what are herpes pimples

Pimples usually occur as single sores while herpes sores usually form in clusters. You can spot pimples on your face, cheeks, neck, arms, and even on your back. Most often, herpes sores occur around the mouth especially at the lip area.

Differences Between a Pimple and Herpes

"Differences Between a Pimple and Herpes• Categorized under Disease | Differences Between a Pimple and Herpes Pimple vs Herpes We are all very conscious when it comes to skin care. When we have pimples, we often take care of them right away. But how will you know whether you have a pimple or herpes sores? It is said that pimples and herpes sores are very much alike which is why people are getting confused. In this article, let us shed some light regarding the differences between pimples and herpes. To differentiate a pimple from a herpes sore, let us discuss its appearance. When you have a pimple, it usually looks like a white, pus-filled head. On the other hand, the appearance of a herpes sore is a clear, fluid-filled blister. Also, pimples usually occur as single sores while herpes sores usually form in clusters. If you are not very observant enough, pimples can be mistaken as herpes sores or the other way around. Another definitive way to distinguish pimples and herpes sores apart are their locations. Pimples may arise from the face, neck, and even your back. If the pimples occur near the mouth, eyes, nose, and genitals, most likely, they are herpes sores. During the initial phase of herpes, you can experience a burning, tingling, and itchy sensation. The affected skin will also be chapped because of the herpes. Pimples don’t often cause pain and itchy sensations unless you touch them. The best way to distinguish pimples from herpes sores is through consulting a dermatologist. If you are wondering why you have pimples, they are often caused by oils being trapped under your skin. These trapped oils collect and form a blister. No wonder a pimple looks like a herpes sore because it has red skin with a white blister at the center or on top. Pimples often have single blisters while herpes sores have several blisters which are lumped together. You can spot pimples on your face, cheeks, neck, arms, and even on your back. Most often, herpes sores occur around the mouth especially at the lip area. We also have what we call genital herpes. It occurs in the groin area, and it can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. To be able to get rid of your pimples, you should regularly wash your face. Washing your face removes the build-up of dirt and oil which often causes pimples. Don’t squeeze your pimples as this may cause severe infection. When you have pimples, avoid putting on makeup. Makeup can irritate your skin and can make your pimples swell even larger. If your pimples are on your back, avoid wearing tight clothing. Wear loose clothing instead. Avoid touching your face with dirty hands. Wash your hands first. As for your herpes sores, it is better to consult a physician. Herpes sores are actually caused by a viral infection. Your physician will then prescribe you recommended special soaps, medical ointments, and medicine. Unlike pimples, herpes sores are more difficult to treat. Pimples fade away as long as you wash your face regularly. But with herpes sores, it requires medical intervention. Summary: When you have a pimple, it usually looks like a white, pus-filled head. On the other hand, the appearance of a herpes sore is a clear, fluid-filled blister.

We also have what we call genital herpes. It occurs in the groin area. Pimples can be treated with regular washing while herpes sores require medical intervention. Facebook Pinterest Twitter Google+ Print Share Search Difference Between.net : Custom Search Help us improve. Rate this post! ( 11 votes, average: 2.27 out of 5)Email This Post : If you like this article or our site. Please spread the word. Share it with your friends/family. Difference Between Cold Sore and Pimple Difference Between Fever Blister and Cold Sore Difference Between Herpes and Cold Sores Difference Between Cold Sores and Canker Sores Difference Between Herpes 1 and Herpes 2Difference Between Herpes and Canker Sores Difference between Aphthous Ulcers and Herpes Cite Celine. ""Differences Between a Pimple and Herpes."" Difference Between.net. August 29, 2017 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/disease-health/differences-between-a-pimple-and-herpes/ >. "


what does shoulder mdi mean

What is Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder? MDI of the shoulder is defined as generalized laxity (looseness) of the joint due to increased mobility and joint weakness. The shoulder joint may ""slip"" in and out of its socket in a forward (anterior), backward (posterior), or downward (inferior) direction.

"Move Forward Guide Physical Therapist's Guide to Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder (MDI)Jump to: What is Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder? How Does it Feel? Signs and Symptoms How Is It Diagnosed? How Can a Physical Therapist Help? Can this Injury or Condition be Prevented? Real Life Experiences What Kind of Physical Therapist Do I Need? Further Reading Shoulder instability is a common injury among people participating in contact and noncontact athletic activities. While many people associate shoulder instability with a traumatic event such as a dislocation, multidirectional instability (MDI) can occur without trauma. MDI commonly occurs in people who have increased a joint's movement, or have not exercised the joint over a period of time. Weakness of the shoulder joint (rotator cuff) can increase the risk of MDI. After treating the pain and inflammation caused by MDI of the shoulder, physical therapy focuses on strengthening the muscles that support the shoulder blade (scapula) and shoulder joint (rotator cuff) to aid a return to activity and prevent reinjury.

This ""laxity"" may be exaggerated in people who participate in activities that require repeated overhead movement of the arm, such as baseball pitchers or swimmers. The most common cause of MDI is overuse of the shoulder. Back to Top How Does it Feel? Symptoms of MDI of the shoulder may vary in terms of location and intensity. Although sometimes the shoulder can be dislocated, often people report their shoulder will ""slip"" out and go right back into the socket. They may also report instances where they feel like their shoulder is about to slip in and out of its socket, but they modify their activity to prevent it from happening. Pain may be felt in a number of areas around the shoulder—in the front of the shoulder when pitching a baseball, or throughout the entire shoulder after a repetitive activity like swimming. Since the symptoms of MDI vary widely, a health care professional will likely take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to make an accurate diagnosis. Back to Top Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of MDI of the shoulder vary from person to person, but may include: Pain with pushing, pulling, or carrying heavy objects Pain when performing an overhead activity Pain during or after exercise A feeling that the shoulder is ""shifting"" (including in bed at night)Fear of putting the shoulder in certain positions Numbness and tingling sensations in the affected arm Clicking and popping sensations with movement Weakness when performing athletic movements, especially overhead and away from the body Loss of performance ability in sport activities Fatigue with repetitive activity Back to Top How Is It Diagnosed? The physical therapist can assess the mobility of the shoulder joint in a variety of positions as well as the strength of the rotator cuff and scapular muscles. Your physical therapist will take a detailed patient history. The therapist may gently pull downward on the shoulder to look for increased movement in the joint, or push forward or backward on the arm bone within the shoulder joint to assess increased areas of mobility. For a more detailed diagnosis, a physician may order x-rays to rule out bone fractures, and can order an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose injury within the shoulder complex, such as a muscle tear. Back to Top How Can a Physical Therapist Help? Your physical therapist will evaluate your shoulder injury and find areas of weakness and muscular imbalance. The first step to treating the injury is managing pain and inflammation. Your physical therapist may advise you to stop or modify any activities that aggravate the injury, show you how to apply ice and heat to modulate the pain, and recommend the use of a sling for pain control. The therapist will design an exercise program to improve your shoulder's strength and stability. Initially, you'll perform gentle exercises close to the body to limit your discomfort. After strength and stability have improved, your physical therapist will introduce more dynamic exercises specific to your activity goals. Once your strength and range of motion have returned to a normal level, your physical therapist will help you gradually return to your sport activity. Throwing, playing, or swimming will typically begin in an interval format, allowing a progressive return to activity. Back to Top Can this Injury or Condition be Prevented? Preventing MDI of the shoulder falls into 3 categories: Strengthening and stretching the scapular muscles and the muscles of the rotator cuff. Athletes may perform scapular and rotator cuff strengthening exercises 3-4 times per week. Monitoring the volume of activity performed. This practice is just as important as strengthening exercises. Baseball players will often use pitch counts to avoid overuse injuries, while swimmers attempt to maintain weekly yardage totals. Maintaining proper form and technique. Good coaching on proper form and technique by a qualified coaching professional can be a valuable asset in preventing injuries in the young athlete population. Back to Top Real Life Experiences Sarah is a competitive swimmer training to compete at the university level. For the past few weeks, however, Sarah has been experiencing pain in the front of her shoulder when swimming. She has tried to rest her shoulder and has decreased how far she swims daily in the pool, but her pain is persistent. She contacts her physical therapist. Sarah's physical therapist assesses her shoulder and notes pain along the front of the joint. Sarah says her arm feels weak when she tries to reach behind her, and she can't hold her shoulder blade in place when the arm is pushed. Her physical therapist diagnoses MDI of the shoulder. He places Sarah on a strengthening and stabilization program for the shoulder and upper back, and advises her to take a break from swimming for 4 weeks. During this time, Sarah maintains her new strengthening program, which includes scapular and rotator cuff strengthening with therabands and lightweight dumbbells, stabilization activity with gym balls and a Body Blade, and core strengthening exercises. At the end of 4 weeks her anterior shoulder pain has gone away, and her shoulder strength and mobility have improved. Sarah begins swimming in the pool at an easy pace every other day and gradually progresses back toward her original volume of swimming activity. Over the course of the next month, she returns to her previous competitive level. Come fall, Sarah is able to compete with her team and helps them win a regional competition!This story was based on a real-life case. Your case may be different. Your physical therapist will tailor a treatment program to your specific case. Back to Top What Kind of Physical Therapist Do I Need? All physical therapists are prepared through education and experience to treat multidirectional instability. However, you may want to consider: A physical therapist who is experienced in treating people with multidirectional instability. Some physical therapists have a practice with a sports or orthopedic focus. A physical therapist who is a board-certified clinical specialist or who completed a residency or fellowship in sports or orthopedic physical therapy. This therapist has advanced knowledge, experience, and skills that may apply to your condition. You can find physical therapists who have these and other credentials by using Find a PT, the online tool built by the American Physical Therapy Association to help you search for physical therapists with specific clinical expertise in your geographic area. General tips when you're looking for a physical therapist (or any other health care provider): Get recommendations from family and friends or from other health care providers. When you contact a physical therapy clinic for an appointment, ask about the physical therapists' experience in helping people who have multidirectional instability. During your first visit with the physical therapist, be prepared to describe your symptoms in as much detail as possible, and say what makes your symptoms worse. Back to Top Further Reading The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) believes that consumers should have access to information that could help them make health care decisions and also prepare them for their visit with their health care provider. The following articles provide some of the best scientific evidence related to physical therapy treatment of phantom limb pain. The articles report recent research and give an overview of the standards of practice both in the United States and internationally. The article titles are linked either to a Pub Med* abstract of the article or to free full text, so that you can read it or print out a copy to bring with you to your health care provider. Heinlein SA, Cosgarea AJ. Biomechanical considerations in the competitive swimmer’s shoulder. Sports Health. 2010;2 (6):519-525. Free Article. Goldin J, Sekiya JK. Systematic review of rehabilitation versus operative stabilization for the treatment of first-time anterior shoulder dislocations. Sports Health. 2010;2 (2):156-162. Free Article. Kim SH. Multidirectional instability of the shoulder: current concept. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009;1 (1):12. Free Article. Lo IK, Nonweiler B, Woolfrey M, et al. An evaluation of the apprehension, relocation, and surprise tests for anterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32 (2):301-307. Article Summary on Pub Med. Cordasco FA. Understanding multidirectional instability of the shoulder. J Athl Train. 2000;35 (3):278-285. Free Article. Mahaffey BL, Smith PA. Shoulder instability in young athletes. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59 (10): 2773-2782. Free Article. * Pub Med is a free online resource developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Pub Med contains millions of citations to biomedical literature, including citations in the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database. Authored by Andrew Naylor, PT, DPT, SCS. Reviewed by the Move Forward PT.com editorial board. Back to Top Created: September 12, 2013 "


what's right in health care

The human right to health means that everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, which includes access to all medical services, sanitation, adequate food, decent housing, healthy working conditions, and a clean environment.

NESRI - National Economic & Social Rights Initiative

"What is the Human Right to Health and Health Care?

The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all. Everyone has the right to the health care they need, and to living conditions that enable us to be healthy, such as adequate food, housing, and a healthy environment. Health care must be provided as a public good for all, financed publicly and equitably. The human right to health care means that hospitals, clinics, medicines, and doctors’ services must be accessible, available, acceptable, and of good quality for everyone, on an equitable basis, where and when needed. The design of a health care system must be guided by the following key human rights standards: Universal Access: Access to health care must be universal, guaranteed for all on an equitable basis. Health care must be affordable and comprehensive for everyone, and physically accessible where and when needed. Availability: Adequate health care infrastructure (e.g. hospitals, community health facilities, trained health care professionals), goods (e.g. drugs, equipment), and services (e.g. primary care, mental health) must be available in all geographical areas and to all communities. Acceptability and Dignity: Health care institutions and providers must respect dignity, provide culturally appropriate care, be responsive to needs based on gender, age, culture, language, and different ways of life and abilities. They must respect medical ethics and protect confidentiality. Quality: All health care must be medically appropriate and of good quality, guided by quality standards and control mechanisms, and provided in a timely, safe, and patient-centered manner. The human right to health also entails the following procedural principles, which apply to all human rights: Non-Discrimination: Health care must be accessible and provided without discrimination (in intent or effect) based on health status, race, ethnicity, age, sex, sexuality, disability, language, religion, national origin, income, or social status. Transparency: Health information must be easily accessible for everyone, enabling people to protect their health and claim quality health services. Institutions that organize, finance or deliver health care must operate in a transparent way. Participation: Individuals and communities must be able to take an active role in decisions that affect their health, including in the organization and implementation of health care services. Accountability: Private companies and public agencies must be held accountable for protecting the right to health care through enforceable standards, regulations, and independent compliance monitoring. Healthcare Is a Human Right campaigns now exist in several U. S. states, inspired by the example of Vermont, which in 2011 became the first state to pass a law for a universal, publicly financed health care system. All of these campaigns have translated the human rights standards listed above into clear human rights principles that guide their actions and policy positions: Universality: Everyone must have access to equal high-quality and comprehensive health care. Equity: Resources and services must be distributed and accessed according to people's needs. We get what we need and give what we can. Accountability: The health care system must be accountable to the people it serves. Transparency: The health care system must be open with regard to information, decision-making, and management. Participation: The health care system must enable meaningful public participation in all decisions affecting people's right to health care. The Human Right to Health is protected in: Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Articel 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 5 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Articles 12 & 14 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Article XI (11) of the American Declaration on Rights and Duties of Man Article 25 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities United Nations committees (""treaty bodies""), comprised of independent experts, oversee the implementation of particular human rights treaties. These committees oversee the treaties by, among other things, receiving government and civil society reports on the implementation of the treaties, making comments to the government reports, and issuing general comments about the treaties or specific right contained therein. With regard to the human right to health, in the year 2000 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued legal guidance for implementation of this right: General Comment 14 is now a key source for advocates seeking to apply human rights standards to their own national, state or local context. Further Resources To download our one page fact sheet, click here. We also have a two page fact sheet on the human right to health, as well as a two page fact sheet on health care. For a general fact sheet on human rights, click here. To see all NESRI publications on the human right to health and health care click here. For information on how NESRI is supporting the movement for the human right to health care in the United States, visit the initiatives on our Program page. "


when did legalization of marijuana take place in the u.s

The first attempt at federal regulation of marijuana came in 1906, with the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act. The act included cannabis among the various substances patent medicine companies were required to list on their labels in order that worried customers could avoid it.

"The Illegalization of Marijuana: A Brief Historyby Stephen Siff First Lady Nancy Reagan expresses her feelings about drugs while riding horses with her husband, President Ronald Reagan Editor's Note: The speed with which Americans are now considering legalizing marijuana has taken everyone by surprise. But in the midst of this shift in public opinion and state law it is worth remembering the speed with which marijuana was made illegal. This month Stephen Siff looks at how political and racial factors combined with the way marijuana users were portrayed in the media to create the ""illegalization"" of marijuana across the 20th century. Read Origins for more on American current events and history: NSA and Surveillance, “Class Warfare” in American Politics, Detroit and America’s Urban Woes, Mass Unemployment, Populism and American Politics, Immigration Policy, American Political Redistricting, and the anniversary of Prohibition. For more on the global trade in drugs, read The Shifting Terrain of Latin American Drug Trafficking. On the first day of 2014, Colorado became the first state to permit marijuana dispensaries to sell pot for recreational use. Across the state, celebratory stoners welcomed the New Year by lining up at licensed retailers to buy bags of (heavily taxed) artisanal marijuana, with varietal names like Pineapple Express and Alaskan Thunderbolt. Since the first statewide medical marijuana laws went into effect in California in 1996, the number of Americans with legal access to what for many is a pleasurable drug has been steadily growing. Twenty states and the District of Columbia now permit the sale of various forms of marijuana for medical purposes; in the past several months, the governor of New York, a state known since 1973 for its punitive drug laws, announced that he too would pursue accommodation for medical marijuana; and recreational marijuana is expected to be offered for sale in Washington State later this year. Recently, the District of Columbia decriminalized the possession of an ounce or less of marijuana, treating it as a civil offense from now on. In the least restrictive jurisdictions, purchasing medical marijuana requires a perfunctory visit to a “pot doc”—licensed physicians who specialize in prescribing marijuana, easily located through online and newspaper advertisements—for the diagnosis of any of dozens of conditions, including chronic pain, gastrointestinal distress, and depression, which the drug is believed to help alleviate. Medical marijuana remains solidly in the realm of alternative medicine, and few clinical studies have been conducted to confirm specific claims. After paying a consultation fee on the order of $100, new medical marijuana patients are issued a card that allows them to shop at a dispensary or order from delivery services that offer cultivars of the two major strains of the plant, Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa, as well as potions, baked goods, and candies made from its extracts. With the current state-level push toward legalization, voters seem to have found a way around the twentieth-century quest for prohibition—a prohibition that has become increasingly difficult to explain or justify. Consider that marijuana remains on the federal government’s list of Schedule I drugs, defined as the most dangerous of the controlled substances, and is labeled as posing a severe risk of addiction, although many physicians don’t believe that to be true. Unlike alcohol, excessive pot smoking has not been unambiguously implicated in violent behavior or poor health. As a Schedule I drug, under federal law, marijuana is considered to have no medical use, although there are thousands of patient testimonials to the contrary. And perhaps the biggest contradiction of all is that since the century-long drive for prohibition was initiated, marijuana has become extremely popular. Every year, hundreds of thousands of unlucky citizens face criminal sanctions for getting caught with a drug that one third of all Americans—including college students, professional athletes, legions of entertainers, and the past three U. S. Presidents—have experimented with at least once. In popular culture, the drug has become accepted as harmless fun. In 2014, a talk show host can joke with a former congressman about being pot smokers on cable TV. As Americans consider further legalizing marijuana it is worth reviewing how the use of this plant became illegal in the first place and why prohibition persists in much of the country more than a half century after its use became common. Interestingly, while marijuana use has been an urgent topic of conversation for over a century in this country, the voices of doctors and scientists have been largely quiet. Instead, the debate has been shaped by media portrayals of drug use and reinforced by politicians and advocacy groups that supported them. From Commonplace to Illegal Today, in states with the most liberal marijuana laws, citizens’ access to the drug now resembles that of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before the first attempts at federal regulation. Cannabis, like opiates and cocaine, was freely available at drug stores in liquid form and as a refined product, hashish. Cannabis was also a common ingredient in turn-of-the-century patent medicines, over-the-counter concoctions brewed to proprietary formulas. Then, as now, it was difficult to clearly distinguish between medicinal and recreational use of a product whose purpose is to make you feel good. The hashish candy advertised in an 1862 issue of Vanity Fair as a treatment for nervousness and melancholy, for example, was also “a pleasurable and harmless stimulant.” “Under its influence all classes seem to gather new inspiration and energy,” the advertisement explained. While there were fads for cannabis across the nineteenth century, strictly recreational use was not widely known or accepted. During this period, American druggists were familiar with hashish and other preparations of cannabis, and the marijuana plant had been widely cultivated for the hemp fiber used in rope and ships’ riggings. But the practice of smoking marijuana leaf in cigarettes or pipes was largely unknown in the United States until it was introduced by Mexican immigrants during the first few decades of the twentieth century. That introduction, in turn, generated a reaction in the U. S., tinged perhaps with anti-Mexican xenophobia.

Then, between 1914 and 1925, twenty-six states passed laws prohibiting the plant. The anti-marijuana laws were uncontroversial and passed, for the most part, with an absence of public outcry or even legislative debate. Flush with success in pushing through alcohol prohibition, temperance campaigners in the 1920s began turning attention toward opiates and cocaine, which had become prohibited under increasingly strict Supreme Court interpretations of the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Act. Former Spanish-American War hero Richmond P. Hobson, who had been the Anti-Saloon League’s best-paid public speaker, began warning of a dire threat posed by narcotics to national survival and the national character. Newspapers and magazines published melodramatic and sensational stories about the threat of narcotics addiction and the horrible plight of those caught in narcotics’ grip. Following a Hollywood drug scandal in 1921, the newspapers published by William Randolph Hearst launched what became an annual crusade against narcotics with a hyperbolic and tear-jerking account by star reporter, “sob sister” Winifred Black, who also wrote under the name Annie Laurie. Hearst’s efforts, timed to coordinate with Hobson’s annual Narcotic Education Week, exploited a new angle during the second half of decade: depicting marijuana as the largely unknown drug of murder, torture, and hideous cruelty (such as this example from 1927 ). The fact that marijuana smoking was a habit of immigrants and the lower class clearly played a role in its prohibition, though there is little indication that Hearst was more racist than might be expected of a man of his time and station. The association of murder, torture, and mindless violence with marijuana was not borne out by evidence or actual events but blossomed thanks to the vivid imaginations of the journalists charged with sensationalizing the tired story of drug use and addiction. Until a few decades prior, the public was acquainted with opiates from widespread medicinal use, and with cocaine from its presence in drugstore potions including Coca-Cola. Journalists, politicians, police, and middle-class readers had no similar familiarity with marijuana, allowing it to become the vessel for their worst fears: addicting, personality-destroying, violence-causing. For the journalists in the 1920s charged with composing annual anti-narcotics jeremiads for Hearst’s famously sensational newspapers, a new “murder” drug must have seemed a gift. Prohibition Repealed, But Not for Drugs In the 1930s, the nation’s top anti-narcotics official took up the anti-marijuana cause. Ironically, Harry J. Anslinger, a former assistant commissioner of the Prohibition Bureau who headed the U. S. Treasury Department’s Narcotics Bureau from 1930 to 1962, initially opposed federal legislation against marijuana because he foresaw it would be difficult for his agency to enforce. However, Anslinger began to capitalize on fears about marijuana while pressing a public relations campaign to encourage the passage of uniform anti-narcotics legislation in all 48 states. He later lobbied in favor of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. In Congressional testimony, Anslinger drew from what became known as his “gore file” of brutal murders and rapes allegedly committed by people high on pot. (That the marijuana was a causal factor for the crime was taken for granted.) “How many murders, suicides, robberies, criminal assaults, holdups, burglaries and deeds of maniacal insanity it causes each year can only be conjectured,” Anslinger wrote in a 1937 article in American Magazine title “ Marijuana, Assassin of Youth .”It was surely no coincidence that the scare movie Reefer Madness came a year earlier. The 1937 Marijuana Tax Act, which regulated the drug by requiring dealers to pay a transfer tax, passed in the House after less than a half-hour of debate and received only cursory attention in the press. House members seem not to have known a great deal about the drug. In response to a question from another member, Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn (D-Tex.) explained that marijuana was “a narcotic of some kind,” while another Representative John D. Dingle (D-Mich.) appeared to confuse it with locoweed, a different plant. In hearings, the only witness to speak against the bill was a representative of the American Medical Association, who congressmen accused of obstructionism and misrepresenting the AMA’s views. Anslinger favored strict legal penalties against the use of narcotics, including marijuana, and worked behind the scenes to defund or discredit research that contradicted his views on the danger of these drugs or the effectiveness of prohibition. When New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and the New York Academy of Medicine produced a report in 1944 concluding that marijuana was only a mild intoxicant, it was pre-emptively attacked in the American Journal of Psychiatry in an article solicited by Anslinger. Fourteen years later, Anslinger tried to prevent publication of a joint American Bar Association-American Medical Association study that suggested penalties for possession were too harsh. The report was ultimately published by the Indiana University Press after narcotics agents convinced the original sponsor to drop funding. Through the 1950s, lawmakers and journalists seemed to have little patience or interest for fine distinctions among illegal drugs. Heroin, cocaine, or marijuana were all “dope”: dangerous, addicting, frightening, and bad. The Kids Are Alright? Marijuana Comes to Campus Views of drugs changed in the mid-1960s, with increasing reports about a new type of marijuana smoker: college students. Along with uppers and downers—the amphetamine and barbiturate pills that had become ubiquitous through nearly every segment of American society—journalists found that the sons and daughters of America’s middle class were taking to marijuana. The pronounced expansion of marijuana use among youth in the 1960s had no single cause. In the sweet-smelling haze, observers have seen mutiny against the values of the previous generation and the War in Vietnam, an admiration for the free-spirited Beats, and the freedom born from an excess of material wealth and time. For many youth, smoking pot seemed harmless fun, perhaps just a little more fun because it was against the law. The mild pleasures of the drug itself seemed to refute the logic of the laws against it. By 1965, the epidemic of drugs on campus occupied the front pages of newspapers, but neither journalists nor legislators had any enthusiasm for locking up America’s best and brightest for what increasingly seemed like a trivial offense. By the 1960s, even Anslinger conceded the criminal penalties then in force for youthful marijuana use were too severe. In 1967, not only hippie activists but the solidly mainstream voices of Life, Newsweek, and Look magazines questioned why the plant was illegal at all. Meanwhile, the number of state-level marijuana arrests increased tenfold between 1965 and 1970.<12 >To discuss and comment on this article, please visit our Facebook page. "


what is a lobster roll?

A Lobster Roll is a bread roll filled with bite-sized chunks of lobster meat. Lobster Rolls are made on the Atlantic coast of North America, from the New England area of the United States on up into the Maritimes areas of Canada.

Lobster Rolls

"Browse > Home > Encyclopedia > Dishes > Savoury Dishes > Sandwiches Lobster Rolls Lobster Rolls © Victoria Sawyer

In 2009, prices for a Lobster Roll on both sides of the border averaged about 15 dollars US, give or take a few dollars. Mc Donald's in New England and in the Maritimes offers, seasonally, their version of a Lobster Roll called a ""Mc Lobster Roll."" Those who have sampled it have said that it's the same quality of lobster [1] and type of bread roll as you will get elsewhere and that while the Mc Donald's version is smaller, it's also cheaper. New England Style The version of Lobster Roll known as ""New England style"" became popular in Maine in the 1970s and spread to other states. This version mixes the lobster chunks in a binder sauce such as mayonnaise. This filling mixture may be referred to as ""lobster salad"", in the way one refers to ""egg salad."" It can be put in the roll either room temperature or chilled. Beyond the lobster chunks and mayonnaise, the debate is always what else and how much of ""what else"" to add to the mixture. Other ingredients may typically include minced celery, lemon juice and lettuce. Some say that ""what else"" should equal ""nothing else."" The roll used is a top-slit, soft-sided hot dog roll that has been griddled. You brush the soft sides of the roll with melted butter, and put in a hot pan, griddling each side for about three minutes, then toast the top and bottom for a minute each. New England Lobster Rolls are frequently served with French fries or potato chips (aka crisps in the UK. )Connecticut Style Lobster Rolls Connecticut Style Lobster Rolls use round bread rolls, toasted and buttered. The roll is filled with chunks of lobster that were warmed in drawn butter. There is no mayonnaise or any other ingredient. Connecticut lore has this sandwich originating at Perry's Restaurant in West Haven, Connecticut, in the 1930s. This may or may not be so. But prior to the 1970s, Lobster Rolls elsewhere in New England, even in Maine, had warmed lobster chunks in them. And, you can still get these Connecticut Style Lobster Rolls in Maine at places such as the Clam Shack near the Kennebunk River bridge [1] and Portland Lobster Co in Portland. [2]Canadian Lobster Rolls In Canada, the lobster chunks are often mixed with mayonnaise, New England style. The roll used varies widely, though the New England style rolls are popular. The rolls are usually served with potato chips and a dill pickle. ________________________________________________________ [1] The lobster used is North American Atlantic Lobster, aka Homarus americanus, aka Boston Lobster, aka Canadian Lobster. Cooking Tips You want about 1 cup of lobster meat per roll. One ""chicken"" sized lobster (around 1 pound / 450g) has enough meat for two rolls -- three generously-filled rolls if you pick over the body of it. Sources [1] Knight, Wendy. On a Roll, for Lobster. New York Times. 4 August 2006. [2] Murphy, Jen. What Makes a Perfect Lobster Roll? Foodandwine.com blogs: posted 23 May 2007. Retrieved November 2009. See also: Lobster Sandwiches Baloney; Beef on Weck Sandwiches; Croque Madame; Croque Monsieur Sandwiches; Frank Sinatra Sandwich; Ginger Rogers Sandwich; Grilled Cheese Sandwiches; Guédille; Hot Dogs; Lobster Rolls; Marshmallow Cream Spread; Monte Cristo Sandwiches; Open-Faced; Pain de Mie; Panino con il Lampredotto; Pepperoni Rolls; Philadelphia Cheese Steak; Pullman Loaf Pans; Rachel Sandwich; Reuben Sandwich; Sandwiches; Submarine Sandwiches; Tartarmad; Tartine; Toasties; Walter Winchell Sandwich; Zsa Zsa Gabor Sandwich Print Page Please share this information with your friends. They may love it. Also called: Guedille au homard (French)Citation Oulton, Randal. ""Lobster Rolls."" Cooks Info.com. Published 14 July 2006; revised 20 December 2012. Web. Accessed 03/26/2018. < http://www.cooksinfo.com/lobster-rolls >. © Copyright 2018. All rights reserved and enforced. You are welcome to cite Cooks Info.com as a reference, but no direct copying and republishing is allowed. "


jefferson college address

ion Washington & Jefferson College Office of Admission 60 South Lincoln Street Washington, PA 15301 724-223-6025 |admission@washjeff.edu

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where was tupac shot on his body

During the first shooting Tupac was in, where on his body was he shot? I heard it was 2 times in the groin, 2 times in the head, and 1 in the hand. But how did he survive? any info is appreciated.

Entertainment & Music Celebrities Where was Tupac hit with his first 5 shots?

Update: Where in the head? back? front? side? how did the bullets not penetrate his skull? Follow 1 answer Answers Best Answer: Shakur had received five bullet wounds; twice in the head, twice in the groin and once through the arm and thigh. He checked out of the hospital, against doctor's orders, three hours after surgery. In the day that followed, Shakur entered the courthouse in a wheelchair and was found guilty of three counts of molestation, but innocent of six others, including sodomy. On February 6, 1995, he was sentenced to one-and-a-half to four-and-a-half years in prison on a sexual assault charge..hopes 'n' fears · 8 years ago1 1 2 comments Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Official March Madness Gear Psoriatic arthritis symptoms? Want to make a canvas print? Masters of marketing online


what is the difference between direct democracy and representatives

In a direct democracy, every single member of the group has an equal say in every single decision. This is not workable on a day to day basis for large groups. In a representative democracy, people elect representatives, who vote on the issues. Representative democracy is the basis of constitutional democracy. Representatives are chosen by the people to act in their best interest, not necessarily to vote the way the people want them to in every circumstance.

"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society Politics and Government Political Theory Democracy How is a direct democracy different from a representative democracy? Flag How is a direct democracy different from a representative democracy? Answer by Hack Boi Confidence votes 115peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta cringe peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta peta cringe peta

Direct democracy is very difficult to maintain when a population becomes too large. Some societies operate with a combination of both types of democracy. For example, in some countries, such as France, Switzerland and the Republic of Ireland, some issues, for example, changes to the constitution, can be decided by a popular vote on that specific issue. In some of the small Swiss cantons (states) such as Glarus, all citizens are entitled to attend an annual meeting which votes retrospectively on the laws passed during the preceding year by their representatives. and also credit to the person who last posted this117 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Josiepie 7 Contributions What is the difference between direct and representative democracy? In a direct democracy, all eligible citizens gather together todiscuss policy and make the laws. Every decision is made by thebody of all eligible citizens. . In a representa …What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy? Direct democracy means every citizen gets to vote and has a say in the government. Representative democracy means we vote on officials to represent us and make decisions for u …What is the difference between representative democracy and a direct democracy?direct democracy is a type of government wee every citizen can vote on every issue. representative democracy is a type of government were people vote for representative who de …Eva Takacs 5,726 Contributions How is direct democracy different from a representative democracy? Most of the democracies are indirect or representative democracies,because citizens elect representatives who then go to the parliament and represent them and their interests. …What is the difference between direct democracy and a representative democracy? Direct democracy is doing something by the government andrepresentative democracy is a democracy where citizens delegae authority to elect represntatives Nevwik 75,001 Contributions Why is there a difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy? In a direct democracy an assembly of the citizens decides on allmatters of government and law. In a representative democracy,citizens elect representatives to a parliament, an …Isle Shire 533 Contributions What are some differences between direct democracy and representative democracy? Answer 1 Democracy means ""by authority of the people"" in one translation. Direct Democracy means the various questions that the state must decide are decided by asking the p …Srdoyle07 7 Contributions How is democracy different from representative democracy? Technically, a representative democracy would still be considered a democracy. However, a true democracy, as was used by the Greeks, would look more like town hall meetings to …Tonylevin 1,536 Contributions What is direct democracy and representative democracy? In Direct Democracy, the people vote on every issue. In Representative Democracy, the people vote for representatives, who then vote on every issue. Nearly all democracies …M200220232 5,912 Contributions What is the main difference between direct democracy and a representative democracy? In a direct democracy, citizens directly vote for all decisions made by the government. In an indirect democracy, they vote for representatives who, in turn, vote for decision …How are direct and representative democracy different?direct democracy is each person's decision directly affects the outcome of a vote. Representative democracy is the citizens elect officials to represent them in the government …M200220232 5,912 Contributions Why does the US have a representative democracy and not a direct democracy? The US has a representative democracy because, at the time the Constitution was framed, it was impracticable to have a direct democracy. Additionally, the Founding Fathers wer …Answered In Democracy How is a direct democracy different than a representative democracy? In a direct democracy, the people have the upper hand and choose how to run the country (or state or town, etc). In a representative democracy, the people choose REPRESENTATIV …Answered In Political Theory How is a direct democracy different from a representative democracy and how are they alike? In a direct democracy the people act as decision makers on allmajor issues. This can be at the national level or the villagelevel. Everything of importance is voted on by all …Answered In Democracy What is the main way a representative democracy differs from a direct democracy? Citizens elect leaders who vote on the issues in a representativedemocracy, and citizens vote on the issues in a direct democracy. Arepresentative democracy is modern, and a d …Answered In Democracy How was the direct democracy simular and different from a representative democracy? This is significantly different to the representative democracypracticed in almost all democratic countries today. Answered In The Difference Between What is the difference between the direct democracy and representative democracy? Well, direct democracy is worked in Athens because the populationof the city-state was small and because of the commitment and hardwork of its citizens, but representative dem … "

Best Answer: Direct democracy is when people participate directly in the government.representative democracy is when a government that consist of representatives elected by the citizens.

Politics & Government Government What's the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy? I have this Social Studies quiz and the most help i need is direct democracy and representative democracy. So if anyone knows the difference, please answer back as soon as possible!!!!!!!!! !4 following 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest

Source (s):google.comlisa · 1 decade ago0 3 Comment Explain the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy Michael · 5 years ago1 0 Comment RE: What's the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy? I have this Social Studies quiz and the most help i need is direct democracy and representative democracy. So if anyone knows the difference, please answer back as soon as possible!!!!!!!!! !Source (s):39 difference direct democracy representative democracy: https://trimurl.im/j56/what-39-s-the-difference-between-direct-democracy-and-representative-democracy Anonymous · 3 years ago0 0 Comment I have the same question, I trying to find the answer too. I don t know, I only know that direct democracy people group together and vote. representative democracy the people have to choose their leader and the leader has to make a decision in their behalf. That s all I know. -_-? · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Direct democracy all citizens vote on laws. representative democracy;Elected officials vote on laws? · 4 years ago4 0 Comment For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/ax YJD the main advantage of representative is in time saving. It is easier to count 1000 votes than 200 million. the main advantage of direct is that everyone get there personal opinion counted. Each person's vote is there own and no one has to compromise it to satisfy a majority.? · 2 years ago0 0 Commentdirect is where the people meet to talk about things representative is when they choose people like senators to represent themlaura is anti-jonas · 1 decade ago1 1 1 commentang i dont know Scott & Cathy · 4 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Considering an online college? VPN options for your computer Looking for a new crossover? Look For Franchises For Sale


when does the fall start

asy'When is The Fall actually back? The Fall returns on 29 September at 9pm on BBC Two. Since the series first aired in 2013, Jamie, 32, has shot to fame starring as Christian Grey in the movie adaptation of E. L James' novel Fifty Shades of Grey.

"TVWhat time does The Fall Series 3 start? Everything you need to know about the return of Jamie Dornan and Gillian Anderson's thriller Jamie Dornan is returning to our TV screens tonight as serial killer Paul Spector and the new series looks bigger and better than ever Share Comments By Danny Walker15:16, 29 SEP 2016Video Loading Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox+ Subscribe The Fall is back tonight for a third series and it looks epic. The BBC has announced that they've commissioned a new five-part series of the physiological thriller starring Gillian Anderson and Jamie Dornan, which will reveal the fate of serial killer Paul Spector, played by Dornan, after he was left lying shot in the arms of Stella Gibson (Anderson) at the end of series two. The trailer reveals doctors go out of their way to try and save the the complicated character - but what will happen when the series returns. Here is everything we know so far. The Fall is back! (Image: BBC)Are you ready for The Fall? (Image: BBC)Read More The Fall's writer-director reveals he turned to his daughter for help after critics said show was a 'rape fant

What will happen in series 3? Picking up at the moment where the heart-stopping series finale left off in series two, Gillian Anderson and Jamie Dornan return to BBC Two in their iconic roles as the battle between Detective Superintendent Gibson and Spector reaches its terrifying conclusion in Allan Cubitt’s intense psychological thriller, The Fall. Allan Cubitt says: ""I've been on a very exciting journey over the last five years with Stella Gibson and Paul Spector - the central characters of The Fall - and I'm thrilled to have recently started filming the third instalment of their macabre, obsessive dance of death. ""Gillian and Jamie have lived and breathed those characters during that time and I've been incredibly well-served as both writer and director by their stellar performances. ""Obviously I don't want to give anything away about how the third series will end but I can say that I am looking forward to working with both Gillian and Jamie again in the near future! ""The Fall (Image: BBC)First teaser Video Loading First trailer Video Loading Second Trailer Video Loading What did the writer and director say when the commission was announced? Series writer and director Alan Cubitt said: ""The cliffhanger ending of season two was conceived in the hope of further exploring the characters and the themes that are at the heart of The Fall. ""Ben Stephenson, BBC controller of drama commissioning, added: ""The story is far from over. Allan has known the end game from the beginning - the cat and mouse game between Gillian and Jamie has one last act to play out. Who will win? ""Is The Fall popular? Around 3.6 million people tuned in to watch The Fall season two finale last December. * The Fall returns on 29 September at 9pm on BBC Two The Fall (Image: BBC)dailymirrortv Follow @Mirror TVEnter email More On Gillian Anderson BBC2 50 Shades of Grey The Fall Films "


what treatments are available for addicted individuals

Like treatments for other conditions, addiction treatments can also include medications and forms of talk therapy, but addiction treatments may be provided by a much wider range of personnel (clergy, counselors, social workers, physicians) than most other forms of healthcare.

What Is Addiction Treatment?

"Treatment

: What Is Addiction Treatment?by A. Thomas Mc Lellan, Ph. D. Most addiction treatments are designed to do more than simply reduce or remove alcohol or drug use - they focus on getting addicted people to change their lifestyle and even their core life values as a way of preventing return of the problems.

No available therapy, program, medication or surgical procedure can remove recurrent desire or craving for alcohol and/or other drugs. Eliminating the desire to use drugs or alcohol is not an outcome of rehabilitation. A more reasonable expectation is that medication may reduce this urge and effective rehabilitation will teach a person what they must do to manage and contain their recurrent desires to use, much in the same way as a person with diabetes or hypertension must learn to manage their lives to control their illness. It is best to think of three stages of addiction treatment, each with a different function in the larger picture of care:detoxification/stabilizationrehabilitationcontinuing care Detoxification/Stabilization Following a period of heavy and sustained alcohol or drug use, most individuals develop significant physical and emotional symptoms. While some of these physical problems can resolve with just rest, the use of drugs like alcohol, opiates (heroin, Oxy Contin, Vicodin, etc.) and tranquilizers (Valium, Xanax) usually need medically supervised detoxification or stabilization. Detoxification/stabilization is not treatment - only preparation for treatment. Detoxification must be followed by continued rehabilitative treatment for lasting improvement. Settings of Care: Almost always in hospitals or other residential facilities where medical care is available. Methods of Care: The treatments involve various medications to reduce withdrawal and physical discomfort. Duration of Care: Usually 3-5 days. More severe cases require a few more days. Desired Results:1. Reduced physical and emotional instability caused by substance use. 2. The patient is motivated to recognize and accept that there is a problem that she or he can address. 3. The patient is engaged in some form of continued rehabilitative care. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation is appropriate for patients who are no longer suffering from the acute physical or emotional effects of recent substance use. Rehabilitation care typically offers an array of treatment components to help to address the many health and social problems associated with substance use. Settings of Care: Most rehabilitative care for addiction occurs in specialty ""programs"" that include the components described above. If a person has very serious substance use and/or a life situation that has gotten so out of control that they cannot become sober even with treatment in their living situation - they should seek residential rehabilitation. Most other, less severe forms of substance use can be rehabilitated in outpatient settings that provide essentially the same components of care. Methods of Care: Medications can help reduce craving for drugs and/or help with co-occurring medical or emotional illness. Individual, group and family therapy helps assist with understanding the specific issues that may have led to the addiction and that will have to be faced again following treatment. Assistance and guidance in developing a new drug-free lifestyle are also important parts of rehabilitation. Duration of Care: Most residential rehabilitation programs last 21-30 days, 8-12 hours per day. Outpatient rehabilitation programs are typically 60-90 days, where patients spend 2-8 hours per day, 2-5 days per week. Desired Results:1. Sustained elimination of alcohol and other drug use. 2. Improved health and social function. 3. Engagement in continuing care, personal therapy, mutual help groups and/or other healthy lifestyle changes to sustain the improved health and function. Continuing Care The first 3-6 months following addiction treatment is the period of greatest vulnerability to relapse. Consequently, continuing care services are designed to monitor the emotional health of recovering people, remind them of their commitment to lifestyle change and support their needs as they attempt the difficult job of living their former lives with a new perspective and resolve. Settings of Care: All continuing care occurs in the community setting to assist people in adjusting to their day-to-day lives. Components of Care: The components of continuing care are very similar to those in rehabilitative care but they typically occur less frequently. Individual, group and family therapy sessions may be scheduled monthly. Some rehabilitation programs offer telephone counseling and support services for people to talk with their former counselors. Duration of Care: Most continuing care programs continue for 6-12 months following completion of rehabilitation. Telephone calls occur semi-weekly during the first month, gradually decreasing to once per month over time and last 10-30 minutes depending upon the recovering person's needs. Desired Results: The goals of continuing care are exactly those of rehabilitation. Effective continuing care will help a recovering person to self-manage the recurrent occasions of temptation and craving and as importantly, develop an enjoyable, fulfilling life. Special Role of AAFor the past 60 years, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and the various other mutual help groups (Smart Recovery, Narcotics Anonymous, etc.) have been the most common and often the only form of continuing care. Most cities have many types of AA and mutual help groups. Many have a strong spiritual component but others do not. Some permit smoking during the meetings and others do not. Some are reserved for particular groups of recovering people (e.g. physicians, nurses, lawyers, athletes) while the majority are open to all. A person should consider trying several different meetings prior to deciding upon the value of mutual support group participation in his or her recovery. "


inverse of natural log function

On the other hand, if the natural logarithm is defined as the inverse of the (natural) exponential function, then the derivative can still be found by using logarithm properties:

Natural logarithm

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search""Base e"" redirects here. For the numbering system which uses ""e"" as its base, see Non-integer representation § Base e.

Graph of the natural logarithm function. The function slowly grows to positive infinity as x increases and slowly goes to negative infinity as x approaches 0 (""slowly"" as compared to any power law of x ); the y-axis is an asymptote.

The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, where e is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, log e x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x. [1] Parentheses are sometimes added for clarity, giving ln ( x ), log e ( x) or log ( x ). This is done in particular when the argument to the logarithm is not a single symbol, to prevent ambiguity. The natural logarithm of x is the power to which e would have to be raised to equal x. For example, ln (7.5) is 2.0149..., because e 2.0149...= 7.5. The natural log of e itself, ln ( e ), is 1, because e 1= e, while the natural logarithm of 1, ln (1), is 0, since e 0= 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/ x from 1 to a (the area being taken as negative when a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many other formulas involving the natural logarithm, leads to the term ""natural"". The definition of the natural logarithm can be extended to give logarithm values for negative numbers and for all non-zero complex numbers, although this leads to a multi-valued function: see Complex logarithm. The natural logarithm function, if considered as a real-valued function of a real variable, is the inverse function of the exponential function, leading to the identities: Like all logarithms, the natural logarithm maps multiplication into addition: Thus, the logarithm function is a group isomorphism from positive real numbers under multiplication to the group of real numbers under addition, represented as a function: Logarithms can be defined to any positive base other than 1, not only e. However, logarithms in other bases differ only by a constant multiplier from the natural logarithm, and are usually defined in terms of the latter. For instance, the binary logarithm is the natural logarithm divided by ln (2), the natural logarithm of 2. Logarithms are useful for solving equations in which the unknown appears as the exponent of some other quantity. For example, logarithms are used to solve for the half-life, decay constant, or unknown time in exponential decay problems. They are important in many branches of mathematics and the sciences and are used in finance to solve problems involving compound interest. By Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the natural logarithm of any positive algebraic number other than 1 is a transcendental number. Natural logarithm Representation Inverse Derivativenth Derivative Indefinite Integral Part of a series of articles on themathematical constant e Properties Natural logarithm Exponential function Applicationscompound interest Euler's identity Euler's formula half-livesexponential growth and decay Defining eproof that e is irrationalrepresentations of e Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem People John Napier Leonhard Euler Related topics Schanuel's conjecturev t e Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Notational conventions3 Origin of the term natural logarithm4 Definitions5 Properties6 Derivative, Taylor series7 The natural logarithm in integration8 Numerical value8.1 Natural logarithm of 108.2 High precision8.3 Computational complexity9 Continued fractions10 Complex logarithms11 See also12 Notes13 References History [ edit]Main article: History of logarithms The concept of the natural logarithm was worked out by Gregoire de Saint-Vincent and Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa before 1649. [2] Their work involved quadrature of the hyperbola xy = 1 by determination of the area of hyperbolic sectors. Their solution generated the requisite ""hyperbolic logarithm"" function having properties now associated with the natural logarithm. An early mention of the natural logarithm was by Nicholas Mercator in his work Logarithmotechnia published in 1668, [3] although the mathematics teacher John Speidell had already in 1619 compiled a table of what in fact were effectively natural logarithms. [4]Notational conventions [ edit]The notations ""ln x "" and ""log e x "" both refer unambiguously to the natural logarithm of x. ""log x "" without an explicit base may also refer to the natural logarithm. This usage is common in mathematics and some scientific contexts as well as in many programming languages. [nb 1] In some other contexts, however, ""log x "" can be used to denote the common (base 10) logarithm. Historically, the notations "" l. "" and "" l "" were in use at least since the 1730s, [5] [6] and until at least the 1840s, [7] then ""log."" [8] or ""log"", [9] at least since the 1790s. Finally, in the twentieth century, the notations ""Log"" [10] and ""logh"" [11] are attested. Origin of the term natural logarithm [ edit]One unit of area characterizes Euler's number. Add and subtract triangles of area one-half for a hyperbolic sector. The function for n ∈ ℤ produces a bi-infinite sequence of hyperbolic points. When two adjacent points are joined to (0,0) by hyperbolic radii, the hyperbolic sector so formed has unit area. Thus the total area inside the hyperbola and its asymptotes is infinite, consistent with divergence of the harmonic series. Area measure accords with the arc measure in both the circle and right hyperbola: in a circle of radius √ 2, the arc of a circular sector has an angle equal to the sector area. Likewise, the hyperbolic angle of a hyperbolic arc is measured by the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector of xy = 1. Tribute is paid to Leonard Euler who profiled the importance of Euler's number e = 2.71828... as the base of the exponential function and natural logarithm. He introduced the idea of a transcendental function to classify the trigonometric and exponential functions in the precalculus textbook Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite (1748). The quadrature of the hyperbola requires the natural logarithm, so integral calculus was inhibited by the lack of an expression for hyperbolic quadrature until Gregoire de Saint-Vincent (1647) described it with a logarithmic feature: the correspondence of an arithmetic sequence of areas with a geometric sequence on the asymptote. Expositions by Nicholas Mercator, Christiaan Huygens and others led to Euler’s Introduction that detailed the circular functions in terms of infinite series. The connection between area and the arcs of circular and hyperbolic functions demonstrates the naturalness of this logarithm. [12]Definitions [ edit]ln ( a) illustrated as the area under the curve f ( x) = 1/ x from 1 to a. If a is less than 1, the area from a to 1 is counted as negative. The area under the hyperbola satisfies the logarithm rule. Here A ( s, t) denotes the area under the hyperbola between s and t. Formally, ln ( a) may be defined as the area under the hyperbola 1/ x. This is the integral,This function is a logarithm because it satisfies the fundamental property of a logarithm: This can be demonstrated by splitting the integral that defines ln ( ab) into two parts and then making the variable substitution x = ta in the second part, as follows:lna bdx dxdxdxda tdxdt ln a ln b In elementary terms, this is simply scaling by 1/ a in the horizontal direction and by a in the vertical direction. Area does not change under this transformation, but the region between a and ab is reconfigured. Because the function a / ( ax) is equal to the function 1/ x, the resulting area is precisely ln ( b ). The number e is defined as the unique real number a such that ln ( a ) = 1. Alternatively, if the exponential function has been defined first, say by using an infinite series, the natural logarithm may be defined as its inverse function, i.e., ln is that function such that exp (ln ( x )) = x. Since the range of the exponential function on real arguments is all positive real numbers and since the exponential function is strictly increasing, this is well-defined for all positive x. Properties [ edit] [ show] Proof Derivative, Taylor series [ edit]The Taylor polynomials for ln (1 + x) only provide accurate approximations in the range −1 < x ≤ 1. Note that, for x > 1, the Taylor polynomials of higher degree are worse approximations. The derivative of the natural logarithm is given by How the derivative of the natural logarithm is derived may depend on how it is first defined. If the natural logarithm is defined as the integralthen the derivative immediately follows from the fundamental theorem of calculus.

ln xlnlnlnlnwhere the exponential function can be defined as The interchange of the limit and the natural logarithm was justified because the natural logarithm is a continuous function. This leads to the Taylor series for ln (1 + x) around 0; also known as the Mercator serieswhich converges for Leonhard Euler [13] nevertheless applied this series to x = −1, in order to show that the harmonic series equals the (natural) logarithm of 1/ (1 − 1), that is the logarithm of infinity. Nowadays, more formally, one can prove that the harmonic series truncated at N is close to the logarithm of N, when N is large. At right is a picture of ln (1 + x) and some of its Taylor polynomials around 0. These approximations converge to the function only in the region −1 < x ≤ 1; outside of this region the higher-degree Taylor polynomials are worse approximations for the function. Substituting x − 1 for x, we obtain an alternative form for ln (x) itself, namelywhich converges for [14]It can also be written as:or: By using the Euler transform on the Mercator series, one obtains the following, which is valid for any x with absolute value greater than 1: Also note that is its own inverse function, so to yield the natural logarithm of a certain number y, simply put in for x. The natural logarithm in integration [ edit]The natural logarithm allows simple integration of functions of the form g ( x) = f ' ( x )/ f ( x ): an antiderivative of g ( x) is given by ln (| f ( x )|). This is the case because of the chain rule and the following fact: In other words,and Here is an example in the case of g ( x) = tan ( x ):tanx d xd xtanx d xd x Letting f ( x) = cos ( x ):where C is an arbitrary constant of integration. The natural logarithm can be integrated using integration by parts: Let:then:ln xd x x ln xd xx ln x1d xx ln x x CNumerical value [ edit]To calculate the numerical value of the natural logarithm of a number, the Taylor series expansion can be rewritten as: To obtain a better rate of convergence, the following identity can be used.ln xln 2 y2 yprovided that y = ( x − 1)/ ( x + 1) and Re ( x ) > 0. For ln ( x) where x > 1, the closer the value of x is to 1, the faster the rate of convergence. The identities associated with the logarithm can be leveraged to exploit this:ln 123.456 ln 1.23456ln 1.23456 lnln 1.23456 2 ln 10ln 1.23456 2 2.3025851. Such techniques were used before calculators, by referring to numerical tables and performing manipulations such as those above. Natural logarithm of 10 [ edit]The natural logarithm of 10, which has the decimal expansion 2.30258509..., [15] plays a role for example in the computation of natural logarithms of numbers represented in scientific notation, as a mantissa multiplied by a power of 10: This means that one can effectively calculate the logarithms of numbers with very large or very small magnitude using the logarithms of a relatively small set of decimals in the range. High precision [ edit]To compute the natural logarithm with many digits of precision, the Taylor series approach is not efficient since the convergence is slow. If x is near 1, an alternative is to use Newton's method to invert the exponential function, whose series converges more quickly. For an optimal function, the iteration simplifies towhich has cubic convergence to ln ( x ). Another alternative for extremely high precision calculation is the formula [16] [17]where M denotes the arithmetic-geometric mean of 1 and 4/s, andwith m chosen so that p bits of precision is attained. (For most purposes, the value of 8 for m is sufficient.) In fact, if this method is used, Newton inversion of the natural logarithm may conversely be used to calculate the exponential function efficiently. (The constants ln 2 and π can be pre-computed to the desired precision using any of several known quickly converging series. )Based on a proposal by William Kahan and first implemented in the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator in 1979, some calculators, computer algebra systems and programming languages (for example C99 [18]) provide a special natural logarithm plus 1 function alternatively named LN1+X, LN (1+X), lnp1 (x), [19] [20] ln1p (x) or log1p (x) [18] to give more accurate results for values of x close to zero compared to using ln (x+1) directly. [18] [19] [20] This function is implemented using a different internal algorithm to avoid an intermediate result near 1, thereby allowing both the argument and the result to be near zero. [19] [20] Similar inverse functions named expm1 (x), [18] expm (x) [19] [20] or exp1m (x) exist as well. [nb 2]An identity in terms of the inverse hyperbolic tangent,gives a high precision value for small values of x on systems that do not implement log1p ( x). Computational complexity [ edit]Main article: Computational complexity of mathematical operations The computational complexity of computing the natural logarithm (using the arithmetic-geometric mean) is O ( M ( n) ln n ). Here n is the number of digits of precision at which the natural logarithm is to be evaluated and M ( n) is the computational complexity of multiplying two n -digit numbers. Continued fractions [ edit]While no simple continued fractions are available, several generalized continued fractions are, including:ln 1 xln These continued fractions—particularly the last—converge rapidly for values close to 1. However, the natural logarithms of much larger numbers can easily be computed by repeatedly adding those of smaller numbers, with similarly rapid convergence. For example, since 2 = 1.25 3 × 1.024, the natural logarithm of 2 can be computed as:ln 2 3 ln ln Furthermore, since 10 = 1.25 10 × 1.024 3, even the natural logarithm of 10 similarly can be computed as:ln 10 10 ln 3 ln Complex logarithms [ edit]Main article: Complex logarithm The exponential function can be extended to a function which gives a complex number as e x for any arbitrary complex number x; simply use the infinite series with x complex. This exponential function can be inverted to form a complex logarithm that exhibits most of the properties of the ordinary logarithm. There are two difficulties involved: no x has e x= 0; and it turns out that e 2 π i= 1 = e 0. Since the multiplicative property still works for the complex exponential function, e z= e z +2 π ki, for all complex z and integers k. So the logarithm cannot be defined for the whole complex plane, and even then it is multi-valued – any complex logarithm can be changed into an ""equivalent"" logarithm by adding any integer multiple of 2 π i at will. The complex logarithm can only be single-valued on the cut plane. For example, ln ( i) = π i2 or 5 π i2 or - 3 π i2, etc. ; and although i 4= 1, 4 log ( i) can be defined as 2 π i, or 10 π i or −6 π i, and so on. Plots of the natural logarithm function on the complex plane ( principal branch)z = Re (ln ( x + yi ))z = abs (Im (ln ( x + yi )))z = abs (ln ( x + yi ))Superposition of the previous three graphs See also [ edit]Approximating natural exponents (log base e)John Napier – discoverer of logarithms Logarithm of a matrix Logarithmic integral function Nicholas Mercator – first to use the term natural logarithm Polylogarithm Von Mangoldt function The number e Notes [ edit]^ Including C, C++, SAS, MATLAB, Mathematica, Fortran, and BASIC^ For a similar approach to reduce round-off errors of calculations for certain input values see trigonometric functions like versine, vercosine, coversine, covercosine, haversine, havercosine, hacoversine, hacovercosine, exsecant and excosecant. References [ edit]^ Mortimer, Robert G. (2005). Mathematics for physical chemistry (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-12-508347-5. Extract of page 9^ Burn, R. P. (2001). Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa and Logarithms. Historia Mathematica. pp. 28:1–17.^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (September 2001). ""The number e"". The Mac Tutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 2009-02-02.^ Cajori, Florian (1991). A History of Mathematics (5th ed.). AMS Bookstore. p. 152. ISBN 0-8218-2102-4.^ Euler, Leonhard (1737). ""Variae observationes circa series infinitas"". Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae (CASP) (published 1744). 9: 160–188. E72.^ Euler, Leonhard (1925). Opera Omnia, Series Prima: Opera Mathematica. Quartum Decimum. Teubner.^ Cauchy, Augustin. Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathématique. 3. p. 380. Retrieved 2015-10-31.^ Legendre, Adrien-Marie (1798). Essai sur la théorie des nombres. VI. Paris, France: Duprat, libraire pour les mathématiques, quai des Augustins.^ Landau, Edmund (1953) [1909]. Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen (2 ed.). Berlin: Chelsea, New York.^ Piskounov, Nikolaï (1972). Calcul différentiel et intégral (5 ed.). Moskow: Editions Mir. p. 91.^ Jolley, L. B. W. (1961). Summation of Series (PDF) (2 (revised) ed.). New York, USA: Dover Publications, Inc. LCCN 61-65274. Retrieved 2015-10-31.^ Ballew, Pat. ""Math Words, and Some Other Words, of Interest"". Retrieved 2018-01-18.^ Leonhard Euler, Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum. Tomus Primus. Bousquet, Lausanne 1748. Exemplum 1, p. 228; quoque in: Opera Omnia, Series Prima, Opera Mathematica, Volumen Octavum, Teubner 1922^ ""Logarithmic Expansions"" at Math2.org^ A002392^ Sasaki, T.; Kanada, Y. (1982). ""Practically fast multiple-precision evaluation of log (x)"". Journal of Information Processing. 5 (4): 247–250. Retrieved 2011-03-30.^ Ahrendt, Timm (1999). ""Fast Computations of the Exponential Function"". Stacs 99. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1564: 302–312. doi: 10.1007/3-540-49116-3_28. ISBN 978-3-540-65691-3.^ a b c d Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2002-07-09). ""Computation of expm1 = exp (x)−1"" (PDF). 1.00. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Department of Mathematics, Center for Scientific Computing, University of Utah. Retrieved 2015-11-02.^ a b c d HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR) (4 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90136, 0-88698-01574-2. Retrieved 2015-09-06.^ a b c d HP 50g / 49g+ / 48g II graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. 2009-07-14 [2005]. HP F2228-90010. Retrieved 2015-10-10. Searchable PDFCategories: Logarithms Elementary special functions E (mathematical constant) Unary operations "


what is an indian gaur

ia]The Gaur or Indian Bison is a large endangered herbivore, and can be seen in protected sanctuaries in India. In the wild its young are preyed upon by tigers and leopards and the loss of its habitat due to human encroachment has led to the reduction in its population across India. In North East India a tame version of the Gaur, known as Mithun is used as a farm animal and is sacrificed and eaten at ritual feasts.

Gaur (Indian Bison)  [Wild Animals in India]

"Home ¦ About Us ¦ Contact Us ¦ Disclaimer ¦ Hotel Booking ¦ Flight Booking ¦ Car Rental ¦ Tour Booking Gaur (Indian Bison) [Wild Animals in Ind

Zoological name: Bos frontalis Range: The Gaur can be seen in the wild in forests of South and Eastern India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Nepal and Bhutan. Estimated population: It is estimated that there are around 1000 Gaur or Indian Bison worldwide. Physical characteristics: The Gaur or Indian Bison is a large animal. Male Gaurs are black in color, while female Gaurs are brown. Both the hide of male and female Gaurs is white below the knee of each leg, giving the gaur an appearance of wearing white stockings. Gaur calves are light brown and do not have ""stockings."" Adult Gaur bulls can grow almost 2 m tall and weigh from 650 to 1000 Kg. Female Gaur are smaller in size. Older male Gaurs have a big dorsal ridge along the length of their backs and huge dewlaps. Habitat: The Gaur lives in grassy clearings and in evergreen and deciduous forest. The Barasingha is found in forested areas in Karnataka and Assam in India. It can live in altitudes up to 1,800 m. Gaur usually spend the night in a forest and emerge into the forest clearings to feed during the day. Diet: Gaurs are herbivores. They feed mainly on grass. During times of drought Gaurs will eat leaves, creepers and plants. Being ruminant animals they usually feed during the morning, rest and ruminate in the afternoon, feed some more in the evening and return to the forest cover to rest at night. Behavior: Gaurs usually live in herds of around 10 animals, however herds of up to 40 Gaurs have been seen. Herds are led by an adult male bull. Bulls fight amongst themselves to establish dominance over a herd. Male bulls may also live in bachelor herds. Gaurs vocalize to warn the herd of danger and to communicate among themselves. Licking is another means of communication among Gaurs. Status: Gaurs are endangered with only around a 1000 left in the wild. Their numbers are threatened by human encroachment of their habitat. Diseases of domestic cattle are also a threat to the survival of Gaur in the wild. Tourists can see the Gaur in the wild, in the Nagarhole and Bandipur National Parks in Karnataka India, and Kaziranga and Manas National Parks in Assam in North East India. Experience the rare pleasure of seeing the endangered Gaur or Indian Bison on India Wildlife Tours. Contact India-Wildlife-Tours.com for Best Travel Deals Name *: Email *: Country *: Phone: *Country Area Phone Days in Hand: No. of Passengers: Adults: Children: (above 8yrs)Tentative Date: Booking Details *:* Essential Information Home ¦ About Us ¦ Contact Us ¦ Disclaimer ¦ Hotel Booking ¦ Flight Booking ¦ Car Rental ¦ Tour Booking "


the largest company in each state

For this reason, the vast majority of the largest companies in each state are public. The largest company in all but 13 states is publicly traded. Still, there are dozens of very large corporations that never opted to make a public offering, and in many cases, these companies generate the most revenue of any enterprise in a state.

The largest company in every state

Previous Slide Next Slide1/50 SLIDES © Rob Hainer/Getty Images1. Alabama Largest company: Protective Life Revenue: $4.4 billion Headquarters: Birmingham, ALOwnership: Public Protective Life reported revenue of more than $4.4 billion in its fiscal 2014, the highest revenue of any company in Alabama. The holding company provides financial services related to life insurance through its subsidiaries.

The corporation was recently purchased by The Dai-ichi Life Insurance Company, based in Japan. The state is one of seven where the largest company by revenue operates in the insurance industry. The company employs a total of 2,457 people, including 1,437 in its headquarters in Birmingham.

Click through the slideshow above to see the largest company in each state. The largest companies in the United States are almost all concentrated in major metropolitan areas. Nearly one in 10 Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in New York City. The five largest cities in the U. S. by population account for more than one fifth of the 500 largest public U. S. companies by revenue, and that’s not counting, for example, the substantial metropolitan regions of the San Francisco Bay Area or the New York tri-state area, which have dozens more. Quotes in the article Walmart Inc WMT▲87.77+1.72+2.00%Exxon Mobil Corp XOM▼72.81-0.89-1.21%Spirit Airlines Inc SAVE▼36.99-0.20-0.54%Las Vegas Sands Corp LVS▼70.78-0.88-1.23%Still, there are plenty of major U. S. corporations that, for any number of reasons, are headquartered in smaller states, sometimes even in remote cities. Wal-Mart, the largest company in the world, is based in Bentonville, Arkansas, a town with a population of barely 40,000 people. While every state does not have a Wal-Mart, all but four states were home to at least one company with $1 billion or more in annual revenue. 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the largest companies in each state. While these companies are the largest in their home states, they are not necessarily among the largest in the nation. Exxon Mobil, the largest company in Texas and the second-largest in the U. S., reported revenue of $411.9 billion last year. That is roughly 4,100 times the annual sales of Bloedorn Lumber, the business generating the most revenue in Wyoming. Going public confers some important benefits for large companies, including providing additional revenue streams and increasing visibility.

Wichita, Kansas-based Koch Industries, for example, dwarfs the operations of Spirit Airlines, the state’s largest public company. Spirit reported annual revenue of $6.8 billion, a fraction of Koch’s $121 billion. Regional industries are often a strong indicator for what the biggest company in the state will be. In Nevada, where the Las Vegas economy generates a large share of state GDP, every large publicly traded company is a casino resort corporation, including Las Vegas Sands, the biggest in the state. In Michigan, home of Detroit, the motor city, General Motors is the biggest company. To identify the biggest company in each state, 247 Wall St. reviewed the 1,000 largest public U. S. companies by revenue from Fortune. Revenue figures for the largest private companies in the country were provided by Priv Co. When available, more recent figures were obtained from annual SEC filings. More on 24/7 Wall St.: The Next 11 States to Legalize Marijuana The Hardest States to Find Full-Time Work States With the Fastest (and Slowest) Growing Economies


which term describes a reduction

. the act of reducing or the state of being reduced.2. the amount by which something is reduced or diminished.3. a form produced by reducing; a copy on a smaller scale.4. Cell Biology. meiosis, especially the first meiotic cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced by half.

reduction

"reduction [ri- duhk -sh uh n]Spell Syllables Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun1

5. Chemistry. the process or result of reducing.6. Movies. the process of making a print of a narrower gauge from a print of a wider gauge: the reduction of 35-mm films to 16-mm for the school market.7. a village or settlement of Indians in South America established and governed by Spanish Jesuit missionaries. Origin of reduction Expand Middle French Latin1475-14851475-85; earlier reduccion < Middle French reduction < Latin reductiōn- (stem of reductiō) a bringing back, equivalent to reduct (us) (past participle of redūcere; see reduce) + -iōn- -ion Related forms Expandreductional, adjectiveantireduction, adjectivenonreduction, nounnonreductional, adjectiveoverreduction, nounproreduction, adjectiveself-reduction, noun Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for reduction Expand Contemporary Examples Like many I spoke to, Williams seemed to desire a reorientation of policing, rather than just a reduction. Ground Zero of the NYPD Slowdown Batya Ungar-Sargon January 1, 2015Does that mean a reduction in policing would be a good thing? Ground Zero of the NYPD Slowdown Batya Ungar-Sargon January 1, 2015Proper use could lead to weight loss and reduction in gastric reflux. Nothing Says I Love You Like Data The Daily Beast December 8, 2014The reduction in the unemployment levels is largely due to part time jobs and more people simply giving up looking for jobs. Voters Remind D. C. That the Economy Still Sucks Stuart Stevens November 6, 2014First, the reduction of war to a football statistic; but second and more meaningfully, because we all knew what that “1” was. Can America Still Win Wars? Michael Tomasky October 4, 2014Historical Examples Gotleib contended that Arledge could sustain the reduction required. The Spenders Harry Leon Wilson As a rule, however, the associations will not hear of even such a reduction. Freeland Theodor Hertzka The reduction in rent in this case was at least a third of the total. The Enclosures in England Harriett Bradley His debts of 1000 had been paid, and his allowance of 300 threatened with the reduction of a third. James Boswell William Keith Leask This chute, Fuller had said, led to the outside at the back of the reduction plant. Vulcan's Workshop Harl Vincent British Dictionary definitions for reduction Expandreduction/ rɪˈdʌkʃən /noun1. the act or process or an instance of reducing2. the state or condition of being reduced3. the amount by which something is reduced4. a form of an original resulting from a reducing process, such as a copy on a smaller scale5. a simplified form, such as an orchestral score arranged for piano6. ( maths)the process of converting a fraction into its decimal formthe process of dividing out the common factors in the numerator and denominator of a fraction; cancellation Derived Formsreductive, adjective Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Source Word Origin and History for reduction Expandn.early 15c., ""a restoring to a former state; a subjugation"" (of a people, etc. ), from Middle French reducion (13c., Modern French réduction) and directly from Latin reductionem (nominative reductio) ""a leading back, restoration,"" noun of action from past participle stem of reducere (see reduce ). Meaning ""diminution, a lessening"" is from 1670s; chemical sense of ""reversion to a simpler form"" is from 1660s. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Sourcereduction in Medicine Expandreduction re·duc·tion (rĭ-dŭk'shən) n. The act, process, or result of reducing. The amount by which something is lessened or diminished. Restoration of an injured or dislocated part to its normal anatomical relation by surgery or manipulation. Also called repositioning. The first meiotic division, in which the chromosome number is reduced. Also called reduction division, reduction of chromosomes. A decrease in positive valence or an increase in negative valence by the gaining of electrons. A reaction in which hydrogen is combined with a compound. A reaction in which oxygen is removed from a compound.re·duc'tion·al adj. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Sourcereduction in Science Expandreduction (rĭ-dŭk'shən)The changing of a fraction into a simpler form, especially by dividing the numerator and denominator by a common factor. For example, the fraction 8 / 12 can be reduced to 4 / 6 , which can be further reduced to 2 / 3 , in each case by dividing both the numerator and denominator by 2. A chemical reaction in which an atom or ion gains electrons, thus undergoing a decrease in valence. If an iron atom having a valence of +3 gains an electron, the valence decreases to +2. Compare oxidation. Our Living Language: Beginning students of chemistry are understandably puzzled by the term reduction: shouldn't a reduced atom or ion be one that loses electrons rather than gains them? The reason for the apparent contradiction comes from the early days of chemistry, where reduction and its counterpart, oxidation, were terms invented to describe reactions in which one substance lost an oxygen atom and the other substance gained it. In a reaction such as that between two molecules of hydrogen (2H 2) and one of oxygen (O 2) combining to produce two molecules of water (2H 2 O), the hydrogen atoms have gained oxygen atoms and were said to have become ""oxidized,"" while the oxygen atoms have (as it were) lost them by attaching themselves to the hydrogens, and were said to have become ""reduced."" Importantly, though, in the process of gaining an oxygen atom, the hydrogen atoms have had to give up their electrons and share them with the oxygen atoms, while the oxygen atoms have gained electrons. Thus comes the apparent paradox that the ""reduced"" oxygen has in fact gained something, namely electrons. Today the terms oxidation and reduction are used of any reaction, not just one involving oxygen, where electrons are (respectively) lost or gained. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Cite This Sourcereduction in Culture Expandreduction definition Any chemical reaction in which the atoms in a material take on electrons. Note: Reduction is the opposite of oxidation. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Cite This Source "