using a ruler or tape measure. Multiply the lateral side length by 2Since there are two lateral sides, determine the sum of the lateral sides by multiplying the length of one lateral side by 2. Determine the length of the base side Measure the length of the base side of the triangle using a ruler or a tape measure. The base side is the side of the triangle with a length that is not equal to the other sides' lengths. Add the base length to the existing product Add the length of the base side to the result from the second step. The sum is the perimeter of the triangle. Learn more about Shapes Sources: mathopenref.com mathopenref.com algebra.com Related Questions Q: What Is the Perimeter of a Triangle? A: The perimeter of a triangle is the total distance around its three outer sides. If a triangle has side lengths equal to D, E and F, then its perimeter is t... Full Answer >Filed Under: Shapes Q: What Is the Perimeter of a Rectangle? A: The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of the length of all four sides. Alternate formulas for finding the perimeter are 2 (length + width) and 2 x length ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Shapes Q: What Is the Perimeter of a Parallelogram? A: The perimeter of a parallelogram, as for any polygon, is the sum of the lengths of its sides. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and have t... Full Answer >Filed Under: Geometry Q: What Is an Isosceles Triangle? A: An isosceles triangle is a specific type of triangle where only two of the side lengths and two of the internal angles are equal. There are also other type... Full Answer >Filed Under: Shapes You May Also Like Q: How Do You Measure Irregular Land Acreage? Q: What Are the Inside Dimensions of a 53-Foot Trailer? Q: What Is a Substance That Has a Fixed Volume but an Indefinite Shape? Q: How Many Vertices Does a Circle Have? Q: What Are the Shapes of the Faces of a Triangular Prism? Q: What Is Half of a Sphere Called? "