how long does tramadol stay in the urine

Furthermore, Tramadol (and metabolites) remain detectable for up to 40 hours after administration at the threshold of 12.5 pg. Assuming you excrete Tramadol at an average rate, it should be out of your urine within 2 days (48 hours) of ingestion.

How Long Does Tramadol Stay In Your System? Share Pin Reddit Stumble Email Tramadol (brand name “Ultram”) is a synthetic drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It initially hit the market in 1995 as an immediate-release (IR) drug, and was since also engineered into an extended-release (ER) drug in 2005. Compared to many other pain medications, Tramadol is unique in that it elicits an array of effects across a spectrum of neurotransmitters. It primarily acts as a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, thereby releasing both enkephalins and beta-endorphin to facilitate analgesic effects. Mu-receptor agonism is also understood to increase neurophysiological relaxation (which reduces anxiety) and enhance mood (often significantly). In addition, Tramadol increases serotonin (via SSRI /5-HT release) and antagonizes: NMDA, 5-HT2C, n ACh Rs, TRPV1, M1, and M3 receptors. As a result of its complex mechanism of action, Tramadol is an appealing drug for the treatment of pain, as well as a multitude of off-label conditions. However, many users of the drug may dislike its side effects (e.g. itchiness, constipation, nausea), be wary of its long-term effects, and/or feel as if the drug has lost its efficacy (due to tolerance). For these reasons, some individuals have quit the drug, but wonder how long it’ll stay in their system after stopping. How long does Tramadol stay in your system after stopping? If you’ve stopped taking this drug, you’re likely in for a rollercoaster-ride of Tramadol withdrawal symptoms . Many of the discontinuation symptoms will be difficult to tolerate, especially if you’ve been taking the drug for a long-term. However, most people find solace in understanding that their body can detoxify itself once the Tramadol has fully left their system.

To understand how long Tramadol is likely to stay in your system after stopping, it is necessary to consider its elimination half-life. Elimination half-life is the average amount of time it takes for 50% of the drug to have been cleared from your system.

Medical literature indicates that Tramadol’s elimination half-life is around 6.3 hours. With this information we can estimate that upon complete cessation of Tramadol, it’ll stay in your system for approximately 1.44 days .

Despite the fact that Tramadol should be out of your system within 48 hours after your last dose, it is necessary to consider that its primary metabolite “O-desmethyltramadol” (M1) has a longer half-life of 7.4 hours.

For complete systemic elimination of Tramadol and its O-desmethyltramadol (M1) metabolite, it’ll take around 1.7 days. Source: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Trama

dol Variables that influence how long Tramadol stays in your system Even though most people who’ve quit taking Tramadol should clear it, along with its metabolite (O-demethyltramadol), in less than 48 hours after their final dose – not everyone does.

Some people take considerably longer than 2 days to fully excrete the drug, while others may excrete it in a substantially shorter duration. Variance in excretion speed are usually due to variables such as: individual factors, dosage, term of administration, and co-ingestion of other drugs. Individual factors If two individuals were to take a single 50 mg dose of Tramadol simultaneously, one person would likely excrete the drug quicker than the other. Perhaps one person would excrete the Tramadol substantially faster than the “norm,” or another individual may excrete it substantially slower than average. In any regard, individual factors such as: a person’s age, body mass/fat, genetics, and hepatic function can influence Tramadol’s pharmacokinetics – thereby affecting its excretion speed. Age: It is hypothesized that the half-life of Tramadol may be increased among elderly patients compared to healthy adults. Elderly individuals often exhibit reduced hepatic blood flow and are taking other medications that may interfere with drug metabolism. Furthermore, elderly individuals may have other health problems and decreased physiologic efficiency as a result of old-age, resulting in slower excretion compared to younger adults. Body mass + Body fat (%): It may be helpful to consider a person’s body mass when estimating how long Tramadol is likely to remain in their system. Usually, the greater a person’s body mass (height/weight) relative to the dosage of Tramadol they’ve taken – the quicker they’ll excrete the drug from their system. On the other hand, the lesser a person’s body mass in respect to the ingested Tramadol dose – the less efficiently it is likely to get metabolized and excreted. Additionally, a person’s body fat percentage is also thought to influence detoxification speed. Individuals with a high body fat percentage may accumulate more Tramadol over time than people with a low body fat percentage, resulting in slower clearance. This is due to the fact that Tramadol is lipophilic, meaning it binds to fat stores and can “build-up” throughout the body. Genetics: It is necessary to understand that genetic variants, particularly of genes responsible for influencing hepatic enzymes, can affect the pharmacokinetics of Tramadol. Since the drug is chiefly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes to form O-desmethyltramadol – variants of CYP2D6 alleles may affect both clearance speed and elimination half-life. Variation in other enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 may also impact how long Tramadol stays in your system, but to a lesser extent than CYP2D6. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12191703Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17570739Food intake + Hydration: If you took your last dose of Tramadol with food, it could’ve affected its time of absorption. A large meal along with Tramadol is thought to delay its absorption because the body is simultaneously working to breakdown food. Delayed absorption means that it may take your body slightly longer to eliminate the drug because it wasn’t absorbed as quickly. This is not to suggest that the food affects elimination half-life; this should remain unaffected. In addition to food intake possibly delaying absorption, intake of fluids may expedite excretion. Significant fluid intake is thought to boost urinary flow rate, which is known to enhance clearance speed. Hepatic + Renal function: Tramadol is extensively metabolized by enzymes within the liver and processed by the kidneys prior to excretion. Should an individual exhibit hepatic impairment, the elimination half-life of Tramadol may increase. In other words, it may take longer for the liver to “break down” the drug and its metabolites as a result of its impaired function. This may result in heightened levels of Tramadol circulating throughout the body, taking longer to eliminate. To a lesser extent, a person’s renal function will also affect excretion of Tramadol. Someone with suboptimal kidney performance may excrete the drug at a slower rate (with less efficiency) compared to those with normative renal function. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14650359Metabolic rate: A person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) may influence the duration over which Tramadol remains in systemic circulation following your last dose. Specifically, those with high BMRs often metabolize and excrete drugs (and other exogenous substances) faster than individuals with low BMRs. A high BMR indicates that a person is burning more energy at rest, which also often leads to more efficient drug metabolism and excretion. A high BMR is also often associated with less total body fat for Tramadol binding and accumulation. As a result, those with higher BMRs may excrete the drug quicker than those with low BMRs. That said, the extent to which metabolic rate affects elimination half-life of Tramadol isn’t fully elucidated. Urinary p H: Most of a Tramadol dose is eliminated via urinary excretion in the form of metabolites. Some research suggests that urinary drug clearance is often influenced by the p H of a person’s urine. Specifically, the greater the alkalinity of a person’s urine, the longer they’re likely to retain drug metabolites prior to excretion. Alkaline urine may promote reabsorption of Tramadol metabolites by the kidneys, resulting in recirculation throughout the system. For this reason, half-life could be extensively increased among individuals on a highly alkaline diet. On the other hand, those with acidic urine are thought to excrete metabolites of Tramadol with efficiency and inhibit the possibility of reabsorption and recirculation. Dosage (Low vs. High)The dosage of Tramadol that a person takes can influence how long it remains in their system. Higher doses place greater burden on hepatic isoenzymes for metabolism, as well as get converted into an increased number of metabolites prior to excretion. Therefore a person taking a higher dose of the drug (e.g. 300 mg per 24 hours) will metabolize the drug at a slower speed (due to the increased amount) and more metabolites will necessitate clearance – compared to a low dose user. In addition to slower metabolism and excretion speed, high dosages yield greater accumulation of Tramadol (and metabolites) in body fats/tissues. A study with horses noted that when 10 mg/kg doses were administered, a greater amount of the drug’s “M2” (N-desmethyltramadol) accumulated compared to 5 mg/kg doses. Although these findings don’t necessarily apply to humans, the possibility of increased accumulation with dosing makes logical sense – and shouldn’t be dismissed. Another study reported that among those who’ve overdosed on Tramadol, the mean half-life of the drug increases to 9.24 hours (compared to its average of 6.3 hours). Researchers noted that the degree to which half-life increased was “dose-dependent” among those who overdosed. In other words, the highest overdoses were associated with the longest half-lives compared to the lowest overdoses. This supports the idea that ingested dose directly influences Tramadol’s half-life – especially at supratherapeutic levels. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348403/Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24180699Term of Administration Both the frequency by which someone administers Tramadol, as well as the duration of the term over which it is administered can affect how long it is likely to stay in their system. Someone taking immediate-release (IR) Tramadol on an “as-needed,” intermittent basis will likely excrete the drug quicker than an individual taking extended-release (ER) Tramadol once daily. Since most Tramadol users take the 24-hour “ER” format, term of administration typically has a greater influence on excretion than frequency of usage. Someone that took Tramadol ER for just 2 days is unlikely to have reached steady state concentrations of the drug throughout their bloodstream. It is estimated that steady state levels are attained after approximately 4 days of administration. For this reason, if someone used the “ER” format for less than 4 days, they probably will excrete it faster than someone who’s been taking it for over 4 days. Some speculate that the drug continues to accumulate within the body, specifically the tissues even after reaching a steady state within the bloodstream. Tissue accumulation may occur to a greater extent in a long-term user compared to short-term user. Research in horses and humans shows that Tramadol and its metabolites accumulate to a greater extent when administered over a long-term compared to a short-term (or single-dose). It should also be mentioned that many long-term users are taking higher doses of Tramadol than short-term users (resulting from tolerance associated with long-term treatment). In this case, not only would the long-term of administration have resulted in greater Tramadol (and metabolite accumulation), but the upward titration in dosing would’ve as well. In short, if you are a single-dose or short-term Tramadol user, you’ll probably excrete the drug faster than a long-term user. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7517823Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24180699Co-ingestion of other drugs If you’re taking other drugs along with Tramadol, its pharmacokinetics may be altered. Since Tramadol is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 to form its most prominent metabolite “O-desmethyltramadol” (M1), any drugs interacting with the functionality of CYP2D6 isoenzymes could influence its elimination half-life. Drugs known as CYP2D6 inhibitors interfere with CYP2D6 function, resulting in less efficient metabolism and impaired clearance. Examples of some CYP2D6 inhibitors include: Cinacalcet, Paxil, Prozac, Quinidine, Ritonavir, and Wellbutrin. On the other hand, drugs that induce or enhance function of CYP2D6 are thought to reduce metabolism and excretion times. Examples of CYP2D6 inducers that may expedite the formation of O-desmethyltramadol include: Dexamethasone and Rifampicin. To a lesser extent, enzymes such as CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 aid in the conversion of Tramadol to form the less notable metabolite N-desmethyltramadol (M2). Therefore taking a CYP2B6 inhibitor (e.g. Curcumin, Orphenadrine, Thio TEPA, Ticlopidine) or CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g. Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir) – could slow the formation of M2. On the other hand, a CYP2B6 inducer (e.g. Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Rifampicin) or CYP3A4 inducer (Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Modafinil, St. John’s wort) may expedite the formation of M2 (N-desmethyltramadol). Tramadol (Ultram): Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion (Details)Following administration of Tramadol, it is extensively absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The bioavailability of a 100 mg oral dose is estimated to be 75% and peak plasma concentrations of Tramadol (and its O-desmethyl metabolite) appear 1.5 to 3 hours post-administration in healthy adults. The drug is then distributed throughout the body and approximately 20% of a dose binds to plasma proteins. Steady state concentrations are attained within 2 days of administration of the immediate release (IR) format, whereas 4 days are required to reach a steady state with the extended-release (ER) format. As a result of its lipophilic properties, Tramadol is known to accumulate within bodily tissues; the accumulation increases over time and with higher doses. After the drug is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, it is metabolized extensively within the liver. The major metabolic pathways that convert Tramadol to metabolites include O-demethylation, N-demethylation, glucuronidation, and suflation. CYP2D6 enzymes are known to play a major role in the O-demethylation process, converting Tramadol to “O-desmethyltramadol” (M1). N-demethylation is spurred by CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 enzymes, converting Tramadol to the less prominent metabolite, “N-desmethyltramadol” (M2). Both O-desmethyl and N-desmethyl metabolites undergo secondary metabolism to form: N, N-didesmethytramadol (M3) and N,O-didesmethyltramadol (M5), followed by N, N,O-tridesmethyltramadol (M3). Hepatic glucuronidation is facilitated by UGT2B7 and UGT1A8 enzymes. Tramadol and all of its metabolites are then processed by the kidneys for urinary excretion. Research suggests that 60% of a Tramadol dose appears as metabolites within urine, whereas 30% appears as unchanged Tramadol. Based on the half-life of Tramadol at 6.3 hours, and its primary “M1” metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) at 7.4 hours, both should be completely excreted within 2 days of ingestion. Source: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tramadol Source: https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165946349Types of Tramadol Drug Tests Though Tramadol will not be detected on a standard (SAMHSA-5 panel) drug screening, it is certainly detectable with an advanced panel screening. For example, a toxicology screening specifically engineered to detect prescription drugs is likely to detect Tramadol. Types of tests include: urine tests, hair tests, saliva tests – and in rare cases, blood tests. Urine tests: A urine test involves collecting a fresh urine sample from a prospective Tramadol user. Upon collection of this sample, it is sent to a laboratory and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to detect unchanged Tramadol, but mostly its metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and N-desmethyltramadol (M2). Research shows that Tramadol (and metabolites) appear in urine within 2 hours of ingestion.

That said, it is necessary to realize that when administered at high (supratherapeutic doses), especially over a long-term, detection windows may be extended for an additional day or two. It is also necessary to note that Tramadol is capable of triggering a false-positive on a PCP (phencyclidine) urine screening. Although a false-positive for PCP on a urine test after Tramadol ingestion isn’t common, it may occur. This is something to be aware of if you’ve never used PCP, but test positive for it because of your Tramadol prescription. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8237385Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924518Hair tests: Hair testing is generally administered to complement urine testing, but may be used as a standalone drug test modality. A hair test typically involves collecting a sample of follicles from a person’s head and sending them to a laboratory for analysis. Most of the follicles will need to be at least 3 cm in length, and the longer each one is, the easier it’ll be to detect long-term Tramadol ingestion. After the follicles are collected, they are often analyzed with a technique called liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). This technique will reveal the amount of Tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol (ODMT), and N-desmethyltramadol (NDMT) that someone has ingested. The accuracy of a hair test is nearly perfect and listed in some publications as between 90 and 110%, with recovery values of the drug exceeding 90%. Research has shown that in cases of Tramadol abuse, concentrations of unchanged Tramadol and its ODMT/NDMT metabolites are high, within the range of 0.22-1.18 ng/mg of hair. Someone using Tramadol with proper medical care will only exhibit 0.07-0.80 ng/mg of hair – substantially less than abusers. Due to their high level of accuracy, minimal invasiveness, and long detection window (spanning months after ingestion), hair tests are an appealing way to detect Tramadol. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459945Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519701Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23127661Saliva tests: Collecting an oral fluid sample (of saliva) from a person’s mouth can also reveal whether they’ve used Tramadol. Following collection of an oral fluid sample, it is then sent to a laboratory and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This “GC/MS” technique is able to determine whether any Tramadol or metabolites (M1/M2) remain in a person’s system. Research shows that following Tramadol administration, up to 87.7% can be detected in salivary fluid. The drug is thought to initially become detectable within less than an hour of ingestion, and may remain detectable for over 24 hours. Though saliva samples are convenient and may be improved upon in the future, they provide a shorter window of detection than urine testing. A new testing modality called “Exhaled Breath” (EB) has emerged as well. This is less invasive than collecting salivary fluid from a prospective user. It involves utilizing a breathalyzer-like device formatted to detect prescription drugs in the breath of a user. Research shows that Tramadol and its metabolites appear within “exhaled breath” for 8 to 24 hours after administration. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26388171Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17194631Blood tests: A blood test can be used to detect Tramadol quickly after ingestion. It is thought that blood testing detects Tramadol more quickly than any other modality. However, blood testing is inconvenient in the fact that it is invasive and only offers a short window to detect Tramadol after administration. Following ingestion, the drug should appear within the bloodstream for about an hour, but may not remain detectable for 24 hours post-ingestion. In most cases, blood tests are used in scientific research and for hospitalized patients. Those in the hospital as a result of a suspected Tramadol overdose may have blood drawn to determine the exact serum levels. Urine tests and hair tests are less invasive and provide longer detection windows than blood tests, hence are preferred. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735309Who could get tested for Tramadol? Most individuals will not be tested for Tramadol unless a law enforcement agent suspects that they’re intoxicated on a prescription drug. Certain professions such as: truckers, pilots, and those operating heavy machinery may get screened randomly for prescription drugs like Tramadol. Other individuals such as: military personnel, rehab patients, and criminals may also be subject to random prescription drug screenings. Athletes: It is extremely unlikely that an athlete would use Tramadol without authorized medical permission. It is also rare that an athlete would be subject to extensive drug panels for prescription drugs like Tramadol. That said, should a collegiate, professional, or Olympic athlete get caught with Tramadol in his/her system – they may be penalized or banned from competition. Criminals: Law enforcement agents often find that criminals ingest any drugs they can obtain, regardless of whether they’re prescriptions. Since ingestion of Tramadol at high doses elicits an opioidergic intoxication, this may be appealing to criminals. Should a law enforcement agent suspect that a criminal has taken Tramadol (or used the drug in a crime), that person may be subject to testing and punished if they test positive. Employees: Many employers require that their employees maintain a state of alertness, vigilance, and focus on the job. Lack of concentration could result in the death of a fellow employee, damaged equipment, or other injuries. For this reason, various jobs such as: truck drivers, pilots, and those operating heavy machinery – may be tested for Tramadol (and other prescription CNS depressants). Military personnel: On occasion, the military may test their personnel for prescription drug usage. This testing helps determine whether any individual administered drugs on an unauthorized basis. Additionally, since Tramadol is a depressant, it may increase likelihood of errors in combat and training. Any military members that test positive for Tramadol without medical approval may be delisted and/or penalized. Rehab patients: Individuals in rehab may be prescribed Tramadol to help them cope with chronic pain and/or transition off of more potent medications. That said, most individuals in rehab are attempting to kick the habit of all drugs and live a sober lifestyle. Since rehabilitation professionals know that patients may attempt to abuse drugs (even prescriptions), they may issue random drug tests capable of detecting Tramadol. How to get Tramadol out of your system Most people want to know what they can do to fully clear Tramadol from their system as soon as possible. Below are some tips that may prove beneficial for expediting the clearance of Tramadol and its metabolites from your body after stopping. Prior to implementation of any of these suggestions, always verify their safety and hypothetical efficacy with a medical professional. Complete cessation: Permanently stopping Tramadol can be tough, especially if you’ve been taking it for a long-term. However, complete cessation is required if you want to fully excrete the drug from your body. Realize that the sooner you cease usage of Tramadol, the quicker you can expect it to be excreted. Burn body fat: Tramadol is a lipophilic drug, meaning it’ll bind to fat stores throughout your body. If you have a high percentage of body fat, Tramadol may have accumulated to a significant extent within your system. Burning body fat will help purge your fat stores of the accumulated Tramadol, thereby speeding up detoxification. Maintain hydration: Most of a Tramadol dose is metabolized within the liver, processed by the kidneys, and eliminated via urine. Maintaining hydration ensures that your urinary flow rate is high. A high urinary flow rate is associated with faster clearance speed and excretion of various drugs, especially those that are eliminated principally via urine. Drink plenty of water to ensure that your urinary flow rate is optimal. Acidify urine: In addition to increasing urinary flow rate with hydration, you may want to acidify your urine. Individuals with a high urinary p H (alkaline urine) tend to excrete drugs slower than those with a low urinary p H (acidic urine). You can enhance the acidity of your urine by eating foods such as meats, grains, cranberries, etc. Don’t go overboard with the acidification though as this could result in acidosis. Activated charcoal: To ensure that no unmetabolized Tramadol or its metabolites are floating around within your system, you may want to take activated charcoal. I recommend activated charcoal as being among the best supplements for antidepressant withdrawal. It essentially binds to any toxic remnants within your gut and ensures that they’re eliminated from your body. How long has Tramadol stayed in your system after stopping? If you’ve fully stopped taking Tramadol, share a comment in regards to how long you believe it stayed in your system. Do you believe that you excreted the drug quicker or slower than average? To help others get an ideal of how long Tramadol may have stayed in your system after cessation, share factors that may affect its excretion time including: your age, dosage, and term of administration. Understand that in general, most people will excrete Tramadol in less than a day-and-a-half (1.5 days) and its principal “M1” metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) in less than 2 days (48 hours) after their final dose. If you are concerned that the drug will linger in your bodily tissues for longer than 2 days, you could consider using some sort of detoxification protocol. However, in most cases, your body will be more than capable of detoxifying itself. Share Pin Reddit Stumble Email Related Posts: How Long Does Klonopin (Clonazepam) Stay In Your System? How Long Does Subutex Stay In Your System? How Long Does Ambien Stay In Your System? How Long Does Vyvanse Stay In Your System? How Long Does Methadone Stay In Your System?


where is vanderbilt located?

Vanderbilt is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jackson County, Texas, United States. The population was 411 at the 2000 census. Vanderbilt is located on Farm Road 616 in SE Jackson County. The town started up in 1904, built around the new railroad station of the old Mitchell spread in the George Ewing league. The railway through the town is the location of St. Louis, Brownsville, and Mexico Railway, and has served as a trade center for local farmers and traders. Many stores were built in Vanderbilt, and once, there was even a hotel installed in the town.

Vanderbilt

Vanderbilt Vanderbilt, TXFavorite Share More Nearby Directions Sponsored Topics Description

As the town expanded, the old mail delivery system was no longer an easy means of carrage, so a Post Office was built in 1907 and kept serving through '88, when a new one was built (zip: 77991). By 1945, Vanderbilt had a population of 300 and about 10 stores and trading posts. In 1962, when the town population reached its all time climax of 900, the town experienced a decline in population, due to relocation and migration. By 1971, the town was back down to 667, where it remained stable until 1990. Then, there were only 5 stores remaining in town, and the population decreased by the hundreds. Vanderbilt is located at 28°49′20″N 96°36′57″W / 28.82222°N 96.61583°W / 28.82222; -96.61583 (28.822110, -96.615708).


tim chapman net worth

en. As a result of his successful career as a TV star, he amassed a lot of fortune and fame. As of now, his net worth is estimated to be $3 Million, but his salary is unknown. Tim Chapman’s Rumors, and Controversy Tim Chapman came in headlines given their risky nature of business in 2006.

Tim Chapman Bio

Tim Chapman Bio Posted on September 15, 2017 / Last Modified March 26, 2018Single Facts of Tim Chapman Age: 52 years 10 months Birth Date: May 13, 1965Horoscope: Taurus Birth Place: Ventura, California, USAFather's Name: Ronald Chapman Mother's Name: Colorado bondswoman Profession: Bounty hunter Salary: N/ANet Worth: $ 3 Million Ethnicity: N/ANationality: American Hair Color: Brown Eye Color: Blue Facebook Profile/Page: Twitter Profile: Instagram Profile: Wikipedia Profile: IMDB Profile: Official Website: Relationship Statistics of Tim Chapman What is Tim Chapman marital status ? (single, married, in relation or divorce): Single How many children does Tim Chapman have ? (name): Four: Autumn Sky Chapman, Thunder Cloud Chapman, Storm Hunter Chapman, and Tim Chapman Jr. Is Tim Chapman having any relationship affair ? : No Is Tim Chapman gay ? : No More about the relationship Tim Chapman was previously married to Davina Chapman. However, their wedding date is not revealed till now. During their time of marriage, they were blessed with four children together named Autumn Sky Chapman, Thunder Cloud Chapman, Storm Hunter Chapman, and Tim Chapman Jr. However, they separated with a divorce in the year of 2009. Since then, he has not revealed much about his personal life and romantic relationships. Also, there is no information about rumors, affairs, and girlfriends associated to him. Contents [ hide]1 Who is Tim Chapman?2 Tim Chapman’s Early Life, Childhood, and Education3 Tim Chapman’s Career, Salary, and Net Worth4 Tim Chapman’s Rumors, and Controversy5 Tim Chapman’s Body Measurements6 Tim Chapman’s Social Media Who is Tim Chapman? Tim Chapman is a retired bounty hunter who hails from America. He is best-known and recognized for his role on A&E TV’s Dog the Bounty Hunter. He appeared alongside Duane “Dog” Chapman. Tim Chapman’s Early Life, Childhood, and Education Tim Chapman was born on May 13, 1965, in Ventura, California, USA. He is of American Nationality but his ethnicity is unknown. His father is Ronald Chapman and his mother is a Colorado bondswoman named Diane Wimberly. Unfortunately, his parents separated when he was two and half years old. He spent his early life and childhood along with his brother named Russell J. Chapman. Talking about his education and qualification, he has not given any insight into it. So there is no information regarding his education. Tim Chapman’s Career, Salary, and Net Worth Tim Chapman started his career at ABC Bail Bonds in Denver operated by his maternal grandparents. He claimed that he made his first civilian arrest when he was just 14 years old. During his time working there, he met Duane “Dog” Chapman who called him as his “blood brother”. Later on, he joined Dog, Dog’s girlfriend Beth Smith and son Leland in Hawaii to start the Da Kine Bail Bonds company. Tim Chapman first got a media attention when he became a regular cast member for the five seasons of the show named Dog the Bounty Hunter. Chapman took a break and did not appear from season six till the season seven episode named “Mister Mom” which premiered on April 14, 2010. He explained that he took the break so that he could spend time with his childr

When he along with Dog, and Leland captured fugitive and serial rapist Andrew Luster. They were arrested and later bailed with the amount of $100000each. Later on, charges were filed against them by the Mexican government. However, the charges were dropped later on. Later on, he was charged with first-degree “terroristic threatening” after he tried to intentionally kill a security guard at Ala Moana Center in Hawaii. However, on January 29, 2009, the threatening charges were dropped. Tim Chapman’s Body Measurements He has brown hair color and his eye color is blue. There is no information about her height, weight and shoe size. Tim Chapman’s Social Media Tim Chapman is inactive in social media as he has yet to open an account on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Tags : Retired bounty hunteredit Related Posts on Tim Chapman“A Tumor is blocking my breathing”-Beth Chapman on her stage 2 throat cancer! Her courage and determination to fight the cancer for her husband and children!Anastasia sometimes tweets that she had a dream about her pregnancy and sometimes she said that she wants to go Disneyland with her boyfriend. Does she have anyone in real? The more the merrier! Know 8 Celebrities who have 10 or more than 10 children in their family!View Todays Aniversary View Tomorrows Aniversary Entertainment view all Kimberly Schlapman from the band Little Big Town is also a chef! Know more about her career, cooking, marriage and 2017 adoption. Julie Banderas’s successful career is well known. But do you know about the fox news anchor’s family life?“I was drinking with Jim Morrison and Jimi Hendrix and trying to keep up with Keith Moon and they all died at 27.”-Alice Cooper. Now he has celebrated 42nd marriage anniversary with his wife, Sheryl Goddard


what car did the pope ride in

re +The Pope’s Ride The famous “Popemobile,” which allows Popes to elevate above crowds, isn’t always the same car. There are several different vehicles that make up a larger papal vehicle fleet. A modified Jeep Wrangler will serve as his Popemobile American ride.

"Pope Francis in the US: How He'll Be Traveling By VERONICA STRACQUALURSIAli Dukakis Sep 22, 2015, 2:39 PM ETJoe Raedle/Getty Images WATCH Pope Francis Kicks Off Historic US Trip Email The pope has arrived. That’s right: Pope Francis has touched down on American soil today for the very first time. The head of the Catholic Church kicked-off his current overseas trip in Cuba on Saturday, and departed today for his maiden voyage to America, which begins in its capital city. From Washington, D. C ., Pope Francis will continue his expected six-day stint in the U. S. in New York City and Philadelphia before heading home to Vatican City. From the uber-high security detail to the enormous traveling entourage and everything in between, here’s how the globetrotting pontiff will get from point A to point B during his stay in America. Pope Francis Heads to the US in Historic Visit History of Popes in the U. S. Pope Francis Turns Attention to US as Cuba Trip Winds Down Papal Entourage When the Pope travels, he brings what amounts to a mini-Vatican along with him. According to Crux, the pope’s traveling church entourage includes about 30 people, such as the Vatican clergy and employees of the Vatican press office. Pope Francis doesn't speak English as strongly as he does other languages, so his official translator for his trip to America, Monsignor Mark Miles, will remain close to the pope during his visit. Msgr. Miles was the man by Pope Francis’ side when President Obama visited him at the Vatican March 27, 2014. Getty Images The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See, or Vatican Embassy in Washington. Also accompanying the pope during his tour of America is a massive security detail. Vatican Security and the U. S. Secret Service have teamed up to provide protection during his stay. Where the Pope Is Staying in D. C. While in Washington, Pope Francis will stay at the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the United States, colloquially known as the “Vatican Embassy.” Located on the portion of Massachusetts Avenue known as “Embassy Row,” the Vatican Embassy boasts a chapel, beautiful stained-glass windows and a small outdoor garden. Gregorio Borgia/AP Photo Pope Francis meets the journalists aboard the papal airplane on the occasion of his visit to Quito, Ecuador, July 5, 2015. more +What the Pope Brings With Him He may be arguably the most famous person in the world, but Pope Francis isn’t above carrying his own luggage. The pope was first seen carrying his own baggage in 2013 while boarding the papal plane for a trip to Brazil. During the press conference on the papal return flight, Pope Francis revealed what he carries in his traveling black leather satchel: A razor, a breviary, an appointment book and a book to read.“I was carrying it because that’s what I’ve always done. When I travel, I carry it,” the pope said. Sure enough, Pope Francis was seen toting the black bag upon his departure for Cuba on Saturday. Pablo Martinez Monsivais/AP Photo In this Thursday, March 27, 2014 file photo, U. S. President Barack Obama, left, reacts as he meets with Pope Francis, center, during their exchange of gifts at the Vatican. mo

The Popemobile bares the custom license plate “SCV 1,” the initials for Status Civitatis Vaticanae, Latin for Vatican City State. Even before his papal inauguration in March 2013, Pope Francis was known for being different from the papal pack that preceded him. One key difference that will be on full display during his time in the U. S.: For the most part, he insists on ditching the bullet-proof-glass bubble so he can be closer to the public -- and won’t be guarded by one while riding in the Jeep during his U. S. stay. A staple protection tradition of the Popemobile’s past, the feature was added to the Popemobile after the attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II in 1981. Vatican Radio reported that despite potential dangers, the Pope doesn’t care for the bulletproof glass, describing it as a “sardine can” and arguing that it doesn’t allow him to engage with the crowd. Riccardo De Luca/AP Photo PHOTO: Pope Francis carries his work bag in Rome's Fiumicino International airport, July 5, 2015, as he boards his flight to Quito, Ecuador. more +""It's true that anything could happen, but let's face it, at my age I don't have much to lose,"" he said, according to Vatican Radio. While Pope Francis is not in his Popemobile, he’ll be transported in a closed car. Richard Kane, the president and CEO of International Limousine Service, will be providing transportation for His Holiness and his entourage in all three cities, according to Washington Business Journal. Upon his arrival at the Joint Andrews Base in Maryland, Pope Francis was transported in a Fiat.“Shepherd One”The plane that Pope Francis travels on is sometimes referred to as “Shepherd One,” a play off of the U. S. president’s aircraft, Air Force One. However, “Shepherd One” is just a nickname for the papal plane, which does not include the fancy features that the U. S. commander-in-chief has aboard his official plane. What’s more, the plane does not even belong to the Pope; it’s a commercial jet reserved for him from the Italian airline Alitalia. Everything on board the plane is, however, marked with the papal coat of arms. Eduardo Verdugo/AP Photo Security surrounds Pope Francis' popemobile as he makes his way to the Metropolitan Cathedral to celebrate Mass in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, Sept. 22, 2015. more +The Pope traveled on an Alitalia flight to D. C., but will ride U. S. jet carrier American Airlines Boeing 777-200 for the remainder of his trip. Everything on board the plane is marked with the papal coat of arms.terrymoranabc Roma Fiumicino International Airport Follow Comment Save12 likesterrymoranabc Air Francis.31 months ago Instagram The 76 accredited journalists from all over the world that make up the Vatican Accredited Media Personnel, or the “VAMP,” will be documenting Pope Francis’ trip to the America. Among the VAMP members traveling with the pope this trip is ABC News’ Terry Moran.terrymoranabc Havana, Cuba Follow Comment Save46 likesterrymoranabc A real moment. view all comments30 months ago Instagram Once everyone is boarded, Pope Francis walks from his seat in the front cabin to the back of the plane to speak with the reporters and enjoys greeting each journalist on-board individually. One fun old-school papal trip vestige: It’s a Vatican tradition for the pope to send a telegram as he flies over the country. ABC News’ Tom Thornton contributed to this production. Get real-time updates as this story unfolds. To start, just ""star"" this story in ABC News' phone app. Download ABC News for i Phone here or ABC News for Android here. Comments Add Interests Customize your news feed by choosing the topics that interest you. To save your interests across all devices Log In or Sign Up » "


what company makes boniva

Boniva is the brand name for the drug ibandronate sodium. Sold by Swiss pharmaceutical giant Hoffman-La Roche (and also by the British pharmaceutical company Glaxo Smith Kline, Plc. ), this prescription medication is used to treat osteoporosis and hypercalcemia.

Boniva ONJ & Fracture Lawsuits

Boniva ONJ & Fracture Lawsuits Research shows the osteoporosis drug ibandronate sodium (or ibandronic acid )—sold under the brand name Boniva, Bondronat, and Bonviva —causes atypical thigh bone fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw (jawbone death). What Is Boniva? When Is It Prescribed?

The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved the drug in May 2003. Hoffman-La Roche earned about $1 billion in Boniva sales through 2010. Read more Boniva ONJ & Fracture Lawsuits FREE Boniva Lawsuits Informational Brochure View Boniva updates See other lawsuits in: Dangerous Drugs Boniva is a bisphosphonate drug prescribed for post-menopausal women that works by reducing bone degeneration, a process referred to as “resorption.” Related to natural bone-regulating chemicals, the drug does not inhibit bone mineralization. Consequently, one can take ibandronate sodium along with calcium and vitamin D supplements and see some bone mineralization. Unfortunately, the human body does not absorb the drug well, and much of it is excreted through the kidneys. Boniva is sold in 150 mg oral tablets taken monthly. (An earlier daily version of Boniva containing 2.5 mg of ibandronate sodium was discontinued due to safety and efficacy reasons). It must be taken without food, and users must fast for a time to allow the drug to take effect. Boniva Side Effects Since 2000, the FDA has known about bisphosphonates’ tendency to cause osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) when they are given to cancer patients. ONJ is a painful, disfiguring bone disease that affects people’s jaw bones—specifically, the bone mass in the mandible (lower jaw bone) and maxilla (upper jaw bone) die. Usually, this is caused by a badly performed tooth extraction procedure that leaves a portion of jaw bone exposed. It then becomes infected and the jaw bone begins dying off. In extreme circumstances, the patient’s jaw bone must be removed to prevent further bone damage. Symptoms include:jaw painjaw feeling “heavy”gum swellingloose teethdrainagenumbnessjaw bone exposure A study conducted by the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) found that Boniva use correlates to sudden unusual bone fractures, particularly in the thigh bone (femur). The FDA refers to these as “subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures,” and on October 13, 2010, it announced that it would require a labeling change to all bisphosphonate products, including Boniva. Atypical subtrochanteric femur fractures are very rare, but they appear more common among long-term Boniva takers. The ASBMR study investigated 310 cases of atypical femur fractures, finding that 291 of them were taking a bisphosphonate. Boniva users who experience any thigh pain should contact their physicians promptly. RLG’s Lawyers Will Make Things Easier The process of demanding compensation for the harm you’ve suffered can be complicated, even if it doesn’t seem fair that you should have to go through even more trouble to be made whole again. The lawyers at the Rottenstein Law Group believe that obtaining legal satisfaction from those who harmed you shouldn’t require more hardship. That’s why we do everything we can to streamline the process, and we will file a Boniva lawsuit on your behalf if necessary. If you have taken Boniva and believe it harmed you, contact RLG today. Join the Discussion Please note: Comments are encouraged in order to permit visitors to discuss relevant topics. Comments are moderated and might be edited by RLG before being published. Comments should not be used to ask questions of RLG’s lawyers; if you want to speak with a lawyer, please fill out this contact form or call 1 (888) 976-8529. *Your name and email address will not be published. Name *Email *Phone Yes, I would like to be contacted by RLG.six − 4 =Previous Comments Permalink Guest on August 31, 2012 at 9:25 am It is a horrible drug... That has caused me so much pain, and body deterioration. I thought it would help me but it took me down so bad beyond belief. Reply Permalink Guest on August 2, 2012 at 4:37 pm My mother took boniva for years until the pain in her legs and knees were too much. Now 3-4 months later, her teeth are turning black in the back of tooth and now the sides. She is going to a dentist soon. We know this is caused from the boniva and are unsure what to do. Reply Permalink Guest on June 1, 2012 at 2:31 am I recently heard about the issue, I live in Beirut, Lebanon. My mom is 53 years old and has been taking boniva for 2 years and it's been 5 months she has different pains in her shoulders and knees and she doesn't know the reason. She went to the doctor and he didn't mention that it could be the side effect of boniva. But now it makes sense. Something must be done, most of the women here are given boniva. Reply Permalink Guest on May 6, 2012 at 4:53 pm Yes I have suffered Femure fracture. In Jan 2011 of which I suffer a lot of pain and can only walk with a limp. However as I think I told your office it was Fosamax. Once a month I was on for 6.5 years, as I live in Ireland I get no information of the damage its caused. In the medical field it appears a big secret. So I am indeed very grateful to your company for your help. Reply Permalink Guest on December 23, 2011 at 1:17 pm I have fractured the 5th metatarsyl bone in my right foot, which is the worse fracture you can have b/c of blood flow & am in a big cam boot, can't drive, can't walk & had to rent a scooter to take the weight off this foot. This has been 7 weeks so far & doctor tells me it's a 16 week recovery or surgery with a screw. I have been on Boniva for years & before that I took fosamax. Can this be related? Shouldn't taking these drugs for bone protection prohibit me from getting a fracture? Reply Permalink Guest on August 8, 2011 at 6:12 pm I took Boniva in 2010 on advice of my doctor. In Spring of 2011, I fell and injured my right wrist and had to wear a brace. On June 2011, I fell and fractured my right ankle. Have been wearing a boot for 6 wks; will begin therapy on 8/9/11 for 6 wks. I am a retired single female; dob 6/28/38. I never married; no children, etc., I don't have any health issues. I have always been self sufficient; I retired in June 2009 at 71; as my Mom had health issues and I needed to care for her. Thank you for your time in this matter. I live in Houston,Tx. Reply


percentage of new cars that are leased

s. Ranck 2010-04-16 14:52:27 UTC #4I was involved in a discussion where one particular blow-hard was saying he talked to his friend, a car dealer, and that at least 90 to 95 percent of all new cars are leased. This sounded like pure BS to me, and I was trying to find some actual information.

"What percentage of new cars are leased vs. purchased? General Discussion Ranck 2010-04-15 20:31:51 UTC #1Does anyone have a decent cite for this info? I poked around with google and yahoo, but all that comes up are tons of web sites comparing leasing vs. buying from the car shopper’s perspective. I’m just trying to find out how many new cars are sold outright vs. leased? If you have a link to a reliable web site I would appreciate it. Docnick 2010-04-15 20:39:37 UTC #2Not sure why you want to know this, but during the pre-bankruptcy bubble, more cars were leased than bought, since those leasing could not really afford the cars they got, and did not think they would evr lose their jobs. Lately there is much less leasing and more buying, since interest rates are low, and the car companies no longer want vehicles on their books that are worth less than their book value. Leasing also varies greatly by part of the country; the more conservative areas tend to buy more and lease less. The California Yuppy will amost always lease his BMW or Mercedes, whereas the midwestern corn farmer would prefer to buy and pay cash at the end of the harvest.mshugna 2010-04-16 10:13:17 UTC #3Why not visit some dealerships…tell the sales manager you are doing research on car sales and ask the question - number of cars sold vs leased…you should get a ball park figure after visiting 3 or 4 dealership

I’m not that interested that I want to go ask car dealers, who might want blow some smoke anyway, and I’m sure somebody has good data already. Just hoping someone here could point me toward it. It’s not all that important. The discussion just made me curious. I did find one news article that said several big banks and finance companies had stopped leasing cars altogether, and that leasing was not as popular, but they never gave any numbers. Not even ballpark.pleasedodgevan2 2010-04-16 19:59:26 UTC #5There’s always a know-it-all wherever you go. I just let them talk as I go somewhere else. Then there are people who just have to tell you that they are saving lots of money by leasing. There is a lot of wind and little truth coming from some people. Zero percent financing was nice when I had it. Docnick 2010-04-16 20:13:35 UTC #6Before the economic downturn between 50 and 60 % of cars were leased. But it varies greatly by geographic area. Now more are sold than leased. Ranck 2010-04-16 20:38:46 UTC #7Oh, I know not to waste time arguing with that type. It’s just that his statement got me curious. If I had to guess, and apparently I do, I would say before the economy went south maybe as many as 60% were leased and 40% sold outright and now those numbers are reversed. But that’s just my gut feeling and I’m not going to spout it off as “the truth.”I can easily believe some car dealer BSing a potential customer with how common leasing is. It’s a win-win for a dealer. They get a sale and pretty much of a guarantee the customer will come back when the lease over, so making it sound like “everybody does it” is an understandable kind of position for a dealer to take.bscar 2010-04-16 22:49:50 UTC #8Well, when you deal with a lot of monthly payment buyers, then you can easily talk them into leasing. “How much you looking to spend a month?” “Oh, I was thinking about $250, maybe $300 a month” ""Well, we do have a nice selection of used cars in that price range. But we’re also running a special where you can lease this brand new car for only $275 a month."" At that point the unsuspecting customer does a double take and before they know it, they’ve just committed themselves to a 3 year rental of a vehicle they can’t really afford. Even though I have my car on order (and near delivery time), part of me wants to go looking around again and when the salesman asks that question, I want to look them straight in the eye, with a serious face, and tell them “$600 a month, maybe upwards of $750 if it’s a real great deal”, just to see the look on their face.the_same_mountainbike 2010-04-17 13:44:15 UTC #9Odd. I too poked around the internet, including gov sites, and while I found tons of info on the advantages and disadvantages, I could find no stats. Anyone know of a national trade organization that might have this? Baxter_s_Dad 2010-04-18 19:27:50 UTC #10The stats I have found by the Automobile Dealers Association claim that just over 20% of new vehicles for private use are leased. Mr_Cheap 2010-04-18 20:56:45 UTC #11I agree with what bscar said. In addition, I wonder what percentage of people go in intending to buy and get manipulated into a lease. In my area anyway, almost all of the car commercials are advertising “special lease offers”, and the actual price of the vehicle is never mentioned. The dealers seem to have very little interest in “selling” cars. One actually went so far as to use the tagline “Make 24 payments, then GIVE…IT…BACK!! !” Well, at least they’re being truthful in advertising. This is all kind of surprising, because after the economy collapsed in September 2008, I kept reading in the news about how leasing was largely going away because lending standards had tightened and people could no longer borrow money for things they couldn’t afford. In addition, car dealers were flooded with “off-lease” cars which they now couldn’t sell since auto sales were off 50%. So I guess the industry is getting back to business-as-usual. Mike In NH 2010-04-19 13:16:20 UTC #12Lately there is much less leasing and more buying, since interest rates are low, and the car companies no longer want vehicles on their books that are worth less than their book value. If that was true…the dealerships wouldn’t be PUSHING leasing. I’ve yet to read ANY advertisement that actually shows the price of a vehicle. ALL they show is your lease payments. Dealers are still pushing leasing…and people are still leasing. There may be fewer people leasing now…but they I’ll bet MOST people still lease.lion9car 2010-04-21 15:59:47 UTC #13Perhaps the loan department of your bank would have access to unbiased information on this.the_same_mountainbike 2010-04-22 23:21:23 UTC #14Then PT Barnum was wrong. There are thousands born every minute. Mr_Cheap 2010-05-22 15:50:41 UTC #15I know this thread is old now, but I just found this information off the Car Talk site and thought I’d bring it to everyone’s attention. http://www.cars.com/go/advice/Story.jsp?section=lease&subject=buy_lease&story=buy Lease Looks like benzman had it right! =)the_same_mountainbike 2010-05-22 16:08:18 UTC #16It’s an interesting article. Thanks. Ranck 2010-05-23 13:17:23 UTC #17Thanks for posting that link. I missed it when I was looking, though I saw a similar article that didn’t mention percentages.waterboy 2010-05-23 15:19:57 UTC #18http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_17.html New vehicle sales 2008 10,933 New vehicle leases 2008 2,262,83% sales Samual007 2011-03-10 08:42:15 UTC #19The dealership of cars and other vehicles are increased very much, the claim is getting jsut 20% of the new car or any other vehicle for leased, this is new figure out for the vehicles, anyway thanks for sharing with us. Cars For Sale | ATVs For Sale "


how to monthly income do you need to rent a house

an Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $823; Income needed to pay housing costs: $35,271Detroiters earning at least $35,271 per year can afford the average two bedroom apartment rent in the city without putting stress on their budget.

How Much You Need to Make to Pay Rent in 2015

Share According to the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), a household that spends over 30% of its income on housing is considered “cost-burdened” and could find themselves under financial stress, unable to purchase basics like clothing, medical care and even food. Yet, for too many families, that 30% — which includes rent (or mortgage payments ), utilities and maintenance — would be an improvement over what they currently pay. This is the 2015 version of Smart Asset’s study. Read the 2016 version here. In a growing number of cities, a significant portion of the population spends 40% or even 50% of income on rent alone. Indeed, Smart Asset’s analysis of rent data across the country found that in many places, a family would need to earn six figures to afford average market rents. Methodology To calculate the salary needed to pay rent in U. S. cities, Smart Asset looked at fair market rents for two bedroom apartments in the 300 largest cities in the country. 1Since HUD’s affordability threshold of 30% includes all housing expenses (not just rent), we applied a lower threshold of 28% for rent alone. So, for example, if average rent is $1,000, that implies a household would need monthly income of $3,571 (or annual income of $42,857) for that rent to be affordable. After calculating the income needed to pay rent in the all 300 of the largest cities, we narrowed our analysis down to two groups of locations: the principal cities of the fifteen largest metro areas in the country and the fifteen most affordable cities for renters. San Francisco, California Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $4,694; Income needed to pay housing costs: $201,171Recent population growth in San Francisco has not been matched by a growth in the amount of available housing, which means competition for rentals is fierce. As a result, market rental rates across the region have been skyrocketing, making it harder and harder for low- and middle-income earners to find housing. Other Bay Area cities ranked among the cities where you need to earn the most money to pay rent included San Mateo (where an income of $132,686 is needed to pay rent), Sunnyvale ($122,443), Berkeley ($119,014), Santa Clara ($117,300) and San Jose ($106,414). New York, New York Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $3,696; Income needed to pay housing costs: $158,400While Smart Asset’s analysis found that you would need to earn over $150,000 to afford average rent in NYC, the truth is that many households in the city simply devote a far higher proportion of their income to housing. That places them under financial stress, but the alternative — leaving their city — might be even more difficult. Los Angeles, California Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $2,902; Income needed to pay housing costs: $124,371While Los Angeles remains far more affordable than the Bay Area, it is by no means cheap. We found that the average fair market rent in the City of Angels would be affordable for households earning at least $124,000 annually. That’s a pittance for the Kardashians, but it’s more than double the city’s median income, which according to the U. S. Census Bureau is $49,497. Moving to Los Angeles? Calculate how much house you can afford there. Boston, Massachusetts Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $2,826; Income needed to pay housing costs: $121,114Property prices have climbed steeply in Boston over the past year, with the residential price per square feet increasing by 11.5% since April 2014. That translates into higher rents, which means that many Boston’s renters have to devote an increasing share of their income to housing in order to stay in the city. Washington, D. C. Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $2,683; Income needed to pay housing costs: $114,986The median income in the nation’s capital is among the highest in the country, at $65,830. Someone earning that amount, however, would need to spend nearly half of their monthly income to pay average fair market rents in D. C. That’s a far cry from the 30% recommended by HUD as an upper limit for household housing costs. Seattle, Washington Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $2,137; Income needed to pay housing costs: $91,586Over the past several years, Seattle has been the fastest growing big city in the U. S. and it is quickly becoming one of the most expensive cities in the U. S. While development booms in Seattle neighborhoods like South Lake Union and Ballard have generated some additional housing for those new arrivals, the city’s renters are still feeling the squeeze. Miami, Florida Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,939; Income needed to pay housing costs: $83,100According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the median household income in Miami is just over $30,000 per year. That’s less than half the income required to (affordably) pay average fair market rents in the city. That discrepancy mirrors recent findings by the Center for Housing Policy, which found that 38% of households in Miami face a “severe housing cost burden,” the highest percentage of any city in the U. S. Chicago, Illinois Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,745; Income needed to pay housing costs: $74,786Chicago is a city of neighborhoods, which is reflected in local rental rates. In some areas, like New City and Woodlawn, the average two bedroom costs less than $1,000 a month. On the other hand, in the most expensive areas (the Loop and some northern neighborhoods), average rental rates for a two bedroom are north of $3,000 a month. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,526; Income needed to pay housing costs: $65,400While Philadelphia is 100 miles from New York and 140 miles from Washington D. C., it is far more affordable than either of those cities. Smart Asset found that a household earning $65,400 would be able to afford average fair market rent in the City of Brotherly Love, less than half the income needed in NYC, and about 60% the income needed in DC. On the other hand, for many Philadelphians, buying may make more sense than renting. Atlanta, Georgia Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,412; Income needed to pay housing costs: $60,514Over the past few years, Atlanta has devoted significant resources to revitalizing its downtown area and other parts of the city. These programs have been mostly successful at drawing residents back to the city by increasing and improving amenities. Nonetheless, the city as a whole remains relatively affordable, with fair market rent on an average two bedroom requiring an annual income of $60,514. Houston, Texas Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,345; Income needed to pay housing costs: $57,643Houston’s housing market may be cooling off, which is bad news for homeowners but good news for renters. The income needed to pay housing costs on an average two bedroom apartment in Houston is $57,643, roughly 30% higher than the city’s median income of $45,010. Dallas, Texas Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,327; Income needed to pay housing costs: $56,871Dallas is a relatively young city, with a median age of just under 32 years old. While young people are more likely to rent, they also earn less than their older peers. In Dallas, the median income for households where the primary income earner is 25 years old or younger is just $26,680. That’s less than half the income required to (affordably) pay rent on a two bedroom apartment. Riverside, California Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,185; Income needed to pay housing costs: $50,786At least by one measure, Riverside is the most affordable major city in the country. Smart Asset’s analysis found that an income of $50,786 is required for fair market rent on a two bedroom apartment in the city to be affordable. That is just 91% of the city’s median income ($55,636), which means that the typical Riverside household could actually afford an apartment that is slightly more expensive than average. Phoenix, Arizona Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $1,053; Income needed to pay housing costs: $45,129The income needed to pay housing costs on an average two bedroom apartment in Phoenix is actually slightly less than the city’s median income (which is just over $47,000 according to the U. S. Census Bureau). That indicates that, unlike many other cities, the rental market in Phoenix is affordable for most households. Detroit, Michig

However, given the city’s home prices, they may be better off buying a home than renting. Find out now: Is it better to rent or buy in your city? Lawton, Oklahoma Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $596; Income needed to pay housing costs: $25,543The economy in the city of Lawton is strong. The unemployment rate is just 4.3% (as of February 2015), more than a percentage point lower than the national average. Yet housing in the city remains highly affordable. Smart Asset’s analysis found that a household earning $25,543 annually could afford average rent in Lawton without being cost burdened. That is less than 60% of the city’s median annual income. Provo, Utah Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $641; Income needed to pay housing costs: $27,471Despite its emergence as a major national technology hub, Provo remains highly affordable for renters. Market rent on a two bedroom apartment in Provo requires annual income of just $27,471. Compare that to the tech hubs of Silicon Valley and it seems even better. In places like San Francisco and San Jose, households earning less than $100,000 per year would be cost burdened paying market rents. Springfield, Missouri Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $641; Income needed to pay housing costs: $27,471Springfield is home to a number of universities, including Missouri State. We have some good news for students in Springfield. It has the second lowest rent of any city in the country. In fact, a household income of just $27,471 would cover two bedroom rent at the 28%-of-income threshold considered affordable. Green Bay, Wisconsin Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $654; Income needed to pay housing costs: $28,029Green Bay is known for its natural beauty, its meatpacking industry and, of course, its football team. Add to that list affordability. Smart Asset found that the typical Green Bay apartment could be rented on an income of just over $28,000 per year. That’s just 66% of the actual median income in the city and less than any other city that boasts a professional sports team. Independence, Missouri Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $654; Income needed to pay housing costs: $28,029Independence sits just outside Kansas City, but it is significantly more affordable than KC. In fact, Smart Asset’s analysis found that in Kansas City, an income of $39,214 is needed to pay fair market rents. That’s $11,000 more than the income needed to rent an apartment in Independence. Check out the 2016 version of our study on the most affordable cities for renters. Killeen, Texas Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $659; Income needed to pay housing costs: $28,243Located in Bell County, Killeen sits directly adjacent to Fort Hood. The base is an important driver in the local economy and a significant number of military personnel and their families live in Killeen. An income of just $28,243 would be adequate to pay fair market rent without placing a strain on your budget in Killeen, making it the 6 th most affordable city for renters in the country. Toledo, Ohio Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $665; Income needed to pay housing costs: $33,317Toledo is the 4 th largest city in Ohio, with a population of about 280,000. Its nickname, “Glass City,” owes to the historical and continued presence of a number of major glass manufacturing companies and plants in the area, which, along with auto manufacturing, health care and education, are key drivers in the local economy. Fort Wayne, Indiana Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $665; Income needed to pay housing costs: $28,929According to the National Association of Realtors, home prices in Fort Wayne rose by over 7% from the 4 th quarter of 2013 through the 4 th quarter of 2014. That’s good news for an area that was hard hit by the housing crisis and even better in light of the fact that rentals have remained affordable. South Bend, Indiana Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $679; Income needed to pay housing costs: $29,100With the University of Notre Dame just on the edge of town, South Bend is home to a significant population of students and faculty. While professors are more likely to buy than rent, students who are looking to live off campus should be pleased by the city’s relatively affordable rental rates. Abilene, Texas Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $694; Income needed to pay housing costs: $29,743Abilene sits between Fort Worth and Midland in central Texas. The top employers include the Dyess Airforce Base, Hendrick Health System and Petrosmith, which manufactures products used in oilfields. Jackson, Mississippi Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $701; Income needed to pay housing costs: $30,043Smart Asset’s analysis found that an income of $30,043 would be sufficient to pay rent in the Mississippi state capital without a family becoming cost burdened. That is the tenth lowest income level of any city in the U. S. and the lowest of any city in the south. Dayton, Ohio Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $701; Income needed to pay housing costs: $30,043The city of Dayton has a population of 140,000, but the greater metropolitan area has a population of over 800,000, making it the 4 th largest metro in Ohio. At the heart of that region is a city that has been reinventing itself in recent years. While it has recovered well from a recession that was especially hard on the region (the unemployment rate at one point was nearly 15%), it remains highly affordable for renters. Cedar Rapids, Iowa Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $704; Income needed to pay housing costs: $30,171Cedar Rapids is part of Iowa’s “creative corridor” which includes seven counties in central Iowa. The region is encouraging growth by attracting jobs and businesses in a number of industries including technology, advanced manufacturing and renewable energy. Indeed, workers in those industries may want to give Cedar Rapids due consideration. The income required to afford living there is a fraction of the city’s median income of $52,216. Columbia, Missouri Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $707; Income needed to pay housing costs: $30,300Columbia is the quintessential Midwestern college town, with tree-lined streets and quiet, peaceful neighborhoods. While many families in Columbia choose to buy rather than rent, for students, adjunct professors and other temporary residents renting may be the way to go. In that case, the average monthly rent of $707 should be appealing. Athens, Georgia Average rent for two bedroom apartment: $708; Income needed to pay housing costs: $30,343Athens is the sixth largest city in the state of Georgia. The area’s economy is dominated by the University of Georgia, which has a student body of over 35,000 and employs nearly 10,000 people. The city also has a noted music scene, which has produced national acts including R. E. M., Bubba Sparxxx and Neutral Milk Hotel. Read the 2016 version of Smart Asset’s study on the salary you need to afford rent in the 15 largest U. S. cities. Questions about our study? Contact us at blog@smartasset.com. Photo Credit: ©i Stock.com/Andrew Johnson1. Rent data comes from myapartmentmap.com, which tracks current rents on hundreds of properties in each of the cities in our study. Nick Wallace Nick Wallace studied Economics at the University of Washington. He enjoys getting people thinking about finances by looking a the numbers. Nick is a freelance journalist and data analyst living in Michigan. He still lends his economic and analytic expertise for Smart Asset's studies. Was this content helpful? Yes No Related Posts Hours of Work Needed to Pay Rent in the 25 Largest Cities Where Women Are Buying Homes in the U. S. Where Are Millennials Buying Homes? – 2018 Edition Ask Our Home Buying Expert Michele Lerner An award-winning writer with more than two decades of experience in real estate. Have questions? Email mlerner@smartasset.com More From Smart Asset How Much House Can I Afford? Should I Refinance My Mortgage? How Much Do I Need to Save for Retirement? How Much Life Insurance Do I Need? Compare mortgage rates


define hemolytic reactions

Transfusion reaction - hemolytic Definition A hemolytic transfusion reaction is a serious complication that can occur after a blood transfusion. The reaction occurs when the red blood cells that were given during the transfusion are destroyed by the person's immune system. There are other types of allergic transfusion reactions that do not cause hemolysis. Alternative Names

Transfusion reaction - hemolytic

"Additional Information Encyclopedia Home Diseases A-ZImages More Features Printer-friendly version

Blood transfusion reaction Causes Blood is classified into four different types: A, B, AB, and O. Another way blood cells may be classified is by Rh factors. People who have Rh factors in their blood are called ""Rh positive."" People without these factors are called ""Rh negative."" Rh negative people form antibodies against Rh factor if they receive Rh positive blood. There are also other factors to identify blood cells, in addition to ABO and Rh. Your immune system can usually tell its own blood cells from those of another person. If you receive blood that is not compatible with your blood, your body produces antibodies to destroy the donor's blood cells. This process causes the transfusion reaction. Blood that you receive in a transfusion must be compatible with your own blood. This means that your body does not have antibodies against the blood you receive. Most of the time, a blood transfusion between compatible groups (such as O+ to O+) does not cause a problem. Blood transfusions between incompatible groups (such as A+ to O-) cause an immune response. This can lead to a serious transfusion reaction. The immune system attacks the donated blood cells, causing them to burst. Today, all blood is carefully screened. Transfusion reactions are rare. Symptoms Symptoms may include any of the following: Back pain Bloody urine Chills Fainting or dizziness Fever Flank pain Flushing of the skin Symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction most often appear during or right after the transfusion. Sometimes, they may develop after several days (delayed reaction). This disease may change the results of these tests: CBCCoombs test, direct Coombs test, indirect Fibrin degradation products Haptoglobin Partial thromboplastin time Prothrombin time Serum bilirubin Serum creatinine Serum hemoglobin Urinalysis Urine hemoglobin Treatment If symptoms occur during the transfusion, the transfusion must be stopped right away. Blood samples from the recipient (person getting the transfusion) and from the donor may be tested to tell whether symptoms are being caused by a transfusion reaction. Mild symptoms may be treated with: Acetaminophen, a pain reliever to reduce fever and discomfort Fluids given through a vein (intravenous) and other medicines to treat or prevent kidney failure and shock Outlook (Prognosis)Outcome depends on how bad the reaction is. The disorder may disappear without problems. Or, it may be severe and life threatening. Complications may include: Acute kidney failure Anemia Lung problems Shock Tell your health care provider if you are having a blood transfusion and you have had a reaction before. Prevention Donated blood is put into ABO and Rh groups to reduce the risk of transfusion reaction. Before a transfusion, recipient and donor blood are tested (cross-matched) to see if they are compatible. A small amount of donor blood is mixed with a small amount of recipient blood. The mixture is checked under a microscope for signs of antibody reaction. Before the transfusion, your provider will usually check again to make sure you are receiving the right blood. References Choate JD, Maitta RW, Tormey CA, Wu YY, Snyder EL. Transfusion reactions to blood and cell therapy products. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop HE, Weitz JI, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap 120. Goodnough L. Transfusion medicine. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 177. Hall JE. Blood types; transfusion; tissue and organ transplantation. In: Hall JE, ed. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 36. Review Date: 2/1/2017 Reviewed By: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by Veri Med Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A. D. A. M. Editorial team. A. D. A. M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation Health Care Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A. D. A. M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A. D. A. M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A. D. A. M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A. D. A. M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch). The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. 1997- 2018 A. D. A. M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. "


what causes crossed eyes

6What Causes Strabismus? Many things and/or events can cause a strabismus. They include genetics, inappropriate development of the ""fusion center"" of the brain, problems with the controlled center of the brain, injuries to muscles or nerves or other problems involving the muscles or nerves.

"What is Strabismus? by Dr. Jeffrey Cooper & Rachel Cooper (no relation). © 2001-201

Surprisingly, most cases of strabismus are not a result of a muscle problem, but are due to the control system -- the brain. Treatment should be directed at the source of the problem. The eye doctor must determine if the strabismus is due to an eyeglass problem or brain problem. Sometimes, bifocals are needed to eliminate the eye turn. Different Types Have Different Causes Strabismus is classified into many different types. Each type has its own causes, characteristics, and appropriate treatment plan. See Types and Treatment of Strabismus. You will also find pull-down lists at the bottom of each page. What Does Strabismus Cause? ""What does my child see""? If a person's two eyes are not aligned (strabismic) three different things can happen:the patient will see double because the two eyes are not aimed at the same point;one of the eyes can suppress or turn off (in the brain) to avoid double vision (technically called diplopia). This condition is called suppression . ;the brain can develop a new match with each eye so that fusion occurs even though the eyes are not aimed at the same spot. This last phenomenon is known as anomalous retinal correspondence. It occurs early in life and will almost never occur if the strabismus develops after four years of age. If the eye turn develops after the age of 6 then suppression, confusion, and/or anomalous retinal correspondence will not occur. If any of these three sensory conditions occur, then the eyes are not working together and can not have normal stereopsis. The only way to eliminate these obstacles to fusion and stereopsis is with Vision Therapy (orthoptics). The longer suppression has been in effect, the more difficult it will be for the patient to eliminate and re-establish normal binocular vision. Early detection and treatment is very important in all cases of strabismus!What is Strabismus? Learn about Strabismus or Lazy Eye Treatments Two-Eyed Vision Some vision problems can't be improved with just glasses or surgery. Vision Therapy treats the entire visual system and changes reflexes to make a lasting cure. Learn more... Constant? Intermittent ? What is Convergence Insufficiency ? What is Double Vision ? What is Lazy Eye? What is Optometric Vision Therapy ? What is Strabismus or Lazy Eye Surgery ? Patient Testimonials Successful Treatment Table of Contents | Home "


java chip frappucino ingredients

ce. Preparation Starbucks Java Chip Frappuccino Combine coffee, milk, ice, chocolate chips, chocolate syrup into a blender and blend. Blend until you can't hear the ice crushing anymore, or about 30- 45 seconds. Pour the mixture into a glass, spray whip cream in a circular motion. Top off with chocolate syrup.

Home » desserts » drinks » food » how-to » Sweets » How to Make Starbucks Java Chip Frappuccino How to Make Starbucks Java Chip Frappuccino Starbucks Java Chip Frappuccino Recipe One of my all time favorite drink at Starbucks. I like it as much as the Vietnamese Ice Coffee - Ca Phe Sua Da. I hope they never do away with this drink since it is one of my treats. Now that SO fill the Starbucks Mobile app, it is way too easy to grab one on the go. 1 1/2 cup of crushed ice 1/2 cup of milk 3 tablespoons of chocolate chips 3 tablespoons of chocolate syrup 1/4 cup of cooled brewed coffee. Not so hot that it will melt the i

Thanks for stopping by today. Labels: desserts , drinks , food , how-to , Sweets Like the Post? Do share with your Friends. Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Linked In


columbus iron works

s Brand Names: Columbus Iron Works manufactured kettles and ovens, steam engines, as well as swords, pistols, and rifles for the Civil War, moving to fewer, more marketable items, such as stoves and heaters in the 1920s, tractor-drawn implements following WWII, and forged parts for other manufacturers in the 1950s.

"Location: Columbus, Muscogee County, GA Founder: William R. Brown Period of Production: 1853 - Products Manufactured: Stoves, grills, hibachi

CIW began experimenting with charcoal grills in the 1940s, and ultimately evolved into Char-Broil. Columbus Timeline1853 - Company founded. 1862 - Confederate Navy leases Columbus Iron Works. 1865 - Union troops burn iron works after the taking of Columbus. 1872 - CIW erects city's first ice making machines. 1902 - Iron Works burns. 1925 - W. C. Bradley Co. acquires control. 1940s - Company experiments with barbecue grills. 1947 - W. C. Bradley dies on July 26. 1953 - Company begins producing ""Charbroil"" charcoal grills. 1973 - Bradley Co. absorbs CIW and moves operations to new plants. 1975 - City converts portion of iron works facility to convention & trade center. 1977 - W. C. Bradley Enterprises becomes known as Char-Broil. 1978 - Columbus Iron Works declared a National Historic Landmark. Back to Manufacturers List "