the role of the nurse in diabetic foot care

s. The nurses’ role could be in health care, health, community education, health systems management, patient care and improving the quality of life. Diabetes Nurses play their educating role in the field of prevention of diabetic foot, foot care and preventing from foot injury. In care dimension, nurses responsible for early detection of any changes in skin and foot sensation, foot care, dressing and apply novel technology.

Aalaa et al.

Aalaa et al. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2012, 11:24 http://www.jdmdonline.com/content/11/1/24REVIEW ARTICLEOpen Access Nurses’ role in diabetic foot prevention and care; a review M Aalaa, O Tabatabaei Malazy, M Sanjari, M Peimani and MR Mohajeri-Tehrani*Abstract Diabetes as one of Non-communicable diseases has allocated a large proportion of cost, time and human resources of health systems. Now, due to changes in lifestyle and industrial process, incidence of diabetes and its complications have been increased. Accordingly diabetic foot considered as a common complication of diabetes. Nurses are health care providers who actively involved in prevention and early detection of diabetes and its complication

In the area of rehabilitation, help patient sufferings from diabetic foot ulcer or amputation, to have movement are diabetes nurse’s duties. Consequently, nurses need to attend in special training to use the latest instructions of diabetic foot care in order that provides the effective services to facilitate promote diabetic patients health. Keywords: Diabetes, Diabetic foot, Nurse Background According to the report of World Health Organization (WHO) the number of diabetic patients in 2000 reached to 171 million [1] and was predicted to increase 380 million by 2025. So, at now in most countries diabetes is becoming as an epidemic disorder. There exist evidence demonstrating the significant consequences of the disease on both health care providers and the community as a whole [2,3]. Solving this problem requires close collaboration among health system and people; develop national and international strategies and interaction with other health team members. By this approach, providing adequate and effective health services are necessary for patients and their families Also, improving the quality of nurses’ clinical performance can lead to changes in client and patient societies [4]. The novel treatments can lead to increase longevity of diabetic patients and the risk of chronic complications such as eye involvement, renal, cardiovascular and * Correspondence: emrc@tums.ac.ir Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Irandiabetic foot and also cause to impose heavy economic burden on the health system [5]. Among diabetes’ complications, different types of foot problems such as ulcers and infections are common and it has shown an increasing trend in the past decade [6]. Diabetic foot is defined by WHO as foot in diabetics with neurologic disorders, some degree of vascular involvement with or without metabolic complications of diabetes in lower extremity and prone to infection, scarring, with or without deep tissue damage [7]. Some studies have shown 15 percent of diabetic patients will be suffering from diabetic foot ulcer during their lifetime [8-14]. Diabetic foot ulcer is the most general cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients [15]. On the other hand, these ulcers can lead to infection, gangrene, amputation and even death if the necessary care is not provided [16]. In addition, lower extremity amputation is associated with prolonged hospitalization and rehabilitation and also is required to home care and social support [17]. Overall, the rate of lower limb amputation in diabetic patients is 10–30 times higher than non diabetics [18,19]. The studies showed that every 30 seconds one leg is amputated due© 2012 Aalaa et al. ; licensee Bio Med Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. These factors can increase the risk of foot ulcer and cause detachment in the skin or impairment in the wound healing. $ in the standard treatment group and 1. ischemia can increase the susceptibility to ulceration by impairment in peripheral vascular. and early treatment of foot problems [32]. other factors such as poor vision. for prevention and control of diabetic foot in the three areas. Aalaa et al. The study was conducted in 2001 for estimation burden of diabetes in Iran. In the first two years after amputation. care and rehabilitation. the burden of diabetic foot was estimated at 5848 and by adding the burden of neuropathic diabetic foot was received up to 40. 4. clinical nurse specialist. orthopedic and also it is necessary the access to centers and home care services [44. Whereas. patients care. the burden of this disease is high. mental. including nurse practitioner. Nurse’s role in education It has been observed that nurses have an effective role in prevention of foot ulcers and lower limb amputation by educational interventions.127 U.34]. So it was targeted a 55% reduction in amputations and an increase of nearly 75% in diabetic foot examinations [50. It is obvious that with the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications. 50% of patients may be dead [22]. 11:24 http://www. According to World Health Organization. infection disease specialist. the four major goals are included health promotion. There are seven main roles for nurses including: 1. To achieve these goals. inadequate foot coverage and shoes can be susceptive to ulceration in diabetics [27-30]. nurse. the cost of treating a diabetic foot ulcer is 7000–10000 US $. so that they play an important role in the care of diabetes in developed countries. more than 5% of diabetics have foot ulcers and 20% of total health care resources spent on care of the diabetic foot in these countries. the role of nurse and podiatrists are essential [47]. prevent diabetes’ complications and save costs as 1. one of preventive tactic in diabetes care is multidisciplinary team approach that its advantages are shown in several studies [33. Besides. nurses can play different roles. screening high-risk people and providing health care [52]. providing health care. Peripheral neuropathy can cause excessive pressure on some points of the feet and consequently. generalist nurse and each of them has clear duties.jdmdonline. The diabetic foot is so important to such an extent that was considered as one of the main objectives of the Healthy People 2010 to reduce the incidence of foot ulceration and amputation in diabetic patients. dermatologist. orthotic. nurses are one of the largest health groups in the world who are involved in different levels of health. dietitian.com/content/11/1/24 to diabetes in the world [20]. It should be considered that the burden of diabetic foot related neuropathy was two folds than the burden of diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy currently [26]. education to patient and health staff. Nurses combine science and art to provide health services and seek to eliminate physical. diabetes nurse. The development of diabetic foot ulcers results from several factors. In developed countries.45]. there are several reasons for the presence of nurses in the health care team. According to the protocol recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). education. It is necessary for all . prevention of diseases. educator. 2.000 [26]. emotional. The prevalence of diabetic foot in Iran was estimated at 3% in 2001 [23].824 U. leader. researcher. this cost will be increased by 65. It should be noted that. appropriate foot coverage. however.51]. For example. care connector. Since patients care is the first duty of nurses. The multidisciplinary team can reduces amputation rates [35-41]. and simplify patients’ compliance. nurse practitioner focuses on health promotion and disease prevention activities including patient education and consulting [49]. S.000 US $ [24]. In addition. respectively in high risk patients and in group under treatment with standard therapy [43]. in developing countries not only diabetic foot and its complications are more common. determine at risk foot. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2012. 3. Although all team members have influence on reduction the incidence of foot ulcer and amputation [46]. but in general. there is undeniable need to train nurse specialist in this field. vascular surgeon. educator. and podiatrists and some consultants. supporting the rights of patients [48]. The most important point is that 85% of diabetic foot amputations are preventable with appropriate care and education [31]. Ideal management for prevention and treatment of diabetic foot is as follow: regular perception of foot. In other words. S. This study investigated the assessment role of the nurse as a member of team of diabetes care. Goals of nursing intervention in diabetic foot care Improvement of patient care and health services are one of the most important challenges for nurses. The result of study was shown by multidisciplinary team approach the two-year incidence of diabetic foot ulcers was 30% and 58%. 6. 5. social-cultural and spiritual patient needs. Obviously. The members of team for diabetic foot care usually Page 2 of 6 consists of general practitioner. and when the complicated and need to amputation. endocrinologist. 7. and diabetes nursing is divided into several categories. consultant. $ in intervention group [42]. care and treatment of diabetic foot is expensive all around the world. but also even sometimes up to 40% of health care resources are unique to this disease [25]. limited joint movement. there is a 50 percent risk of re-amputation [21] and three years after lower limb amputation. This emphasizes the importance of nurses’ role to develop a comprehensive educational program. For instance. such as checking the shoes before wearing. keeping feet clean and continuing care of the skin and nails.com/content/11/1/24 diabetic patients. Regarding the variety of novel dressing. Several studies suggest that patient education about foot care is effective in prevention of diabetic foot ulcers [53-55]. This not only is important for neurological examination as the first criterion for screening patients at risk for foot ulcers [23]. • To Examine feet daily for discoloration. In other words. which are detailed in Table 1 [59-61]. since hyperglycemia is a modifiable risk factor in diabetic neuropathy. patients with poor control of blood glucose should be given special attention for practicable educations [62]. In addition. pain or numbness Nurse cooperation in the diabetic foot treatment • Use the self help methods to help foot examination such as using mirrors • Foot hygiene (daily washing. skin cracks. Selection dressing depending on the type of wound which is wet or dry is important since dressings. Diabetic foot examination should be part of all visits. patients should be trained according to the severity of diabetic foot problems [47]. Nurses should ask patients to remove their shoes and socks [68-70]. The primary goal of screening is early detection of diabetic foot problems. However. Hence.75]. Nurses’ role in diabetic foot care includes foot examination. diabetic foot team members and nurses as a key member of them must be trained. Considering the above points. along with patient education. The best time for buying shoes is in the afternoon. especially between the fingers) • Controlling water temperature before washing foot • To avoid going barefoot or wearing shoes without socks • To choose shoes that are precisely in size. appropriate blood sugar control is paramount to reducing neuropathy and improving patients’ quality of life. Besides learning the suitable life style. However. Nurses who specialize in foot care are involved in the early stages of care and treatment [64]. . wound dressing [33]. nurses may access vascular status with an ankle brachial index (ABI) and toe pressure. Nurses can teach patients how to perform physical examination and take care of their feet on a daily basis [56]. and then examine their feet in order to screen patients at high risk and report to other members of the multidisciplinary diabetic foot team [71]. Nurses’ role in care Examination and screening Table 1 The basic principles of foot care in clinic and home visit Peripheral neuropathy. help to debridement and reduce the number of bacteria [74. nurses can encourage patients to carry out a series of simple rules in order to help prevent foot ulcers or recurrence. followed by drying feet carefully. most of the time. peripheral vascular disease and infection are three major factors for diabetic foot ulcer that can lead to gangrene and amputation [63]. Nurses can facilitate active participation of patients and family members in care and they can also teach patients about the importance of regular visits to the clinic. but also is indirectly emphasized on nurse’s role in performing a diabetic foot examination with monofilament and collaboration with other diabetic foot team members. In a diabetic foot specialty clinic. identifying those at risk and planning to reduce the risk of ulcers [67]. • Cutting the fingernails directly • To avoid manipulation of foot lesions such as corn • To keep wet the dry surfaces of foot by moisturizing creams except between the fingers • To ask for help if reduction of the visual acuity.73] so the severity of foot problems and being at risk of diabetic ulcers will be identified. Nursing role in diabetic foot care at home Diabetic patients follow up at specified intervals is part of the care plan which should be considered first. peripheral neuropathy is solely responsible for more than 80% of foot ulcers in diabetic patients.66]. 11:24 http://www. also encouraged patients and families to appropriate care and follow-up visits regularly [65. Page 3 of 6 they lack the knowledge of effective treatments. pedography system and thermometer are used to assess foot sole pressure and foot temperature [72. Another part of duties that a nurse provides to produce excellent diabetic foot care should be the complementary care such as selection an appropriate dressing according to the type of ulcers. Diabetic foot care education programs have been proposed [58] considering the consequence of continuing educational programs. while keeping clean the wound and maintain the wound moisture. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2012. Training about choosing the right shoes is essential as well [57]. Aalaa et al. swelling. to be familiar with the basics of foot care. Moreover. education of health care provider is a crucial issue. The main goal of it is to increase staff awareness of the diabetic foot ulcer risks and improve their skills in examination and treatment of diabetic foot [41]. awareness and knowledge of nurses in this field needs to be improved. especially patients at risk for foot ulcers. Moreover. blood tests at specified intervals and the primary principle of diabetes care and prevention of its complication. the nurse educators can evaluate patient requirements and design a particular educational program for each of patients and their families [33].jdmdonline.moisture. Giurini J. Heidari SH.%20Internist%20%28Berl%29. Boulton AJM: The diabetic foot. Snyder RJ. health system management. : Martin Dunitz Ltd. S. Spraul M: How effective is cushioned therapeutic footwear in protecting diabetic feet?aclinical study. Favales F. Saudi Med J 2000. 8. Girard-Powell V. In Diabetes: current Perspectives. plaster walker are an effective methods for removing pressure of the foot [79]. especially patients with limited vision due to diabetes and other chronic diseases are difficult because they could not be able to evaluate their feet. King H: Global prevalence of diabetes. Diabet Med 1990. 14. 27:1047–1053. Monticone G.com/content/11/1/24 Page 4 of 6 Accordingly. decreased foot sensation in combination with delay wound healing cause difficulty in foot care. This is vital especially for patients who have lost their foot. Am J Surg 1998. Bhaskar AD. Chantelau E. Discussion Diabetic foot as the most common cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients is one of health system concerns. 15. boots. For example. Kravitz S. et al: Diabetic foot disorders.%20Diabetic% 20foot%20syndrome. 2011. 2. health. 3. 2000:179–196. 5. 11. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders 2008. Malibary HM: Subclinical diabetic Neuropathy: a common complication in Saudi diabetics. Kushner T. 16. Stapleton J. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons and the American College of foot and Ankle Orthopedics and Medicine 2000. et al: Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. 1–48. 7:355–359. 87 (5):935–950. Amini MR. walkers and wheelchair (which completely remove the pressure on the limb) along with the aids such as shoes. Shojaei Fard A. These complications should be evaluated by nurses in both clinic and home visit. Ramachandran A.ncbi. edema. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2012. Lipsky BA. Mohajeri-Tehrani MR. Aldeghi A. full contact plaster. a clinical practice guideline. Nurses should encourage and teach patients to use assistive devices [76-78]. American Diabetes Association: Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U. developed the diabetic foot section of the virtual clinic for diabetes education [80] designed diabetic foot website [81] and also has established the network of diabetic foot clinics in order to these educational resources used by diabetic foot care team including nurses. despite the increased number of diabetic patients. 11th edition. nurses should be identifying different types of devices and its applications so that introduce to the patients based on patient conditions to maintain their mobility. costs. It seems that developing short term training courses for nurses. Noori Tajer M. along with continues training about novel approaches in diabetic foot care could be temporarily increased the focus on diabetes and foot care. International Council of Nurses: Wiley-Blackwell. Faglia E. 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population of waukesha wisconsin

Waukesha has a total of 64,825 people and of those residents there are 31,683 males and 33,142 females. The median age of the male population is 32.3 and the female population is 34.5. There are approximately 4,358 births each year and around 2,798 deaths.

"Waukesha, WI City Data Waukesha, WI is a city with great restaurants, attractions, history and people. There are around 64,825 people who live in Waukesha and approximately 360,767 who live in Waukesha County. We want to help people moving to or living in Waukesha to understand the dynamics of the city, so we have put together information gathered from various creditable sources to give you a better understanding of Waukesha. We have included Waukesha housing information, demographics, social and education characteristics, and even economic information. General Waukesha Information Waukesha County where Waukesha resides is 580.48 square miles. The resident population of this county is 360,767 and has a population rank of 164 out of all the places in the United States.

The race breakdown of the population in Waukesha varies per year, but currently 63,754 are one race and 1,071 are two or more races. Of the 64,825 people who live in Waukesha, there are 18,046 under 20 years old. The sex breakdown of the 20 years old and younger population in Waukesha is 9,006 male and 9,040 female. If you have children or you are under the age of 20, then you will be considered in that statistic. For those of you who are older, then you will be part of the population that is 18 years and older and totals 48,821. General Waukesha Information Total area in square miles - Waukesha County 580.48Water area in square miles - Waukesha County N/AResident population - Waukesha County 360,767Population rank - Waukesha County 164Total population 64,825Total population (male) 31,683Total population (female) 33,142Population median age (male) 32.3Population median age (female) 34.5Births - Waukesha County 4,358Deaths- Waukesha County 2,798Population of one race 63,754Population of two or more races 1,071Population under 20 years 18,046Population under 20 years (male) 9,006Population under 20 years (female) 9,040Total population 18 years and over 48,821Waukesha County Population Other Waukesha Cities Waukesha Population Waukesha Popluation & Gender Waukesha Population0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Population Female Male Waukesha Social Characteristics There are 135,229 households in Waukesha. Families make up 101,008 of these households. The table below breaks down the Waukesha families into three different groups. Married-couple families (87,606), male householder with no wife present (3,455) and female householder with no husband present (8,897). The remainder of the Waukesha households are made up of nonfamily households, which total 34,727. Waukesha, WI moving companies help people in Waukesha move locally and all around the world. For years, the US has been building stats on the relationship of males and females 15 years and older in cities around the country including Waukesha. This information helps individuals analyze the area they are living in or moving to. For the county where Waukesha is based, there are 144,737 females 15 and over; of those females there are 27,431 never married, 91,268 now married, 977 separated, 13,191 widowed, and 11,870 divorced. As for the males, there are N/A males 15 and older: N/A never married, N/A now married, 783 separated, 2,915 widowed and 8,660 never married. There is a lot of great information below regarding Waukesha social characteristics. Be sure to review the tables for more information on Waukesha. If you are moving to or from Waukesha and need a place to store your things be sure to check out the Moving Ideas.org Waukesha, WI self storage quote page or storage guides. HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE (Waukesha County)Total households 135,229Family households (families) 101,008With own children under 18 years 49,390Married-couple family 87,606With own children under 18 years 41,845Male householder, no wife present, family 3,455With own children under 18 years 1,921Female householder, no husband present, family 8,897With own children under 18 years 5,342Nonfamily households 34,727Householder living alone 28,23165 years and over 11,008House Holds By Type - Waukesha County Family Household Married Household Male Only Household Female Only Household0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 Households Total Households GENERAL HOUSEHOLDSHouseholds with one or more people under 18 years 8,741Households with one or more people 65 years and over 4,755Average household size 2.43Average family size 3.04RELATIONSHIP FAMILY HOUSEHOLDSPopulation in family households 50,509Householder 16,288Spouse 12,872Child 18,672Other relatives 500Nonrelatives 968Unmarried partner 459Roomer or boarder 100Housemate or roommate 184Unmarried partner 1,424Foster child 26Other 199Relationship Family Households Householder Spouse Child Other Relatives Nonrelatives 0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 Households Population in Households RELATIONSHIP NONFAMILY HOUSEHOLDSPopulation in nonfamily households 11,871Male householder 4,367Male householder living alone 3,216Male householder not living alone 1,151Female householder 5,008Female householder living alone 4,239Female householder not living alone 769Nonrelatives 2,496Unmarried partner 965Roomer or boarder 221Housemate or roommate 1,076Foster child 5Other 229RELATIONSHIP BY SEXFemales 15 years and over 144,737Never married 27,431Now married 91,268Separated 977Widowed 13,191Divorced 11,870Males 15 years and over N/ANever married N/ANow married N/ASeparated 783Widowed 2,915Divorced 8,660TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX AND AGETotal Population 64,825Male 31,683Under 5 years 2,3805 to 9 years 2,22810 to 14 years 2,12515 to 17 years 1,31718 and 19 years 95620 years 45521 years 49922 to 24 years 1,52025 to 29 years 2,93830 to 34 years 2,90935 to 39 years 2,77240 to 44 years 2,63745 to 49 years 2,22850 to 54 years 1,95455 to 59 years 1,31460 and 61 years 40462 to 64 years 49465 and 66 years 31667 to 69 years 42270 to 74 years 67575 to 79 years 51580 to 84 years 34885 years and over 277Female 33,142Under 5 years 2,4125 to 9 years 2,10910 to 14 years 2,17215 to 17 years 1,26118 and 19 years 1,08620 years 52721 years 46222 to 24 years 1,49125 to 29 years 2,66830 to 34 years 2,64535 to 39 years 2,69240 to 44 years 2,55245 to 49 years 2,24450 to 54 years 2,02455 to 59 years 1,44160 and 61 years 44762 to 64 years 56865 and 66 years 38067 to 69 years 56370 to 74 years 89875 to 79 years 90080 to 84 years 73185 years and over 869TOTAL POPULATION BY RACETotal population 64,825One race 63,754White 59,133Black or African American 831American Indian and Alaska Native 216Asian 1,407Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 23Some other race 43Two or more races 1,071RACE POPULATION IN HOUSEHOLDSTotal population in households 62,380People who are White alone 56,917People who are Black or African American alone 664People who are American Indian and Alaska Native alone 210People who are Asian alone 1,390People who are Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 22People who are Hispanic or Latino 5,518People who are Some other race alone 2,126Waukesha County Population White Black or African American Asian Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander American Indian and Alaskan Hispanic or Latino Other RESIDENCE IN 1995Population 5 years and over 337,664Same house 197,914Different house - same county N/ADifferent county - same state 51,743Different state or abroad 21,975Different state 18,924Abroad 3,051PLACE OF BIRTH (Waukesha County)Total resident population 360,767Born in United States 218,809State of residence 277,666Different state 68,405Born in Puerto Rico, U. S. Island areas 1,679Foreign born 13,017Waukesha Education and School Enrollment School enrollment refers to students currently attending school, both private and public. By understanding the school enrollment in an area, you can make decisions concerning your kids' environments and even job markets. In a table below, we provide you with the total school enrollment for children 3 years and older in the county surrounding Waukesha. That total enrollment is 97,499 for the population of the country, which includes Waukesha. Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 19,876 and elementary or high school enrollment was 134,261 children. College or graduate school enrollment was 17,703. Education attainment is defined as ""the highest level of education completed in terms of highest degree or the highest level or schooling completed."" The table below shows the Waukesha population over 25 years old and their level of education achievement. SCHOOL ENROLLMENTPopulation 3 years and over enrolled in school 97,499Pre-kindergarten 7,209Public 2,763Private 4,446Kindergarten 5,455Public 3,984Private N/AElementary school grades 1 to 8 44,128Public 34,742Private 9,386Elementary and high school 67,131Public 54,749Private 12,382High school grades 9 to 12 23,003Public 20,007Private 2,996College, undergraduate years 14,003Public 9,993Private 4,010Graduate or professional school 3,701Public 1,900Private 1,801Not enrolled in school 249,515School Enrollment - Waukesha County Before Kindergarten Kindergarten Grades1 to 8Grades9 to 12College Graduate School0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 School Enrollment Population Enrolled Public vs. Private School Enrollment - Waukesha County Public School Private School EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTPopulation 25 years and over 241,299Less than 9th grade 5,5379th to 12th grade, no diploma 13,873High school graduate 66,651Some college, no degree 54,483Associate's degree 18,492Bachelor's degree 82,263Graduate or professional degree 34.1Percent high school graduate or higher 92Percent bachelor's degree or higher 57,050Waukesha Employment and Labor Characteristics There are 277,331 people that are employed over the age of 16 in Waukesha. The Waukesha occupations categories include management, professional and related occupations (78,848), service occupations (19,485), sales and office occupations (55,471), farming, fishing and forestry occupations (268), constructions, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations (15,365) and production, transportation and material moving occupations (25,853). The 277,331 employed over the age of 16 are broken down into the class of worker. There are 169,531 private wage and salary workers, 16,716 government workers, 8,659 self-employed workers and approximately N/A unpaid family workers. EMPLOYMENT STATUS (Waukesha County)Population 16 years and over 277,331In labor force 201,060Civilian labor force 200,991Employed 195,290Unemployed 5,701Percent Unemployed 2.8Armed Forces 69Females 16 years and over 141,929In labor force 93,174Civilian labor force 93,164Unemployed Civilian labor force 2,348Armed forces 10Males 16 years and over 135,402In labor force 107,886Civilian labor force N/AUnemployed Civilian labor force 3,353Armed forces 59COMMUTING TO WORK (Waukesha County)Workers 16 years and over 192,602Car, truck, or van -- drove alone 167,527Car, truck, or van -- carpooled 13,758Public transportation (excluding taxicab) N/AWalked 2,891Other means 673Worked at home 6,108Mean travel time to work (minutes) 4,137,725OCCUPATION (Waukesha County)Civilian employed population 16 years and over 78,848Management, professional, and related occupations 78,848Service occupations 19,485Sales and office occupations 55,471Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 268Construction, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations 15,365Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 25,853INDUSTRY (Waukesha County)Civilian employed population 16 years and over 78,848Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 867Construction N/AManufacturing 41,374Wholesale trade 9,495Retail trade 22,844Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 7,965Information 5,982Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing 15,378Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative 18,345Educational services, and health care and social assistance 38,621Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation, and food services 10,414Other services, except public administration N/APublic administration 4,179CLASS OF WORKER (Waukesha County)Civilian employed population 16 years and over 78,848Private wage and salary workers 169,531Government workers 16,716Self-employed workers in own not incorporated business 8,659Unpaid family workers N/AClass Of Worker - Waukesha County Private Wage& Salary Government Self Employed Unpaid Family0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000 175000 200000 Class of Worker Number of Workers Waukesha Housing Characteristics In Waukesha, WI there are 140,309 housing units; of those housing units, there are approximately 135,229 occupied and 5,080 vacant. Types of homes change over the years, but single family homes detached have remained fairly consistent. In Waukesha, there are 99,613 1-unit detached housing units. Single-family attached homes, 1-unit attached, which are also known as row houses or town homes, total 7,252 units in Waukesha. Apartment housing and apartment buildings are from 2-50 units and the statistics are below. With so many housing units people are always in need of Waukesha, WI local movers to help them move from one place to another so be sure to check out Moving Ideas.org for moving guides, Waukesha, WI truck rentals options, quotes and additional information. There are several different ranges if you are looking to rent or are a renter in Waukesha. There are 888 housing units with rent less than $200, 645 with rent between $200-299, 2,988 with rent between $300-499 and 25,716 with rent for $500 and above. Full Waukesha gross rent statistics are shown in the table below. Regardless of the housing unit value, it is always suggested by Moving Ideas.org to have Waukesha, WI home security systems installed to keep you and your family safe. HOUSING OCCUPANCY (Waukesha County)Total housing units 140,309Occupied housing units 135,229Vacant housing units 5,080UNITS IN STRUCTURE (Waukesha County)Total housing units 140,3091-unit, detached 99,6131-unit, attached 7,2522 units 5,1363 or 4 units 4,3015 to 9 units 7,48010 to 19 units 5,08220 to 49 units 6,37350 or more units 4,237Mobile home 803HOUSING TENURE (Waukesha County)Occupied housing units 135,229Owner-occupied 103,373Renter-occupied 31,856VEHICLES AVAILABLE (Waukesha County)Occupied housing units 135,229No vehicles available 5,6892 vehicle available 95,7093 vehicles available 22,6164 vehicles available 5,4895 or more vehicles available 1,766HOUSE HEATING FUEL (Waukesha County)Occupied housing units 135,229Utility gas 109,403Bottled, tank, or LP gas N/AElectricity 13,656Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. 9,065Coal or coke 24Wood 347Solar energy 35Other fuel 558No fuel used 200HOUSING UNIT VALUE (Waukesha County)Occupied housing units 135,229Less Than $50,000 103,373$50,000 to $99,999 4,660$100,000 to $149,999 27,424$150,000 to $199,999 30,703$200,000 to $299,999 21,089$300,000 to $499,999 5,747$1,000,000 or more 381Median (dollars) 170,400Housing Unit Value - Waukesha County Less Than$50k$50k-$99k $100k-$149k $150k-$199k $200k-$299k $300k-$499k $1M+ 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 Housing Units Housing Units GROSS RENT (Waukesha County)Occupied units paying rent 31,856Less than $200 888$200 to $299 645$300 to $499 2,988$500 to $699 9,172$700 to $999 12,222$1,000 to $1,499 3,761$1,500 or more 560Gross Rent - Waukesha County Less Than $499/month in Rent More Than $500/month in Rent "


different hindu prayers

Buddhism: The Refuge Prayer Christianity: The Lord's Prayer Islam: The Fatiha Hinduism: The Gayatri Mantra Judaism: The Shema Buddhism: The Refuge Prayer Buddham saranam gacchami I go to the Buddha for refuge. Dhammam saranam gacchami I go to the Dhamma for refuge. Sangham saranam gacchami

Essential Prayers of World Religions

"Prayer Essential Prayers of World Religions

I go to the Sangha for refuge. Christianity: The Lord's Prayer Origin: The gospel of Matthew, chapter 6 Our Father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread And forgive us our trespasses*, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, [and] the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. * Many Christians say ""forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. ""Islam: The Fatiha Origin: The opening words of the Qur'an In the name of Allah, Most gracious, Most merciful Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Master of the Day of Judgement Thee do we worship, and Thine aide we seek Show us the straight way The way of those on whom Thou has bestowed thy Grace, those whose portion Is not wrath, and who do not go astray. Hinduism: The Gayatri Mantra Origin: The Vedas Oh Creator of the Universe, may we receive thy supreme sin-destroying light, May Thou guide our intellect in the right direction. Judaism: The Shema Origin: The book of Deuteronomy, chapter 6Hear, Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One. Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. And these words that I command you today shall be in your heart. And you shall teach them diligently to your children, and you shall speak of them when you sit at home, and when you walk along the way, and when you lie down and when you rise up. And you shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes. And you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. Join the conversation Leave a Comment 0 comments Related Topics Faiths Judaism Thy Namethy Kingdom Islam Refuge Prayer Christianity Hinduism Lords Prayer Islam The Prayer The Lord Thy Will Gayatri Mantra Judaism Angels6 Shocking Ways Angels Speak to You... Angels may be talking to you right now and you don’t even know it. Inspiration4 Ways to Remind Yourself You Are... Chase away loneliness and hopelessness. Inspiration Overcoming Adversity The two things you must do to overcome any adversity. Financial Inspiration Center Tips on Creating a Side Hustle Every stay at home mom needs one. Inspiration How to Tune into Your Destiny Find your passion and purpose. Beliefnet Columnists Columnist Ship Shape Woke up from a 'what is going on in MY psyche?' dream. In...0 comments Columnist End the Secret Sorrow of Self-Love Before we can ever learn to love one another as we would...0 comments Join the Discussioncomments powered by Disqus "

The Vedas are compilations of hymns (Rks), songs (Samans), incantations (Yajus), and fervent prayers (Udgitha) used to invoke various gods and propitiate them. Hindu prayers are however different from the prayers used in other religions in character and composition.

Hinduism and Prayers

Hinduism and Prayersby Jayaram VWe meditate upon that adorable effulgence of the resplendent Savitr, the life giver. May he stimulate our intellects. (A prayer to Savitr. Rig Veda II.62.10)O Lord lead me, from untruth to Truth, from darkness to Light and death to Immortality. (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad)May good thoughts come to us from every side, pure, unobstructed, overflowing. May we, O Devas, with our ears hear what is good. Holy ones, may we see with our eyes what is good. (Rig Veda)Prayers are central to Hinduism. They are used in both ritual and spiritual practices. Hinduism originated from prayers. In devotional worship Hindus use prayers to express their love and devotion. The tradition approves both silent and loud recitation of prayers. Prayers are used in ritual worship (yajnas) as well as in domestic worship (puja). Hindu prayers go by many names such as mantras, samans, riks, bhajans, kirtans, prarthanas, slokas, strotras, suprabhatams, anjali, ashtakams and smaranams. They are used for invocation, supplication, appeasement, propitiation, submission, expiation, and purification.

They are sometimes specific to the intent and purpose of the worshippers and can be used both for constructive and destructive purposes. Hence, traditionally there is an element of secrecy associated with them. The following are some of the basic concepts of prayers and their ritual and spiritual importance in Hinduism:1. In Hinduism prayers are used to invoke gods or various supernatural powers for the welfare of particular individuals or the entire community. The Vedic hymns are some of the most powerful prayers ever known to the mankind.2. In Hindu prayers the content of the prayer as well as the sounds involved in the utterance of prayers are equally important. A great emphasis is laid on the manner and method in which the prayers are recited. If a prayer is not correctly chanted, if the syllables are not properly pronounced, the prayers may not yield desired results and may even harm the individuals.3. The Vedic mantras are believed to possess irresistible magical power to invoke supernatural beings, provided they are chanted in a particular manner and according to a particular rhythm.4. The prayers extol the virtues and potencies of various gods and goddesses in order to seek favors from them.5. The Vedic mantras are often chanted loudly during public ceremonies. At the same time there are some mantras, especially the personal mantras which are meant to kept secret. The scriptures also insist that the mantras should not be revealed to those who are not spiritually qualified.6. Traditional Hindus offer prayers to gods in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening.7. The Bhakti tradition made the practice of singing and dancing in the presence of God very popular. The songs sung on such occasions are deep devotional prayers. In the spiritual realm a prayer has a greater significance. Continuous recitation of gods name (nam japam) would lead to purification of the mind and inner transformation. It is the best way to develop communion with God and realize the inner self. Share This Suggestions for Further Reading Hindu Gods - Lord Ganesha God and Self in Hinduism Goddesses of Hinduism, Their Symbolism and Significance Purusharthas in Hinduism The History, Antiquity and Chronology of Hinduism Ashrama Dharma in Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism Death and Afterlife in Hinduism Hinduism and Divorce Hinduism and Adultery Hinduism, Food and Fasting The Future of Hinduism Good and Evil in Hinduism The Hindu Marriage, Past and Present What is Maya in Hinduism? The Origin and Definition of Hindu Hinduism and Polygamy Hinduism and polytheism Hinduism and Premarital Relationships God and Soul, Atma and Paramatma, in Hinduism About Suicides in Hinduism Religious Tolerance in Hinduism Violence and Abuse in Hinduism Traditional Status of Women in Hinduism Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali About Hanuman or Anjaneya Hinduism and Same-sex Marriage Perspectives on What Karma Means Hinduism - The Role of Shakti in Creation Significance of Happiness in Hinduism Hindu God Lord Shiva (Siva) - the Destroyer The Role of Archakas, Temple Priests, in Hinduism Hinduism - Gods and Goddess in the Vedas


meaning of potsherd

d Definition of potsherd: a pottery fragment usually unearthed as an archaeological relic

potsherd

"potsherdnoun pot·sherd \ ˈpät-ˌshərd \Popularity: Bottom 40% of words Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLTime Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeare

Recent Examples of potsherd from the Web This summer, however, during the second year of excavating, a team from Israel’s Kinneret College discovered remnants of a Roman-era bathhouse, potsherds and coins from the first to third centuries.— michele chabin, USA TODAY, ""Is this unearthed fishing village the birthplace of three of Jesus’ apostles?,"" 8 Aug. 2017The names of candidates for exile were scratched onto small potsherds and tallied, with a minimum of 6,000 votes required to banish someone.— nick romeo, National Geographic, ""What Modern Democracies Didn’t Copy From Ancient Greece,"" 4 Nov. 2016These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'potsherd.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. Origin and Etymology of potsherd Middle English pot-sherd, from pot + sherd shard NEW! Time Traveler First Known Use: 14th century See Words from the same year Learn More about potsherd See words that rhyme with potsherd Seen and Heard What made you want to look up potsherd? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show "


imitrex tablets cost

. Imitrex Prices This Imitrex price guide is based on using the Drugs.com discount card which is accepted at most U. S. pharmacies. The cost for Imitrex oral tablet 25 mg is around $281 for a supply of 9 tablets, depending on the pharmacy you visit. Prices are for cash paying customers only and are not valid with insurance plans. A generic version of Imitrex is available, see sumatriptan prices.

Imitrex Prices, Coupons and Patient Assistance Programs Imitrex (sumatriptan) is a member of the antimigraine agents drug class and is commonly used for Cluster Headaches and Migraine

Oral Tablet25 mg Imitrex oral tabletfrom $281.41 for 9 tablet50 mg Imitrex oral tabletfrom $603.89 for 9 tablet Quantity Per unit Price9 $67.10 – $71.03 $603.89 – $639.23Important: When there is a range of pricing, consumers should normally expect to pay the lower price. However, due to stock shortages and other unknown variables we cannot provide any guarantee.100 mg Imitrex oral tabletfrom $603.89 for 9 tablet Subcutaneous Solution6 mg/0.5 m L Imitrex subcutaneous solutionfrom $973.20 for 2.5 milliliters Drugs.com Printable Discount Card Print Now The free Drugs.com Discount Card works like a coupon and can save you up to 80% or more off the cost of prescription medicines, over-the-counter drugs and pet prescriptions. Please note: This is a drug discount program, not an insurance plan. Valid at all major chains including Walgreens, CVS Pharmacy, Target, Wal Mart Pharmacy, Duane Reade and 65,000 pharmacies nationwide. Imitrex Coupons and Rebates Imitrex offers may be in the form of a printable coupon, rebate, savings card, trial offer, or free samples. Some offers may be printed right from a website, others require registration, completing a questionnaire, or obtaining a sample from the doctor's office. There are currently no Manufacturer Promotions that we know about for this drug. Patient Assistance Programs for Imitrex Patient assistance programs (PAPs) are usually sponsored by pharmaceutical companies and provide free or discounted medicines to low income or uninsured and under-insured people who meet specific guidelines. Eligibility requirements vary for each program. Provider: Rx Outreach Medications Elligibility requirements: May have insurance At or below 300% of FPLNot required The patient must also be residing in the US. Some medications are available for a fee of $20 for up to a 180 day supply. Check the Rx Outreach website for the exact price and most current medication list. Contact Program for Spanish Application (s)/Form (s). Applicable drugs: Imitrex (sumatriptan)More information please phone: 888-796-1234Visit Website Provider: GSK Reimbursement Resource Center Elligibility requirements: May have insurance Not disclosed Medically appropriate condition/diagnosis The patient must also be a US resident. This program helps patients and healthcare professionals in the U. S. with coverage, reimbursement and coding issues for certain GSK products. Applicable drugs: Imitrex (sumatriptan) Spray; Nasal More information please phone: 800-745-2967Visit Website Provider: GSK Patient Assistance Program Elligibility requirements: Contact program for details. At or below 250% of FPLNot required The patient must live in one of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico* and utilize the US healthcare system Patients may apply on their own or with the help of an advocate. Fax or mail enrollment documents to the program with patient name and date of birth on each page (faxed prescriptions are only valid if faxed directly from a prescriber's office). Eligible patients may receive 90 day supply of medicine to their home within 7 days of faxed enrollment (mailed enrollments may take longer to receive medicine). If enrollment documents are submitted by mail, submit ONLY COPIES of Proof of Household Income documents. Do not mail original income or tax documents. Documents submitted cannot be returned. Prescriber must register for the Vaccines patient assistance program only. Enroll online at GSKPatient Assistance Program Portal.com. *Puerto Rico Residents do not qualify for vaccine products. Applicable drugs: Imitrex (sumatriptan) Spray; Nasal More information please phone: 866-728-4368Visit Website More about Imitrex (sumatriptan)Side Effects During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding Dosage Information Drug Images Drug Interactions Compare Alternatives Support Group Pricing & Coupons157 Reviews – Add your own review/rating Generic Availability Drug class: antimigraine agents Consumer resources Imitrex Imitrex injection Imitrex oral/nasal Imitrex (Sumatriptan Nasal Spray)Imitrex (Sumatriptan Tablets)... +3 more Other brands: Sumavel Dose Pro, Zembrace Sym Touch, Onzetra Xsail, Alsuma, Zecuity Professional resources Imitrex (AHFS Monograph)Imitrex (FDA)Other Formulations Imitrex Statdose injection Imitrex Nasal oral/nasal Related treatment guides Migraine Cluster Headaches


who makes jammy dodgers

Jammie Dodger Jammie Dodgers are a popular British biscuit, made from shortbread with a raspberry or strawberry flavoured jam filling. They are currently produced by Burton's Biscuit Company at its factory in Llantarnam. In 2009, Jammie Dodgers were the most popular children's sweet biscuit brand in the United Kingdom, with 40% of the year's sales consumed by adults.

Jammie Dodgers

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[1]Contents [ hide ]1 Varieties2 History3 Advertising4 See also5 References6 External links Varieties [ edit]Jammie Dodgers have been sold in other flavours, including raspberry, lemon, toffee, orange, chocolate, Vimto and ""berry blast"". [ citation needed] Smaller version of the biscuits have been sold in ""lunchpack"" bags. In New Zealand, Jammie Dodgers have always been called Shrewsbury biscuits [2] [ not in citation given]History [ edit]Named after the character Roger the Dodger from The Beano comics, [3] Jammie Dodgers have been produced for over 50 years, [3] originally by Burton's Foods. In 2011, the brand was re-launched under the ""Dodgers"" umbrella with two new products: Toffee and Choccie. In November 2013, Burton's Foods was sold to Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan for £350 million. [4]Similar biscuits are produced by other manufacturers. A version of this biscuit is made in France under the name Gateaux Sables Nappage Fraise by Pat'Boul de Provence. This version is bigger (100 mm (3.9 in) diameter) and has three round holes through which strawberry jam is visible. Advertising [ edit]The 2011 re-launch TV campaign received the ""Best Biscuit Advert of 2011"" reward from The Grocer magazine. [5] Burton's launched a new advert for Choccie Dodgers in April 2012, during Britain's Got Talent, as part of a £4.5 million campaign. [6]See also [ edit]Happy Faces Linzer torte List of shortbread biscuits and cookies Snacks References [ edit]^ ""Burton's Foods launches new division for food service snack market"". Caterer and Hotelkeeper. November 30, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2013.^ ""did-you-know-that-in-the-uk-a-shrewsbury-biscuit-is-called-a-jammie-dodger"". October 4, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2017.^ a b ""Dodgers"". Burton's Biscuit Co. Retrieved February 24, 2016.^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24991046^ ""Top Campaigns of the Year: 31- 40"". The Grocer. December 17, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2013.^ ""Burton's Biscuit Company set to launch ""music battle"" ad for Choccie Dodgers"". The Drum. Retrieved January 18, 2013. External links [ edit]Burton's Foods official web site "


english came from what language

English is a lexically rich language with a rapidly expanding vocabulary. One of the consequences of the Norman invasion is that English vocabulary contains words of Germanic and words of French origin, the latter derived from Latin.

English

English By Irene Thompson | Updated October 14, 2013 by Irene Thompson Welcome English belongs to the Western group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is most closely related to Low German dialects and to Dutch. English descended from the language spoken in the English Isles by the Germanic tribes, the Angles , Saxons, and Jutes, who came to the British Isles around 450 AD and drove the original Celtic- speaking inhabitants to areas that are now Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland. The dialects spoken by these invaders formed the basis of Old English, which was also strongly influenced by Old Norse, spoken by the Viking invaders of the 8th-9th centuries. For 300 years after the Norman Conquest in 1066, the kings of England spoke only French. During this time, a large number of French words were assimilated into Old English, which also lost most of its inflections. The resulting language is known as Middle English. The most famous surviving work from Old and Middle English are Beowulf and Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. Around 1500, the Great Vowel Shift marked the transition from Middle English to Modern English . It occurred in the 15th-18th centuries in a series of gradual steps and involved a sound change that affected the long vowels in English, known as the Great Vowel Shift. PHY117 - The Great Vowel Shift Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. Status Estimates of the number of native speakers of English vary. According to Ethnologue, English has 335 million native speakers, which makes it the third largest native language in the world after Mandarin Chinese (874 million) and Spanish (406 million). Estimates of the number of second-language speakers of English vary widely as well, from 500 million to well over 1 billion English has a wider dispersion than any other language in the world, due to the political, economic, scientific, and cultural influence first of England, and later of the United States. Countries using English as either a first or a second language are located on all five continents, and the total population of these countries amounts to close to half of the world’s population. It is the official or national language of 52 countries, among them U. S. and its territories, U. K. and Commonwealth Countries. Click here for a complete list. English has bred a large number of English-based creoles and pidgins . Most English-based creoles were formed in the British colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, they are spoken on the islands of the Caribbean Sea, in Africa, and on the islands of the Pacific Ocean. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations (UN) , North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) , Organization of American States (OAS) , and the European Union (EU). As of 2013, English accounted for 55.5% of all Internet content ( W3Tecs.com ). English is now the most widely studied second language in the world because a working knowledge of English is required in many fields and occupations as well as for international communication. English loanwords now appear in many languages, especially in the fields of science, technology, politics, and culture, and international terminology is dominated by English words. More Nobel prizes in literature were awarded to writers using English than those using any other language. Dialects Top English spread from Britain in the 17th-18th centuries to North America, the Caribbean, and northern Ireland; and in the 18th and 19th centuries to South Asia and Africa. With the settlers separated from England, the regional Englishes began to develop in their own unique ways. With the passage of time, they became increasingly more differentiated from each other and from their ancestral British English. Today, there are several varieties of Standard English in the world, in addition to scores of non-standard varieties. Standard varieties are often divided into two groups differentiated mainly by pronunciation and vocabulary which are more noticeable in speaking than in writing: British spoken by educated native speakers of English in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. North American spoken by educated native speakers of English in the U. S. and Canada. Each of the two varieties encompasses a large number of regional and social differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and even grammar. As a result, one can no longer think of English as one unitary language. Instead, the concept of world Englishes is much more appropriate. Watch » History of English Structure Top Sound system Historically, sound changes have affected English vowels considerably more than consonants which have remained relatively fixed since the 14th century. Old, Middle, and Modern English all exhibit considerable variation in their vowel systems from dialect to dialect. For instance, the Great Vowel Shift changed the pronunciation of every long vowel and turned two high vowels /i:/ and /u:/ into diphthongs /ai/ and /au/. It is estimated that there are 14-16 vowel phonemes in different regional varieties of Standard English, including 3 diphthongs /ay/, /aw/, /oy/. Vowels Below is a chart of English vowels normally found in modern General American English given in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) notation. Front Central Back Close i u Near-close I UMid e ə o Open-Mid ε .. ɔNear-open æOpen a/i/ seat /a/ bar/I/ sit /u/ boot/e/ sate /U/ book/ε/ set /o/ bone/æ/ sat /ɔ/ law/ə/ but Consonants Below is a chart of English consonants with examples of words in which they occur. Not all are present in all varieties of English. Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal Stops voiceless p t k?voiced b d g Fricatives voiceless f θ s ʃ hvoiced v ð z ʒAffricates voiceless tʃvoiced dʒNasals m n. ŋLateral Approximants w l ɻ j/p, t, k/ are aspirated, i.e., produced with a strong puff of air, at the beginning of words and before stressed vowels./?/ = sound between vowels in uh-oh./θ/ = th in thin/ð/ = th in those/ʃ/ = sh in shop/ʒ/ = s in vision/tʃ/ = ch in chat/dʒ/ = j in jet/ŋ/ = ng in song/ɻ/ = r in red; retroflex consonants are produced with the tip of the tongue curled so that its underside touches the roof of the mouth./j/ = y in yet Stress English has stress-timed rhythm, i.e., stressed syllables are longer and louder, while unstressed syllables are shorter and less loud. English stress generally tends to fall on the first syllable of a word. Final syllables are usually unstressed. Some English words have a primary + secondary stress, e.g., in the word skyscraper, sky receives a primary, and scraper receives a secondary stress. Grammar English grammar is Germanic-based, but English is more analytical less inflected) than other Germanic languages, expressing most grammatical and pragmatic information through auxiliaries, word order, and intonation. Nouns English nouns are marked for the following categies: There are two numbers: singular and plural. Gender is not marked, but is preserved in 3rd person pronouns, e.g., animate feminine nouns are referred to as she, animate masculine as he, inanimate nouns as it. There are no cases, but possession is expressed by the clitic – s , e.g., mother’s. There is a definite and an indefinite article. Verbs English verbs are more complex than nouns. They are marked for the following categories: Verbs are marked only in the 3rd person, e.g., he/she/it sits. There are three voices: active ( I broke the vase ), passive ( the vase was broken by me ), and middle ( The vase broke ). There are four moods : declarative , imperative , conditional, and subjunctive. Most English verbs express tense/aspect through the use of various combinations of the auxiliary verbs be and have + main verb. Like all Germanic languages, English has weak (regular) verbs that add – ed/-en to form the past tense, e.g., walk – walked, and strong (irregular) verbs that undergo internal vowel changes (umlaut), e.g., drink – drank. Interrogative constructions use the auxiliary verb do, e.g., Did he go? The rules of negation are fairly complex. Word order The normal word order in English sentences is Subject-Verb-Object. Spoken English uses sentence stress to signal focus. In writing, English uses a wide variety of syntactic resources to signal focus. Vocabulary

As a result, English allows speakers to choose between Germanic and Latinate synonyms such as come or arrive , sight or vision , freedom or liberty , naval or marine . Old English relied primarily on compounding, prefixing, and suffixing for deriving new words, but today, English easily borrows words from other languages in addition to using its own internal elements. Dictionaries cannot keep pace with new words. A computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the 3rd edition of the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary provided the following statistics on sources of English vocabulary ( Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff 1973, cited in Wikipedia ). It is estimated that close to a hundred donor languages contributed to the cosmopolitan vocabulary of modern English. French (including Old French and early Anglo-French) 28.3%Latin (including modern scientific and technical Latin) 28.2%Other Germanic languages (including Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) 25.0%Greek 5.3%Derived from proper names 3.3%Unknown origin 4.0%All other languages combined >1.0%Writing Top There is a great distance between English orthography and speech. English spelling reflects earlier orthographic practices with the spelling of words diverging considerably from their pronunciation. In addition, American and British orthography have several notable differences, e.g., analyse (British) versus analyze (American). Three centuries of Norman Conquest resulted in the English spelling being greatly influenced by French. English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, keeping their French spelling. In addition, English underwent some sound changes. For example, The Great Vowel Shift resulted in igh of night changing from a vowel followed by a velar fricative to a diphthong. The spelling of the word night, however, did not change. These changes caused inconsistencies, like the many pronunciations of ough (rough, through, though, plough) . George Bernard Shaw once joked that one could spell fish as * ghoti ( gh as in enough , o as in women, ti as in action ). The introduction of the printing press institutionalized the existing spelling system, rather than providing an impetus for realigning it with the spoken language. By the time dictionaries were introduced in the mid1600s, English orthography was institutionalized, and by the 1800s, most words had standardized spellings. Over the centuries, there have been numerous proposals for spelling reform, but they have mostly failed. English is written with the 26-letter Latin alphabet. It uses the digraphs ch to represent /tʃ/ as in chat, and th to represent /θ/ and /ð/ as in this and that. A a B b C c D d E F G g H h I i J j K k L l m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z Did You Know? Top These English words came from the languages listed below. Can you tell which of these languages these words came from? Roll over the word to verify your answer.robot condor paprikaskipper catamaran mogulcaravan anchovy paellacoyote ukulele messiahtrek guru cottonsputnik bamboo dinosaurpajamas umbrella tsunamikhaki yogurt blitzkowtow tae kwon do glitchboondocks sauna matinee Click here to learn more about borrowings into English. Difficulty Top Language Difficulty How difficult is it to learn English? It depends on your native language. English is easier to learn for speakers of German, a related language, than, for instance, for speakers of Chinese, an unrelated language. Top Posted in: Editors Picks, Germanic, Home Page, Indo-European, language


what is a heritage oak

The large, old oaks that still stand in small groves or alone in our neighborhoods are often called “heritage oaks’ or “landmark oaks.” A “heritage oak” is often defined as a living native oak tree, several hundred years old that is in good health.

Heritage Oaks

Home » Learn » Teach Kids About Our Urban Forest » Lessons » Branch 4: California History and the Oak » Activity 1: Introduction to Heritage Oaks »Heritage Oaks Throughout California’s cultural history, oaks have provided the scenery for many dramatic events. Standing beneath the canopy of an old oak – going back in time – we can begin to imagine these changes.

Some heritage oaks have trunks with a circumference of more than 100 inches, but some have smaller trunks. Some very old oaks are tall, and some are quite short. The correlation between size and age is not straight foward when it comes to trees. Many California cities, towns, streets, schools, parks and buildings use the word “oak” in their name. This again suggests the significant role oaks have played in shaping California’s character. Many communities “register” old oaks. This helps provide an inventory of significant trees, assists decision makers with evaluating and protecting them and creates public interest in oak issues. Return to Activity 1: Introduction to Heritage Oaks


twin tower adress

Los Angeles, CA 90086-0164All mail sent to an inmate at the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers must include the senders name and mailing address in the top left corner of the envelope or postcard. Failure to include your return address will most likely result in your mail NOT being delivered and discarded.

County Jails > California > Los Angeles > LA CO. JAIL-Twin Towers Inmate Mail LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Inmate Mail Visitation Information Inmate Phone Calls Sending Money Inmate Search Bail Information Contact Information Facility Information Type of Mail Allowed for LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Mailed Items NOT Allowed How to address your Inmate's Postcard or Envelope Policies Regarding Mailing Photos to the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Important Mail Tips Emailing an Inmate When mailing a letter or postcard to an inmate, please address your mail as follows: Inmate's first and last name and booking #Twin Towers Jail PO BOX 86164 - Terminal Annex Los Angeles, CA 90086-0164All mail sent to an inmate at the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers must include the sender's name and mailing address in the top left corner of the envelope or postcard. Failure to include your return address will most likely result in your mail NOT being delivered and your letter destroyed. Main Phone: 213-473-6100The information below provides complete instructions regarding the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Inmate Mail Policies, Mail Instructions, what type of mail is NOT allowed, Rules for Mailing letters, photos, postcards, emailing an inmate, magazines, newspapers, books and packages to LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers in Los Angeles, California . Follow these instructions exactly to help ensure that your inmate receives his/her mail and not have it thrown away. The LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers has a zero-tolerance policy regarding mail violations. Type of Mail Allowed for LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Postcards The LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers allows inmates to receive pre-metered postcards like the type purchased from the post office. They may also allow certain photo postcards as long as they have not been tampered with or contain images that may be considered to be obscene or violent in nature. Envelopes The LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers also allows inmates to receive letters, photographs and greeting cards in envelopes through the mail. Mail for male and female inmates can be mailed to: Inmate Name, Booking Number (Click here to locate the booking ID#) PO BOX 86164 Terminal Annex Los Angeles, CA 90086-0164Mail for female inmates only can also be mailed to: Inmate Name, Booking Number Century Regional Detention Facility 11705 S. Alameda Street Lynwood, CA 90262Newspapers Local or national newspapers may also be mailed to the inmate as long as they are mailed directly from the newspaper publisher. Magazines Inmates at this facility are allowed to receive up to three new magazines a week as long as they are mailed directly from the publisher to the jail and properly addressed. Any magazines that contain profanity, weapons, pornography or other content that is adult in nature will be confiscated by the jail staff and will NOT be delivered to the inmate. Books In addition to magazines, inmates are allowed to receive three books each week as long as they are mailed directly from the publisher or from a reputable source such as amazon.com or barnesandnoble.com to the jail and properly addressed . You can order them directly from your computer and have them shipped to the inmate at the address above. Books must NOT contain images or content that are considered excessively violent, pornographic or obscene. Any book that does not meet the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers standards will be disposed of. Hard cover books will not be accepted by the jail due to their potential to be used as a weapon. To confirm that the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers continues to allow books to be mailed by a third party publisher or bookseller, call 213-473-6100. Care packages Care packages are pre-chosen items packaged together and sent to the inmate from a third-party vendor. They can include clothing, snacks and seasonal items. Inmates at this jail can have care packages mailed to them. Click here to read Terms and Conditions of Use and Privacy Policy. You can click here to view packages, prices and place an order. Mailed Items NOT Allowed If your inmate is mailed anything other than a letter, postcard or greeting card it won't get through. However as stated above, because of the increased smuggling of drugs, more and more jails are only allowing pre-stamped or metered, solid color or white postcards to be received by inmates. Examples of prohibited items include: Blank money orders Lottery tickets Personal Identification such as a driver’s license or passport Any tape of any kind on letters, cards, envelopes or photographs Jewelry Stamps and stickers. Musical greeting cards. Altered mail such as perfumed or lipstick covered. Paper with any type of stains such as grease. News clippings. Crayon, felt tip or hand painted drawings. Call 213-473-6100 or click here for a complete list of prohibited items. How to address your Inmate's Postcard or Envelope Inmate's first and last name and booking #Twin Towers Jail PO BOX 86164 - Terminal Annex

To confirm the mailing address and/or any new policies regarding inmate mail call 213-473-6100 or check the most recent updates on the jail's website by going here. Policies Regarding Mailing Photos to the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Photos should not exceed 4 inches high x 6 inches wide and cannot be smaller than 2X3. Inmates may only have five at a time in their possession. The inmate can rotate out as new ones come in, but if you send more than five at a time, they will be sent back. Polaroid Photos are prohibited. Photos of weapons are prohibited. Photos of drugs, the consuming of drugs or alcohol is prohibited. Photos of lewd behavior or people exhibiting too much skin is prohibited. Call 213-473-6100 or check the most recent policies regarding inmate photos on the jail's website by going here. Important Mail Tips The photograph rules also apply to any computer-generated images on computer paper. Mail is always scanned and inspected for contraband, obscenity and other rule infractions. Assume that everything you write will be read by jail staff and can and will be used against you or your inmate in court. Never write anything about the inmate's court case you wouldn't want read aloud in court. Mail is considered by the jail to be a privilege. Any violations of the mail policies can result in the inmate's mail privileges being suspended. The introduction of contraband by you into the jail through the mail could result in criminal charges being filed against both you and the inmate. Click here to view contact information for the LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers. Emailing an Inmate A growing number of jails now offer email services to inmates and their families. This can save you time by letting you view your email from your Smart Phone, computer or tablet whenever you wish. In addition, you don't have to deal with envelopes, stamps or the post office. Inmates like it because the emails typically eliminate delayed mail runs so they can get your correspondence much more quickly and send responses immediately. Jail staff likes it as it eliminates concerns about contraband entering the facility in envelopes and on paper. It also allows the jail to have an electronic record that can be called upon at any time. Anything you or your inmate writes in an email service is put through a filter program that looks for certain words related to criminal and/or gang activities. There have been multiple cases in which emails between inmates and their friends or loved ones has been used as evidence in criminal court cases to convict them or to file new charges. Call 213-473-6100 or click here to see if email services are being offered at this jail and if so, how to sign up you and your inmate. LA COUNTY JAIL - Twin Towers Find Any Inmate In The Country Find Any Facility In The Country


would human urine keep deer away

A quick caution is not to do this if small children may be around the garden. Moth balls may look interesting to them and possibly could go into a kid’s mouth. Again, rain will reduce the time this treatment works to keep away deer. Be generous with the amount of moth balls or crystals you put out, too. Some Arkansas gardeners say that urine is a deer deterrent — human urine, dog urine or coyote urine. The latter is available commercially, if you can find it. Close neighbors may not appreciate this in your garden, but modest amounts of urine probably don’t hit on human nostrils nearly as much as on a deer’s.

"Things to help keep deer out of your garden Sunday Apr 18, 2010 at 4:47 PMJoe Mosby If there is something an Arkansas whitetail deer absolutely loves in the spring and on into the summer, it’s that garden you worked so hard to get going. How do you keep them out? Ask 10 gardeners with deer problems, and you are likely to get 10 different answers. Let’s start off here with some things that do not work effectively. Put a fence around your garden? Yes, that can do it — if you make the fence eight feet high. Deer jump, and they jump well. They can out-jump anything we’ve got in Arkansas with the exception of their bigger cousins, the elk. Put an electric fence around the garden? This works once then the deer sail easily over it. Most experienced deer-battling gardeners and most wildlife biologists suggest using deterrents in the garden that either smell bad to a deer or taste unpleasant to a deer. Most of these people add a qualifier to their suggestions — nothing works all the time and forever. Chemical preparations are for sale, with healthy price tags, at retail outlets like farm supply stores and garden centers across Arkansas. Try ’em if you want, but here are some ideas that don’t cost much, if anything. One, sprinkle dog hair or human hair liberally around and through your garden. Be generous with the hair close to plants deer prefer like beans. Usually, deer leave onions and peppers alone. Sources for hair are all around. A barber shop, a beauty salon or a pet grooming facility will likely give hair to you without a charge, especially if you are a customer. ""Keeps it out of the trash,"" one pet groomer said as she handed a gardener a large trash bag filled with dog hair. Which works better, dog hair or human hair? There is no definitive answer, but dog hair may have more approvals from gardeners. Keep in mind that the hair is temporary. After several rains, its effectiveness diminishes, so plan on spreading more hair on your garden in two or three months. Two, mix your own witches’ brew and spray it on your garden plants. Go on the Internet, and you can find a jillion recipes for this. Simplest and easiest is to crack an egg, beat it a little and mix into a quart of water. Add a teaspoon or so of cayenne, red, pepper. Spray the mixture directly on your plants. In a day or so of sunshine, the spray will smell like rotten egg, and deer don’t like this. If they ignore the smell and bite the leaves, the red pepper turns them off. That’s the theory. Some gardeners add a spoonful of liquid detergent to the mix, providing one more element deer don’t like and also making it something of a bug repellent. Like the hair treatment, the egg-pepper spray is temporary and must be applied again in a month or so. Three, sprinkle moth balls or moth crystals around the garden.

A final bit of garden protection advice is to not rely entirely on any one of these suggestions. Use two or more. Keep the deer guessing and confused and frustrated enough to stay out of your garden. And one veteran Arkansas wildlife biologist said, ""When a deer really gets hungry, nothing will keep it out of a garden if it can’t find anything else to eat. ""Joe Mosby is the retired news editor of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission and Arkansas’ best-known outdoor writer. His work is distributed by the Arkansas News Bureau in Little Rock. He can be reached by e-mail at jhmosby@cyberback.com. "


what is the duma in russia

A Duma is a ""puppet"" group, or parliament with no real power. It was formed in 1906 in the Russia and was only formed because Tsar Nicholas II was receiving pressure from his country during World War I. The people of Russia did not like how the Tsar had all the power and wanted him to share the power among the people.

"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Travel & Places Countries, States, and Cities Russia History of Russia The Romanovs What is a duma and when was one formed in Russia? Flag What is a duma and when was one formed in Russia? Edit Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time.

Although the Duma was formed, it was only to make the people happy temporarily, as the Tsar dissolved and brought back the Duma whenever he pleased, or whenever the people began to protest his power. Eventually, the Duma formed a provisional government, and with the support of the military, had the Tsar abdicate, or leave his power (he went to Holland). Russia was ready for political change. This was the first, or February Russian Revolution.3 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Funbelow 3,868 Contributions What is duma? The Russian parliament (or legislature, congress, etc. )- the representative body to which a small electorate chose members. Edit Rob Graves 72,083 Contributions Did Catherine the Great of Russia successfully eliminate the power of the Duma? No, the Duma had not existed at the time of Catherine's reign. It was created by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the Bloody Sunday Russian Revolution in 1905. Edit Jeyelhy Manriquez 46 Contributions What is the duma?an elected legislature Edit What was the Duma? The duma was a electic problety. Edit Pavel Braginskiy 11 Contributions When was Russia formed?865 b.c. Edit Least Duck 166,929 Contributions Scientists recently discovered a picture that is worth 1,001 words. Who was the duma? Usually capitalized (sic), the Duma or Douma was the elective legislative assembly established by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905; subsequently overthrown by the Bolsheviks in 19 …Nobias 1,450 Contributions What is the form of government in Russia now? Federal Republic, a Republican form of Government lead by President and Vice president and a legislature. Yes. Edit What is the form form government of Russia? Russia is a Federal Semi-presidential republic Look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Russia Edit Rob Graves 72,083 Contributions Why did Tsar Nicholas II create the Duma in Russia? Nicholas created the Duma because he had to appease public anger at him and his autocratic rule after the incident known as Bloody Sunday. The first ""Russian Revolution"" occur …What was the Duma of Russia? Russia's first parliament Edit Who has more power Federation Council or State Duma in Russia?the state of duma Edit Rob Graves 72,083 Contributions What event caused the Russian Duma to form? The event that caused the Duma to be formed was an incident known as Bloody Sunday in 1905. A priest named Father Georgi Gapon led thousands of peaceful and respectful marcher …Answered In Russia What is one of important land form shared by Europe and the western part of Russia?hey people Edit Answered In Russia Why did the first duma in russia fail?luyang dilaw Edit Answered In Acronyms & Abbreviations What is the full form of USSR-Russia? United States of Sovereign Russia Edit Answered In Russia What was the Russia duma? Lower house of the legislature. it roughly corresponded to the House of representatives in US govt. The Presidium was the higher house and was so celebrated it was even the of …Answered In Russia What happened to The Duma in russia? Theres nothing there .-. Edit "