are lesser apes hylobates

The lesser apes are the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, of sixteen species; all are native to Asia. Their major differentiating characteristic is their long arms, which they use to brachiate through trees.

Ape

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the branch of primates which includes humans. For other uses, see Ape (disambiguation). For an obsolete term for apes which excludes humans, see Pongidae. For an explanation of very similar terms, see Hominidae. Hominoids or Apes Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg NBornean orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus)Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Hominoidea Gray, 1825Type species Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758Families† Chororapithecidae † Proconsulidae † Afropithecidae † Pliobatidae Hylobatidae Hominidae Apes ( Hominoidea) are a branch of Old World tailless anthropoid primates native to Africa and Southeast Asia. They are the sister group of the Old World monkeys, together forming the catarrhine clade. They are distinguished from other primates by a wider degree of freedom of motion at the shoulder joint as evolved by the influence of brachiation

. There are two extant branches of the superfamily Hominoidea: the gibbons, or lesser apes; and the hominids, or great apes. The family Hylobatidae, the lesser apes, include four genera and a total of sixteen species of gibbon, including the lar gibbon and the siamang, all native to Asia.

They are highly arboreal and bipedal on the ground. They have lighter bodies and smaller social groups than great apes. The family Hominidae ( hominids ), the great apes, includes three extant species of orangutans and their subspecies, two extant species of gorillas and their subspecies, two extant species of chimpanzees and their subspecies, and one extant species of humans in a single extant subspecies with several geographic populations. [1] [a] [2] [3]Recent evidence has changed our understanding of the relationships between the hominoids, especially regarding the human lineage; and the traditionally used terms have become somewhat confused. Competing approaches to methodology and terminology are found among current scientific sources. See History of hominoid taxonomy and Primate: Historical and modern terminology below for discussions of the changes in scientific classification and terminology regarding hominoids. Except for gorillas and humans, hominoids are agile climbers of trees. Their diet is best described as frugivorous and folivorous, consisting mainly of fruit, nuts, seeds, including grass seeds, leaves, and in some cases other animals, either hunted or scavenged, or (solely in the case of the humans) farmed—along with anything else available and easily digested. [4] [5]Most non-human hominoids are rare or endangered. The chief threat to most of the endangered species is loss of tropical rainforest habitat, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting for bushmeat. The great apes of Africa are also facing threat from the Ebola virus. Currently considered to be the greatest threat to survival of African apes, Ebola is responsible for the death of at least one third of gorillas and chimpanzees since 1990. [6]Contents [ hide ]1 Historical and modern terminology2 Phylogeny3 Biology3.1 Behaviour and cognition3.2 Distinction from monkeys4 History of hominoid taxonomy4.1 Changes in taxonomy and terminology (""hominid"" v ""hominin"")5 Classification and evolution6 See also7 Notes8 References9 External links Historical and modern terminology Human timelineview • discuss • edit-10 —–-9 —–-8 —–-7 —–-6 —–-5 —–-4 —–-3 —–-2 —–-1 —–0 —Human-like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens← Earlier apes← LCA-Gorilla separation← Possibly bipedal← LCA-Chimpanzee separation← Earliest bipedal← Earliest stone tools← Earliest exit from Africa← Earliest fire use← Earliest in Europe← Earliest cooking← Earliest clothes← Modern speech← Modern humans P l e i s t o c e n e P l i o c e n e M i o c e n e H o m i n i d s Axis scale: million years Also see: Life timeline and Nature timeline""Ape"", from Old English apa, is a word of uncertain origin. [b] The term has a history of rather imprecise usage—and of comedic or punning usage in the vernacular. Its earliest meaning was generally of any non-human anthropoid primate, [c] as is still the case for its cognates in other Germanic languages. [7] Later, after the term ""monkey"" had been introduced into English, ""ape"" was specialized to refer to a tailless (therefore exceptionally human-like) primate. [8] Thus, the term ""ape"" obtained two different meanings, as shown in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry: it could be used as a synonym for ""monkey"" and it could denote the tailless humanlike primate in particular. [9]Some, or recently all, hominoids are also called ""apes"", but the term is used broadly and has several different senses within both popular and scientific settings. ""Ape"" has been used as a synonym for "" monkey "" or for naming any primate with a human-like appearance, particularly those without a tail. [9] Biologists have traditionally used the term ""ape"" to mean a member of the superfamily Hominoidea other than humans, [1] but more recently to mean all members of Hominoidea. So ""ape""—not to be confused with ""great ape""—now becomes another word for hominoidincluding humans. [3] [d]The term hominoid is not to be confused with hominids, the family of great apes; or with the hominins, the tribe of humans also known as the human clade; or with other very similar terms of primate taxa. (Compare terminology of primate names . )The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys: Apes emerged as a sister group of Old World Monkeys in the catarhines, which are a sister group of New World Monkeys. Therefore, cladistically, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidaea are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of ""monkey"". ""Old World Monkey"" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus, [ citation needed] in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. The primates called ""apes"" today became known to Europeans after the 18th century. As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise distantly related species. Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of those primatologists who developed the idea that there were trends in primate evolution and that the extant members of the order could be arranged in an "".. ascending series"", leading from ""monkeys"" to ""apes"" to humans. Within this tradition ""ape"" came to refer to all members of the superfamily Hominoidea except humans. [1] As such, this use of ""apes"" represented a paraphyletic grouping, meaning that, even though all species of apes were descended from a common ancestor, this grouping did not include all the descendant species, because humans were excluded from being among the apes. [e]The cladogram of the superfamily Hominoidae shows the descendant relationships of the extant hominoids that are broadly accepted today. [10] [11] [3] For each clade, it is indicated approximately how many million of years ago (Mya) newer extant clades radiated. [12]Catarrhini (31.0 Mya)Hominoidea/ apes (20.4 Mya)Hominidae/great apes (15.7 Mya)Homininae (8.8 Mya)Hominini (6.3 Mya)humans (genus Homo)chimpanzees (genus Pan)gorillas (genus Gorilla)orangutans (genus Pongo)gibbons/lesser apes (family Hylobatidae)Cercopithecoidea Old World monkeys Traditionally, humans are nor apes nor great apes, but today they are recognized as having emerged deep in the phylogenetic tree of apes. Thus, there are at least three common, or traditional, uses of the term ""ape"": non-specialists may not distinguish between ""monkeys"" and ""apes"", that is, they may use the two terms interchangeably; or they may use ""ape"" for any tailless monkey or non-human hominoid; or they may use the term ""ape"" to just mean the non-human hominoids. Modern biologists and primatologists use monophyletic groups for taxonomic classification; [13] that is, they use only those groups that include all descendants of a common ancestor. [f] The superfamily Hominoidea is such a group—also known as a clade. Some scientists now use the term ""ape"" to mean all members of the superfamily Hominoidea, including humans. For example, in his 2005 book, Benton wrote ""The apes, Hominoidea, today include the gibbons and orang-utan ... the gorilla and chimpanzee ... and humans"". [3] Modern biologists and primatologists refer to apes that are not human as ""non-human"" apes. Scientists broadly, other than paleoanthropologists, may use the term "" hominin "" to identify the human clade, replacing the term "" hominid "". See terminology of primate names. See below, History of hominoid taxonomy, for a discussion of changes in scientific classification and terminology regarding hominoids. Phylogeny Below is a cladogram with extinct species with modern species emerging in the proconsulidae. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. [12] [14] [15]Crown Catharrhini (31) (29)Saadanioidea (†28)Cercopithecoidea (24)Victoriapithecinae (†19)Crown Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea/ (30)Proconsulidea s.s. (†18 Mya)Ekembo (†17 Mya) (29)Equatorius (†16) (29)Afropithecidae (28)Morotopithecus (†20) (28)Afropithecus (†16)Nyanzapithecinae (†7)Crown Hominoidea (22)Hominidae Hylobatidae Proconsulidae Biology This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Like those of the orangutan, the shoulder joints of hominoids are adapted to brachiation, or movement by swinging in tree branches.

Their wrists are ball and socket joints as an evolutionary adaptation to their arboreal lifestyle. Generally smaller than the African apes, the largest gibbon, the siamang, weighs up to 14 kg (31 lb); in comparison, the smallest ""great ape"", the bonobo, is 34 to 60 kg (75 to 132 lb). Formerly, all the great apes except humans were classified as the family Pongidae, which conveniently provided for separating the human family from the apes; see The ""great apes"" in Pongidae. As noted above, such a definition would make a paraphyletic grouping of the Pongidae great apes. Current evidence indicates that humans share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee line—from which they separated more recently than from the gorilla line; see Gorillas the outgroup The superfamily Hominoidea falls within the parvorder Catarrhini, which also includes the Old World monkeys of Africa and Eurasia. Within this grouping, the two families Hylobatidae and Hominidae can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars; hominoids have five in the ""Y-5"" molar pattern, whereas Old World monkeys have only four in a bilophodont pattern. Further, in comparison with Old World monkeys, hominoids are noted for: more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula; broader ribcages that are flatter front-to-back; and a shorter, less mobile spine, with greatly reduced caudal (tail) vertebrae—resulting in complete loss of the tail in living hominoid species. These are anatomical adaptations, first, to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion ( brachiation) and, later, to developing balance in a bipedal pose. Note there are primates in other families that also lack tails, and at least one, the pig-tailed langur, is known to walk significant distances bipedally. The front of the ape skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone, and by post-orbital constriction. Although the hominoid fossil record is still incomplete and fragmentary, there is now enough evidence to provide an outline of the evolutionary history of humans. Previously, the divergence between humans and other living hominoids was thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, and several species of that time period, such as Ramapithecus, were once thought to be hominins and possible ancestors of humans. But, later fossil finds indicated that Ramapithecus was more closely related to the orangutan; and new biochemical evidence indicates that the last common ancestor of humans and non-hominins (that is, the chimpanzees) occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably nearer the lower end of that range; see Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA). Behaviour and cognition This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A series of images showing a gorilla utilizing a small tree trunk as a tool to maintain balance as she fished for aquatic herbs Although there had been earlier studies, the scientific investigation of behaviour and cognition in non-human members of the superfamily Hominoidea expanded enormously during the latter half of the twentieth century. Major studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known ""great apes"", for example by Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas. These studies have shown that in their natural environments, the non-human hominoids show sharply varying social structure: gibbons are monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, orangutans are solitary, gorillas live in small troops with a single adult male leader, while chimpanzees live in larger troops with bonobos exhibiting promiscuous sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary; gorillas are foliovores, while the others are all primarily frugivores, although the common chimpanzee does some hunting for meat. Foraging behaviour is correspondingly variable. All the non-human hominoids are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly confirmed that they perform very well on a wide range of cognitive tests—though there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. The early studies by Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated exceptional problem-solving abilities in chimpanzees, which Köhler attributed to insight. The use of tools has been repeatedly demonstrated; more recently, the manufacture of tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests. Imitation is much more easily demonstrated in ""great apes"" than in other primate species. Almost all the studies in animal language acquisition have been done with ""great apes"", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa have developed tools that are used in food acquisition, demonstrating a form of animal culture. [16]Distinction from monkeys See also: Monkey § Historical and modern terminology Cladistically, apes, catarrhines, and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus and Parapithecidaea, are monkeys [ citation needed], so one can only specify ape features not present in other monkeys. Apes do not possess a tail, unlike most monkeys. Monkeys are more likely to be in trees and use their tails for balance. While the great apes are considerably larger than monkeys, gibbons (lesser apes) are smaller than some monkeys. Apes are considered to be more intelligent than monkeys, which are considered to have more primitive brains. [17]History of hominoid taxonomy Further information: Human taxonomy § History The history of hominoid taxonomy is complex and somewhat confusing. Over time, authorities have changed the names and the meanings of names of groups and subgroups as new evidence—that is, new discoveries of fossils and tools and of observations in the field, plus continual comparisons of anatomy and DNA sequences—has changed the understanding of relationships between hominoids. There has been a gradual demotion of humans from being 'special' in the taxonomy to being one branch among many. This recent turmoil (of history) illustrates the growing influence on all taxonomy of cladistics, the science of classifying living things strictly according to their lines of descent. Today, there are eight extant genera of hominoids. They are the four genera in the family Hominidae, namely Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo; plus four genera in the family Hylobatidae (gibbons): Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus and Symphalangus. [18] (The two subspecies of hoolock gibbons were recently moved from the genus Bunopithecus to the new genus Hoolock and re-ranked as species; a third species was described in January 2017). [19])In 1758, Carl Linnaeus, relying on second- or third-hand accounts, placed a second species in Homo along with H. sapiens: Homo troglodytes (""cave-dwelling man""). It is not clear to which animal this name refers, as Linnaeus had no specimen to refer to, hence no precise description. Linnaeus named the orangutan Simia satyrus (""satyr monkey""). He placed the three genera Homo, Simia and Lemur in the order of Primates. The troglodytes name was used for the chimpanzee by Blumenbach in 1775, but moved to the genus Simia. The orangutan was moved to the genus Pongo in 1799 by Lacépède. Linnaeus's inclusion of humans in the primates with monkeys and apes was troubling for people who denied a close relationship between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's Lutheran archbishop had accused him of ""impiety"". In a letter to Johann Georg Gmelin dated 25 February 1747, Linnaeus wrote: It is not pleasing to me that I must place humans among the primates, but man is intimately familiar with himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name is applied. But I desperately seek from you and from the whole world a general difference between men and simians from the principles of Natural History. I certainly know of none. If only someone might tell me one! If I called man a simian or vice versa I would bring together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to, in accordance with the law of Natural History. [20]Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first edition of his Manual of Natural History (1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the Quadrumana (four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and Bimana (two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably Georges Cuvier. Some elevated the distinction to the level of order. However, the many affinities between humans and other primates — and especially the ""great apes"" — made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. In The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin wrote: The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by Bischoff, Aeby, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head. [21]Changes in taxonomy and terminology (""hominid"" v ""hominin"")See also: Hominidae and Human taxonomy Humans the non-apes: Until about 1960, taxonomists typically divided the superfamily Hominoidea into two families. The science community treated humans and their extinct relatives as the outgroup within the superfamily; that is, humans were considered as quite distant from kinship with the ""apes"". Humans were classified as the family Hominidae and were known as the ""hominids"". All other hominoids were known as ""apes"" and were referred to the family Pongidae. [22]The ""great apes"" in Pongidae: The 1960s saw the methodologies of molecular biology applied to primate taxonomy. Goodman's 1964 immunological study of serum proteins led to re-classifying the hominoids into three families: the humans in Hominidae; the great apes in Pongidae; and the ""lesser apes"" (gibbons) in Hylobatidae. [23] However, a trichotomy —Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo—of the ""great apes"" in Pongidae presented a puzzle; scientists wanted to know which genus speciated first from the common hominoid ancestor. Gibbons the outgroup: New studies indicated that gibbons, not humans, are the outgroup within the superfamily Hominoidea, meaning: the rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than (any of them) are to the gibbons. With this splitting, the gibbons (Hylobates, et al.) were isolated after moving the great apes into the same family as humans. Now the term ""hominid"" encompassed a larger collective taxa within the family Hominidae. The trichotomy still required scientists to learn which genus is 'least' related to the others. Orangutans the outgroup: Investigations comparing humans and the three other hominid genera disclosed that the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to the Asian orangutans (Pongo); that is, the orangutans, not humans, are the outgroup within the family Hominidae. This led to reassigning the African apes to the subfamily Homininae with humans—which presented a new three-way split (trichotomy), Homo, Pan, Gorilla. [24]Hominins: In an effort to resolve the trichotomy, while preserving the ""outgroup"" status of humans, the subfamily Homininae was divided into two tribes: Gorillini, comprising genus Pan and genus Gorilla; and Hominini, comprising genus Homo (the humans). Humans and close relatives now began to be known as ""hominins"", that is, of the tribe Hominini. Thus, the term ""hominin"" succeeded to the previous use of ""hominid"", which meaning had changed with changes in Hominidae (see above: 3rd graphic, ""Gibbons the outgroup""). Gorillas the outgroup: New DNA comparisons now provided evidence that gorillas, not humans, are the outgroup in the subfamily Homininae; this suggested that chimpanzees should be grouped with humans in the tribe Hominini, but in separate subtribes. [10] Now the name ""hominin"" delineated Homo plus those earliest Homo relatives and ancestors that arose after the divergence from the chimpanzees. (Humans are no longer an outgroup, but are a branch, deep in the tree of the pre-1960s ape group. )Speciation of gibbons: Later DNA comparisons disclosed previously unknown speciation of genus Hylobates (gibbons) into four genera: Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus, and Symphalangus. [18] [19] See Human evolutionary genetics re the speciation of humans and great apes. Classification and evolution Skeletons of members of the ape superfamily, Hominoidea. There are two extant families: Hominidae, the ""great apes""; and Hylobatidae, the gibbons, or ""lesser apes"". As discussed above, hominoid taxonomy has undergone several changes. Genetic analysis combined with fossil evidence indicates that hominoids diverged from the Old World monkeys about 25 million years ago (mya), near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. [25] The gibbons split from the rest about 18 mya, and the hominid splits happened 14 mya ( Pongo ), 7 mya ( Gorilla ), and 3–5 mya ( Homo & Pan ). [ citation needed] In 2015, a new genus and species were described, Pliobates cataloniae, which lived 11.6 mya, and appears to predate the split between Hominidae and Hylobatidae. [26]The families, and extant genera and species of hominoids are: Superfamily Hominoidea [18]Family Hominidae: hominids (""great apes"")Genus Pongo: orangutans Bornean orangutan, P. pygmaeus Sumatran orangutan, P. abelii Tapanuli orangutan, P. tapanuliensis [27]Genus Gorilla: gorillas Western gorilla, G. gorilla Eastern gorilla, G. beringei Genus Homo: humans Human, H. sapiens Genus Pan: chimpanzees Common chimpanzee, P. troglodytes Bonobo, P. paniscus Family Hylobatidae: gibbons (""lesser apes"")Genus Hylobates Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon, H. lar Bornean white-bearded gibbon, H. albibarbis Agile gibbon or black-handed gibbon, H. agilis Müller's Bornean gibbon or grey gibbon, H. muelleri Silvery gibbon, H. moloch Pileated gibbon or capped gibbon, H. pileatus Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or bilou, H. klossii Genus Hoolock Western hoolock gibbon, H. hoolock Eastern hoolock gibbon, H. leuconedys Skywalker hoolock gibbon, H. tianxing Genus Symphalangus Siamang, S. syndactylus Genus Nomascus Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon, N. annamensis Black crested gibbon, N. concolor Eastern black crested gibbon, N. nasutus Hainan black crested gibbon, N. hainanus Southern white-cheeked gibbon N. siki White-cheeked crested gibbon, N. leucogenys Yellow-cheeked gibbon, N. gabriellae See also Mammals portal Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)Declaration on Great Apes from the Great Ape Project Human List of apes (for notable non-fictional apes)List of fictional apes List of primates by population Monkey Notes^ Although Dawkins is clear that he uses ""apes"" for Hominoidea, he also uses ""great apes"" in ways which exclude humans. Thus in Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale (p/b ed.). London: Phoenix (Orion Books). ISBN 978-0-7538-1996-8: ""Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans"" (p. 114); ""gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives"" (p. 126).^ The hypothetical Proto-Germanic form is given as *apōn (F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (2002), online version, s.v. "" Affe ""; V. Orel, A handbook of Germanic etymology (2003), s.v. "" *apōn "" or as * apa (n) ( Online Etymology Dictionary (2001–2014), s.v. "" ape ""; M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (2003–2009), s.v. "" aap ""). Perhaps ultimately derived from a non-Indo-European language, the word might be a direct borrowing from Celtic, or perhaps from Slavic, although in both cases it is also argued that the borrowing, if it took place, went in the opposite direction.^ ""Any simian known on the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages; monkey or ape""; cf. ape-ward: ""a juggler who keeps a trained monkey for the amusement of the crowd."" (Middle English Dictionary, s.v. "" ape "").^ Dawkins 2005; for example "" [a]ll apes except humans are hairy"" (p. 99), "" [a]mong the apes, gibbons are second only to humans"" (p. 126).^ Definitions of paraphyly vary; for the one used here see e.g. Stace, Clive A. (2010a). ""Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists?"" (PDF). Watsonia. 28: 103–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010, p. 106^ Definitions of monophyly vary; for the one used here see e.g. Mishler, Brent D (2009). ""Species are not Uniquely Real Biological Entities"". In Ayala, F. J. & Arp, R. Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology. pp. 110–122. doi: 10.1002/9781444314922.ch6. ISBN 978-1-4443-1492-2, p. 114References^ a b c Dixson, A. F. (1981). The Natural History of the Gorilla. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 978-0-297-77895-0, p. 13^ Grehan, J. R. (2006). ""Mona Lisa Smile: The morphological enigma of human and great ape evolution"". Anatomical Record. 289B (4): 139–157. doi: 10.1002/ar.b.20107^ a b c d Benton, Michael J. (2005). Vertebrate palaeontology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. Retrieved 10 July 2011, p. 371^ Callaway, Ewen (13 October 2006). ""Loving bonobos have a carnivorous dark side"". New Scientist. Retrieved 26 November 2014.^ Hoag, Hannah (2 December 2013). ""Humans are becoming more carnivorous"". Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2014.^ Rush, James (23 January 2015). ""Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn"". The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2015.^ M. W. Terry, ""Use of common and scientific nomenclature to designate laboratory primates"". In: A. M. Schrier (ed. ), Behavioral Primatology: Advances in Research and Theory, Volume 1 (Hillsdale, N. J.; Lawrence Erlbaum, 1977), pp. 1-32; 3^ M. W. Terry, ""Use of common and scientific nomenclature to designate laboratory primates"". In: A. M. Schrier (ed. ), Behavioral Primatology: Advances in Research and Theory, Volume 1 (Hillsdale, N. J.; Lawrence Erlbaum, 1977), pp. 1-32; 3-4^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "" Ape "". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.^ a b M. Goodman; D. A. Tagle; D. H. Fitch; W. Bailey; J. Czelusniak; B. F. Koop; P. Benson; J. L. Slightom (1990). ""Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids"". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. doi: 10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087.^ Dixson 1981, p. 16^ a b Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017). ""New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution"". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. doi: 10.1038/nature23456.^ Springer; Dennis Holley (1 July 2011). An Introduction to Zoology: Investigating the Animal World. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 536–. ISBN 978-0-7637-5286-6. Through careful study taxonomists today struggle to eliminate polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups and taxons, reclassifying their members into appropriate monophyletic taxa^ Alba, D. M.; Fortuny, J.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2010-07-22). ""Enamel thickness in the Middle Miocene great apes Anoiapithecus, Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus"". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1691): 2237–2245. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0218. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2880156. PMID 20335211.^ Grabowski, Mark; Jungers, William L. (2017-10-12). ""Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes"". Nature Communications. 8 (1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723.^ William Mc Grew (1992). Chimpanzee material culture: implications for human evolution.^ The gestural communication of apes and monkeys: Josep Call, Michael Tomasello - 2007^ a b c Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 178–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.^ a b Mootnick, A.; Groves, C. P. (2005). ""A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)"". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (4): 971–976. doi: 10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4.^ ""Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February 1747"". Swedish Linnaean Society.^ Charles Darwin (1871). The Descent of Man. ISBN 0-7607-7814-0.^ G. G. Simpson (1945). ""The principles of classification and a classification of mammals"". Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85: 1–350.^ M. Goodman (1964). ""Man's place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins"". In S. L. Washburn. Classification and human evolution. Aldine, Chicago. pp. 204–234.^ M. Goodman (1974). ""Biochemical Evidence on Hominid Phylogeny"". Annual Review of Anthropology. 3 (1): 203–228. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223.^ ""Fossils May Pinpoint Critical Split Between Apes and Monkeys"". red Orbit.com. 15 May 2013.^ ""A new primate species at the root of the tree of extant hominoids"". 29 October 2015.^ Cochrane, Joe (2 November 2017). ""New Orangutan Species Could Be the Most Endangered Great Ape"". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2017. External links Find more about Ape at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data related to Hominoidea at Wikispecies Hominoidea at Wikibooks Pilbeam D. (September 2000). ""Hominoid systematics: The soft evidence"". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (20): 10684–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.210390497. PMC 34045. PMID 10995486. Retrieved 27 August 2015. Agreement between cladograms based on molecular and anatomical data. Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016). [ hide]v t e Ape -related articles Extant ape species Human ( Homo sapiens) Chimpanzee ( Pan spp.) Bonobo ( Pan paniscus)Common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) Gorilla ( Gorilla spp.) Western gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla) Eastern gorilla ( Gorilla beringei) Orangutan ( Pongo spp.) Bornean orangutan ( Pongo abelii) Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus) Tapanuli orangutan ( Pongo tapanuliensis) Gibbon ( family: Hylobatidae)Study of apes Ape language Dian Fossey Birutė Galdikas Jane Goodall Chimpanzee genome project Human genome project Neanderthal genome project Willie Smits Lone Drøscher Nielsen Ian Redmond Elgin Center Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary Borneo Orangutan Survival Legal and social status Personhood Research ban Kinshasa Declaration Great Ape Project Survival Project International Primate Day See also List of individual apes (non-human) Apes in space (non-human) Bigfoot Bushmeat Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor List of fictional primates (non-human)Great apes Human evolution Monkey Day Mythic humanoids Yeren Yeti Taxon identifiers Wd: Q102470 ADW: Hominoidea Eo L: 4529848 Fossilworks: 40883 ITIS: 943782MSW: 12100751 NCBI: 314295Categories: Apes Extant Chattian first appearances "


what is the state of london

What state is London located in? London, the capital city of the United Kingdom, is located in southeast England. There is also a London in Ontario, Canada and several other Londons throughout the world.

"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Travel & Places Countries, States, and Cities United Kingdom England London In which state or province is London town located? Flag In which state or province is London town located? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. UK In the UK, we don't have states or provinces, we have 'counties' as the administrative divisions, about 50 of th

em. London is a borough, which is almost like a county itself. London is surrounded by the counties of Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Hertfordshire and Essex. Canada London is located in Ontario.

9 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Fozzybeareu 1,972 Contributions Is London a city or state province? The City of London is one tiny municipality in the centre of the metropolis.. London Region is made up of 32 London Boroughs. The London Region has an assembly (called the GL …Keith Blair 67,148 Contributions

Aaanativearts 38 Contributions What state is London located in or is it a state? London is not a city or a state. its i the capital of England. Improved answer: There are many cities around the world named London, including many in the United States, …What town is penn state located? It is located in State College, Pennsylvania Emridder 56 Contributions What state is the town of hersey located? Pennsylvaniajack Wise 281,232 Contributions Which state is pie town located? It is in New Mexico. Keith Blair 67,148 Contributions What country or state is London located in? London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and is located in southeast England. Which province in Norway is the town finnsnes located? Finnsnes is located in Troms county What state is Brookhaven town located in? Brookhaven has state ! hahhaha What state is Cereal Town located in?pennsylvania What province or state is the Everglades located? It is located in Florida in the U. SWhat town Ohio state is located? The Ohio State University is located in Columbus, Ohio. Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Uncategorized In which state is the town of Fishers located? Fishers is located inside the state of Indiana. It is located just north-east of Indianapolis In. Fishers has two golf courses a country club and a natural area. Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In China and Chinese Territories In which area of London is China Town located? When someone is trying to find out what area of London China Town is located, one can visit an online site called China Town London dot org and Visit London. Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Uncategorized In what states and provinces are WISSOTA tracks located? WISSOTA tracks are located in various places including Tomahawk Speeday and Eagle River Speedway in Wisconsin. There are also over ten tracks located in Minnesota and a few in …Imo Pop 448,515 Contributions""All was well. ""Answered In London What state province or territory is London in? London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland (UK). Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Uncategorized What state is the town of Caspar located in? The town of Casper is in the American state of Wyoming. It is the second largest city in the state. It is nicknamed ""the Oil City"". The population of the city is 55000. "


what is a portable engine

A portable engine is an engine, either a steam engine or an internal combustion engine, [1] that sits in one place while operating (providing power to machinery), but (unlike a stationary engine) is portable and thus can be easily moved from one work site to another.

Portable engine

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A portable engine, preserved at the museum in Blankenhain Castle, Germany. The chimney has been folded-down, ready for transporting the engine to a new location. The axle under the smokebox (on the left) pivots to allow the engine to be steered. Towing eyes are provided on the same axle assembly to allow the engine to be pulled along. A Czechoslovakian portable engine.

Mounted on wheels or skids, it is either towed to the work site or moves there via self-propulsion. Portable engines were in common use in industrialised countries from the early 19th through early 20th centuries, during an era when mechanical power transmission was widespread. Before that, most power generation and transmission were by animal, water, wind, or human; after that, a combination of electrification (including rural electrification) and modern vehicles and equipment (such as tractors, trucks, cars, engine-generators, and machines with their engines built in) displaced most use of portable engines. In developing countries today, portable engines still have some use (typically in the form of modern small engines mounted on boards), although the technologies mentioned above increasingly limit their demand there as well. In industrialised countries they are no longer used for commercial purposes, but preserved examples can often be seen at steam fairs driving appropriate equipment for demonstration purposes. Portable engines during their heyday were typically towed to their work sites by draft horses or oxen, or, in the latter part of that era, motive power including self-propulsion or towing by traction engines, steam tractors, other tractors, or trucks. They were used to drive agricultural machinery (such as threshing machines ), milling machinery (such as gristmills, sawmills, and ore mills), pumps and fans (such as in mines and oil wells ), and factory line shafts (for machine tools, power hammers, presses, and other machines). Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Usage3 Construction3.1 General layout3.2 Boiler3.3 Engine3.4 Auxiliaries3.5 Chimney3.6 Wheels4 Preservation5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External links History [ edit]In common with many other areas of steam technology, the initial design and development of portable engines took place in England, with many other countries initially importing British-built equipment rather than developing their own. Early steam engines were too large and expensive for use on the average farm; however, the first positive evidence of steam power being used to drive a threshing machine was in 1799 in north Yorkshire. [2] The next recorded application was in 1812, when Richard Trevithick designed the first 'semi-portable' stationary steam engine for agricultural use, known as a ""barn engine"". [2] This was a high-pressure, rotative engine with a Cornish boiler, for Sir Christopher Hawkins of Probus, Cornwall. It was used to drive a corn threshing machine and was much cheaper to run than the horses it replaced. Indeed, it was so successful that it remained in use for nearly 70 years, and has been preserved by the Science Museum in London. [3] Although termed 'semi-portable', as they could be transported and installed without being dismantled, these engines were essentially stationary. They were used to drive such barn machinery as pumps and hammer mills, bone-crushers, chaff and turnip cutters, and fixed and mobile threshing drums. It was not until about 1839 that the truly portable engine appeared, allowing the application of steam power beyond the confines of the farmyard. William Tuxford of Boston, Lincolnshire started manufacture of an engine built around a locomotive-style boiler with horizontal smoke tubes. A single cylinder and the crankshaft were mounted on top of the boiler, and the whole assembly was mounted on four wheels: the front pair being steerable and fitted with shafts for horse-haulage between jobs. A large flywheel was mounted on the crankshaft, and a stout leather belt was used to transfer the drive to the equipment being driven. [2]Several Tuxford engines were displayed at the Royal Agricultural Society 's Show at Bristol in 1842, and other manufacturers soon joined in, using the basic design of the Tuxford engine as a pattern for the majority of portable engines produced thereafter. Early manufacturers in the UK included: Alexander Dean of Birmingham Ransomes of Ipswich William Tuxford and Sons of Boston, Lincolnshire Howden of Boston, Lincolnshire Clayton & Shuttleworth of Lincoln This last manufacturer is particularly noteworthy here. The first Clayton & Shuttleworth portable was built in 1845, a two-cylinder engine. In 1852, the company won a gold medal for a portable engine at the Royal Agricultural Society's Gloucester show, and thereafter the business expanded rapidly: they established a second works, in Vienna in 1857, to target the European market, and by 1890 the company had manufactured over 26,000 portable engines, many being exported all over the world. [2]In the 1850s, John Fowler used a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine to drive apparatus in the first public demonstrations of the application of cable haulage to cultivation. In parallel with the early portable engine development, many engineers attempted to make them self-propelled – the fore-runners of the traction engine. In most cases this was achieved by fitting a sprocket on the end of the crankshaft, and running a chain from this to a larger sprocket on the rear axle. These experiments met with mixed success. As noted early on by Thomas Aveling (later of Aveling & Porter fame), it was absurd to use four horses to pull a steam engine from job-to-job, when the engine possessed ten times the strength of the horses. [4] It was therefore inevitable, once self-propelled traction engines had become sufficiently reliable, that they would take over the roles of many portable engines, and this indeed started to happen from the late 1860s. Other builders manufactured engines around the world. Small machine shops could assemble units with a small engine and vertical boiler and put it on wheels. In North America dozens of builders entered the market—Case, Sawyer Massey, and Gaar Scott for example. Native builders erected engines in France, Italy, Sweden and Germany. However, the portable engine was never completely replaced by the traction engine. Firstly, the portable, having no gearing, was markedly cheaper, and secondly, numerous applications benefitted from a simple steam engine that could be moved, but did not require the additional complexity of one that could move itself. Small numbers of portables continued to be built even after traction engine production ceased. Robey and Company of Lincoln were still offering portables for sale into the 1960s. From about 1900 onward, the requirement for a small cheap source of power on farms was increasingly taken over by internal combustion engines, such as hit-and-miss engines and, later, stationary and portable industrial versions of car and truck engines, either for belt use or built into engine-generators. Usage [ edit]The drive belt: used to transfer power from the engine's flywheel. Here shown driving a threshing machine. Apart from threshing work, portable engines were used to drive corn-mills, centrifugal pumps, stone-crushers, dynamos, chaff -cutters, hay-balers and saw benches. They were even used to generate electricity for floodlighting at football matches, the first instance being at Bramall Lane, Sheffield in 1878. [5]In general, the portable engine is hauled to the work area, often a farmyard or field, and a long drive belt is fitted between the engine's flywheel and the driving wheel of the equipment to be powered. In a number of cases, rather than being towed from site-to-site, the portable engine was semi-permanently installed in a building as a stationary steam engine, although the wheels were not necessarily removed. A more extreme use occurs where the engine is removed from the boiler and is re-used as a stationary engine. Often, the boiler is also re-used (without its wheels) to provide the steam. As of 2007, there are still examples of such dismantled portable engines working commercially in small rice mills in Burma [6] (and, no doubt, elsewhere too). Such examples are easy to identify due to the curved saddle, below the cylinder block, that was used to mount the engine to the boiler. Thousands of 1 horsepower portable engines were built in China, during the Great Leap Forward of 1958. Every village and peasant was encouraged to build a small iron smelter and produce pig iron. To power the blowers to sustain the retort temperatures, small straw burning engines were built. It was all to no effect as the end pig iron was of very poor quality for any use. Construction [ edit]General layout [ edit]Preserved Marshall 6nhp single-cylinder portable engine, no. 87866, built 1936. This design has a 'colonial' boiler and a long firebox for burning logs. Preserved Robey 3nhp engine, showing chimney detail. The upper lever controls a damper, while the handle below operates an unusual worm-and-quadrant-gear arrangement for raising and lowering the chimney for transport. The most common arrangement follows the original Tuxford design. Although this closely resembles the common layout of a traction engine, the engine of a portable is usually reversed, with the cylinders at the firebox end and the crankshaft at the smokebox end. This layout was designed to position the regulator close to the firebox, making it easier for the engineman to maintain the fire and control the engine speed from the one location. An added bonus is that the flywheel is clear of the rear road wheels so the latter can be set on a narrower track, making the engine easier to manoeuvre through field gates. A few makers (e.g. Fowler) made their portable engines in the same style as traction engines, with the cylinder at the smokebox end. This was probably to reduce manufacturing costs, as there is no other obvious benefit of doing this. (Thomas Aveling realised that, for a traction engine, it would be better to position the flywheel within reach of the driver in case he carelessly allowed the crank to stop on top dead centre [7] (where it could not self-start) and most other traction engine manufacturers followed this same idea. )Boiler [ edit]This is usually a fire-tube boiler with a locomotive -type firebox. However, some designs (e.g. the Marshall ""Britannia"" (pictured) [8]) have circular, marine-type, fireboxes. This latter type were also known by British manufacturers as 'colonial' boilers, as they were mainly intended for export to 'the Colonies', and had a high ground clearance for travelling along rough tracks. [8]Fuel is usually coal but the engine may be designed to use wood fuel, straw or bagasse (sugar cane residue) instead. A longer, circular firebox is particularly suitable for burning logs rather than shorter wood billets. [8] Machines designed for wood-burning may be fitted with spark arrestors. Engine [ edit]Most portable engines are single-cylinder but two-cylinder engines were also built. The slide valve is usually driven by a single eccentric and no reversing gear is fitted. There is usually a belt-driven governor to keep the engine running at constant speed, even if the load fluctuates. The engine may have one or two flywheels mounted on the same crankshaft. Where two are provided, they are mounted either side of the engine and may be of different diameters. A smaller flywheel provides a slower speed for farmyard work (e.g. chopping feedstuffs) than is required for driving a threshing machine (for example). Auxiliaries [ edit]The crankshaft drives a boiler feedwater pump which draws water from a barrel placed alongside the engine. Many engines have a simple, but effective, feedwater heater which works by blowing a small portion of the exhaust steam into the water barrel. The barrel also acts as an oil separator. Oil in the exhaust steam rises to the top of the barrel and can be skimmed off. Chimney [ edit]A tall chimney is provided to ensure a good draught for the fire. To permit negotiation of overhead obstacles, the chimney is hinged at its base, and is folded down for transport and storage. A suitably shaped bracket is usually provided towards the firebox end to support the chimney when folded. Wheels [ edit]Most designs are fitted with four wheels and no suspension of any kind. The first portables had wooden wheels, but as the engines became more powerful (and heavier), fabricated steel wheels were fitted instead. The 'front' wheels are normally smaller than those at the back. This is because they are mounted on the swivelling fore-carriage, under the smokebox, and large wheels would be liable to hit the boiler when the engine was turned around a corner. An added bonus is that a larger diameter flywheel may be fitted, providing a more steady power output. Preservation [ edit]A large Foster wood burning portable engine at Summerlee museum in Coatbridge Many portable engines still survive, as they were built in large quantities and were shipped to many remote corners of the Earth. A substantial number of them have been preserved, with many restored to full working order: their relatively small size and simpler construction, compared to a traction engine, makes them a much more viable proposition for restoration by the average enthusiast. (That is, provided the boiler is in reasonable condition: boiler repairs can be very expensive; replacement boilers even more so. )It is usually possible to see portable engines working at traction engine rallies and steam festivals. At the Great Dorset Steam Fair, for example, portable engines may be found in the relevant demonstration areas driving saw benches, threshing machines, rock crushers and other contemporary equipment. Numerous agricultural and industrial museums include portable engines within their collections. What is thought to be the oldest surviving Marshall product, works no. 415, a 2.5 nhp portable from 1866, may be seen at the Turon Technology Museum (Museum of Power), in New South Wales. This engine is also the oldest documented portable in Australia. [9]See also [ edit]Farm equipment List of traction engine manufacturers – many traction engine manufacturers also built portable engines Semi-portable engine References [ edit]^ Examples of oil and gas engines as portable engines are seen, for example, in "" ' Gasoline Engine Department' column"", Threshermen's Review, 13 (4): 16–17, August 1904.^ a b c d Lane, Michael R. (1976). Pride of the Road (The Pictorial Story of Traction Engines). New English Library. p. 29. ISBN 0-450-03277-9.^ Hodge, James (1973). Richard Trevithick (Lifelines 6). Shire Publications. p. 30. ISBN 0-85263-177-4.^ Lane, Michael R. Pride of the Road. p. 56.^ Simkin, John. ""Floodlit Football"". The Encyclopedia of British Football. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 2008-01-04.^ ""Portable Paradise"". (Examples of portable engines converted to stationary use, in Burma). 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-02.^ Lane, Michael R. Pride of the Road. p. 58.^ a b c ""Marshall Britannia portable steam engine, 1914"". Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 2008-01-03.^ ""Gallery 1 – Steam engines"". Turon Technology Museum (Museum of Power). Retrieved 2008-01-04. Further reading [ edit]Portable Steam Engines (Shire Album 163) by Lyndon R. Shearman, published by Shire Publications Ltd, ISBN 0-85263-783-7The Portable Steam Engine: Its Construction and Management – A Practical Manual for Owners and Users of Steam Engines Generally by W. D. Wansbrough, 168 pages, published by TEE Publishing Ltd (1994), ISBN 1-85761-067-9 (This is a modern reprint of a book originally published in 1887 or 1911, depending on which online bookseller you refer to!. )External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portable engines. Steam Scenes – extensive searchable photo library – preserved portable engines in the UK, Europe, Australia and New Zealand List (and details) of surviving Paxman portable engines Scale model built from Meccano, with close-up pictures showing the components of a typical portable engine. Restoration of a derelict 1904 Ruston Proctor portable (in Australia) – Employed some unusual solutions, including design of a new pressure vessel to fit inside the original, unrepairable, boiler shell. Categories: Stationary steam engines Steam engines Agricultural machinery "


title character in mt, robot

eo ROOT OF THE TITLE: Mirroringeps1.8_m1rr0r1ng.qt EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot realizes that he is Mr. Robot and Christian Slater's character is just a projection of his father. Angela gets an offer to join E-Corp and give up her principles.

"What’s in a name?

In USA Network’s surprise summer hit Mr. Robot, there's quite a bit. Just ask Mr. Robot himself. The title character (played by Christian Slater), who up until Episode 9 was Elliot Alderson (Rami Malek), has actually been our hero and (unreliable) narrator, all along.

Or take the name of the big bad corporation, E-Corp, which has been referred to by every character as ""Evil Corp"" beginning with Episode 1, when Elliot informs us that’s just what he always hears. Likewise, the titles of Mr. Robot episodes always carry at least two meanings. One relates to a specific technical term related to hacking, a technical action being taken in the main plot. The other relates to a character-based development or quality. (Episode 3 “eps1.3_da3m0ns.mp4” refers to daemon, a computer program, as well as metaphorical demons - Elliot's and, perhaps, our own. And so on.) Unconventional? Sure, but not for computer file names created every day, by everyone. This naming structure itself is actually more common than the usual poetic or evocative TV episode title. After all, how many of us title those?

There’s also a dual (or binary) meaning in the formatting of the name. Traditionally, on pirating networks, a television episode file is titled with the season number, followed by an episode number (“S1E3”), but with Mr. Robot, the episodes are titled more like computer programs and their subsequent iterations.

A piece of software will be considered 1.0 on launch and 1.1 with its next release. Episode 2 becomes “eps1.1” rather than S1E2, unless you hit up a bittorrent network to download an episode. We’ve broken down the meaning of each episode’s title and its relation to the various content therein.s1.0_spoiler-alert.txt EPISODE ONEeps1.0_ hellofriend. mov FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: Hello Worldeps1.0_hellofriend.mov EPISODE SUMMARY: We’re introduced to Elliot Alderson, a cybersecurity engineer at Allsafe. One of Allsafe’s top clients is E Corp (“Evil Corp”), the biggest corporation in the world. E Corp has recently been hit by a rudimentary hack. The Anonymous-like hacking group, fsociety, is behind the attack. Fsociety contacts Elliot, seeking to recruit him, and the first message sent to him is simply, “Hello Friend.”EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: “Hello World!” became the standard first message displayed by a new programmer. Part of the documentation for Martin Richards' BCPL programming language, this program was highlighted in Kernighan and Ritchies’ seminal book, The C Programming Language, considered to be one of the most influential primers in the field. Today, nearly anyone who is introduced to programming, writes a small program with the sole purpose of displaying the phrase, “Hello World!”HELLO was later used as the name for a diskette formatted to boot Apple DOS 3.x on the Apple II series of computers. For the HELLO command to work, it has to have been created in the same language as the ROM of the system that the disk is being booted on. Translation: this tests if the disc and the computer are speaking the same language. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: When Elliot is first contacted by the revolutionary hacker group fsociety, the message “Hello Friend” serves as a pseudo-cheeky introduction to the group. It is also the impetus of our “program” (the television show) as well as an introduction to the “program” that Elliot is being asked to join at fsociety. Their mission, if he chooses to accept it, is to erase the records of E Corp

. The DDOS attack carried out by fsociety on E Corp’s servers was also a type of sanity test to see what their security was like and find weaknesses. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: What we don’t realize yet is that Elliot is not exactly mentally stable (in fact, he’s “pretty fucking far from okay”).

Another use for “hello, world!” is what’s known among programmers as a “sanity test.” This is to make sure that that a language's compiler, development environment, and run-time environment are correctly installed. Much like a computer system that is working incorrectly, Elliot’s mind will soon reveal itself.episode twoeps1.1_ ones-and-zer0es. mpeg FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: 1’s and 0’s, the foundational characters of binary codeeps1.1_ones-and-zer0es.mpeg EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot has to decide whether to join fsociety’s mission to bring down E Corp or take a lucrative job offer from the targeted organization. EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: Binary code is a set of computer instructions made up of ones and zeroes. This is the fundamental building block of all computer systems. Modern computers use binary code, base-2 math, which is an easy translation for the actual electrical on/off that happens on the hardware level. This electrical activity is what makes the computer work. This is a bit of an oversimplification though because actual hardware uses signal edges. You can't cut off power completely for the 0, the chip would be inert, so it just goes from high to low voltage. Low voltage going up to high stands for one, and a voltage drop from high to low for 0. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: Elliot is facing a binary decision for his goals in life and career. The two opposing sides (E-corp and fsociety) present their arguments and Elliot must weigh the pros and cons. Where will he and, in turn, the audience go? (We have already been informed that we’re a figment of Elliot's imagination.) Meanwhile, Elliot has to make another decision, confronted with the reality of where his suboxone comes from. (He's a calculated morphine user.) His friend Shayla has been getting it for him and her dealer Fernando Vera who is a psychopath. At first, Elliot leaves well enough alone, as not to lose his connection, but when he discovers Shayla was sexually assaulted by Fernando, Elliot uses his hacking skills to get the dealer locked up. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: Elliot must make a moral decision between what he perceives to be good and evil. E (vil) Corp has already been determined by Elliot to be an immoral force. The question he must mull over is whether or not fsociety is truly a moral force and in opposition. One group might be a 1 and the other a 0. If both parties end up being 1’s, then the program or mission will not execute correctly. “Are you a one or a zero? Are you a yes or a no?” Mr. Robot asks Elliot. “Life’s not that binary,” our hero replies. Up until this point, it’s still unclear whether fsociety are the good guys. It’s also unclear whether fsociety is anyone but Elliot and his sister Darlene. Life’s not that binary.episode threeeps1.2_ d3bug. mkv FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: Debugeps1.2_d3bug.mkv EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot believes himself to be free of fsociety and just wants to live a normal life. Meanwhile, a peculiar suit named Tyrell is breaking his way up the corporate ladder. How the title relates to the plot: “I'm gonna lead a bug-free life from now on.” Following the loss of the dark army’s cooperation, our hero believes he’s out of the big-time hacking game for good. He feels relieved and says he wants to live a normal life; just conforming to the system. But after ordering some Starbucks and asking Shayla to be his girlfriend he is confronted by Gideon at a dinner party and it becomes clear that there is suspicion that Elliot was involved in the Allsafe hack. Gideon believes Elliot is the bug in his system. As the realization that his life might not be on track after all hits Elliot, a new message from fsociety interrupts the party. The hacker group is dumping data that proves Colby wasn’t just framed for the Allsafe breach, he was in fact corrupt and responsible for the negligence that killed Elliot’s father and Angela’s mother. Now that Eliot knows fsociety took down a man responsible for one of the greatest bugs in his own life, he is rededicated and returns to finish what he started with renewed vengeance. Back in the E Corp board room, Tyrell Wellick hopes to become the new CTO of E-corp after Colby is arrested but he is informed there’s already a candidate. Wellick finds the bug in the hiring system and seduces the CEO’s personal assistant in order to gain access to his phone and information about the candidate. How the title relates to the characters: “Most coders think debugging software is about fixing a mistake, but that's bullshit. Debugging's actually all about finding the bug, about understanding why the bug was there to begin with, about knowing that its existence was no accident,” Elliot tells us. “It came to you to deliver a message, like an unconscious bubble floating to the surface, popping with a revelation you've secretly known all along.” While that gives some foreshadowing to the many revelations Elliot will have to come to terms with later in the season, he really doesn’t find too many of his own bugs in this episode. He does meet with Mr. Robot, who we will later find out is actually a mental projection of Elliot’s father. In a therapeutic and paternal conversation, Mr. Robot attempts to debug Elliot’s anger at his father and gently suggests, “Don’t stay mad at him too long, kiddo.”episode foureps1.3_ da3m0ns. mp4FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: Daemoneps1.3_da3m0ns.mp4 EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot has a new plan for destroying the analog backups of data at Steel Mountain. But that will require going in person. While traveling to the facility, Elliot’s morphine withdrawals get the best of him and he has to stop at a hotel to recover. EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: In a computer’s operating system, a daemon refer to anything that runs in the background without the user having direct control over them. Daemons are constantly working, doing low-level tasks, not just monitoring activity, such as handling system logging, or handling secure network connections. They're a reference to Maxwell's Demon, a rhetorical ""demon"" used in physics and thermodynamics thought experiments that would sort molecules. But yes, it can also be a hostile process. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: Elliot wants to install a daemon process at Steel Mountain headquarters that will raise the temperature in the room where analog backup tapes of all data are stored. This daemon would wait until the designated time of the hack to do its dirty work. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: “There's a saying. The devil's at his strongest while we're looking the other way, like a program running in the background silently, while we're busy doing other shit. Daemons, they call them,"" Elliot tells us as the episode begins, ""They perform action without user interaction. Monitoring, logging, notifications. Primal urges, repressed memories, unconscious habits. They're always there, always active. We can try to be right, we can try to be good. We can try to make a difference but it's all bullshit. 'Cause intentions are irrelevant. They don't drive us. Daemons do.”This episode is arguably more inside Elliot’s head than any other. Let's just call it. We’re talking about his metaphorical “demons” here. The first demon are all the people around him. At least Mr. Robot is entirely in Elliot’s head, but it’s also possible that all fsociety is. (Maybe even Tyrell? Darlene is probably real, but to Elliot, partially; he forgets she's his sister. )The second demon is morphine addiction. This is pretty explicit. He has to exercise it through a hallucination-filled detox stint in the hotel. This is where the Mr. Robot demon might be acting as an angel, staying by Elliot’s side and keeping him company through it all. The third demon isn't as cut and dry. This demon relates to moral choices and whether they are even possible in a complex world of connections. Elliot is wondering if he is a good person and if his actions are the ethically just ones. The reasons he's unsure are the same reasons that we're unsure. And he also has these imaginary friends running around, making it difficult to know what's real. Plus, his allies and his enemies are never truly clear as far as their intentions. But, as he says, ""intentions are irrelevent,"" because there's always a process running in the background that we can't control and we're unaware of.episode fiveeps1.4_ 3xpl0its.wmv FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: Exploitseps1.4_3xpl0its.wmv EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot and crew infiltrate Steel Mountain while Tyrell further manipulates the executive selection process at E-Corp. EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: An ""exploit"" is a piece of software or a command that takes advantage of a bug or a vulnerability in a system to cause unanticipated behaviours to occur. It is essentially, a hack. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: ""People always make the best exploits,"" Elliot tells us. In an episode that plays like a heist film, fsociety makes its way into the Steel Mountain security facility to setup the daemon that will destroy the data backups. Elliot's plan to get through the multiple levels of security involves exploiting the ""gee-golly"" kindness and innocence of a low level employee by pretending to be a big shot Silicon Valley CEO who has come for a tour. While there, he runs into Tyrell, who may be exploiting Elliot for his own purposes. After Tyrell gets Elliot out of one hotspot, he is thrust into another when the slick executive insists on having a tense lunch filled with menacing conversation. Elliot excuses himself to use the bathroom and sees an opportunity to install his hack, only to be cornered by Tyrell again who almost intimates that he knows what Elliot is up to and he's allowing it. He certainly is aware that Elliot was involved in framing Colby and now he knows what weakness to exploit. Is Tyrell using Elliot to take down the system? Is he just another one of Elliot's imagined personas? We don't know yet. With the hack installed, fsociety rides into the sunset, believing that the plan is nearly ready to execute. This is the other meaning of exploit. An exciting act or action, especially a heroic one. This is probably the most traditionally exciting episode of the show, an adventure. Whatever happens, the members of fsociety will always be legends in their own minds following this unprecedented exploit. Meanwhile, Tyrell meets his rival in the race for CTO position, Scott Knowles, for dinner with their mutual spouses. He believes he can seduce Knowles wife Sharon as a way into sabotaging the promotion, which results in an awkward bathroom tease scene. Finally, Fernando Vera, the drug dealer that Elliot hacked and had locked up in episode 2 hasn't gone away as cleanly as planned. Like a daemon, he's just been waiting in prison, running in the background. He wants revenge and he's found Elliot's exploit: Shayla, whom Elliot has allowed himself to get close. Fernando kidnaps Shayla. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: Most of the previous episodes have used the title metaphor in relation to the characters more so than the plot but episode 5 is different. One of Mr. Robot's strengths is that it trusts plot to occur from character and in this case the two are nearly indistinguishable. All of the twists and triple crosses outlined above are revealing character traits throughout. The most important reveal of all is that Elliot is not above being exploited himself. He may be damn good at what he does, but Tyrell and Fernando are as well. Elliot believes that Tyrell's ""greatest asset is his hubris, but it's also his flaw."" We don't know that for sure yet, but we definitely know that it's true of Elliot.episode sixeps1.5_ br4ve-trave1er. asf FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: Brave Travelereps1.5_br4ve-trave1er.asf EPISODE SUMMARY: Fernando Vera returns. He's kidnapped Shayla and is demanding Elliot hack him out of prison or she'll die. Tyrell learns that he's not as clever as he thinks. Angela tries to take the legal route in taking E Corp down. EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: This one is a little different than the others, because it has nothing to do with hacking. Brave Traveler is what the episodes’ antagonist Fernando Vera claims his name means. The conversation occurs when Vera tells Eliot he should Google what names mean. Indeed, when you Google Fernando, the results show the American and German meanings to be Brave Traveler, but the Spanish meaning is adventurer. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: Fernando Vera likes to talk. He’s been cooped up in prison and he’s really excited to get out. Now that he knows it was Eliot who hacked him and got him locked up he’s simultaneously pissed off and thrilled that he knows someone with the power to hack the prison system. While getting chatty with Eliot in that stylized, Tarantino sort of way, Vera asks if Eliot knows what his name means. When Eliot says no, Vera informs him that he looked it up and their names are very similar. Eliot’s name means “brave and true,” while Fernando’s means, “brave traveler.” But he also says that the word “brave” evolved from “savage,” prompting Eliot to inquire whether they are brave or savage themselves. This sets up another moment in which Eliot is facing one more possible doppelganger and is once again questioning whether his own actions have been for good or … something else. (Sidenote: long before this episode aired, an @brvtrvllr Twitter account started posting cryptic references to the show. )HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: There isn’t a strict theme based on the title in the episode. Eliot, Tyrell and Angela all go out on their separate limbs, taking extreme risks in uncharted territories and failing miserably. Elliot manages to follow through and hack Fernando out of prison (along with everyone else) and even hatches a plan to keep himself and Shayla safe by taking control of Fernando's drug money and network. But it’s all for nothing. Shayla has been dead in the trunk of the car Eliot rode in the whole time. How many other processes are running in the background that Eliot is unaware of? How many other lives might he be harming? Tyrell thought he’d made his slimy way into the Knowles family. He thought that he’d gotten into Sharon’s head and made her ravenously horny, another pawn on the board. He thought he’d convinced Knowles that he just wanted to be right hand man. But, no. Sharon told her husband everything and he’s been exposed for the schemer that he is. Knowles confronts him and essentially informs him he is dead in the water. Angela believes she’s found a way to go after the company that killed her family and she takes evidence to a lawyer, feeling that she’s going to “change the world.” Her evidence is dismissed as “internet gossip,” though and she’s told without an eyewitness who was in the boardroom when the company decided on unsafe practices there is no case. We haven’t talked that much about Angela yet, primarily because her role in the themes of the early episodes is still not quite clear. Was she a bug? A daemon? An exploit? Her biggest purpose in the plot so far was getting the Dark Army’s malware onto a work computer. Her story is just begining now and she might prove to be the bravest traveler of all.episode seveneps1.6_ v1ew-s0urce. flv FILE TYPE: Video ROOT OF THE TITLE: View-source EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot goes AWOL from fsociety in the wake of Shayla’s death. Tyrell goes full on psychopath. And Angela gets tough as nails with Colby.eps1.6_v1ew-s0urce.flv EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: View Source is a command that pretty much any web browser can execute. Just highlight this text and right click. It might be phrased as inspect element in your browser or something similar but no matter what it’s just a way to see the source code that’s being used to create the web page you’re viewing. In the case of most basic sites, you can see everything that makes up the page and copy it to manipulate in your own way if you’re so inclined. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: Elliot tells us about his early days of learning to code as a kid when all he had to do was click view source, copy and paste the code, modify it a little and like that it was his site. He wonders: If we had that option for people, would we want to use it? Would we want to be able to view their source code, what drives them? This episode is all about studying sources. It opens with a flashback to the day Shayla met Elliot. She offers to hook him up with morphine and he tells her that he’d only be interested if she could get suboxone for the withdrawals. She says she can’t at first but her affection for her new friend changes her mind and she admits she knows someone but he’s a psychopath. This is the moment that decided her fate. This will be the source of her doom and Elliot feels he was that source. Meanwhile, Tyrell gets another chance to hook up with Sharon, his rival's wife. After confronting her about what she told her husband, they agree to meet on the roof and finish what they started where Tyrell chokes her to death. It’s unclear whether he planned it that way or just couldn’t help himself, but we now know that Tyrell’s source code is that of a psychopath instead of just a really sleazy dude. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: Elliot’s habit of hacking everyone he knows and going through their info is his version of viewing people’s source code. We revisit that habit twice in this episode. Once when he is backing up all the data he has on Shayla for posterity’s sake and again in the end when he informs his therapist that he’s hacked her before. After a detailed description of her intimate computer activity, he tells her that he watches her cry, that he cries too and that he believes they are both lonely people. Is loneliness what drives Elliot? Don’t count on it, there are a lot of background processes running there. We also learn the source of what motivates the other hackers in fsociety. For one it’s glory. For another it’s family debt. For another it’s justice. Angela finally gets to view the source of her Mom's death. She meets Colby in person and strikes a deal that will have him testify against his fellow board members as well as admit that they decided to cut corners and it killed people. Before the deal is done, she insists that he tell her exactly how the decision was made. She just wants a peak into what it’s like to make such a callous move and he gives it to her.episode eighteps1.7_ wh1ter0se. m4v FILE TYPE: Video container ROOT OF THE TITLE: White Roseeps1.7_wh1ter0se.m4v EPISODE SUMMARY: Elliot finally meets White Rose and is told that the Dark Army will cooperate if he is able to remove a trap in the system by a specified time. Police attempt to question Tyrell and he avoids them at all costs. Elliot’s mental instability is finally made explicit when he remembers that Darlene is actually his sister. Nothing is trustworthy now. EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: Like Episode 6, this one is named after a character. White Rose is the most sought out hacker in the world and the gang has been trying to get him to collaborate from the beginning. But unlike Episode 6, this one has a stronger connection to the tech world. White Rose was the name of a non-violent, intellectual resistance group that began at the University of Munich during the reign of Nazi Germany. Using graffiti and leaflets, the group urged fellow students and intelligentsia to stand up against the Nazi regime and highlighted atrocities that the average German may not have been aware of due to the propaganda machines of the Third Reich. After core members were executed, the sixth leaflet by White Rose was smuggled out and Allied aircrafts spammed Germans by dropping thousands of copies from the sky. Some might say that, in their own way, the White Rose group was the original Anonymous. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: The biggest relationship to the plot is simply the titular, long-awaited meetup with White Rose, played by B. D. Wong. The big hack is going to go down now. But, perhaps more importantly, while Elliot and Darlene celebrate he leans in to kiss her which causes her to recoil and explain that he ""forgot"" that she's his sister, ""again."" This jars Elliot’s memory and we realize that nothing we’ve seen can be trusted. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: Are Elliot and company’s motives and methods are for good or evil? The relationship of the hackers to the real life anti-Nazi group makes us question just how pure this resistance really is. Is unfettered capitalism really as clear-cut an enemy as Hitler? Really? Is it worse? Are Elliot’s enemy’s really more of a figment of his imagination? Does he even have any idea what he's been trying to do?episode nineeps1.8_ m1rr0r1ng. qt FILE TYPE: Vid

Tyrell loses his job and goes to fsociety headquarters. EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: In computational terms mirroring has many applications. In essence, it refers to an exact, real-time copy of something. Disk mirroring, for instance, refers to the replication of disk volumes onto other physical drives simultaneously. This ensures continuous availability of the data, even in the event of failure on one drives part. Screen mirroring refers to an exact, real-time display of one screen onto another. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: Let’s get the really on-the-nose part out of the way first. Yes, when Elliot has been looking at Mr. Robot he has pretty much been looking into a mirror. Elliot also realizes that the trauma he’s carried after being pushed out a window by his father as a child was, in fact, a misremembered episode. Elliot actually threw himself out the window and does it again when he tries to push Mr. Robot. Tyrell feels he’s been wronged by E-Corp and mirrors the hackers decision to take action and bring the company down. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE CHARACTERS: As the episode begins, we are back in the 90’s at Elliot’s father’s computer repair shop, “Mr. Robot.” When a customer accuses Elliot of stealing 20 dollars from him and demands an apology, his father refuses and waits for him to leave. Elliot assumes he’s in trouble, but that’s not the case, when he asks why his father tells him, “Even though what you did was wrong, you’re still a good kid. And that guy was a prick. Sometimes that matters more.” Today, as a full grown hacker with some serious mental issues, Elliot is mirroring his father’s philosophy and taking it pretty damn far. Angela must decide whether she is willing to join E-Corp. While Colby tries to make the case that she can do more good from the inside, she certainly runs the risk of becoming a mirror image of everything she hates. The biggest question is how all of this is going to relate to Tyrell. He experienced a bit of mirroring himself when he was fired in a way that was just as humiliating as the firings he randomly handed out a few episodes ago. Is that enough to make him into a good guy? Does it matter if it’s just a personal vendetta if he’s aiding a good cause? There are a lot of existential mirrors running through this episode and we run the risk of stretching the metaphor too thin, so let’s just finish with some fun movie mirroring. In the opening scene, Elliot and his Dad decide to go see Pulp Fiction. Later, Elliot says “I’m pretty fucking far from ok,” one of Ving Rhames famous lines from the Tarantino flick. And finally, all of the Fight Club parallels are acknowledged when the episode ends with the same Pixies song, as a soft piano instrumental.episode teneps1.9_ zer0-day. av FILE TYPE: Document, format exclusive to the Final Draft screenwriting program ROOT OF THE TITLE: Zero-daye PISODE SUMMARY: Elliot wakes up in Tyrell's SUV, sans Tyrell. The hack has gone through and the world's financial markets are crumbling but Elliot has no memory of it and none of the members of fsociety know what happened. Angela settles in to her knew job as a PR flack at E Corp on the worst possible day.eps1.9_zer0-day.av, EXPERT EXPLANATION OF THE ROOT: A computer application vulnerability that exposes a flaw that could be exploited. The term comes from the fact that once the vulnerability is exposed, a developer has zero days to fix it. This is a critical vulnerability and must be addressed immediately. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE PLOT: Everyone has passed the point of no return, especially Elliot, who woke up to find the biggest hack in history already went down. He’s certainly somehow responsible, but has no clue what happened. He knows that there’s only one choice to clarify things: talking to Mr. Robot, who refuses to appear until Elliot tries to turn himself into the police. Angela has taken the job offer with E Corp and is beginning to understand what it will take to “do good from the inside.” E Corp is melting down. At a press event, the CTO Jason Plouffe attempts to assuage the public’s fears, but instead shoots himself in the head on live TV. It’s the worst PR disaster possible, but the CEO of E Corp shrugs it off and tells Angela’s she’s going to need some new shoes. Hers have blood on them. Here, she could choose to take her life into a different direction, but she sucks it up, gets new shoes and marches back to work. E Corp has found her bugs. She needs a job, and they can still dangle the carrot of having a direct influence on the corporation she supposedly hates. Everyone at fsociety is a taken aback that the hack went down, but have no time to find out what happened. They execute the cleanup plan, burning all their hardware and throwing a huge party at headquarters in order to get as many fingerprints on everything as possible. From the looks of it, not only have the characters passed the point of no return, so has the entire planet. Debt may have been erased, the markets are in free fall, masked fans of fsociety run through the streets and a new world has been born. HOW THE TITLE RELATES TO THE Characters: Elliot seems to be coming to grips with his split personalities. After all, he can’t just keep blacking out and waking up to find out one of them started a revolution. His conversations with Mr. Robot seem to be getting more productive and he’s understanding intuitively that anything Mr. Robot knows, he knows as well. He’s pushed through the haze he’s going to have to learn how to cope with it. Angela has made her decision to stick with E Corp despite a million warning signs. She has an ethical minefield ahead of her. Who is she know? We don’t know for sure, but she when she snaps into executive mode and tells off a terrified shoe salesman, it doesn’t seem to be an act. While fsociety is pressing forward despite all of the confusion, Darlene seems to be ignoring reality to celebrate. One of the most ideologically dedicated to the cause, she is also the only one that knows how screwed up Elliot really is. Can she keep her head on her shoulders or will she drink the Kool-Aid of her own cause? Rhett Jones Author Peter Yeh Information Security expert Hacking term consultant "


what does pilgrim mean

Pilgrimpil′grim, n. one who travels to a distance to visit a sacred place: a wanderer: a traveller: a silk screen formerly attached to the back of a woman's bonnet to protect the neck: ( slang) a new-comer.— adj. of or pertaining to a pilgrim: like a pilgrim: consisting of pilgrims.— ns.

Definitions &Translations

Princeton's Word Net (2.60 / 5 votes)Rate this definition:pilgrim (noun)someone who journeys in foreign lands Pilgrim, Pilgrim Father (noun)one of the colonists from England who sailed to America on the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620pilgrim (noun)someone who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:pilgrim (Noun)One who travels, especially on a journey to visit sites of religious significance. Pilgrim (Noun)someone connected with Plymouth Argyle Football Club, as a fan, player, coach etc. Pilgrim (Proper Noun)A settler of the Plymouth Colony. Usually used in plural. Origin: (early 13th century) pilegrim, from pelegrin (11th century), from peregrinus (English peregrine), a derivation from peregre; see per- + agri (from which English agri-). Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Pilgrim (noun)a wayfarer; a wanderer; a traveler; a stranger Pilgrim (noun)one who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee; as, a pilgrim to Loretto; Canterbury pilgrims. See Palmer Pilgrim (adj)of or pertaining to a pilgrim, or pilgrims; making pilgrimages Pilgrim (verb)to journey; to wander; to ramble Origin: [OE. pilgrim, pelgrim, pilegrim, pelegrim; cf. D. pelgrim, OHG. piligrm, G. pilger, F. plerin, It. pellegrino; all fr. L. peregrinus a foreigner, fr. pereger abroad; per through + ager land, field. See Per-, and Acre, and cf. Pelerine, Peregrine. ]Freebase (2.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition: Pilgrim A pilgrim is a traveler who is on a journey to a holy place. Typically, this is a physical journeying to some place of special significance to the adherent of a particular religious belief system. In the spiritual literature of Christianity, the concept of pilgrim and pilgrimage may refer to the experience of life in the world or to the inner path of the spiritual aspirant from a state of wretchedness to a state of beatitude. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:

Pil′grimage, the journey of a pilgrim: a journey to a shrine or other sacred place: the time taken for a pilgrimage: the journey of life, a lifetime; Pil′grim-bott′le, a flat bottle holed at the neck for a cord.— Pilgrim fathers, the colonists who went to America in the ship Mayflower, and founded New England in 1620; Pilgrim's shell, a cockle-shell used as a sign that one had visited the Holy Land; Pilgrim's staff, a long staff which pilgrims carried as a sort of badge. [O. Fr. pelegrin (Fr. pèlerin )—L. peregrinus, foreigner, stranger— pereger, a traveller— per, through, ager, land. ]Suggested Resources (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:pilgrim Song lyrics by pilgrim -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by pilgrim on the Lyrics.com website. Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of pilgrim in Chaldean Numerology is: 4Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of pilgrim in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3Sample Sentences & Example Usage John Wayne: Pilgrim!John Wayne: I Hate Tricks Pilgrim John Wayne: Well Good Luck Pilgrim John Wayne: Take 'er easy there, pilgrim John Wayne: Think Ya Can Make It Pilgrim? Images & Illustrations of pilgrim


how much should one person spend on groceries a month

So our grocery budget went back up. Right now, we budget $460 for groceries for the two of us. That’s $230 per person per month. This seems like a good amount that can stay the same over the next few months if food prices don’t adjust too much. Keep in mind that all our grocery money goes toward food – not any other items you’d find at the grocery store.

How Much Should You Spend on Groceries?

Our groceries budget has fluctuated over the past couple of years. It started high, then went down pretty low, and now it is up again. I want to ask you, the readers, how much you spend on groceries so that we can all learn some valuable tips!Our Grocery Budget Story When my wife and I got married, we knew we had to start a budget. To be on the same page in our finances, a budget was something we could both look to for guidance when we were out and about shopping. It was an exciting time figuring out our income and expenses (although both looked pretty grim). Looking at my pre-marriage expenses, I found that I spent just a tad too much at Burger King and KFC (understatement). And Starbucks was on my wife’s list of regular stops throughout the month. So, we realized that we were spending way too much on food – especially eating out. I estimate I alone was spending about $400 to $500 on eating out. Yikes! Something had to change. So we set up our “fun money” envelopes to be designated for anything including eating out. We also grabbed an envelope for groceries to keep those expenses in line. If I remember correctly, we started out around $600 which was designated for groceries and worked our way down to bare bones over the next couple of months. Our grocery budget went down to about $300. But then I read a book by Jack La Lanne on nutrition and fitness. Uh oh, now I had to spend more on whole foods. I realized that saving money wasn’t really worth losing my health to diabetes.

We have separate categories for household items like toilet paper and toothpaste. How Much Should You Spend on Groceries? It depends. What are your goals? Are you looking to just scrape by so that you can follow a plan to get out of debt? Or are you looking to improve your health and spend a little more on your grocery budget? Another thing that affects how much you spend on groceries is how you pay for groceries. We pay cash because it’s a great way to see quickly how much money we have left for the month. Others spend using a debit card. If you’re going to take this route, you can save some money by getting a cash back debit card!Where you live also has an affect on how much money you should spend on groceries. As you already know, there are so many variables that go into determining how much you should spend on groceries. I think the answer is going to be different for everyone, so that’s why I’d like to ask for your input in the comments. Share Your Grocery Budget Below!Okay, here’s the deal. We can all benefit from learning about each other’s grocery budget, so leave a comment below with the following information: How much you spend on groceries per person per month in your household. Share how you typically pay for your groceries: the envelope system, a card, or another means? If you’re in the United States, share what state you reside in. It’ll be interesting to get feedback from so many of you. If you’re reading through the comments, do us a favor and leave your own comment! I’ll meet you there and I’m looking forward to hearing from you!This article was originally published on Christian PF on November 6, 2011. Ready to Quit Living Paycheck-to-Paycheck? Just click to join 225,000+ others and take our FREE email course to better manage your money, pay off debt, and save! And get FREE access to our money-saving workshop ($29 value)!Related Articles: Article By John Read More From John Here FTC Disclosure of Material Connection: In order for us to maintain this website, some of the links in the post above may be affiliate links. Regardless, we only recommend products or services we use personally and/or believe will add value to readers. Read more here. Print This Post Published date: February 8, 2013


what is tosca automation tool

Tool Name: TOSCA Testsuite Category: Test Management Tool Company: TRICENTIS Technology & Consulting Gmb H Latest Version: 7.2.1 Summary: TOSCA Testsuite is a software tool for the automated execution of functional and regression software testing. In addition to test automation functions, TOSCA includes integrated test management, a graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface (CLI) and an application programming interface (API).

TOSCA Testsuite

"TOSCA Testsuite TOSCA Testsuite

TOSCA Testsuite is developed by the Austrian software company TRICENTIS Technology & Consulting Gmb H based in Vienna. In 2011, TOSCA was included in Gartner Inc.’s """"Magic Quadrant for Integrated Software Quality Suites"""" report as a “visionary. Read more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSCA_Testsuite Key Features: Business dynamic steering: the concept behind TOSCA Commander is a model-driven approach to make """"the entire test, and not just the input data, dynamic"""". Test cases are built by dragging and dropping modules and entering validation values and actions. The dynamization of the test is supposed to enable a business-based description of manual and automated test cases so test cases can be designed, specified, automated and maintained by non-technical users (SMEs). The main features of Tosca Testsuite include the generation of dynamic, synthetic test data, highly automated business dynamic steering of test case generation and the unified handling and executing of manual and automated as well as GUI and non-GUI tests. In addition, test cases can be weighted according to their importance in the smooth running of the business process. In this way, TOSCA provides detailed reporting, which shows the impact of existing technical weak points on the fulfillment of requirements. Fecher, for example, uses the test tool in new developments and application and database migration projects. Supported Platform: The automation of software tests is supported for the following technologies: Programming languages and frameworks: Delphi, . NET including WPF, Java Swing/SWT/AWT, Visual Basic Application development environments: Gupta, Power Builder Web browsers: Explorer, Firefox Host applications in 3270, 5250Key application programs: SAP, Siebel Single-position application programs: Outlook, Excel Hardware & protocols: USB execution, Flash, SOAP ( Web Services), ODBCDownload free trail: http://tosca-testsuite.com/de/tosca/trial Advertise Here Functional Testing Tools QTP | SAHI | Test Bench | Test Optimal Performance Tools Loadrunner | Neo Load | Open STA | RTIBug Tracking Tools Bugzilla | Fixx | Jira | Mantis Like1 member likes this Share Tweet Facebook Facebook Comment You need to be a member of Quality Testing to add comments!Join Quality Testing "


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