refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to the central nervous system.

What is Sensation?

Learning Objectives Define sensation and explain its connection to the concepts of absolute threshold, difference threshold, and subliminal messages

The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as transduction. You have probably learned since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and temperature (thermoception). The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold. Absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time. Another way to think about this is by asking how dim can a light be or how soft can a sound be and still be detected half of the time. The sensitivity of our sensory receptors can be quite amazing. It has been estimated that on a clear night, the most sensitive sensory cells in the back of the eye can detect a candle flame 30 miles away (Okawa & Sampath, 2007). Under quiet conditions, the hair cells (the receptor cells of the inner ear) can detect the tick of a clock 20 feet away (Galanter, 1962). It is also possible for us to get messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness—these are called subliminal messages. A stimulus reaches a physiological threshold when it is strong enough to excite sensory receptors and send nerve impulses to the brain: This is an absolute threshold. A message below that threshold is said to be subliminal: We receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it. Over the years there has been a great deal of speculation about the use of subliminal messages in advertising, rock music, and self-help audio programs. Research evidence shows that in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of awareness. But this does not mean that we obey these messages like zombies; in fact, hidden messages have little effect on behavior outside the laboratory (Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980; Rensink, 2004; Nelson, 2008; Radel, Sarrazin, Legrain, & Gobancé, 2009; Loersch, Durso, & Petty, 2013). Dig Deeper: Unconscious Perception These days, most scientific research on unconscious processes is aimed at showing that people do not need consciousness for certain psychological processes or behaviors. One such example is attitude formation. The most basic process of attitude formation is through mere exposure (Zajonc, 1968). Merely perceiving a stimulus repeatedly, such as a brand on a billboard one passes every day or a song that is played on the radio frequently, renders it more positive. Interestingly, mere exposure does not require conscious awareness of the object of an attitude. In fact, mere-exposure effects occur even when novel stimuli are presented subliminally for extremely brief durations (e.g., Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980). Intriguingly, in such subliminal mere-exposure experiments, participants indicate a preference for, or a positive attitude towards, stimuli they do not consciously remember being exposed to. Another example of modern research on unconscious processes is research on priming. In a well-known experiment by a research team led by the American psychologist John Bargh (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996), half the participants were primed with the stereotype of the elderly by doing a language task (they had to make sentences on the basis of lists of words). These lists contained words commonly associated with the elderly (e.g., “old,” “bingo,” “walking stick,” “Florida”). The remaining participants received a language task in which the critical words were replaced by words not related to the elderly. After participants had finished they were told the experiment was over, but they were secretly monitored to see how long they took to walk to the nearest elevator. The primed participants took significantly longer. That is, after being exposed to words typically associated with being old, they behaved in line with the stereotype of old people: being slow. Such priming effects have been shown in many different domains. For example, Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) demonstrated that priming can improve intellectual performance. They asked their participants to answer 42 general knowledge questions taken from the game Trivial Pursuit. Under normal conditions, participants answered about 50% of the questions correctly. However, participants primed with the stereotype of professors—who are by most people seen as intelligent—managed to answer 60% of the questions correctly. Conversely, performance of participants primed with the “dumb” stereotype of hooligans dropped to 40%. Absolute thresholds are generally measured under incredibly controlled conditions in situations that are optimal for sensitivity. Sometimes, we are more interested in how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them. This is known as the just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold. Unlike the absolute threshold, the difference threshold changes depending on the stimulus intensity. As an example, imagine yourself in a very dark movie theater. If an audience member were to receive a text message on her cell phone which caused her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the theater. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit arena during a basketball game, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. Ernst Weber proposed this theory of change in difference threshold in the 1830s, and it has become known as Weber’s law: The difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus, as the example illustrates. Think It Over1. Think of a novel example of how just noticeable difference can change as a function of stimulus intensity. Show Answer


what states are reciprocal with massachusetts

The following group of eleven states offers complete reciprocity with Massachusetts: CT, RI, WV, NE, IA, TN, MI, CO, GA, PA, and NM. In addition, there are four states with specific conditions for real estate license reciprocity: OK, NY, NH and ME.

FTRS Blog Massachusetts Real Estate License Reciprocity Agreements Ian Henchy Freedom Trail Realty School, Inc. Want to skip straight to a particular state's reciprocity information? Click here for a list of every state's real estate reciprocity agreement with Massachusetts. Since we're a real estate school, we get a lot of questions about real estate license reciprocity; after all, people don't necessarily live in one state for their entire lives. Although some people are familiar with the concept, if you're moving to, or from, Massachusetts you might be wondering how to transfer a real estate license to another state. Do you need to retake the class? And what about the test? Or can you just transfer your license over? The good news is that, for eleven states, retaking the real estate class or test is unnecessary: in those cases you only need to pay a small application fee and submit a record of your license history for full practicing privileges in your new home state. In other words, you will have a reciprocal license. When it comes to those eleven states, real estate can continue to be your occupation without the hassle of having to retake a licensing class and examination. Other states get more complicated, so let's dig into how MA real estate license reciprocity works, and what the rules are for each state. Massachusetts Real Estate License Reciprocity Explained How is reciprocity in real estate defined? Reciprocity is the recognition of a license gained in one state by another. In other words, a person who passes the Massachusetts real estate licensing exam will be able to practice real estate in certain other states without being required to take another state's licensing course or examination, and vice-versa. As informative as the Massachusetts real estate salesperson licensing course is, we assume that most people would not want to rehash forty hours of very similar material in another state, nor pay for another licensing course. The same goes for people moving to Massachusetts from elsewhere. MA real estate reciprocity can often spare you these substantial inconveniences. Reciprocity, however, is not absolute, and requirements vary from state to state. Some states have complete reciprocity with Massachusetts, while others will require licensed real estate salespersons or brokers to have worked in the field for a number of years before a reciprocal real estate license is recognized. Other states offer no formal reciprocity whatsoever; Florida real estate license reciprocity with Massachusetts, for example, extends only so far as to offer an educational waiver under certain conditions, which means that real estate agents moving between Florida and Massachusetts must take the real estate license test in both states. A real estate salesperson therefore can't formally transfer their real estate license to or from a state like Florida directly, though they may be exempt from certain aspects of the licensing process due to their prior licensure. Aside from other states recognizing a salesperson license, Massachusetts attorneys and law students may not have to complete the required forty hours of in-class education. Though there is a definite benefit to taking the real estate licensing course, Massachusetts law students who have taken a course in property law are able to sit for the real estate salesperson examination directly without taking the forty hour course if they so desire. Massachusetts attorneys need only submit a letter of good standing from the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court along with an application fee. There is no examination required for licensed Massachusetts attorneys. Let's take an exhaustive look at what each of the fifty states requires for reciprocal licensure with Massachusetts. At the end of this list, you will find a handy summary of this information. Massachusetts Real Estate Reciprocity Agreements Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming License Reciprocity Summarized Alabama No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Alaska No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Arizona No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Arkansas No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). California No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for California real estate license reciprocity from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Colorado Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for Colorado real estate license reciprocity from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. For Colorado, an Employing Broker is equivalent to a Massachusetts Broker and an Associate Broker is equivalent to a Massachusetts Salesperson. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Connecticut Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Delaware No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Florida No license reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver for Florida real estate reciprocity, which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Georgia Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for Georgia real estate license reciprocity from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Hawaii No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Idaho No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Illinois No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Indiana No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for Indiana real estate license reciprocity from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Iowa Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Kansas No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Kentucky No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Louisiana No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Maine Brokers licensed for three (3) years must apply for an Educational Waiver which allows the Applicant to take only the Massachusetts State portion of the examination without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the Maine Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the Massachusetts State portion of the examination. Maryland No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Michigan No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Minnesota No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Mississippi Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Missouri No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Montana No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Nebraska Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Nevada Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission Nevada real estate license reciprocity showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). New Hampshire Salespersons and Brokers must apply for an Educational Waiver which allows the Applicant to take only the Massachusetts State portion of the examination without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the New Hampshire Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the Massachusetts State portion of the examination. New Jersey No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). New Mexico Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. New York Brokers licensed for two (2) years have complete reciprocity. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the New York Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non-refundable application fee of $ 52.00. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. North Carolina No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for North Carolina real estate license reciprocity from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). For North Carolina, a Provisional Broker is equivalent to a Massachusetts Salesperson. North Dakota No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Ohio No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Oklahoma Salespersons and Brokers that have been licensed for two (2) years have complete reciprocity. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the Oklahoma Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non-refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Oregon No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Pennsylvania Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Rhode Island Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. South Carolina No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). South Dakota No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Tennessee Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Texas No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for Texas real estate license reciprocity from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Utah No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Vermont No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Virginia No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History for Virginia real estate license reciprocity from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Washington No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). West Virginia Complete reciprocity for both Salespersons and Brokers. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from the appropriate State's Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address, birthday and a non- refundable application fee of $ 52.00 for Brokers and $ 31.00 for Salespersons. Certified Records are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Massachusetts license application. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Reciprocal Application. There is no examination. Wisconsin No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). Wyoming No reciprocity with Massachusetts. An Applicant must apply for an Education Waiver which allows the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination at the level of licensure in the other State without completing Massachusetts pre-licensure education. An Applicant must remit a Certified Record of License History from their Real Estate Commission showing a current license along with a cover letter that includes the Applicant's name, mailing address and request for an Educational Waiver. Educational Waivers are valid for two (2) years. Certified Records of License History are valid for 90 days and must be valid at the issuance of the Educational Waiver. Once the Board receives and reviews the materials, the Board will mail the Applicant a Candidate Handbook that authorizes the Applicant to take the entire Real Estate examination (General portion and Massachusetts State portion of the examination). License Reciprocity Summarized Whew. That was quite a bit to take in, so let us summarize.

No other states offer any sort of formal reciprocity, though an educational waiver may be granted in some cases on an individual basis. The realization that you could potentially practice or co-broker deals in eleven states upon passing the Massachusetts real estate salesperson licensing examination should help motivate you to study extra hard. And if you're coming from another state that has license reciprocity with Massachusetts, it still doesn't hurt to take an online real estate class to brush up on Massachusetts' real estate rules. Happy studying, and enjoy your new found understanding of real estate reciprocity!More blog posts from Freedom Trail Realty School, Inc. How To Get Your Real Estate License In MAWhat is the average real estate agent salary? All About Real Estate Classes in MACan I take the Massachusetts real estate course online?


what is the science of mapmaking called

: What is cartography? A. the science of mapmaking B. the science of shipbuilding C. the science of charting direction on a ship D. the science of measuring distances on the ocean A: Cartography is the science of map making A.

Question and answer Q

Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)What is cartography? A. the science of mapmaking B. the science of shipbuilding C. the science of charting direction on a ship D. the science of measuring distances on the ocean Original conversation User: What is cartography? A. the science of mapmaking B. the science of shipbuilding C. the science of charting direction on a ship D. the science of measuring distances on the ocean Weegy: Cartography is the science of map making A. lisawelch |Points 5688|User: How was religion involved in Prince Henry's exploration goals? A. He hoped to spread the religion of Islam to remote regions of the world. B. Money from the pope was the main source of funding for the voyages of exploration of Prince Henry. C. Prince Henry hoped to convert or conquer non-Christian regions or empires. D. Only voyages that were blessed by the pope were allowed to pass the west African coast. Weegy: D. Only voyages that were blessed by the pope were allowed to pass the west African coast. feurem |Points 1965|User: Which of the following was NOT a benefit of later Portuguese explorations along the west African coast? A. Further explorations brought new trade opportunities for Portugal. B. Each voyage brought a better understanding of the continent. C. Information gathered by explorers brought the realization that the Atlantic and Indian oceans were connected. D. Voyages of exploration allowed for an increase in middlemen, who raised the costs of traded goods. Weegy: Information gathered by explorers brought the realization that the Atlantic and Indian oceans were connected. Expert answered| jeifunk |Points 7719|Log in for more information. Question Asked 11/8/2012 4:29:57 AM0 Answers/Comments New answers Rating There are no new answers. Comments There are no comments. Add an answer or comment Log in or sign up first.


gendered phenomenon definition

Definition of natural gender: the phenomena in a language that resemble grammatical gender but are notthe use of the pronoun she in the sentence the girl may do as she likes is an instance of natural gender, since the choice of the pronoun she is not determined by the noun girl but by the actual sex of the person to whom the noun girl refers

natural gender

natural gendernoun Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLTime Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared

There's more!Love words? You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes Advanced search features Ad free!Join Our Free Trial Now!Already a subscriber? Log in. Seen and Heard What made you want to look up natural gender? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show


markdown meaning

A markdown is a devaluation of a product based upon its inability to be sold at the original planned selling price. An example of a markdown would be if you had a sweater for sale that was originally priced at $100 and after one month of slow sales, you decide to markdown the sweater to 20% off, making it $80 at retail.

When you are running your own business, you know how important every penny is. So when it comes time to give a discount or markdown your product, you need to first understand the difference between the two.

Although you just lost $20 of your intended markup on that sweater, you are also inviting more people to purchase it at a price they may prefer than the original $100. Since the sweater had not been selling well at $100, offering a nice, markdowned price can often result in sales that would not happen otherwise. Hopefully a 20% discount will do the trick, however often you will find that you need to continue your markdown strategies based on slow sales, moving product from 20% off to 30%, 40% and more if necessary. Of course, this all should come in time. Don’t rush it but don’t wait too long, either. You want to sell the product while it’s still relevant to the season, the trends, and more. A discount is a reduction in the price of an item or transaction based upon the customer making the purchase. Examples of this would be an employee discount, senior citizen discount, and frequent-buyer discount. Many retailers offer discounts because they find that customers return to their store versus others because of the discount provided to them. They often enjoy the advantages they feel that discounts often give, such as being a preferred customer and therefore getting special treatment. Some boutiques offer friends and families discounts, which benefits both the retailer and those getting the discounts. If you are getting business because you are offering discounts versus letting potential customers be more selective as to where they shop since they do not have any special treatment from anywhere, then you are making money you would’t be otherwise. It’s a win-win on both sides. How much you decide to provide in your discounts is up to you, but I think 10% is just a little kind, with 15% being more friendly and 20% being great. More generous discounts, such as 30%, 40%, or even more should be made with careful consideration. Afterall, you are trying to run a business and make money doing so!Both a markdown and a discount can be temporary or permanent, depending on how you market them to your customers. An example of a temporary discount would be if recent high school granduates received a percentage off all their purchases with proof of diploma witihin 30 days of graduation. A temporary markdown example would be if you had a one day sale, offering markdowned prices for only a specific amount of time. Temporary discounts and markdowns are commonly used at retail to entice consumers and should always be considered in your marketing strategies. You can use both discounts and markdowns as part of your sales strategy to help make the most out of your inventory sell thru and ultimately, your sales goals. Too often I have visited boutiques that do not markdown their product at all. Months later I will visit the same boutiques and find that many of the same, regular priced items are sitting on the shelves at the same price. Customers have the right to be selective in their shopping decisions, as do you as a buyer of your store. But it needs to be recognized sometimes that all your store purchases may not be slam dunks. Nearly all stores have markdowns at one time or another, and almost always at the end of a season. Wasting your retail floor space with products that are not selling will not help you at all, so consider how markdowns and discounts may be able to work for you in your sales strategy. Related Post How Can Stock Control Systems Benefit Your Busines... Business Loans: What Can You Afford? New and Upcoming Tech for Tracking Customer Behavi... 7 Tips to Help Increase Your Online Reviews Spread the love


can young living peppermint essential oil be put in water

t. *Find more tips from Young Living on how to use Peppermint essential oil. Peppermint Tips from Young Living Facebook Fans:“I keep a small spray bottle on my desk at work with peppermint oil and water. When I’m feeling foggy or tired (not often), I spritz a little around my head and in the air over my desk.

How to Use Peppermint Essential Oil

How to Use Peppermint Essential Oil3Peppermint essential oil has a strong, clean, and minty aroma. As one of the most highly regarded herbs for soothing digestion, it may also restore digestive efficiency. *The beneficial effects of Peppermint essential oil have been well documented by science. Jean Valnet, MD, studied peppermint’s supportive effect on the liver and respiratory systems. Other scientists have also researched peppermint’s role in improving taste and smell when inhaled. Dr. William N. Dember of the University of Cincinnati studied peppermint’s ability to improve concentration and mental sharpness. Alan Hirsch, MD, studied peppermint’s ability to directly affect the brain’s satiety center, which triggers a sensation of fullness after meals. According to a recent study in The Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, peppermint oil may have a positive effect on exercise performance. Read our news release to learn more about this study. Peppermint can also be used to enhance the flavor of food and water. We suggest diluting this essential oil with Young Living’s V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex before topical application. Peppermint Tips from Young Living: Rub one drop on the temples, forehead, over the sinuses (careful to avoid contact with your eyes), and on the back of the neck to relieve head pressure. *Place 2 drops on the tongue and rub another drop of oil under the nose to help improve concentration and alertness. Apply to the back of the neck and shoulders throughout the day to keep energy up. Diffuse or inhale mid-morning to curb the desire to snack. Inhale or rub a drop on your abdomen to soothe minor stomach discomfor

It’s a good perk up and better than soda or candy!” – Teresa T., Distributor“Put a drop on your tongue for fresh breath.” – Lou B., Star“I found out by accident that it is great to remove spruce gum from hair and clothing. The spruce gum just brushes right out.” – Julie L., Distributor“I love peppermint oil and so do my cats. I put one drop on a cat toy, and one of the cats starts licking it right away.” – Jeannette S., Star Do you have any tips to share on how to use Peppermint essential oil? If so, please leave a comment. *This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.« Previous Post Young Living Founder and CEO D. Gary Young Loves Ning Xia Nitro Next Post » DIY: Young Living Product Tips for Pets Share Tweet* Please note that all comments are moderated and won't appear immediately. Additionally, some posts may be slightly modified or deleted to maintain compliance with Young Living's Policies and Procedures and federal regulations. To ensure your comments are compliant, please refer to the Suggested Product Claims document.


what does sni mean

What is SNI? Server Name Indication is a crucial component of SSL that oftentimes goes under the radar. SNI is what allows multiple websites to exist on the same IP address. Without SNI, each hostname would require its own IP address in order for an SSL certificate to be installed. However, SNI solves this problem. Now, what does all that mean?

What is Server Name Indication (SNI)?

( 2 votes, average: 5.00 out of 5)Facebook Twitter Google + Linked In Mail November 17, 2017 0What is Server Name Indication (SNI)? SNI: Running multiple SSL certificates on the same IP Address

Let’s Hash it Out. Why Name-Based Hosts Don’t Work Well with SSLBack in the olden days, which in internet years means 2007, you would solve the issue of multiple websites being hosted on same IP address with name-based hosts. Basically, when a client requests a particular website, it uses a unique HTTP header that includes the intended hostname. In response, the server matches this header to the intended website and transports the user there. Where this breaks down is when HTTPS enters the picture. That’s because SSL requires an SSL handshake before an encrypted connection can be made between a client and a server. The HTTP header that contained the intended hostname wouldn’t be downloaded until after the handshake has been completed, which means that the server wouldn’t know which website to make the connection to. What is SNI? Server Name Indication is an extension to the SSL/TLS protocol that allows multiple SSL certificates to be hosted on a single IP address. The way SNI does this is by inserting the HTTP header into the SSL handshake. Because the server can see the intended hostname during the handshake, it can connect the client to the requested website. Before Server Name Indication was created, each website that you wanted to encrypt had to have a unique IP address. This proved incredibly costly. It also had the unintended side effect of rapidly consuming IPv4 IP addresses. Let’s not go too far into the weeds here, but there are a finite number of IP addresses. IPv4 or Internet Protocol version 4, assigns addresses to each device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IPv4 IP address looks like this: There are only around 4 billion IPv4 IP addresses. Eventually, all 4 billion+ addresses WILL be depleted. But before SNI, they were going a lot faster. Server Name Indication helped to stave off that eventual depletion a little longer. Eventually, the internet will migrate to IPv6 IP addresses. There are potentially 340 undecillion IPv6 addresses—so that list should last a little longer. What does the future hold for SNI? The biggest concern over SNI was its scalability. At the outset, some believed that web browsers and servers wouldn’t adopt the technology fast enough. That concern proved to be largely unfounded though. Today, according to Akamai, almost 98% of the clients requesting an HTTPS-enabled site support SNI. RELATED: What is HSTS? What we Hashed Out (for skimmers)Here’s what we covered in today’s discussion: What is SNI? Server Name Indication allows multiple SSL certificates to be hosted on a single IP address SNI inserts the HTTP header into the SSL handshake to inform the server which website to connect to Today, 98% of clients requesting HTTPS support SNI#SNI


what happens to the boiling point when a solute is added to a solution

s. Because changes in the boiling point of the solvent ( T BP ) that occur when a solute is added to a solvent result from changes in the vapor pressure of the solvent, the magnitude of the change in the boiling point is also proportional to the mole fraction of the solute.

Colligative Properties Vapor Pressure Depression Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Colligative Properties Calculations Osmotic Pressure Vapor Pressure Depression Physical properties can be divided into two categories. Extensive properties (such as mass and volume) depend on the size of the sample. Intensive properties (such as density and concentration) are characteristic properties of the substance; they do not depend on the size of the sample being studied. This section introduces a third category that is a subset of the intensive properties of a system. This third category, known as colligative properties, can only be applied to solutions. By definition, one of the properties of a solution is a colligative property if it depends only on the ratio of the number of particles of solute and solvent in the solution, not the identity of the solute. Very few of the physical properties of a solution are colligative properties. As an example of this limited set of physical properties, let's consider what happens to the vapor pressure of the solvent when we add a solute to form a solution. We'll define P o as the vapor pressure of the pure liquid the solvent and P as the vapor pressure of the solvent after a solute has been added.

P o = vapor pressure of the pure liquid, or solvent P = vapor pressure of the solvent in a solution When the temperature of a liquid is below its boiling point, we can assume that the only molecules that can escape from the liquid to form a gas are those that lie near the surface of the liquid.

When a solute is added to the solvent, some of the solute molecules occupy the space near the surface of the liquid, as shown in the figure below. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the number of solvent molecules near the surface decreases, and the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases. This has no effect on the rate at which solvent molecules in the gas phase condense to form a liquid. But it decreases the rate at which the solvent molecules in the liquid can escape into the gas phase. As a result, the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from a solution should be smaller than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. P < P ovapor pressure of the solvent above a solution vapor pressure of the pure solvent Between 1887 and 1888, Francois-Marie Raoult showed that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent times the vapor pressure of the pure liquid. P = C solvent P ovapor pressure of the solvent above a solution vapor pressure of the pure solvent This equation, which is known as Raoult's law , is easy to understand. When the solvent is pure, and the mole fraction of the solvent is equal to 1, P is equal to P o . As the mole fraction of the solvent becomes smaller, the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution also becomes smaller. Let's assume, for the moment, that the solvent is the only component of the solution that is volatile enough to have a measurable vapor pressure. If this is true, the vapor pressure of the solution will be equal to the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution. Raoult's law suggests that the difference between the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the solution increases as the mole fraction of the solvent decreases.

The change in the vapor pressure that occurs when a solute is added to a solvent is therefore a colligative property. If it depends on the mole fraction of the solute, then it must depend on the ratio of the number of particles of solute to solvent in the solution but not the identity of the solute.

Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression The figure below shows the consequences of the fact that solutes lower the vapor pressure of a solvent. The solid line connecting points B and C in this phase diagram contains the combinations of temperature and pressure at which the pure solvent and its vapor are in equilibrium. Each point on this line therefore describes the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at that temperature. The dotted line in this figure describes the properties of a solution obtained by dissolving a solute in the solvent. At any given temperature, the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution is smaller than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. The dotted line therefore lies below the solid line. The decrease in the vapor pressure of the solvent that occurs when a solute is added to the solvent causes an increase in the boiling point and decrease in the melting point of the solution. According to this figure, the solution can't boil at the same temperature as the pure solvent. If the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution is smaller than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at any given temperature, the solution must be heated to a higher temperature before it boils. The lowering of the vapor pressure of the solvent that occurs when it is used to form a solution therefore increases the boiling point of the liquid. When phase diagrams were introduced, the triple point was defined as the only combination of temperature and pressure at which the gas, liquid, and solid can exist at the same time. The figure above shows that the triple point of the solution occurs at a lower temperature than the triple point of the pure solvent. By itself, the change in the triple point is not important. But it results in a change in the temperature at which the solution freezes or melts. To understand why, we have to look carefully at the line that separates the solid and liquid regions in the phase diagram. This line is almost vertical because the melting point of a substance is not very sensitive to pressure.

Adding a solute to a solvent doesn't change the way the melting point depends on pressure. The line that separates the solid and liquid regions of the solution is therefore parallel to the line that serves the same function for the pure solvent. This line must pass through the triple point for the solution, however.

The decrease in the triple point that occurs when a solute is dissolved in a solvent therefore decreases the melting point of the solution. The figure above shows how the change in vapor pressure that occurs when a solute dissolves in a solvent leads to changes in the melting point and the boiling point of the solvent as well.

Because the change in vapor pressure is a colligative property, which depends only on the relative number of solute and solvent particles, the changes in the boiling point and the melting point of the solvent are also colligative properties.

Colligative Properties Calculations The best way to demonstrate the importance of colligative properties is to examine the consequences of Raoult's law. Raoult found that the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent. P = C solvent P o

But the vapor pressure of a solvent is not a colligative property. Only the change in the vapor pressure that occurs when a solute is added to the solvent can be included among the colligative properties of a solution.

Because pressure is a state function, the change in the vapor pressure of the solvent that occurs when a solute is added to the solvent can be defined as the difference between the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution.

P = P o - PSubstituting Raoult's law into this equation gives the following result. P = P o - C solvent P o = (1 - C solvent ) P o This equation can be simplified by remembering the relationship between the mole fraction of the solute and the mole fraction of the solvent. C solute + C solvent = 1Substituting this relationship into the equation that defines P gives another form of Raoult's law. P = C solute P o This equation reminds us that the change in the vapor pressure of the solvent that occurs when a solute is added to the solvent is proportional to the mole fraction of the solute. As more solute is dissolved in the solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases, and the change in the vapor pressure of the solvent increase

T BP = k b solute In dilute solutions, the mole fraction of the solute is proportional to the molality of the solution, as shown in the figure below. The equation that describes the magnitude of the boiling point elevation that occurs when a solute is added to a solvent is therefore often written as follows. T BP = k b m Here, T BP is the boiling point elevation -- the change in the boiling point that occurs when a solute dissolves in the solvent and k b is a proportionality constant known as the molal boiling point elevation constant for the solvent. A similar equation can be written to describe what happens to the freezing point (or melting point) of a solvent when a solute is added to the solvent. T FP = - k f m In this equation, T FP is the freezing point depression the change in the freezing point that occurs when the solute dissolves in the solvent -- and k f is the molal freezing point depression constant for the solvent. A negative sign is used in this equation to indicate that the freezing point of the solvent decreases when a solute is added. Values of k f and k b as well as the freezing points and boiling points for a number of pure solvents are given in the tables below. Freezing Point Depression Constants Compound Freezing Point ( o C) k f ( o C/m)water 0 1.853acetic acid 16.66 3.90benzene 5.53 5.12p -xylene 13.26 4.3naphthalene 80.29 6.94cyclohexane 6.54 20.0carbon tetrachloride -22.95 29.8camphor 178.75 37.7Boiling Point Elevation Constants Compound Boiling Point ( o C) k b ( o C/m)water 100 0.515ethyl ether 34.55 1.824carbon disulfide 46.23 2.35benzene 80.10 2.53c arbon tetrachloride 76.75 4.48camphor 207.42 5.611Practice Problem 6: Calculate the molecular weight of sulfur if 35.5 grams of sulfur dissolve in 100.0 grams of CS 2 to produce a solution that has a boiling point of 49.48 o C. Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 6Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 6Practice Problem 7: Determine the molecular weight of acetic acid if a solution that contains 30.0 grams of acetic acid per kilogram of water freezes at -0.93 o C. Do these results agree with the assumption that acetic acid has the formula CH 3 CO 2 H? Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 7Click here to see a solution to Practice Problem 7What would happen in the calculation in Practice Problem 7 were repeated with a stronger acid, such as hydrochloric acid? Practice Problem 8: Explain why an 0.100 m solution of HCl dissolved in benzene has a freezing point depression of 0.512 o C, while an 0.100 m solution of HCl in water has a freezing point depression of 0.352 o C. Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 8In 1884 Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff introduced another term into the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation expressions to explain the colligative properties of solutions of compounds that dissociate when they dissolve in water. T FP = - k f ( i) m Substituting the experimental value for the freezing point depression of an 0.100 m HCl solution into this equation gives a value for the i term of 1.89. If HCl did not dissociate in water, i would be 1. If it dissociates completely, i would be 2. The experimental value of 1.89 suggests at least 95% of the HCl molecules dissociate in this solution. Practice Problem 9: Explain why 0.60 grams of acetic acid dissolve in 200 grams of benzene to form a solution that lowers the freezing point of benzene to 5.40 o C. Click here to check your answer to Practice Problem 9Osmotic Pressure In 1784, the French physicist and clergyman Jean Antoine Nollet discovered that a pig's bladder filled with a concentrated solution of alcohol in water expanded when it was immersed in water. The bladder acted as a semipermeable membrane , which allowed water molecules to enter the solution, but kept alcohol molecules from moving in the other direction. Movement of one component of a solution through a membrane to dilute the solution is called osmosis, and the pressure this produces is called the osmotic pressure () . Osmotic pressure can be demonstrated with the apparatus shown in the figure below. A semipermeable membrane is tied across the open end of a thistle tube. The tube is then partially filled with a solution of sugar or alcohol in water and immersed in a beaker of water. Water will flow into the tube until the pressure on the column of water due to the force of gravity balances the osmotic pressure driving water through the membrane. Water flows through the semipermeable membrane to dilute the alcohol solution until the force of gravity pulling down on the column of this solution balances the osmotic pressure pushing the water through the membrane. The same year that Raoult discovered the relationship between the vapor pressure of a solution and the vapor pressure of a pure solvent, Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff found that the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution ( ) obeyed an equation analogous to the ideal gas equation.= n RTVThis equation suggests that osmotic pressure is another example of a colligative property, because this pressure depends on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the volume of the solution n / V not the identity of the solute particles. It also reminds us of the magnitude of osmotic pressure. According to this equation, a 1.00 M solution has an osmotic pressure of 22.4 atm at 0 o C. This means that a 1.00 M solution should be able to support a column of water 670 inches, or almost 56 feet, tall!Biologists and biochemists often take advantage of osmotic pressure when they isolate the components of a cell. When a cell is added to an aqueous solution that contains a much higher concentration of ions than the liquid within the cell, water leaves the cell by flowing through the cell membrane until the cell shrinks so much that the membrane breaks. Alternatively, when a cell is placed in a solution that has a much smaller ionic strength, water pours into the cell, and the cell expands until the cell membrane bursts.


thermo fisher scientific benefits

One of the best benefits of working for Thermo Fisher Scientific is their take of Short Term Disability. Most companies make you file with the State you live in and you can wait 3-4 months to receive your payment. Thermo Fisher pays you and they have an additional insurance that pays you to make you close to whole.

Thermo Fisher Scientific Benefits

Thermo Fisher Scientific Benefits All Employees All Employees Contract Intern Part-time Full-time Seasonal Self-Employed Temporary USGermany USUKSwitzerland Canada Brazil Mexico Czech Republic Australia Taiwan Netherlands India South Africa France Italy Singapore Costa Rica New Zealand Spain3.6 353 Ratings Employer Summary We strive to bring together and develop extraordinary colleagues who share our passion for making significant contributions to the world. One way we do this is by offering a competitive pay and benefits package, called My Total Rewards, tailored to meet the diverse needs of our colleagues around the globe - at every stage of their personal and professional lives. Employee Benefit Reviews Showing 1–10 of 355 comments Most Commented Health Insurance Health Insurance (91 comments)“Co Pay and Co Insurance are high”401K Plan401K Plan (87 comments)“Matches at 6%, allows money to be borrowed after $2k threshold.”Vacation & Paid Time Off Vacation & Paid Time Off (68 comments)“Cannot accumulate paid time off”Apr 10, 2018Former Employee in Santa Clara, California Benefits package offered is below average for San Francisco bay Area markets Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Apr 10, 2018Current Employee in Freeport, Texas The best thing is that the benefits start right away. You get a lot of options for families and they are cheaper compared to others I have seen. Employee discounts have saved tons on travel expenses, car rentals, and gym memberships. Paid time off starts with 120 hours and additional for floating holidays and other factors that vary by site. Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Mar 30, 2018Former Quality inspector in Fairport, New York State Decent health insurance, great 401k Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Mar 26, 2018Current Employee in Carlsbad, California401k Match is higher than most companies similar Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Mar 20, 2018Current IT Senior Project Manager in Carlsbad, California Health insurance is very good. Also other benefits like life insurance, 401k, espp offered as well Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 1)Mar 05, 2018Current Associate Process Engineer in Allentown, Pennsylvania The best thing is they offer a great benefits package. Healthcare is never a concern, dollar for dollar 401k match up to 6%, 3 weeks paid vacation from day one (increasing for every year of service), great employee discounts. Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 1)Feb 20, 2018Former Employee in Cleveland, Ohio Thermo Fisher offers an excellent comprehensive benefits package for minimal cost to employees. Leave plans are very generous and the 401k retirement match is great. Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 1)Feb 28, 2018Current Employee in Madison, Wisconsin Overall decent benefits but their ESPP program is laughable. They have probably one of the worst programs in the country only offering 5% off market price at the end of six months. There is no rolling price cap or even a decent percent off the market price. You're probably better off dollar cost averaging your stock purchases if you plan on investing in the company. Perhaps not a benefit but their travel policy is …Show More Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful ( 1)Feb 07, 2018Former Director in Carlsbad, California

Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Feb 15, 2018Current Engineer in South San Francisco, California Barebones...health plan is not cheap and doesn't offer the best networks. Vacation is minimal for the industry. Flag as Inappropriate Flag as Inappropriate Helpful Previous1 2 3 4 5Next Benefits Summary List based on reports from current and former employees. It may not be complete. Legend: Checkmark Employer Verified No Data Insurance, Health & Wellness Checkmark Health Insurance (269)Checkmark Dental Insurance (86)Checkmark Flexible Spending Account (FSA) (85)Checkmark Vision Insurance (80)Checkmark Health Savings Account (HSA) (83)Checkmark Life Insurance (82)Checkmark Supplemental Life Insurance (75)Checkmark Disability Insurance (73)Checkmark Occupational Accident Insurance (60)Checkmark Health Care On-Site (9)Checkmark Mental Health Care (57) Retiree Health & Medical Checkmark Accidental Death & Dismemberment Insurance (78)Financial & Retirement Pension Plan Checkmark401K Plan (268)Checkmark Retirement Plan (190)Checkmark Employee Stock Purchase Plan (83)Checkmark Performance Bonus (67)Checkmark Stock Options (50)Checkmark Equity Incentive Plan (29)Checkmark Supplemental Workers' Compensation (54)Checkmark Charitable Gift Matching (63)Family & Parenting Checkmark Maternity & Paternity Leave (230)Checkmark Work From Home (79)Checkmark Fertility Assistance (22)Checkmark Dependent Care (42)Checkmark Adoption Assistance (46)Checkmark Childcare (15)Reduced or Flexible Hours Military Leave Checkmark Family Medical Leave (68)Checkmark Unpaid Extended Leave (56)Vacation & Time Off Checkmark Vacation & Paid Time Off (266)Checkmark Sick Days (56)Checkmark Paid Holidays (89)Checkmark Volunteer Time Off (45)Sabbatical Checkmark Bereavement Leave (71)Perks & Discounts Checkmark Employee Discount (200)Checkmark Free Lunch or Snacks (22)Checkmark Employee Assistance Program (77)Checkmark Gym Membership (37)Checkmark Commuter Checks & Assistance (45) Pet Friendly Workplace Checkmark Mobile Phone Discount (62) Company Car Checkmark Company Social Events (59)Checkmark Travel Concierge (26)Checkmark Legal Assistance (61)Professional Support Checkmark Diversity Program (60)Checkmark Job Training (55)Checkmark Professional Development (62)Checkmark Apprenticeship Program (26)Checkmark Tuition Assistance (71)Work at Thermo Fisher Scientific? Share Your Experiences Thermo Fisher Scientific Click to Rate Add a Salary Add Benefits


is clover good for erosion

PM »There are several different plants that make excellent ground cover and provide erosion control. Clover is just one. here is a link to several different types of plants that can be grown by seed and a source to purchase them from. http://www.seedman.com/ground.htm I am sure that there are others as well.

Hydroseeding Forums

"« previous next »Print Pages: [ 1] Go Down Author Topic: Clover for erosion control? (Read 5025 times)0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. Househitter Forum Member Posts: 76Clover for erosion control?« on: Fri August 13, 2004, 09:29:30 PM »Would like some feed back on this please. Will be seeding a terraced yard later next week and the customer wants a maintenence free cover for the slope. Now we are talking about a slope of 1.5:1 or better so it is steep. I suggested clover because of its agressive root system and vigerous growth. Plus it will look nice when flowering (both red and white). Does anybody else have any success stories with a ground cover for erosion control and maintenence free spot. Also I was going to put some extra poly locking fibers in the mix to help hold. In a situation like this do you think some kind of erosion control mat would be safer? If so which kind? and can you hydroseed over it? any help will be apprieciated. Ryan Logged Ryan Gardner Gardner & Sons Hydroseeding Turf & Ornamental Management Certified Applicator ""It's easier to do a job right the first time than to explain why you didn't""Turboguy Administrator Forum Legend Location: Beaver Falls, PAPosts: 5706Beaver Falls, PAclover« Reply #1 on: Fri August 13, 2004, 10:45:11 PM »We have done some jobs that were almost identical to the one you are talking about with good results. The one that comes to mind most is a church in Pittsburgh that was in a valley with very high hills on both sides about the same steepness as yours. We origionally talked to them about crown vetch and they wanted to reduce the cost. Clover seed is dirt cheep. I have often used extra nylon locking fibers on steep hillsides without a problem. I don't recall ever having one wash away and I have done slopes that were almost verticle. I have seeded over erosion control blankets, but I do like to seed first and then put the blanket down. Logged Turbo Turf HS-300-XPW +The new for next year HS-400-ZH.muddstopper Global Moderator Forum Legend Posts: 2307Clover for erosion control?« Reply #2 on: Fri August 13, 2004, 11:03:54

Logged""To provide knowledge, service and help without bias to those with an interest in our industry""Househitter Forum Member Posts: 76Clover for erosion control?« Reply #3 on: Sat August 14, 2004, 09:23:27 AM »Thanks for the replies. Mudd: thnx for the link Logged Ryan Gardner Gardner & Sons Hydroseeding Turf & Ornamental Management Certified Applicator ""It's easier to do a job right the first time than to explain why you didn't""muddstopper Global Moderator Forum Legend Posts: 2307Clover for erosion control?« Reply #4 on: Sat August 14, 2004, 08:01:36 PM »I should mention that not all the seeds on that site can be easily planted and not all of them are appropriate for use next to houses. Logged""To provide knowledge, service and help without bias to those with an interest in our industry""Print Pages: [ 1] Go Up« previous next »Hydroseeding Forums » Main Category » New to Hydro Seeding (Moderator: Lush Lawns) »Clover for erosion control? Jump to: "


which vitamins help heal bruises

Certain nutrients in your diet can contribute to the healing and prevention of bruising. Ensure you regularly get enough of vitamins C, K, B-12 and folate. Video of the Day

Foods That Help Bruises Heal Faster

Foods That Help Bruises Heal Fasterby STACEY PHILLIPS Aug. 14, 2017Tripping on the stairs, dropping an object on your foot or accidently running into something can all result in bruising your skin. Aging, vitamin deficiencies, certain medications and gender can also make you more susceptible to the two types of bruises -- hematomas or ecchymosis. These bruise types differ as ecchymosis is a blood collection under the skin causing a purple, flat bruise, while hematomas are more of a blood clot causing a painful, raised area.

Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Vitamin C Sources According to Cleveland Clinic recommendations, incorporating foods with vitamin C into your diet can help improve your body's response to a bruise. Your body cannot make this antioxidant, known for healing wounds and repairing tissues, and requires regular replenishment from the foods you eat. The recommended dietary allowance is 75 milligrams for women and 90 milligrams for men. Eating a balanced diet makes it simple to choose foods with plenty of vitamin C. Make a salad with spinach and red or green peppers, snack on fresh pineapple, cantaloupe or watermelon and drink an occasional glass of low-sodium tomato juice or unsweetened vitamin C-fortified beverages. Choosing Vitamin K Foods Vitamin K is a second nutrient needed for healing bruises. A deficiency in vitamin K can result in slow blood clotting and cause you to bruise more easily. To promote normal blood clotting, adequate intake of vitamin K for adults ranges from 90 to 120 micrograms per day. Main sources of vitamin K are leafy greens and small amounts of oils. Eat salads with spinach and kale, add Swiss chard or broccoli to pasta or soups and cook with canola or olive oil. Importance of Folate Recovery from bruising is supported by folate, one of the B vitamins. In foods requiring supplementation, folic acid is a synthetic form of folate used. Since this nutrient is necessary for cell division and other processes, regular intake encourages your body to heal after getting a bruise. The folate RDA is set at 400 micrograms per day for individuals 14 and older. Individuals at risk from a folate deficiency are alcoholics, women who are pregnant or of childbearing age and those with malabsorption disorders. Choosing a diet with fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts and folic acid-fortified foods can help meet your daily needs. Dine on soups with spinach and dried beans or peas, select oranges or bananas as snacks or consume fortified bread or pasta as part of a meal. Vitamin B-12 Food Selection A diet rich in foods with vitamin B-12 can promote your body's ability to heal bruises. Supporting platelet production for normal blood clotting is one of this vitamin's roles. Deficiency for vitamin B-12 is common in the elderly, vegetarians, individuals with gastrointestinal disease or pernicious anemia, and those who have had bariatric surgery. The RDA for this nutrient is 2.4 micrograms for adults. This goal can be met by choosing foods supplemented or with natural vitamin B-12. Select main dishes with fish, chicken or eggs, choose fortified cereal at breakfast and add low-fat dairy to your diet to meet the recommended intake. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEHome Remedies to Get Rid of Bruising Vitamins to Help Prevent Skin Bruises Does Taking Aspirin Cause Red Spots Under the Skin? Complete List of Foods That Contain Vitamin K How Much Vitamin K is There in V8 Juice? What Type of Foods Can I Eat While Taking Warfarin? Foods That Help Heal Muscle Are There Natural Foods That Will Help Thicken Blood? Vitamins That Thin the Blood Connection Between Low Blood Pressure and Vitamin B Deficiency Vitamin K Dependent Clotting Factors What to Eat After You Lose Blood List of Foods That Are Vitamin K-Free What to Eat & Drink While on Coumadin A List of Cereals Containing Vitamin K Vitamin K Foods to Avoid While on Coumadin Deficiency of Vitamin B12 & D3 Licking & Vitamin Deficiencies in Children Can Vitamin K Help Me to Stop Bruising Easily? Signs & Symptoms of Vitamin C and K Deficiency


what did maria theresa do for the serfs

Maria Theresa made so many great achievements in her life time. Not only was she archduchess of Austria, but also Queen of Bohemia and Hungary. For her, people often said, ""with great power becomes great responsibility."" Maria did many things and can up with ideas to expanded her kingdom. Her achievements are:-Provided Education for Serfs.

The Great Maria TheresaHome Biography Absolute Monarch & Divine RightsAchievements

"Maria Theresa's Greatest Achievements Maria Theresa's Kingdom

-Unification of the currency, measures, weights, customs, and taxes. -Created unified judicial code that we called Theresian and was foundation for many today's Central European laws. -Created professional army by maintaining seven year service for every male serf in the kingdom. -Maria made the German language was the only acceptable language to communicate in. -She had the ability to select gifted men to be her advisers. This was one of her most impressive abilities as a ruler. -Maria decreased the power of the nobility. -The reformation that she lead for Austria was well structured. -She limited the power of labor that nobles would force peasants to do. -The empress had a long reign which spanned forty years. Maria Theresa was kind-heart, courageous, and generous. She respected the rights of others and expected others to respect her rights. Throughout the empire, the peasants were obligated to pay monetary and work dues to their lords. The empress had a long reign which spanned forty years. She died on November 29, 1780. "