weekly unemployment claim vt

r. Vermont Unemployment Weekly Claim Individuals who file state are required to file a weekly claim certification no longer than 2 weeks from the end of the calender week currently being claimed. VT Eligibility | Rate in VT | Benefits in VT | VT Insurance

Vermont Unemployment

"Vermont Unemployment Vermont Unemployment Claim*Be sure to use your correct mailing address when filing (you will be receiving necessary documentation and claimant information). If the mail does not reach you, your VT benefits can be delayed and/or eligibility may change. Your compensation will require qualified applicants to file weekly claims after your initial filing here (VT calender weeks begin on Sunday, and complete on Saturday). Vermont Unemployment Eligibility All claim applicants will be asked a series of different questions pertaining to their compensation eligibility status, such as: Did you quit your job or were you laid off? Have you refused work that was offered to you after losing your previous employment? Are you physically able to work full-time? Were you self-employed? Filing for compensation will also require all applicants to state all hours and wages earned while they were employed, in addition to any Worker's Compensation payments earned, bonuses, profit sharing, or commissions in salary obtained during employment. All filing applicants are required to include whether or not they have applied for retirement compensation in the online application (in which case benefits would be reduced, depending on each claimant). Vermont Department of Unemployment Claimants are considered ineligible if: If you quit your job without ""good cause"". If you are fired due to misconduct. If you refuse to work without ""good cause"" to. If you file when you are already employed. If you are not working because of a strike or type of industry/labor dispute. Exceptions can be made during a ""lockout"". In some cases, if you suffer from a loss of work due to a strike even though you are not involved with the strike, you are ineligible. Extended Vermont Benefits: Extended compensation may be awarded to applicants who maintain all eligibility requirements. Regarding Filing Mistakes: Any mistake made during the online claim process can be corrected by simply press the ""back"" button on your browser to correct your answe

Vermont State Unemployment "


what are yellow roses mean

"Meaning Of A Yellow Rose What Do Yellow Roses Symbolize? The meaning of a yellow rose stands for joy and happiness, but most of all yellow roses mean friendship. And the meaning of yellow roses are very special because it's asociated with true friendship. A true friend is so important to people of all ages; it's like a gift from God. Pictures Of Yellow Roses Golden Years Rose

Meaning Of A Yellow Rose

Friends bring so much sunshine and brightness to our lives so it is very appropriate that yellow roses symbolize friends and friendships. So if you were wondering, ""what do yellow roses mean', here you have the true meaning of yellow roses. Because yellow roses mean so much to our friends and family, I have put together a yellow roses list with some photos, pictures of yellow roses and detailed information on yellow roses that are the most popular and the most beautiful. So if you want to send yellow roses or grow fresh yellow roses to surprise your friends with or celebrate your friendship with someone special, the Golden Celebration Rose is a wonderful yellow rose to plant in your garden. Meaning of a Yellow Rose Golden Shower Rose Golden Shower Rose is one of the most popular yellow climbers ever introduced. It is still widely sold and found in long established gardens. Click on the link below for a picture of this wonderful yellow climbing rose with detailed information. Golden Shower Rose, Best Yellow Climber Rosa banksiae 'Lutea', Lady Banks Rose In gardens that are fortunate enough to provide the warm climates that suits it, the Rosa banksiae Lutea, will give you one of the most beautiful displays of any spring-flowering plant. In a sunny spot it will flower prolifically, with cascades of blossoms, providing one of the most dazzling sights. Click on the link below for a picure of this fantastic yellow rose with detailed information. Rosa banksiae Lutea, Lady Banks Rose, An Old Yellow Rose Golden Wings Rose The soft colored, large single flowers of the Golden Wings rose may look delicate, but this sturdy shrub rose has a very trouble free constitution. Click on the link below for a great picture of this lovely yellow rose. Golden Wings Rose, a pale yellow rose Here is a nice list of more Meanings of a Yellow Rose discriptions, and other roses of color. Sunsprite Rose, a deep yellow and very fragrant rose Go to Midas Touch Rose, A Deep Yellow Rose All Kinds Of Yellow Rose Varieties With Pictures Return from Meaning Of A Yellow Rose to Home page Share this page: What’s this? Facebook Twitter Google Pinterest Tumblr Reddit "


who proposed a compromise that was rejected during the civil war

"Efforts to Compromise Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky was the leading Southern supporter of loyalty to the Union. In December 1860, he proposed a series of constitutional amendments and Congressional legislation aimed at averting war. Under the terms of the Crittenden Compromise the following were proposed, that:

Efforts to Compromise

The Missouri Compromise line (36?30’ north latitude) be extended through the territories to California; north of the line were to be free states and slave states to the south Congress would not attempt to regulate slavery where it then existed Congress would provide compensation for the owners of fugitive slaves. A constitutional amendment was necessary for revival of the line separating slave from free states because the Supreme Court had struck down the Missouri Compromise in the Dred Scott decision. Lincoln, awaiting inauguration, expressed willingness to support compensation and allow slavery to continue where it already existed, but he would not sanction extension of the institution. Keeping the territories free from slavery was the backbone of the Republican Party; to have capitulated on that point would have forced him to enter office without a united party behind him. The Crittenden proposal died in committee. In February 1861, another effort dedicated to achieving a compromise solution took place. Former president John Tyler presided over the Richmond Convention, but their offerings were again rejected by Lincoln. Off-site search results for ""Crittenden Compromise""... Crittenden Compromise Crittenden Compromise The Crittenden proposal consisted of the following six amendments to the Constitution: Slavery would be prohibited in all territory of the United States ""now held, or hereafter acquired,"" north of latit Crittenden Compromise The Crittenden proposal consisted of the following six amendments to the Constitution: Slavery would be prohibited in all territory of the United States ""now held, or hereafter acquired,"" north of latitude 36 degrees 30 ... http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Crittenden Comp.html High Beam Encyclopedia - Crittenden Compromise ... Home > Browse > Article Print Crittenden Compromise CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE [Crittenden Compromise] in U. S. history, unsuccessful last-minute effort to avert the Civil War. It was proposed in Congress as a constitutional Crittenden Compromise CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE [Crittenden Compromise] in U. S. history, unsuccessful last-minute effort to avert the Civil War. It was proposed in Congress as a constitutional CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE [Crittenden Compromise] in U. S. history, unsuccessful last-minute effort to avert the Civil War. It was proposed in Congress as a constitutional Crittenden Compromise] in U. S. history, unsuccessful last-minute effort to avert the Civil War. It was proposed in Congress as a constitutional amendment in Dec ... http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/C/Crittend Co.asp The Crittenden Compromise The Crittenden Compromise The Crittenden Compromise was one of several last-ditch efforts to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-61 by political negotiation. Authored by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden (whose two sons would b Crittenden Compromise The Crittenden Compromise was one of several last-ditch efforts to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-61 by political negotiation. Authored by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden (whose two sons would b Crittenden Compromise was one of several last-ditch efforts to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-61 by political negotiation. Authored by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden (whose two sons would become generals on ... http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/cc.html "


hss security inc.

nks Hss Security, Inc. is a California Domestic Corporation filed on May 27, 2005. The company's filing status is listed as Suspended and its File Number is C2749309. The Registered Agent on file for this company is Orlando A Amador and is located at 903 Kansas Ave Ste Q, Modesto, CA 95351.

HSS SECURITY, INC.

Home > U. S. > California > Modesto HSS SECURITY, INC. California Secretary Of State Business Registration · Updated 2/10/2018Write Review Upgrade Claim Sponsored Li

The company's mailing address is 903 Kansas Ave Ste Q, Modesto, CA 95351. The company has 1 principal on record. The principal is Orlando A Amador from Modesto CA. Company Information Company Name: HSS SECURITY, INC. File Number: C2749309Filing State: California (CA)Filing Status: Suspended Filing Date: May 27, 2005Company Age: 12 Years, 11 Months Registered Agent: Orlando A Amador 903 Kansas Ave Ste Q Modesto, CA 95351Mailing Address:903 Kansas Ave Ste QModesto, CA 95351Sponsored Links Company Contacts ORLANDO A AMADORAgent903 Kansas Ave Ste QModesto, CA 95351View Phone Book Listings For Orlando Amador In California Sponsored Links Reviews Write Review There are no reviews yet for this company. NEW ARTICLES THAT MAY INTEREST YOUReliable Strategies For Making Better Hires Three Signs You Need A Real Hr Department Top Four Things Employees Want From Their Company To Stay Engaged What It Takes To Change Company Culture Creating An Inclusive Work Environment Show Me All Articles... ADDITIONAL LINKSPrevious Company Next Company All Companies Named Hss Security, Inc. Search All California Companies Order Business Services For Hss Security, Inc.


where is last name hollis derived from

ame As you can see above, Hollytrees is owned by the Hollis family. The last name Hollis is derived from the Old English name Holly. The Holly name originated in England and Ireland. It was the name given to those who lived near where Holly Trees grew. So, hence the name Holly Trees.

Our Biz

Our Biz Hollytrees is a wedding and event connection based out of Bossier Parish, Louisiana. We provide a large selection of rental items, foods, and entertainment services. Holly Trees is owned and operated by the Hollis family. We strive to serve each and every client as if they were family. We hope to make your wedding, birthday, party, or special event all that you dreamed it would be! !Our N


what biome in canada

Biomes of Canada A BIOME is a large geographical region that contains similar ecosystems. On land, biomes are defined by the types of plants that grow in them. Also classified according to average temperature and amount of rainfall. Biomes of Canada Biomes are either AQUATIC or TERRESTRIAL. Like a dessert the tundra has no trees, only small shrubs, hardy grasses, mosses and lichens. Ontario's northern coastline on Hudson Bay to the west of James Bay, is tundra. Boreal Forests Image you are traveling across Canada from Newfoundland to the Yukon. Consider the rotting log ecosystem or stream ecosystem. There are 5 main terrestrial biomes and 2 main categories of aquatic biomes in Canada Tundra Biome Brainstorm some characteristics of the tundra biome Tundra receives little precipitation.

Biomes of Canada

Public & reusable Create your own Make a copy Share Embed Like Biomes of Canada No descriptionby Alex Ruyteron 25 October 20131 Tweet Comments ( 0)Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Biomes of Canada

Most important ___________ factor is the length of the growing season. Slow decomposition process due to cold temperature Layer of soil that never thaws is called permafrost Also known as TAIGA Trees that have cones and needles (i.e. spruce and fir) Most of Northern Ontario is covered with boreal forests Found in every province and makes up approximately 80% of all forests Deciduous Forest Brainstorm: Characteristics of the deciduous forest biome Have trees that lose their leaves in the autumn, such as maple and oaks. Large trees shed their leaves and sunlight is able to reach forest floor. Small shurbs, trees and ferns are able to grow. Southern Ontario is mainly a deciduous forest Grasslands Few trees but are covered in various grasses and shrubs. Ontario has very few grasslands. Found primarily in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and a small part of Alberta Fertile soil Temperate Coniferous Forests different types of needle- and cone-bearing trees than boreal forest. Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, and western Hemlock. Most of western British Columbia is a temperate coniferous forest Aquatic Biomes These are water-based. Fall under two main categories: marine and freshwater Marine biomes: found in oceans and have a high salt content. Freshwater Biomes: include lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands. They have a low salt content. Terrestrial Biomes Full transcript More presentations by Alex Ruyter Untitled Prezi Untitled Prezi Untitled Prezi More prezis by author Popular presentations See more popular or the latest prezis


how many types of files are on a single video dvd

es. Burn and copy your videos, audio files, pictures, documents to DVD and stop worrying about the loss of important data. DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. You need to understand different DVD media types before creating a DVD. DVD+R and DVD-R are R ecordable and write-once format.

DVD Author Plus 3.16

DVD Quality, Compression, Capacity, and Media types DVDs are popular media for video content distribution. DVD Author Plus allows you to backup your valuable data by burning, copying or creating ISO imag

Once recorded they cannot be edited, erased or changed for the rest of its digital life. These disks are compatible with all DVD players, even older ones. DVD+RW and DVD-RW are R e w ritable DVD formats. Data on these disks can be erased and recorded many times without damaging the medium. DVDs have a fixed pre-defined dimension. If you play them on your PC, they may seem to be distorted or stretched. However, the video should look fine on your DVD player. If you intend to burn your videos to DVD disc, the dimensions should be compliant with the dimensions listed in the table below. This is usually handled by the DVD burning software's. Understanding DVD media can be puzzling at times. There are four common DVD types based on file size: DVD 5:- also called a Single Sided Single layered, with a capacity of ~4.7 GB. DVD 10:- also called a Double Sided Single layered, with a capacity of ~8.75GB. DVD 9:- also called a Single Sided Dual layered, with a capacity of ~7.95GB. DVD 18:- also called a Double Sided Dual layered, with a capacity of ~17.95GB. TECHNICAL INFORMATION: Format DVD 5 DVD 9 DVD 10 DVD 18Resolution NTSC 720x480 720x480 720x480 720x480PAL 720x576 720x576 720x576 720x576Maximum Storage Capacity 4.7 GB 7.95 GB 8.75 GB 17 GBRecording Time 100-135 minutes 20-240 minutes 200-270 minutes 240-480 minutes Video Compression MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2Quality Good Better Very Good Quality Excellent Creating a DVD video with DVD Author Plus is a simple three-step process. Organize the videos, select the format plus quality of DVD and burn it. Go ahead and try DVD Author Plus for creating Professional DVDs.


is diflunisal a narcotic

bid Diflunisal is a generic NSAID (Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug). It is often used under the brand name DolobidÂ®. Diflunisal acts by inhibiting the production of prostaglandin, a hormone that creates inflammation and stimulates the neuro receptors for pain.

Dolobid

"Find information on thousands of medical conditions and prescription drugs. Dolo

Though Diflunisal has an onset of 1 hour, and maximum analgesia at 2 to 3 hours, the diflunisal plasma levels will not be steady until repeated doesages are achieved. To increase the rate at which the diflunisal plasma levels become steady, a loading dose is usually used. more... Home Diseases Medicines ABCDDacarbazine Dactinomycin Dalmane Danazol Dantrolene Dapoxetine Dapsone Daptomycin Daraprim Darvocet Darvon Daunorubicin Daunorubicin Daypro DDAVPDeca-Durabolin Deferoxamine Delsym Demeclocycline Demeclocycline Demerol Demulen Denatonium Depakene Depakote Depo-Provera Desferal Desflurane Desipramine Desmopressin Desogen Desogestrel Desonide Desoxyn Desyrel Detrol Dexacort Dexamethasone Dexamfetamine Dexedrine Dexpanthenol Dextran Dextromethorphan Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diabeta Diacerein Diacetolol Dial Diamox Diazepam Diazoxide Dibenzepin Diclofenac Diclohexal Didanosine Dieldrin Diethylcarbamazine Diethylstilbestrol Diethyltoluamide Differin Diflucan Diflunisal Digitoxin Digoxin Dihydrocodeine Dihydroergotamine Dihydrotachysterol Dilantin Dilaudid Diltahexal Diltiazem Dimenhydrinate Dimercaprol Dimetapp Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyltryptamine Dimetridazole Diminazene Diovan Dioxybenzone Diphenhydramine Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dipivefrine Diprivan Diprolene Diproteverine Dipyridamole Disulfiram Disulfiram Dizocilpine Dobutamine Docetaxel Docusate sodium Dofetilide Dolasetron Dolobid Dolophine Domperidone Donepezil Dopamine Dopram Doral Doramectin Doriden Dornase alfa Doryx Dostinex Doxapram Doxazosin Doxepin Doxil Doxil Doxorubicin Doxy Doxycycline Doxyhexal Doxylamine Drisdol Drixoral Dronabinol Droperidol Drospirenone Duloxetine Durabolin Duragesic Duraphyl Duraquin Dutasteride Dv Dyclonine EFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZIt is primarily used to treat symptoms of arthritis. Overdose Deaths that have occurred from Diflunisal usually involved mixed drugs and or extremely high dosages. The oral LD50 is 500mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include, coma, tachycardia, stupor, and vomiting. The lowest dose without the presence of other medicines which caused death was 15 grams. Mixed with other medicines, a death at 7.5 grams has also occurred. Diflunisal usually comes in 250 or 500mg, thus it is relatively hard to overdose by accident. Read more at Wikipedia.org• [List your site here Free! ]Pain relief in terminally ill patients From American Family Physician, 12/1/89 by Edward T. Creagan Pain control is of utmost importance in cancer patients, whether it enables patients to tolerate the rigors of diagnosis and treatment or simply allows them to live out their final days in peace and dignity. Cancer pain, particularly in advanced stages of the disease, may be especially severe. Most cancer patients are enormously fearful of uncontrolled pain in the terminal period, and this fear, as well as the pain itself, needlessly complicates the patient's care. I Pain is the most common symptom in terminally ill patients; unrelieved, it causes further anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting and insomnia. Moreover, the very narcotics used to treat the pain may also cause these same symptoms. (2) Fears and complications, both real and imagined, can lead to a cycle of anxiety and despair. (3)Most, if not all, cancer pain can be effectively treated by the family physician who understands its causes and the rational use of analgesics. Neurosurgical, anesthetic and behavioral approaches, including nerve blocks, epidural anesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia, are often used to relieve pain in cancer patients, but their use may require a certain degree of expertise, and in many cases, large-scale controlled studies that prove their efficacy are lacking. (4)This article discusses the use of drug therapy for cancer pain control; all physicians caring for cancer patients need to be competent in prescribing these agents. Unfortunately, many patients suffer needlessly because they are given analgesics in doses that are too low or are spaced too far apart. Concerns about drug addiction and over-dosage, although generally unfounded, may result in inadequate analgesia. (5) Various studies suggest that only 10 to 50 percent of patients with severe cancer pain obtain effective relief. (1,6)The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated cancer pain as a major world health problem. (6) The American Medical Association (7) and the American College of Physicians (8) have both outlined approaches to the control of cancer pain. These guidelines emphasize systematic diagnosis of the cause of the pain and systematic use of both nonnarcotic and narcotic analgesics. Studies indicate that use of these approaches can provide relief in 85 percent or more of patients with cancer pain. Causes of Cancer Pain Cancer pain is typically classified according to reasonably well-defined pain syndromes. There are many causes of cancer pain, including those related to the disease itself, to the treatment and to psychosocial factors. Careful investigation and precise delineation of the source of the pain may enable the physician to treat the underlying cause or at least choose the most appropriate analgesic. The most common cause of pain in cancer patients is directly related to the neoplastic process; it is the cause of pain in approximately two-thirds or more of cancer patients. (2,6,9,10) Within this group, tumor invasion of bone, either locally or by distant metastases, is most frequent, followed by infiltration or compression of nerves by tumor growth. Obstruction of hollow viscera or of the ductal systems of solid organs produces characteristic colicky or diffuse visceral pain. Finally, occlusion of blood vessels and lymphatics may cause edema or ischemia; involvement of mucous membranes causes severe burning pain. The second group of pain syndromes is due to the effects of the various anticancer therapies. Complications of chemotherapy (gastrointestinal, neurologic or hematologic effects), radiation therapy (fibrosis of connective tissue) and surgery typically account for 20 percent of the pain complaints, particularly in an outpatient population of cancer patients. (2,10)The third group of pain syndromes includes factors unrelated to cancer and its treatment. Psychosocial factors play a major role and must not be ignored. Anxiety, fear, depression, and feelings of uncertainty and isolation can profoundly lower the patient's pain threshold and alter his or her perception of pain. Patients may perceive far more discomfort from stimuli that in other circumstances would be of little consequence. For many patients, pain was the presenting symptom of cancer, and recurrence of pain may represent to them recurrence or progression of disease. Psychologic factors may play an even greater role in patients who have had chronic pain from a preexisting, noncancerous condition. A history of chronic pain should not be viewed as a reason to be any less aggressive in the diagnosis and treatment of pain, but identification of patients in whom psychosocial factors may play a role helps the physician provide timely and insightful care. Because family physicians provide continuous, comprehensive care, they are in the best position to continually reassess the patient's response to therapy. If the patient is not doing as well as expected, the treatment approach should be reconsidered or the possibility of a new cause of symptoms should be investigated. (2)Commonly used analgesics for cancer patients are generally classified as nonnarcotic, narcotic (or opioid) and adjuvant analgesics. The WHO advocates the use of an ""analgesic ladder"". a stepwise approach to the use of analgesics in patients with cancer pain. (11,12)Nonnarcotic Analgesics Nonnarcotic analgesics are typically the first-line treatment for mild to moderate cancer pain (13) (Table 1). These include aspirin, acetaminophen and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aspirin or acetaminophen, usually given in a dose of 650 to 1,000 mg every three to four hours, provides significant pain relief as compared to that produced with placebo. Whether aspirin has any increased analgesic effect above a dose of 650 mg is uncertain. In contrast, acetaminophen is probably more effective in a dose of 1,000 Mg. (14) A 650-mg dose of aspirin or acetaminophen is at least equal to standard doses of weak oral narcotics, such as 60 mg of codeine phosphate, 65 mg of propoxyphene hydrochloride (Darvon, Dolene, Doxaphene, etc.) or 100 mg of propoxyphene napsylate (Darvon-N). (14,15)The side effects of aspirin are well known, particularly gastrointestinal ulceration, inhibition of platelet aggregation and aspirin hypersensitivity. Elderly patients are especially predisposed to these complications. Conversely, acetaminophen is usually safe and free of side effects when given in dosages under 4 g per day. (15) Hepatotoxicity may occur at a higher dosage, but this is a rare complication. In general, aspirin appears to be more effective than acetaminophen for the pain caused by bony metastases. (1,2)NSAIDs provide yet another choice in the management of specific pain syndromes. These agents include ibuprofen (Motrin, Rufen), diflunisal (Dolobid), indomethacin (Indameth, Indocin) and naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn), among others. NSAIDs are inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and are similar to aspirin in their degree of analgesia and side effects. They may be somewhat better tolerated than aspirin, particularly with chronic administration of higher doses, but they too are associated with a relatively small risk of renal toxicity. Ibuprofen is generally well tolerated and is a reasonably effective agent; it is usually administered in doses of 400 to 600 mg every four to six hours. Naproxen has the advantage of a relatively long half-life and can be administered on a twice-daily schedule in doses of 250 to 500 mg. NSAIDs offer considerable flexibility, particularly in the treatment of metastatic bone disease. Failure of analgesia with one NSAID does not necessarily preclude benefit from another compound. Acetaminophen may enhance the analgesic effect of NSAIDs, and combination therapy with these two analgesics is most useful for pain with an inflammatory component. (14.15)Combination Analgesics The use of nonnarcotic analgesics in the treatment of somewhat more severe cancer pain is limited by a ceiling for analgesia. The analgesic effects are not increased at higher doses, even as the risks of side effects and cumulative toxicity increase. While nonnarcotic analgesics exert their effects peripherally, the narcotic (or opioid) analgesics work by combining with specific opiate receptors in the central nervous system. As is the case with nonnarcotic agents, maximal oral doses of narcotic agents are limited by gastrointestinal and central nervous system effects. Given by themselves, the weak oral narcotics are no more effective than nonnarcotic analgesics. However, combination therapy with an optimal dose of acetaminophen, aspirin or an NSAID and an oral opioid, such as codeine, oxycodone or methadone, produces an enhanced analgesic effect. The increased pain relief is due to more than the additive effects, and combination therapy has fewer side effects than equianalgesic dosages of either component alone. (15,16)A variety of nonnarcotic-narcotic combinations are available (Table 2). Even greater flexibility may be obtained by continued administration of the maximal dose of the nonnarcotic analgesic while the dose of the opioid is titrated according to the patient's needs. Narcotic Analgesics For persistently severe pain, the narcotic agents remain the gold standard for analgesia. These agents produce a much greater analgesic effect than the nonnarcotic analgesics. Guidelines for the use of narcotic agents are summarized in Table 3. This class of drugs may cause withdrawal symptoms in patients who have developed physical dependence on the opioids. (1)Morphine sulfate is the prototype drug of this class. It is the opioid most of ten used for the control of severe pain in patients with far-advanced cancer. The opioids are further classified as agonists and antagonists; the narcotic agonists, such as morphine, methadone and codeine, bind to specific opiate receptors to produce analgesia, while the narcotic antagonists, such as naloxone (Narcan), block the effects of opioids at opiate receptors. There is also a group of drugs termed ""mixed"" agonist-antagonists, but these agents are of limited utility. Although the degree of physical dependence may be less with the mixed agents than with the opioid agonists, high doses of the mixed agents produce psychotomimetic effects, particularly visual and auditory hallucinations. Of the agonist-antagonist narcotics, only pentazocine (Talwin) is available in an oral form, and that preparation is combined with a nonnarcotic analgesic (i. e., aspirin). In proper dosages, morphine sulfate is a highly effective and safe analgesic for patients with severe pain. Although potency following oral administration is only one-sixth to one-third of that following parenteral administration, oral morphine is effective if the dose is appropriately adjusted. (2)Unfortunately, significant misconceptions and lack of understanding about morphine may needlessly prolong the suffering of cancer patients for whom morphine is indeed the drug of choice. Confusion over the proper definitions of the terms tolerance, physical dependence and psychologic dependence (addiction) has contributed to the underutilization of morphine. Tolerance develops when increasing doses of an analgesic are required to achieve the same effect; physical dependence is marked by withdrawal symptoms if the necessary doses are not achieved or are discontinued. Neither tolerance nor physical dependence is the same as psychologic dependence or addiction. Addiction is characterized by an abnormal behavior pattern that centers on obtaining and using the drug. While long-term use of narcotic analgesics in patients with severe cancer pain will produce tolerance and physical dependence, addiction is rare. (1,17,18) The misplaced fear of drug addiction in terminally ill patients deprives these patients of adequate pain control and a peaceful death. MORPHINEIn general, no other narcotic analgesics are superior to morphine. (2,17) While sometimes useful in certain specific situations, most other narcotic analgesics are limited in their usefulness by side effects, by the accumulation of toxic metabolites or by overly complex pharmacology. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) and levorphanol (Levo Dromoran) are more similar to morphine than other agents but still offer no consistent advantages. Comprehensive discussions of the use of these other narcotics are found in articles written by Levy (2) and by Foley and Inturrisi. (19)Morphine should be given at fixed intervals, by the most effective and convenient route. Several issues are of paramount importance: continuous pain requires continuous pain management; ""as-needed"" dosing may result in dramatic fluctuations in plasma levels, so that patients typically have inconsistent analgesia alternating with periods of toxicity from excessively high plasma levels. Around-the-clock schedules, with relatively equal intervals between doses, are superior to sporadic dosing and facilitate the most consistent analgesia. (17) Occasionally, additional doses of morphine may be required for breakthrough pain, but the fixed schedule should be maintained. (2) The plasma half-life of morphine sulfate is approximately two to three and one-half hours. It is generally more appropriate to administer the drug closer to every four hours than every six hours. (2) To achieve the most effective palliation, patients should initially be awakened at night for a dose of morphine. After approximately two to three days of therapy, most patients can be given a bedtime dose that is one and one-half to two times greater than the usual every-four-hour dose. This technique may then allow for elimination of the dose that would normally be given in the middle of the night. (2) A nighttime sedative or hypnotic may be a useful adjunct. Most patients can be provided with durable palliation from oral morphine preparations, thereby avoiding the discomfort and inconvenience of intravenous or intramuscular injections. Parenteral administration usually results in high plasma concentrations initially, followed by a rapid decline, which produces less consistent analgesia than that provided by oral administration. Morphine sulfate elixirs are available in a variety of concentrations; the oral morphine solution in a concentration of 20 mg per m L provides a considerable morphine concentration with relatively low volume. This formulation is ideal for patients with head and neck cancers or upper gastrointestinal neoplasms. An underutilized method of administration is the suppository form of morphine. The pharmacokinetics following rectal administration are remarkably similar to those following oral administration. For selected circumstances, patients can of ten remain at home and comfortably medicated even if their condition precludes oral administration of analgesics. The availability of morphine suppositories in a variety of strengths, ranging from 5 to 30 mg, allows considerable flexibility with this route of administration. Although immediate-release morphine sulfate remains the analgesic standard for severe cancer pain, the every-four-hour dosing schedule can be cumbersome for patients and caregivers alike. Multiple-dose schedules at frequent intervals increase the possibility of medication errors and untoward side effects, and may be associated with poor patient compliance. Each of these factors may contribute to an inadequate pain management program. The development of sustained- and controlled-release morphine sulfate preparations (MS Contin, Roxanol SR) has been welcomed. MS Contin is available in 30-mg and 60-mg tablets. In a typical clinical setting, a patient's total daily requirement of immediate-release morphine is established by the patient's own perception of the adequacy of analgesia. Patients can be switched to MS Contin by administering one-half of a total 24-hour dosage at 12-hour intervals. For most patients, the analgesia from MS Contin appears to be more durable and more consistent than that provided by immediate-release morphine, at a slightly lower dose. (20)Orally or rectally administered narcotics provide effective analgesia for most patients until the very final stage of cancer. Even if patients are unable to communicate, it is likely that pain persists, and appropriate doses of a parenteral narcotic should be administered. Decreasing levels of consciousness generally indicate disease progression and, under most circumstances, should be allowed to continue. Only when objective signs of narcotic overdosage are present should subsequent doses be decreased or withheld. Inadequate amounts of narcotic in the terminal stages only increase patient discomfort and agitation, causing unnecessary distress for patients and their families, their nurses and their doctors. (2)SIDE EFFECTS OF MORPHINEA number of well-recognized clinical complications are associated with morphine use. Anticipation and management of the side effects can dramatically enhance the well-being of patients with terminal illness. Constipation is a notorious side effect, the result of decreased peristalsis and diminished gastrointestinal secretions. Inadequate fluid intake and confinement to bed profoundly aggravate gastrointestinal complications. A preventive program should be carefully reviewed with patients and their caregivers; patients should regularly ingest adequate amounts of fluids, fruit and bran, if possible. Stool softeners such as docusate sodium (Colace, etc. ), peristaltic stimulants such as senna concentrate (Senokot, etc. ), and glycerin suppositories must be part of the pain management program. Morphine-induced nausea and vomiting are also well-recognized side effects, particularly in ambulatory patients, (17) but can be effectively treated with antinausea medications 21 (Table 5). Drowsiness and confusion are less frequent complications but may be more pronounced at the initiation of narcotic therapy or following a significant increase in the dosage. These effects usually abate within three days and can be managed by dose modification, the use of alternate agents and frank discussions with patients, forewarning them about these problems. When appropriately prescribed, narcotic analgesics rarely cause significant respiratory depression. Agents that have a significantly short duration of action relative to the plasma half-life (for example, methadone) may cause respiratory depression because of the accumulation of metabolites. If necessary, respiratory depression can be treated with naloxone, 0.4 to 0.8 mg intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The half-life of one dose of naloxone is approximately 20 minutes; thus, careful observation and multiple doses may be required in certain circumstances. Adjuvant Analgesic Drugs Adjuvant analgesic agents constitute a third group of drugs used to treat patients with cancer pain. This group encompasses a number of chemically and pharmacologically diverse agents, including corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsive agents, antihistamines and others. These agents are most useful for treating specific symptoms or complications of advancing cancer. They may also be given when the use of narcotic analgesics is limited because of tolerance or side effects. Corticosteroids are an important adjunct for symptomatic management of selected syndromes in patients with advanced cancer. Table 6 outlines the appropriate doses of dexamethasone for various types of cancer pain. Corticosteroids can consistently increase appetite in most patients and provide a sense of well-being and euphoria, even in the face of terminal illness. By reducing inflammation and local edema, corticosteroids are an important alternative in the treatment of neurologic syndromes caused by increased intracranial pressure or by infiltrative and entrapment neuropathy, which is often associated with metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma or breast cancer. Corticosteroids are also important in the management of radiation-induced brachial plexus injuries. Deep, intractable visceral pain associated with pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors can often be ameliorated by coadministration of corticosteroids and conventional analgesics. Neuropathic syndromes associated with cranial neuropathies from head and neck cancer can sometimes be modified by a judicious steroid program. Simultaneous use of a corticosteroid and a tricyclic antidepressant, such as amitriptyline (Amitril, Elavil, Endep, etc. ), at a relatively small dose (10 to 25 mg at bedtime) can sometimes provide dramatic palliation from profoundly disabling dysesthetic syndromes. Like the narcotic analgesics, corticosteroids pose little threat of long-term sequelae in patients with advanced cancer. However, fluid retention, hyperglycemia and proximal myopathy can occur relatively quickly in the debilitated patient, and the clinician must be alert to these potential complications. Additionally, a relatively low dose of a corticosteroid can sometimes provoke profound hyperglycemia in the cachectic cancer patient with underlying mild glucose intolerance. The debilitated patient receiving corticosteroid therapy is also prone to the development of oral candidiasis; this can usually be managed with antifungal agents administered as lozenges or troches. Final Comment Providing effective analgesia for the patient with severe chronic pain due to terminal illness requires a systematic approach to diagnosis and rational use of various medications. Pain is neither inevitable nor unavoidable, and a pain-free state should be a management goal in every patient with cancer. By working closely with the patient, family and other caregivers, the physician will help the cancer patient make this last transition with peace and dignity. REFERENCES1. Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. N Eng] J Med 1985;313:84-95.2. Levy MH. Pain management in advanced cancer. Semin Oncol 1985;12:394-410.3. Posner RB. Physician-patient communication. Am J Med 1984; 77 (3A); 59-64.4. Payne R, Foley KM. Advances in the management of cancer pain. Cancer Treat Rep 1984; 68: 173-83.5. Schuster CR. Does treatment of cancer pain with narcotics produce junkies? In: Hill CS, Fields WS, eds. Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol 11. New York: Raven, 1989:1-3.6. Stjernsward J. Cancer pain relief: an important global public health issue. In: Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F, eds. Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol 9. New York: Raven, 1985:555-8.7. Mc Givney WT, Crooks GM. The care of patients with severe chronic pain in terminal illness. JAMA 1984;251:1182-8.8. Drug therapy for severe, chronic pain in terminal illness. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:870-3.9. Bonica JJ. Treatment of cancer pain: current status and future needs. In: Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F, eds. Advances in pain research and therapy Vol 9. New York: Raven, 1985:589-616.10. Foley KM. Pain syndromes in patients with cancer. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71:169-84.11. Cousins MJ, Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Plummer JL. Treatment of cancer pain with orally and spinally administered opioids. Aust NZ J Surg 1989;59:307-15.12. Ventafridda V, Tamburini M, De Conno F. Comprehensive treatment in cancer pain. In: Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F, eds. Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol 9. New York: Raven, 1985:617-28.13. Moertel CG. Treatment of cancer pain with orally administered medications. JAMA 1980; 244:2448-50.14. Amadio P Jr. Peripherally acting analgesics. Am J Med 1984;77 (3A):17-26.15. Beaver WT. Combination analgesics. Am J Med 1984;77 (3A):38-53.16. Ferrer-Brechner T, Ganz P. Combination therapy with ibuprofen and methadone for chronic cancer pain. Am J Med 1984; 77 (l A): 78-83.17. Inturrisi CE. Role of opioid analgesics. Am J Med 1984;77 (3A):27-37.18. Porter J, Jick H. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics [Letter]. N Engl J Med 1980;302: 123.19. Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. Analgesic drug therapy in cancer pain: principles and practice. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71:207-32.20. Brooks I, De Jager R, Blumenreich M, George E, Savarese JJ. Principles of cancer pain management. Use of long-acting oral morphine. J Fam Pract 1989;28:275-80.21. Gralla RJ, Tyson LB, Kris MG, Clark RA. The management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Med Clin North Am 1987;71: 289-301. TABLE 3Guidelines for the Use of Narcotic Analgesics in Pain Management1 Start with a specific drug for a specific type of, pain2. Know the pharmacology of the drug prescribeda. Duration of the analgesic effectb. Pharmacokinetic properties of the drugc. Equianalgesic doses for the drug and its route of administration3 . Adjust the route of administration to the patient's needs4. Administer the analgesic on a regular basis after initial titration of the dose5. Use drug combinations to provide additive analgesia and reduce side effects (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamine [Hydroxyzine] and amphetamine [Dexedrine])6. Avoid drug combinations that increase sedation without enhancing analgesia, such as a benzodiazepine (e.g., diazepam [Valium]) and a phenothiazine (e. g., chlorpromazine [Thorazine])7. Anticipate and treat side effectsa. Sedationb. Respiratory depressionc. Nausea and vomitingd. Constipation8. Watch for the development of tolerancea. Switch to an alternative analgesicb. Start with one-half the equianalgesic dose and titrate the dose for pain relief9. Prevent acute withdrawala. Taper drugs slowlyb. Use diluted doses of naloxone (0.4 mg in 10 m L of saline) to reverse respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, and administer cautiously10. Do not use placebo to assess the nature of pain11. Anticipate and manage complicationsa. Overdoseb. Multifocal myoclonusc. Seizures Adapted from Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 1987;313:84-95. EDWARD T. CREAGAN, M. D. is professor of medical oncology at Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dr. Creagan is a graduate of New York College, New York City, and completed an internal medicine residency at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and oncology fellowships at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md., and at Mayo Clinic. JOHN M. WILKINSON, M. D. is an instructor in family medicine at Mayo Medical School. A graduate of Mayo Medical School, Dr. Wilkinson completed a residency in family medicine at Mayo Clinic. COPYRIGHT 1989 American Academy of Family Physicians COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group Return to Dolobid Home Contact Resources Exchange Links ebay "


how far do bears homes range in miles?

In the present day, only 1 percent of its original range in the lower 48 states can grizzly bears be found. Female grizzly bears need 50 to 300 square miles of home range and males need about 200 to 500 square miles. Their home range encompasses diverse forests interspersed with moist meadows and grasslands in or near mountains.

What are Brown Bears?

"What are Brown Bears? The brown bear (Ursus arctos), otherwise known as the grizzly bear is one of the largest North American land mammals and is a symbol of America's wild lands. Historically the grizzly's bear range covered much of North America from the mid-plains westward to California and from central Mexico north throughout Alaska and Canada .

In the spring, bears usually range at lower elevations and go to higher altitudes for winter hibernation. What do Brown Bears look like? Brown bears are larger than black bears with male grizzly bears standing about 7 feet tall and generally weighing from 200 to 600 pounds. There have been some male bears that have weighed more than 800 pounds. Females are smaller, usually weighing between 200 and 400 pounds. Generally remaining on all fours, when a grizzly does stand, it is commonly perceived to be a threatening pose however they are just simply curious or surveying their surroundings. Despite being categorized as ‘black bears' and ‘brown bears' to make a distinction, color is never an indicator of species. Both black and brown bears can range from almost white to blonde to pure black and many color phases in between depending on age, sex and season. The main differences between the black bear and brown bear, is that the brown bear has a rather concave face, high-humped shoulders, and long, curved claws. The grizzly's thick fur, which varies from light brown to nearly black, sometimes looks frosty-looking, hence the name ""grizzly,"" or the less common ""silvertip. ""Furthermore, the grizzly has more rounded shorter ears. Nevertheless, you cannot pin point one characteristic to distinguish between a grizzly and black bear, it is a combination of characteristics that will help you identify the bear specifically. Each may have a similar-colored coat, a less-than-concave face and small or large shoulder humps. "


what does ofii stand for

r? OFII stands for Organization for International Investment Suggest new definition This definition appears frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc. Business, finance, etc.

What does OFII stand for?

"What does OFII stand fo

See other definitions of OFIILink/Page Citation Abbreviation Database Surfer« Previous Next »Oregon Forest Industries Council OPEC Fund for International Development Optical Frequency Interval Divider Other Financial Institutions Department (est. 2001; Central Bank of Nigeria)Order Forms in Editorial (print media subscriptions)Engineering Officer Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres (Ontario, Canada)One Foot in the Grave Operational Forces Interface Group (US Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center)Office Français de l'Immigration et de l'Intégration (French: French Office for Immigration and Integration)Oil Field Instrumentation Limited (India)Oil Filter Optical Filter Optical Filters Ltd. Oh Fudge, It's Monday (polite form)Open Fraud Intelligence Network Oracle Financial Invoice Number (tracking)Order Form in Navigation Other Financial Index (NASDAQ)Office of Intellectual Property Samples in periodicals archive: According to the Organization for International Investment (OFII), U. Opposite of outsourcing Mc Lernon, President & CEO of the Organization for International Investment (OFII). Business Group Praises Bi-Partisan Effort on U. S. Jobs The Organization for International Investment, representing 150 of the largest U. Tax changes hurt businesses Subsidiaries of Foreign Companies is the latest in a series of annual reports done by the Barents Group for the Organization for International Investment in Washington, D. U. S. subsidiaries are paying more taxessaid Nancy Mc Lernon, President & CEO of the Organization for International Investment (OFII). Proposed Tax on Insurance Threatens American Families and Businesses ... Lucchesi is a member of the Executive Committee of the Organization for International Investment, the International Fiscal Association, and the Tax Executive Institute. IRS Chief Counsel to Discuss Uncertain Tax Positions Proposal at BNA ... These were companies employing over 200,000 people here,"" says Nancy Mc Lernon, senior vice president of the Organization for International Investment, a business association that represents the U. U. S. Is Still a Beacon for Foreign Capital The Organization for International Investment (OFII) is a business association representing U. Organization for International Investment & Business Roundtable ... "


what are pitchforks

A pitchfork is an agricultural tool with a long handle and tynes used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw or leaves.

Pitchfork

"Pitchfork From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Pitchfork (disambiguation). A pitchfork next to a compost bin Pitching hay

Contents [ hide ]1 Description2 Symbolism, literary and artistic references2.1 Artistic usage2.2 Political usage2.3 Religious symbolism3 See also4 References5 External links Description [ edit]A pitchfork is an agricultural tool with a long handle and long, thick, widely separated pointed tynes used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw or leaves. True pitchforks typically have only two or three tynes, while manure forks have four or more. However, some forks with more than three tynes are also used for handling loose material such as hay or silage. [1] Other forks have up to ten tynes with different lengths and spacing depending on purpose. They are usually made of steel with a long wooden handle, but may also be made from wood, wrought iron, bamboo, or alloy. In some parts of England a pitchfork is known as a prong [2] and, in parts of Ireland, a sprong refers to a four-pronged pitchfork. [3] The pitchfork is similar to the shorter and sturdier garden fork. Pitchforks and scythes have frequently been used as weapons by those who could not afford or did not have access to more expensive weapons such as swords, or, later, guns. [4] As a result, pitchforks and scythes are stereotypically carried by angry mobs or gangs of enraged peasants. In Europe, the pitchfork was first used in the early Middle Ages, at about the same time as the harrow. [ citation needed] The pitchfork was originally made entirely of wood; today, the tynes are usually made of hard metal. [1]Symbolism, literary and artistic references [ edit]Farmer with a Pitchfork, by Winslow Homer, 1874Artistic usage [ edit]A notable American artistic display of a three-pronged pitchfork is in American Gothic, the painting by Grant Wood. In this painting it symbolizes hand labour. There are other paintings by various artists which depict a wide variety of pitchforks and other tools in use and at rest. [5]Political usage [ edit]Pluto holding a bident in a woodcut from the Gods and Goddesses series of Hendrick Goltzius (1588-89)Because of its association with peasantry, the pitchfork is often a populist symbol and part of the nickname of populist leaders, thus:""Pitchfork Ben"" ( Benjamin Tillman)""Pitchfork Pat"" ( Pat Buchanan)The Gangster Disciples, a street gang in the midwestern United States, use a three-pointed pitchfork as one of their symbols. [ citation needed]Religious symbolism [ edit]The pitchfork is often used in satire of Christian demonology in popular media, especially in early humorous cartoons where a popular joke was a caricature of an angel and a pitchfork-wielding devil sitting on the shoulders of the protagonist. [ citation needed]The Hellenistic deity Pluto wields a bident, a two-pronged weapon strikingly similar in form to a pitchfork. See also [ edit]Trident Fork (disambiguation)References [ edit]^ a b ""Why All Pitchforks Are Not Alike"". Retrieved February 4, 2016.^ Copper, Bob, A Song for Every Season: a hundred years of a Sussex farming family. London: Heinemann, 1971; p. 112^ Joyce, P. W. English as We Speak it in Ireland, p. 832. Talbot Press - via Google Books, 1920.^ ""Medieval Men"". Medieval-Period.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.^ Ritch, Alan (2006-02-06). ""Resting in the hay (1592-1900)"". Hay In Art. Retrieved 2014-02-13. External links [ edit]Media related to Pitchfork at Wikimedia Commons [ hide]v t e Garden tools Averruncator Axe Chainsaw Cultivator Daisy grubber Dibber Earth auger Edger Garden fork Garden hose Grass shears Grass stitcher Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Machete Mattock Pickaxe Pitchfork Plough (plow) Post hole digger Potting bench Pruning shears (secateurs) Rake Riddle Rotary tiller Scythe Shovel Sickle Spade String trimmer Trowel Tsakat Watering can Weeder Wheelbarrow Categories: Gardening tools "


what does lsa stand for in oil and gas

NORM (LSA) Management Naturally occurring (NORM) deposits have been identified and recognised within the oil and gas exploration and production industry, for a number of decades. NORM is also known as LSA (Low Specific Activity Scale).

NORM (LSA) Management

Equipment can be cleaned of scale, sludge or other forms of NORM and the radioactive waste generated is properly disposed of. What is NORM? Subsurface reservoirs contain water, oil and gas in various percentages. The formation water can contain Barium, Strontium and Calcium and naturally occurring Radium or other radio nuclides. During exploration when injected with water, this results in a chemical incompatibility with the subsequent formation of a chemically inert and insoluble material commonly referred to as NORM. This material can be deposited in the form of scale, sand, wax and sludge. NORM may also be present in produced water, condensates and Radon gas, a radium daughter, may also be found in produced natural gas. Legislative Control The radioactive nature of the material is a hazard commonly arising during the extraction of oil and gas, particularly from mature fields. As such it is governed by legislation requiring operators and contractors to develop awareness training and working procedures to control, protect and minimise exposure to workers. Around the world strict controls and legislation govern the handling, storage and disposal of NORM waste. More Information For more information or an informal discussion about NORM Survey, Monitoring, Removal, Treatment and Disposal services, call Sureclean on +44 (0)1651 869349 or email sales@sureclean.com


how expensive is sydney

What drives cost of living in the most and least expensive cities? There’s also similarly wide disparities in cost-of-living patterns across our major capital cities. Sydney ranks as the most expensive, followed by Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. Perth’s ranking jars against the popular perception that it is one of the most expensive cities in Australia. Sydney’s ranking as the most expensive city is mainly driven by increases in housing and education costs, which have risen by 5.7% and 5%, respectively, between 1995 and 2017. Housing makes up one-quarter of households’ spending – the dominant share.

Sydney the most expensive capital in Australia, Perth comes in fifth: new report November 30, 2017 2.06pm ESTWhile people in WA might be spending less, there remains segments of the population that are vulnerable to intense cost of living pressures. shutterstock Authors Rachel Ong Deputy Director, Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin University Alan Duncan Director, Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre and Bankwest Research Chair in Economic Policy, Curtin University Chris Twomey Senior Industry Fellow, Curtin University Ken Leong Researcher, Curtin University Silvia Salazar Research fellow, Curtin University Disclosure statement Rachel Ong is Deputy Director of the Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, an independent economic and social research organisation located within Curtin Business School at Curtin University. The centre was established in 2012 with support from Bankwest (a division of Commonwealth Bank of Australia) and Curtin University. The views in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the views of AHURI, Curtin University and/or Bankwest or any of their affiliates. Alan Duncan is Director of the Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre. The Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre is an independent economic and social research organisation located within Curtin Business School at Curtin University. Chris Twomey is a Senior Industry Fellow with the Bankwest Curtin Economic Centre, and the Leader of Research and Policy Development for the Western Australian Council of Social Service (WACOSS). Chris also chairs of the Green Institute, a policy think-tank that receives Federal Government funding associated with the Australian Greens parliamentary party. Ken Leong and Silvia Salazar do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Partners Curtin University provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU. View all partners Republish this article Republish our articles for free, online or in print, under Creative Commons license. Email Twitter 10Facebook 50Linked In Print People have been spending more in New South Wales in recent years, followed by Victoria, South Australia, Queensland and Western Australia, according to a new report. And while real household spending has climbed by 14% in NSW between 2009-10 and 2015-16, it only rose by 4% in WA over the same period. While spending soared, the price of goods also rose over the same period. The consumer price index (CPI) in Sydney rose by 16.4% - again the highest among all capital cities - followed by Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth (15.1%), and Adelaide. But the preceding six-year period tells a very different story. Between 2003-04 and 2009-10, growth in real household spending spiked at 25% in WA and Queensland, but other population centres experienced much slower spending growth. These state and territory differences reflect the workings of a “two-speed economy”, where people’s spending levels are more sensitive to the ups and downs of the economic cycle in the resource-rich states of WA and Queensland. The report compares prices and spending across Australian states and capital cities, drawing on a range of data sources. Change in mean weekly household spending, by state/territory, 2003 to 2015Percentage change2003-2009 2009-20159 All1020 26QLD525WA422ACT/NT218Tas313Vic11 12NSW14 7SA916All9Source: Authors' own calculations from the Household Expenditure Survey Created with Datawrapper

So it’s no wonder that rises in housing prices in Sydney are so keenly felt. Price increases have been much slower in Perth relative to other capital cities, in the areas of food and non-alcoholic beverages, transport and communication. Growth in wages has outpaced the growth in prices of goods in WA, more than in any other state and territory over the past 15 years. Financial stress acute for some in WAWhile people in WA might be spending less, there are still segments of the population that are vulnerable to intense cost-of-living pressures. It’s clear that households in severe financial hardship are having to divert increasing shares of their household budgets to meet housing needs and utility costs. We define households in severe financial hardship as those who have had to seek financial assistance from family, friends or welfare institutions and those that could not eat or heat due to money shortages in the last year. During 2015-16, these households diverted around 39% of their budget to housing alone. This was higher than the 25% typical WA household spend on housing. In order to spend more on housing, households in severe financial hardship are cutting back on other discretionary spending. These households are trading off transport and health spending to meet housing needs. We found the cutback on transport spending becomes more prominent over time. During 2015-16, the budget share that stressed households diverted towards transport was only 4%, compared with 11% for a typical WA household. Gap in spending between WA households in severe financial hardship and average household Percentage point change2003-04 2009-10 2015-16Housing 5.8 12.7 13.5Domestic fuel and power 0.9 0.6 1.8Food -1 -2 0.5Health -1.8 -2.6 -2.9Transport -2.2 -2.1 -7.3Discretionary expenditures -1.6 -6.6 -5.7Source: Authors' own calculations from the Household Expenditure Survey Created with Datawrapper Housing costs comprise an even bigger share for WA households seeking financial counselling (around half), than the broader group of households in severe financial hardship (39%). For households seeking financial counselling, the size of a mortgage is likely to be the reason they are in financial trouble. WA households seeking financial counselling spend on average well over half (55%) of their weekly budget on housing alone (versus 44% spent by the renters). Housing costs are clearly the largest cost and biggest risk factor for financial hardship, well ahead of food (18%), transport (10%) and utilities (5.5%). Households who sought financial counselling spend even less of their budget shares on health (3.6%) than the broad group of households in severe financial hardship (4%). Overall, the typical WA household has continued to fare reasonably well in recent years, with incomes rising much faster than living costs. Yet the same is clearly not true for vulnerable groups within our community. Those on low incomes have struggled in recent years to keep up with the cost of living. The cost of housing has emerged as the greatest single living cost for most Australian households and the most critical factor in the risk of financial hardship, poverty and inequality within our community. Policy makers need to tackle the vexed issue of housing affordability if they wish to have an impact on poverty and financial resilience and ensure fewer vulnerable members of our community are left behind. Housing NSW Cost of living WATweet Share Get newsletter You might also like More and more older Australians will be homeless unless we act now No help for would-be homeowners in Canada’s new housing strategy Budget 2017: experts respond Three charts on: poorer Australians bearing the brunt of rising housing costs


what is unreserved designated fund balance in government accounting

Unreserved fund balance is the difference between total and reserved fund balance. It has two components: designated and undesignated. The unreserved fund balance of the general fund represents the balance available for legal appropriation and general operating expenditures.

Chapter 5: Financial Reporting — Fund Balance/Net Assets Fund Financial Statements Within governmental funds, equity is reported as fund balance; proprietary and fiduciary fund equity is reported as net assets. Fund balance and net assets are the difference between fund assets and liabilities reflected on the balance sheet or statement of net assets. Because of the current financial resources measurement focus of governmental funds, fund balance is often considered a measure of available expendable financial resources. This is a particularly important measure in the general fund because it reflects the primary functions of the government and includes both state aid and local tax revenues. The relative amount of unreserved fund balance reflected in the general fund is used by rating agencies as a measure of the financial strength of the government. Declines in the amount of unreserved fund balance may signal deterioration in the financial condition of the entity. Governmental fund balances are categorized as follows:reserved; andunreserved (designated and undesignated). Reserved Fund Balances Reservations of fund balance should be used in governmental financial reporting to identify the portion that isnot available for appropriation or expenditure (e.g., reserve for inventories, reserve for long-term receivables); and/orlegally earmarked by external parties or entities for a specific future use (e.g., funds with a legal restriction on the use of assets, such as reserve for encumbrances). The amount and nature of the reservation of fund balance should be disclosed on the face of the financial statements. The description may need to be supplemented by disclosure in the notes to the financial statements. Examples of reservations of fund balance are as follows:inventories;debt service;endowments;prepaid items;outstanding encumbrances;construction; andfederal and state programs (where the funds have met the available criteria, as well as any other provider provisions that may be required, but have not yet been expended). The aggregate fund balance in the debt service fund is legally reserved for the payment of bonded indebtedness and is not available for other purposes until all bonded indebtedness is liquidated. The fund balance of the capital projects fund reflects an amount designated for construction and major renovation projects, and it usually represents unexpended proceeds from the sale of bonds that have restricted uses. However, in all instances in which the name of the fund communicates the legal segregation, the fund balance should be reported as unreserved. Unreserved Fund Balances

Prudent financial management requires accumulating a sufficient undesignated, unreserved fund balance in the general fund representing expendable financial resources available to meet the net cash outflows during the fiscal year. Designated, Unreserved Fund Balances. Portions of fund balance may be designated by management to reflect tentative plans or commitments of governmental resources. Designations generally reflect school board action to earmark the balance for purposes that will be fulfilled at a later time, but specific school board action is not required. Designations represent planned actions rather than actual commitments. Because they typically arise from internal actions (management decisions) rather than actions external to the entity (encumbrances), designations are reported as part of unreserved fund balance. The amount and nature of the designation should be explained in a separate line of the balance sheet, parenthetical comment, or note to the financial statements. Designations may be related to construction or other capital expenditures, claims and judgments, or self-insurance contingencies. Undesignated, Unreserved Fund Balances. Undesignated, unreserved fund balance is the difference between total fund balance and the portion that is reserved and designated. This is the balance available for legal appropriation and expenditure if a government budgets on a GAAP basis for its governmental funds. Within proprietary and fiduciary fund statements of net assets, net asset balances are classified into the following three components: Invested in capital assets, net of related debt represents the net amount invested in capital assets (original cost, net of accumulated depreciation, and capital-related debt). Restricted represents the amount of net assets for which limitations have been placed by creditors, grantors, contributors, laws, and regulations. For example, school districts that account for food services within an enterprise fund may have restrictions related to certain proceeds or commodities imposed by the USDA. Internal actions through enabling legislation (which is legally enforceable) and constitutional provisions may also lead to restricted net assets. Unrestricted represents the amount of net assets that is not restricted or invested in capital assets, net of related debt. Government-Wide Financial Statements: Statement of Net Assets The difference between an entity's assets and liabilities in the statement of net assets represents its net assets. Net assets have the following three components:invested in capital assets, net of related debt;restricted net assets; andunrestricted net assets. Exhibit 5 defines each component. Top