can babies get too much sleep

ds. Second Month Baby Milestones: Sleep Your baby’s sleep patterns are evolving, but at two months, they still aren’t fully established. At this age, babies sleep 15 to 16 hours a day. But those hours are sporadic, and they usually aren’t ready to sleep through the night.

Baby Development: Your 2-Month Old

Baby Development: Your 2-Month Old In this Article Second Month Baby Milestones: Motor Skills Second Month Baby Milestones: Sleep Second Month Baby Milestones: The Senses Second Month Baby Milestones: Communication Tips For Your Baby’s Second Month You've gotten past the newborn phase, and now, in the second month, you’re starting to get a sense of your baby’s personali

ty. You’re also learning what makes your 2-month-old tick -- from likes and dislikes, to crying triggers, which are pretty basic at this point: hunger, sleepiness, and dirty diapers. This portion of Web MD’s month-by-month guide describes a few of the baby milestones you can expect your child to reach at two months.

Second Month Baby Milestones: Motor Skills Two-month-old babies are gaining more control over their bodies. That means they can hold their head a little steadier while lying on their tummies or being supported upright. In the second month of life, babies continue to have a strong sucking reflex. You may notice your baby likes to suck on a fist or a few fingers. This is one of the best ways babies have of comforting themselves. Continue Reading Belowyou might like At 2 months, your baby doesn’t yet have the coordination to play with toys. But she may bat at a colorful object hanging in front of her. Your baby may even briefly hold a toy that you place in one of her han

This is especially true for breastfed babies, who generally wake up to eat every three hours or so. Hang in there for just a few more weeks and you’ll be able to get some much-needed rest. You may even be able to get to a full night’s sleep earlier by helping your baby learn how to fall asleep on her own. Do this by putting your baby into the crib when she’s drowsy rather than fast asleep. She can sleep in your room with you, but it’s not recommended that you have her in your bed. All babies need to be put to sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). You can provide plenty of tummy time when your baby is awake and supervised. Also, remove all soft objects from baby’s crib, including pillows, blankets, stuffed animals, and soft bumpers.1 2 3 View All


where do heterotrophs contain their energy from

Heterotrophs obtain their energy directly or indirectly from other organisms, while autotrophs obtain energy from inorganic sources, where they convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for their food, while autotrophs are not.

Difference Between Heterotrophs and Autotrophs May 11, 2017 By Rachna C Leave a Comment Plants, algae and few bacteria are said to be autotrophic as they are able to prepare their own food, with the help of sunlight, air, and water. Conversely animals like cow, dog, lion, horse, etc. are said to be heterotrophic as they cannot prepare their own food and depends directly or indirectly on others for their nutrition. The mode of nutrition acquired by the living organisms or the way organisms consume their food, they are divided into two main categories, which are Heterotrophic and Autotrophic. Autotrophs are called as a primary producer for the reason that they are capable of preparing their own food to gain energy. While heterotrophs are considered as the secondary or tertiary consumer in the food chain. Our Earth contains various organisms and not just humans. Things which should be wondered are that, where these organisms get their nutrition from? What do they eat? How do they grow and develop? So, by observation and according to the preferences of gaining nutrition, organisms are been grouped under such categories. Here we will go through the remarkable difference between both the categories, with a brief discussion on them. Content: Heterotrophs Vs Autotrophs Comparison Chart Definition Key Differences Conclusion Comparison Chart Basis For Comparison Heterotrophs Autotrophs Meaning Such organisms which are unable to prepare their own food and depends on other to obtain their food are kept in this category. These are the producer and prepare their own food with the help of sunlight, air and water. Example Animals like cow, dog, cat, elephant, lion, horse, etc. Mainly green plants, algae and some bacteria comes under this category. Main constituents As heterotrophs does not contain chloroplast and so are unable to prepare their own food. Autotrophs like green plant contains chloroplast, so they are able to prepare their own food. Types Two categories: Photoheterotroph and Chemoheterotroph. Two categories: Photoautotroph and Chemoautotroph. Source of energy Heterotrophs get their energy directly or indirectly from other organisms. Autotrophs obtain energy from inorganic sources, where they convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. Dependency Heterotrophs rely on other organisms for the food. Autotrophs are independent of any organisms . Hierarchy level Heterotrophs depends on autotrophs and are placed next on the food chain i.e. they are secondary or at tertiary level. Autotrophs are the primary producer in the food chain. Storage of energy Heterotrophs are not capable of storing energy. Autotrophs are capable of storing sunlight and chemical energy. Role They act as consumers. They act as producers. Movement Hetertrophs can move from one place to another in search of food. Autotrophs (plants) cannot move from one place to another. Definition of Heterotrophs A heterotroph is derived from a Greek word where Hetero means ‘different’ and trophe means ‘ nourishment ‘. So we can say that organisms which obtain their energy by eating plants, animals and decomposing matter are kept under this category. Sugar + Oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATPThe above reaction is called cellular respiration. This is the process used for making energy, where ATP known as Adenosine triphosphate is the main energy form used by heterotrophs. Following are the different types of heterotrophs, which are divided on the basis of their source of nutrition: Herbivores: These are the animals which eat only plants to obtain their energy. Examples are a cow, deer, rhino, etc. Carnivores: These types depend only on other animals flesh to obtain their energy. Examples are a lion, tiger, fox, etc. Omnivores: These organisms basically obtain their energy from both types, which means they can eat plants as well animals. Examples are humans. Decomposers: They have a saprophytic mode of nutrition, which obtains their nutrition from dead and decay matters. An example is a fungus. Definition of Autotrophs An autotroph is also derived from the Greek word, where auto means ‘self ‘ and trophe means ‘ nourishing ‘. Hence these types are considered as primary producer, which are able to prepare their own food with the help of sunlight, water, and air. Mainly plants with green leaves like from the mosses to long trees, algae, phytoplankton and some bacteria uses a process called photosynthesis, where plants acquire energy from the sun and use them in converting carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into a nutrient called glucose. This glucose, which is one of the forms of sugar provides energy to the plants. This glucose is also used to make cellulose, which helps in building cell walls in plants. In fact, they do not need to move from one place to other in search of food. Hence from the above reaction, we can say that they convert light energy into chemical energy. Some autotrophs use another process called as chemosynthesis, in this, they use energy from chemical reactions to make food rather from obtaining it from the sun. Organisms living in extreme environments like bacteria living in active volcanoes, or in deep ocean use this process. Pitcher plants are the exception as they are categorized as mixotrophic, as they obtain their nutrition from plants as well as by eating insects also. Key Differences Between Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Given below are the substantial difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs, on the basis of their mode of nutrition, their dependency, their process of obtaining food, etc. Animals like cow, dog, elephant, rhino, lion, etc. are said to be as heterotrophic, as these animals depends directly on indirectly on others for their food; whereas green plants, algae and few bacteria are said to be autotrophic as they are able to prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis which needs sunlight, air, water, and sunlight. Heterotrophs are considered as consumers and are placed at a secondary or tertiary level in the food web, while autotrophs are primary producers. Heterotrophs do not contain chloroplast, chlorophyll and hence are unable to prepare their own food, also depend on other for obtaining energy. Autotrophs contain chloroplast, chlorophyll and hence are able to produce their own food and depends on sunlight, air, and water for the preparation of food. Heterotrophs are able to move from one place to another in search of food, autotrophs are not able to move.

Conclusion From the above discussion, we can say that both kinds of nutrition are equally important in order to maintain the food chain of the biosphere. As every living being confides on each other in some or the other way. We can say that autotrophs are called ‘self-feeders’ while heterotrophs are called ‘other feeders’. You Might Also Like: Difference Between Abiotic and Biotic Factors Difference Between Food Chain and Food Web Difference Between C3, C4 and CAM pathway Difference Between Chlorophyll and Chloroplast Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast Filed Under: Botany


how long should i slow cook ribs

Transfer the ribs to a slow cooker. Pour a purchased or prepared sauce over the ribs, as directed in your recipe. Cover and cook on low-heat setting for 6 to 7 hours or on high-heat setting for 3 to 3-1/2 hours. Skim fat from sauce in slow cooker and serve with ribs.

How to Roast Pork Ribs

BHG.com Recipes How to Cook Cooking with Meat & Poultry How to Roast Pork Ribs

Pork ribs are a guaranteed crowd-pleaser, and they are also conveniently versatile. Roast ribs in the oven, braise them in a slow cooker, or take them outdoors to the grill.

By Lisa Holderness Brown1 did it Pin Facebook Twitter Google Plus Email Print Step 1: Choose your ribs Spareribs are cut from the belly (side) and have up to 14 ribs per slab (also called a rack). Look for a slab that weighs at least 3 pounds, is well trimmed, and has good layer of lean meat on the ribs, especially on the larger end of the slab. Plan three servings per slab. Loin back ribs come from the blade and center section of a pig's loin and are also called baby back ribs, because they are smaller than spareribs. Back ribs should be meaty and lean, so look for ribs with at least 1 inch of meat attached to the bone. Each slab usually contains 10 to 13 ribs and weighs 1-1/2 to 2 pounds. Figure about half of a slab per person. These also make great appetizers when cut into individual ribs. Country-style ribs are the meatiest of the rib varieties and are cut from the sirloin end of the pork loin. They are better for fork-and-knife eating than as finger food and are just as versatile as the other rib cuts. This cut is often used for braising, and it does well in the slow cooker. Country-style ribs are sold in slabs and individual servings.continue reading below Step 2: Cutting the ribs If desired, cut the ribs into serving-size portions. Using a chef's knife, cut between the rib bones to make two- to three-rib portions. Step 3: Adding flavor Before cooking the ribs, you can boost the flavor with a marinade or a dry rub. This step is optional. To marinate: Place ribs in a clean resealable plastic bag inside a dish or a covered container. Add desired marinade and refrigerate for up to 24 hours, turning ribs occasionally. To add a rub: Sprinkle each rib section evenly with a spice or herb mixture, and rub it into the meat with your fingers. If possible after adding the rub, refrigerate ribs, covered, for 2 to 24 hours before cooking to allow the flavors to soak into the meat. Step 4: Picking a cooking method R

oast Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Place rib portions, bone side down, in a shallow roasting pan. Roast, uncovered, in the preheated oven for 1 hour. Drain off fat. If desired, brush ribs with sauce. Continue to roast, uncovered, about 30 minutes more or until the ribs are tender, basting once with sauce, if desired.

Recipes for roasted pork ribs: Oven-Roasted Asian-Style Pork Ribs Oven-Barbecued Ribs Grill For a charcoal grill, arrange medium-hot coals around a drip pan. Test for medium heat above the pan. Place ribs, bone side down, on the grill rack over the drip pan.

Cover and grill for 1-1/2 to 2 hours or until the ribs are tender, brushing occasionally with desired sauce during the last 15 minutes of grilling. For a gas grill, preheat grill. Reduce heat to medium. Adjust for indirect cooking and grill as above, except place ribs in a roasting pan.

Recipes for grilled pork ribs: Kansas City Ribs Grilled Ginger Ribs BBQ Baby Back Ribs Slow Cook If desired, brown the ribs under the broiler. Preheat broiler. Place the rib portions on the unheated rack of a broiler pan. Broil ribs 6 inches from the heat about 10 minutes or until browned, turning once.

How to Make Pork Ribs How to Make Pork Ribs Recipes for slow cooker pork ribs: Pork Ribs in Raspberry Chipotle Sauce Slow Cooked Barbecue Country-Style Ribs Pin Facebook Twitter Google Plus Email Print


what is?!.the population of el salvador

San Salvador, the capital of EL Salvador has a population of 1.4million inhabitants. 48% of the population dwells in the rural areas of the country. Over the years a significant increase in the growth of population in EL Salvador has been recorded. In 2006 the population of El Salvador was 6,822,378 people and in 2000 it was 6,435,600 people. It has been recorded that the annual growth of population in the country between 1991 to 1997 was 2.2%. According to an estimation of 2005 the annual growth rate of population is 1.7%. The percentage of different ethnic groups residing in EL Salvador are:

Population of El Salvador

Share Population of El Salvador EL Salvador is situated in the western coast of Central America. It borders the North Pacific Ocean between Honduras and Guatemala.

According to the Census report of July 2007, EL Salvador is estimated to have a population of 6,948,073 people. About 90% of EL Salvador population is Spanish and Indian, referred to as ' Mestizo'. 1% of the population belongs to an indigenous group.

Few Indians living here have hold back their original traditions and customs. Most of the people living here are Roman Catholic though the number of Protestants are increasing rapidly. The percentage of Roman Catholics is 52%. Spanish is the national language and commonly spoken by all the inhabitants of this country.

Caucasian 9%Mestizo 90%Amer Indians 5%Indigenous 1%The population of El Salvador also includes Swiss, Turks, Lebanese, Syrians, Chinese and Germans El Salvador Population is a mixture of Spanish, Indians and other indigenous groups.


what are the road c

C-ROADS is a free, award-winning computer simulator that helps people understand the long-term climate impacts of actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. You can use it to rapidly test strategies for tackling climate change.

C-ROADS

C-ROADSClimate Change Policy Simulator

Select from two versions depending on your intended use: C-ROADS World Climate Overview Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. C-ROADS World Climate C-ROADS World Climate Suitable for most, C-ROADS World Climate is designed for simple climate policy tests, interactive presentations, and our role-play exercise—the World Climate Simulation. It offers global, 3-region, and 6-region modes in order to test national and regional emission reduction policies. Includes French, Spanish, Chinese, German, and Turkish language support. C-ROADS World Climate is available for download to Windows and Mac, and runs online. Download C-ROADS World Climate Online C-ROADS World Climate (recommended)C-ROADS Pro Designed for technical users looking to analyze specific greenhouse gas emission reduction policies in various forms for up to 15 regions simultaneously. This is the only version of C-ROADS that was available prior to October 2016 and continues to be maintained for technically-oriented policy analysts. Available for download to Windows and Mac. Download C-ROADS Pro. Features Translates climate mitigation scenarios into emissions, concentrations, temperature, and per-capita emissions outcomes. Offers ability to quickly run real-time policy analysis on a laptop or desktop computer, unlike most climate models. Backed by a scientific review committee of renowned climate and systems dynamics experts. Outputs are consistent with the larger, more disaggregated models used in the IPCC’s AR5. Model assumptions, inputs, and methodology are made transparent and in many cases can be easily adjusted to suit the user. Role of C-ROADSSince 2008, C-ROADS has helped the world to understand the impact of the emission reduction pledges countries have proposed to the United Nations. These proposals take different forms, with different reference years, reference scenarios, target years, and types of proposals. However, using C-ROADS we can rapidly test these policies and determine whether collectively they are enough to stabilize temperature below 2°C. More complex integrated assessment climate models also have this ability, however, such models can be slow to run and are inaccessible to everyday people. Learn more about the assessments Climate Interactive and MIT have released around the UN climate negotiations and the nationally determined contributions. To make insights about what it takes to address climate change even more accessible to people, we encourage you to use C-ROADS as part of a World Climate Simulation, where a group of people play the roles of UN climate negotiators working to create an agreement to limit global warming. About C-ROADSC-ROADS was developed by a team from Climate Interactive, MIT, Ventana Systems, UML Climate Change Initiative, and Todd Fincannon. The name C-ROADS stands for “Climate Rapid Overview and Decision Support” simulator. The model was reviewed by an external scientific review committee, chaired by Sir Robert Watson, former Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The reviewers recommended C-ROADS for widespread use. Read a summary of their review here. In 2013 C-ROADS was awarded the System Dynamics Society Award for the best “Real World” Application of System Dynamics. C-ROADS is being used at top government, corporate, and NGO levels, and by individuals participating in or monitoring the UNFCCC negotiations. Read comments by some of our users at the US State Department and European Environment Agency.“The C-ROADS model from Climate Interactive was used by me and other members of President Obama’s climate-change team for gaining rapid insights into the consequences of alternative greenhouse-gas-emissions trajectories for the United States and the rest of the world.”-Dr. John Holdren, White House Science Advisor, 2008-2016In addition to C-ROADS we have developed several simulations that use the same scientifically reviewed model behind C-ROADS but are in forms that are oriented towards education or focus on particular results that C-ROADS gives us. C-Learn, a learning-oriented, three-region version of C-ROADS, was developed in 2008 and was available online until March 2017. C-ROADS World Climate now supports the same uses. Climate Momentum Simulation is designed to quickly show the dramatic effects that changing CO2 emissions can have on our planet. Climate Pathways is an app for i Phones, i Pads, and i Pods that allows users to guess the emissions trajectories needed to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 degrees C. World Climate is a role-playing game designed for groups of all sizes to experience the dynamics that negotiators face at the UN climate negotiations in coming up with a global climate treaty. C-ROADS Resources Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)Comments from C-ROADS users Overview of the simulator, 5 pages Scientific Review one-page summary Technical Reference Guide on the simulator, including simulation purpose, structure, parameters, test results, and bibliography Journal article on C-ROADS published in System Dynamics Review July 2012. (translated into Chinese)Sterman, John, Thomas Fiddaman, Travis Franck, Andrew Jones, Stephanie Mc Cauley, Philip Rice, Elizabeth Sawin, Lori Siegel. (2013) Management Flight Simulators to Support Climate Negotiations . Environmental Modelling and Software. Press coverage of C-ROADS and other Climate Interactive tools Webinar on the dynamics behind C-ROADSA scenario in C-ROADS World Climate


what does the market cap indicate?

Market capitalization (market cap) is a measurement of the size of a firm. It is the current share price times the number of outstanding shares. For example, a firm with a stock price of $5 dollars a share and 5 million shares outstanding would have a market cap of $25 million dollars.

What Does the Term Market Cap Mean?

"What Does the Term Market Cap Mean?by Christopher Hundley; Updated September 26, 2017""Market capitalization"" (or market cap) is a fairly common financial phrase. You may have seen stocks or mutual funds described as small-cap, mid-cap or large-cap on financial news websites. Or you may have read newspaper headlines referring to the market cap of a particular company, industry or region. But what does market cap mean? What does it measure? And why is it important to know the market cap of a particular investment, firm or region? Definition

Market cap can also be used to refer to the economic health of a region or a country. The formula for the market cap of a region or a country can be found by adding up the market caps of all firms in the region or the country. Market Cap Categories Market capitalization is usually divided into several categories. There is little consensus as to exact figures. Investopedia defines them as: • Nano cap: up to $50 million • Micro cap: $50 million to $300 million • Small cap: $300 million to $2 billion • Mid cap: $2 billion to $10 billion • Large cap: $10 billion to $200 billion • Mega cap: more than $200 billion By contrast, Webster’s New World Finance and Investment Dictionary defines them as: • Micro cap: up to $300 million • Small cap: $300 million to $1 billion • Mid cap: $1 billion to $5 billion • Large cap: more than $5 billion These values will change as time passes and inflation diminishes purchasing power. For example, $1 billion was considered a large market cap in the 1980s. Market Cap and Stock Indexing A stock market index is a method of measuring how a particular segment of the stock market is performing. Many indexes track stocks by market cap. The S & P 500 is what is known as a capitalization-weighted index, which means that the firms in the index are weighted according to their market capitalization. If a large-cap stock's price drops precipitously while a small-cap stock's price rises, and the net impact is that the sector of the market containing both stocks drops significantly, the index tracking that sector should be weighted so as to offer proportional performance. Market Cap and Mutual Funds Market cap is commonly used by asset managers to determine the types of equities in which they will invest. Many of the most prominent mutual fund families, such as Vanguard, Fidelity, Charles Schwab and T. Rowe Price, offer mutual funds to investors that invest solely in firms of a particular market cap. For example, Vanguard offers multiple small-cap funds, such as the Vanguard Small-Cap Value Index Fund, which tracks an index that measures the equities of value-oriented firms with small market caps. Factors to Consider The stock price of a firm is subject to macroeconomic factors that could have a disproportionate impact on the stock price and therefore the market cap. For example, in a recession, a financially healthy firm may see its share price depressed by investors concerned with the health of the entire economy, rather than the firm in particular. Conversely, during an economic bubble, the market cap of an unhealthy firm may indicate that a firm is worth more than it actually is, due to speculative activity. In these circumstances, other means of stock valuation should be employed. Warning Market cap should rarely, if ever, be used in isolation when determining the intrinsic worth of a firm and its prospects. It provides a snapshot of the size and worth of the firm, but out of context to its liabilities, projected net income, macroeconomic trends and other factors, it is of little value. References Webster's New World Finance and Investment Dictionary Investopedia Investopedia About the Author Christopher Hundley has worked as a writer since 2009. Residing in York, Pa., he has an MBA in information systems and a Master's degree in marketing, both from Baruch College, as well as a Bachelor's degree in English at Howard University. Cite this Article "


which muscle type is involved in the function of the digestive tract and blood vessels?

in. **Which muscle type is involved in the function of the digestive tract and blood vessels? Smoothsmooth muscle functions in many systems of the body, including the digestive tract and blood vessels. **How does cardiac muscle differ from the other types of muscle? **True or false?

Texas St. Philip's College Ch.48 Muscles Benjamin C.• 12cards**A muscle cell contains bundles of longmyofibrils**When a sarcomere contractsthe actin and myosin filaments do not change in length. **Which of the following events is the direct result of an action potential in the membrane of a muscle cell? The muscle cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) releases calcium ions. NOTE: The release of calcium ions is necessary for muscle contraction**When ATP attaches to a myosin head,the myosin head detaches from actin**Calcium ionsbind to the protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin. NOTE: The binding of calcium ions causes the myosin-binding sites to be exposed. This allows the myosin heads to bind to act

Myofibrils are the alternating light-dark units that produce the banded appearance of muscle fibers**Which of the following interactions is the molecular basis of muscle contraction? **Which molecules form the thick filaments of sarcomeres? **Which step constitutes the power stroke of muscle contraction? **Which of the following statements about the stimulation of muscle cells is true? Related Study Materialschapter 40the endocrine systemch.48homework Recent Class Questionsthe blood is a specialized connective tissue because it is made upfatty acids are broken off from the glycerol backbone using water in a process calledthe acceptable macronutrient distribution range (amdr) suggests that...


what is a chad

Chad is a vast, ethnically diverse African country. It gained independence from France in 1960 after a sixty-year colonial period rule that did not create a meaningful national unity.

Chad

"Orientation Identification.

Within the country's borders one may distinguish several national cultures that are based on the ethnoregional and religious affiliations of the population groups. Many of the cultures can be traced back to a complex precolonial history of competing indigenous states and sultanates. The name Chad is derived the from designation of the great Lake Chad (originally called Kuri) by the sixteenth century author and imam Ibn Fortu. Chad is somewhat similar to Sudan in that it has a northern part inhabited by an Islamic (and partly Arabic-speaking) population of pastoralist semidesert peoples, and a southern part of Christians and traditional religious people, engaged in mixed agriculture, crafts, and trade. These two parts each comprise about half of the population. Postcolonial Chad has, like Sudan, been marked by deep regional-ethnic divisions and a violent history of struggle for power among the various elites that have alternative visions of the state and their place within it. Armed rebellions and years of protracted and destructive civil war, in which the role of Libya was at times notable, have characterized Chad's recent history. Starting in 1993, the armed conflicts subsided and some sort of democratization process was instigated. Location and Geography. Chad is a resource-poor, landlocked country, bordered by the Sudan, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, and Libya. It has an area of 495,752 square miles (1,284,000 square kilometers), most of it desert, semidesert, or savannah. In the extreme south there are lush forests and agricultural areas. The country is divided into three climatic-ecological zones from north to south: the Saharan zone (dry and hot, with livestock raising, minor cultivation, and some trade), the Sahelian zone (more rainfall, livestock raising, and cereal cultivation), and the southern semitropical zone (with good rainfall of up to 48 inches (1,200 millimeters) per year, large-scale cultivation, cash-crop production, trade, and crafts). The country is drought-prone and suffers from periodic famine. Chad is basically a large plain, with some mountain ranges, including the Guéra massif in the center and the Ouaddaï or Ennedi massif in the east; in the north in the middle of the desert lies the spectacular Tibesti range, where cultivation is possible due to higher rainfall. In the southwest, on the border with Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria, is Lake Chad, a shrinking water mass lying at an altitude of about 790 feet (240 meters). The two main rivers—the Logoni and the Chari— are in southwest Chad and run into Lake Chad. They are navigable for most of the year and are also used extensively for fishing. Demography. Chad's population is some 7 million (1999), giving a population density of 14.2 people per square mile (5.5 per square kilometer). The fertile southern third of the country has a density of 77.7 per square mile (30 per square kilometer). There are an estimated 180 ethnic groups in Chad (although their boundaries are often hard to establish). The largest are the Sara (approx. 32 percent of the total population), the Arabs (22 percent), the Maba, the Tubu, and the Mbum. Many of the ethnic groups are also found in neighboring countries such as Cameroon, Niger, the Sudan, and Nigeria, having been separated by the colonial and postcolonial boundaries. Most Chadians live in rural areas. Urban centers include the capital N'Djamena (approx. 800,000 people, most of them now Arabs or Arabic-speaking), Sarh (120,000), Moundou (110,000), Bongor, Abéché, and Doba. Life expectancy is approximately forty-eight years, while the Chad annual population growth rate is 2.5 percent. About 90 percent of the population lives in the southern 15 percent of Chadian territory. Linguistic Affiliation. There are more than 100 languages spoken in Chad, virtually all belonging to two great languages families: Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic. The precise extent and variety of the linguistic situation are not known, because of a notable lack of research. Language does not overlap with ""ethnic group"" identity, as some languages are spoken by groups identifying themselves with different ethnic/regional labels. Arabic, Sara, and French are widely spoken, the latter used in education and the administration, especially in the south. The use of Arabic, traditionally an important commercial language, is expanding across the country. Symbolism. The main symbol of Chad is the national flag, consisting of three vertical fields of blue, yellow, and orange-red, without any figurative decoration. Additional national symbols are not known, although various parties and rebel fronts have used their own flags. "


how many pages does bruiser book have

11352 pages Source: library loan Synopsis Tennyson: Don’t get me started on the Bruiser. He was voted “Most Likely to Get the Death Penalty” by the entire school. He’s the kid no one knows, no one talks to, and everyone hears disturbing rumors about.

Book Review: Bruiser by Neal Shusterman

Book Review: Bruiser by Neal Shusterman Bruiser by Neal Shusterman Harper Teen/ 20

So why is my sister, Brontë, dating him? One of these days she’s going to take in the wrong stray dog, and it’s not going to end well. Brontë: My brother has no right to talk about Brewster that way—no right to threaten him. There’s a reason why Brewster can’t have friends—why he can’t care about too many people. Because when he cares about you, things start to happen. Impossible things that can’t be explained. I know, because they’re happening to me. Award-winning author Neal Shusterman has crafted a chilling and unforgettable novel about the power of unconditional friendship, the complex gear workings of a family, and the sacrifices we endure for the people we love. (Taken from Goodreads. )Opening Line:“If he touches her, I swear I’m going to rip out his guts with my bare hands and send them to his next of kin for lunch.”My Take On It My first Neal Shusterman book was Unwind, which completely blew my mind, so much so that I still haven’t been quite able to put my thoughts to paper and write a review. After experiencing Unwind (and after a little decompression period, because wow, that was an intense read) I wanted to check out more from the author. Lucky for me I found a copy of his latest, Bruiser, at my local library. The jacket description of the book seemed to indicate some kind of supernatural element in it, but I was unsure what that might be starting the book. But you know, I found that to be kind of refreshing. Most of the paranormal books I read these days let you know right from the start: “Hey,You! This book is about werewolves (or vampires, or zombie’s, etc. )” There was no jarring reveal in Bruiser, the special talent that he possesses is gradually revealed to the reader. But what I love about Bruiser, is Shusterman’s writing. The book is told from multiple view points: brother and sister Tennyson and Brontë, Brewster (aka Bruiser) and his younger brother Cody. Sometimes this works in a book, and sometimes it doesn’t. I, however, liked these alternating POV’s, they gave real insight into the characters. Brewster’s narration is written in verse, which I LOVED because it is a total play on irony. Brewster, the kid, who according to his classmates is most likely to die by lethal injection, thinks in poetic verse. Reading his passages you realize this misunderstood boy has the heart of a poet with the tragic life story to match: Yet out of this frigid pool of judgement stepped Brontë,untainted by the cold, radiating warmth in a rhythmic pulse through veins, echoing now in mine, just as the slice across her palm is now my burden, taken by accident, yet held with purposeful triumph,Where I now carefully peel the bandage from my hand,revealing shades of brown and red, flesh damaged and bruised, hoping to redress the wound before my uncle can find out, the wound that I have no idea how Brontë got, for in my fuzz-brained love haze, I forgot to question,Which will heal without mystery or magic at the normalpace of life—in a week, two weeks, three—like the raw-knuckle scabs her brother, now mine, too, like the bruises, breaks, and scrapes, the scars of a lifelong battle that defines me…Beautiful. Bruiser is a classic fairy tale in many ways, seemingly light and magical but really dark and tragic. Like Unwind, there is an underlying tension early on in the story that never really releases its grip. And like Unwind, many parts of Bruiser moved me to tears, especially the parts where Brew tells the story of his growing up, the loss of his mother, and his reasons for shutting himself off from the world. It’s truly heartbreaking to read. The passages with Brew’s Uncle Hoyt are intense, terrifying, and engrossing. Yet there is also a love story between Brew and Brontë , and Bruiser, at it’s core, is a book about love and friendship, loyalty and sacrifice: We talked as we ate and drank, and had a truly wonderful time. It felt good, and I didn’t want it to end. I’m not going to be so stupidly sentimental as to say we were suddenly in love or anything, but something did happen that day. Somehow we had become linked. Entwined. It was out of the ordinary, and out of my control. That’s when I realized that I had been wrong from the start: Brewster wasn’t a stray at all. If anyone had been lost, it was me; and I could feel nothing but gratitude at having been found. In Bruiser, Shusterman writes a story that is at one moment terrifying, the next touching and tender, and I love that. To say I am anxious to read more of his work is probably an understatement. Some reviews I have read had issues with the ending, but I walked away from the book feeling pretty satisfied, if not a little emotionally spent. While this book has a supernatural/ paranormal aspect to it, it’s written so realistically that it was not hard at all for me to suspend my disbelief and feel these events could really take place. To me, that is the mark of a great read. And it would appear that Bruiser is a stand alone book. In this YA world of sequels and prequels, Bruiser wraps up nicely with no big cliffhanger’s. Bruiser is a quiet book that packs a powerful punch. Time to search out my next Neal Shusterman title:)4.5/ 5 Stars Cover Thoughts Meh. This cover didn’t do much for me. The model has pretty eyes though.


what does heat engine mean

n?• HEAT ENGINE (noun) The noun HEAT ENGINE has 1 sense:1. any engine that makes use of heat to do work Familiarity information: HEAT ENGINE used as a noun is very rare.

HEAT ENGINE

"Audio English.org » Dictionary » H » Heat Barrier ... Heavily Traveled HEAT ENGINEPronunciation (US): Dictionary entry overview: What does heat engine mea

Dictionary entry details• HEAT ENGINE (noun)Sense 1 heat engine [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: Any engine that makes use of heat to do work Classified under: Nouns denoting man-made objects Hypernyms (""heat engine"" is a kind of...):engine (motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of ""heat engine""):external-combustion engine (a heat engine in which ignition occurs outside the chamber (cylinder or turbine) in which heat is converted to mechanical energy)ICE; internal-combustion engine (a heat engine in which combustion occurs inside the engine rather than in a separate furnace; heat expands a gas that either moves a piston or turns a gas turbine)Learn English with... Proverbs of the week""It's better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all."" (English proverb) ""Every animal knows more than you do."" (Native American proverb, Nez Perce) ""The pebble comes from the mountain."" (Arabic proverb) ""He who changes, suffers."" (Corsican proverb)HEAT ENERGYHEAT ENGINEHEAT EXCHANGERHEAT EXHAUSTIONHEAT FLASHHEAT HYPERPYREXIAHEAT LAMPHEAT LIGHTNINGHEAT OF CONDENSATIONHEAT OF DISSOCIATIONEnglish learning courses About Practical English About Telephone English About Accounting English Learn English Free English Language Dictionary British and American English pronunciation Other popular searches:» what does vividly mean » nihil obstat » setting » friedrich engels » albuquerque meaning Page delivered in 0.0493 seconds "


what is the difference between a step-up transformer and a step-down transformer?

er. Key Differences between Step-up transformer and Step-down transformer When the output (secondary) voltage is greater than its input (primary) voltage, it is called a step-up transformer, whereas, in step-down transformer output (secondary) voltage is less.

Difference between Step-up and Step-down transformer A transformer is a static device which transfers a.c electrical power from one circuit to the other at the same frequency, but the voltage level is usually changed. For economical reasons, electric power is required to be transmitted at high voltage whereas it has to be utilized at low voltage from a safety point of view. This increase in voltage for transmission and decrease in voltage for utilization can only be achieved by using a step-up and step-down transformer. The major difference between step-up and step-down transformer is, step-up transformer raises the output voltage, whereas step-down transformer reduces the output voltage. Some other differences are explained below, in the form of a comparison chart, considering the factors: voltage, winding, the number of turns, thickness of conductor and application. Content: Step-up Vs Step-down transformer Comparison Chart Definition Key Differences Point to Remember Comparison Chart BASIS FOR COMPARISON STEP-UP TRANSFORMER STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERDefinition Step-up transformer increase the output voltage. Step-down transformer reduces the output voltage. Voltage Input voltage is low while the output voltage is high. Input voltage is high while the output voltage is low. Winding High voltage winding is the secondary winding. High voltage winding is the primary winding. Current Current is low on the secondary winding. Current is high on the secondary winding. Rating of output voltage 11000 volts or above 110v ,24v, 20v, 10v, etc. Size of the conductor Primary winding is made up of thick insulated copper wire. Secondary winding is made up of thick insulated copper wire Application Power plant, X-rays machine, microwaves, etc. Doorbell, voltage converter, etc. Definition of Step-up transformer: When the voltage is raised on the output side, the transformer is called the step-up transformer. In this transformer, the number of turns in the secondary winding is always greater than the turns in the primary winding because a high voltage is developed on the secondary side of a transformer. In countries like India, usually, power is generated at 11kv. For economical reasons, a.c.power is transmitted at very high voltages (220v-440v) over long distances. Therefore a step-up transformer is applied at the generating station. Definition of Step-down transformer: A step-down transformer reduces the output voltages or in other words, it converts high voltage, low current power into a low voltage, high current power. For example, our power circuit carries 230-110v, but the doorbell requires only 16v. So, a step-down transformer should be used to reduce the voltage from 110v or 220v to 16v. For feeding different areas, voltages are stepped down to 440v/230v for safety reasons. Thus, the number of turns on secondary winding is less than the primary winding so; less voltage is induced at the output (secondary) end of the transform

In a step-up transformer, the low voltage winding is the primary winding, and high voltage winding is the secondary winding, whereas, in step-down transformer, low voltage winding is the secondary winding. In a step-up transformer, the current and magnetic field is less developed in the secondary winding, and it is highly developed in the primary winding, whereas, in Step-down transformer, voltage is low on secondary end Thus, the current and magnetic field is high. Note1: The current is directly proportional to the magnetic field. Note2: According to Ohm’s laws, voltage is directly proportional to the current. If we increase the voltages than current will also increase. But in transformer for transferring the same amount of power, If we increase the voltage the current will decrease and vice versa. So the power remains the same in the sending and receiving ends of a transformer. In a step-up transformer, the primary winding is made up of thick insulated copper wire, and the secondary is made up of thin insulated copper wire, whereas, in step-down transformer the output current is high so, the thick insulated copper wire is used for making secondary winding. Note: Thickness of wire depends upon the capacity of current flow through them. Step-up transformer extends the voltages from 220v-11kv or above, whereas, step-down transformer reduces the voltages from 440-220v,220-110v or 110-24v,20v,10vetc. Point to Remember: The Same transformer can be used as a step-up or a step-down transformer. It depends upon the ways in which it is connected in the circuit. If input supply is given on the low voltage winding, then it becomes a step-up transformer. Alternately, if the input supply is provided on the high voltage winding, the transformer becomes a step-down one. Related terms: Step-up & Step-down Transformers Difference Between Current Transformer (CT) & Potential Transformer (PT)Difference Between Autotransformer & Conventional Transformer Difference Between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer What is a Transformer


average temperatures santa monica ca march

oodthe weather in Santa Monica in march is dry ; it hardly ever rains (28mm of rainfall over 3 days). The climate enjoyable in this city the month of march. The high seasonal norm is 21°C. In the morning the temperature drops to 13°C. Thus, the mean temperature average on this month of march in Santa Monica is 17°C. Note that these seasonal averages are in contrast with those observed in Santa Monica in the month of march with a maximum record of 33°C in 2015 and a minimum record of 4°C in 2012. You can plan to have about 19 days with temperatures up to 18°C, or 61% of the month. On average, in Santa Monica, the days of march last 11:57. Sunrise is at 06:05 and sunset is at 18:02. With good weather conditions, this month is advisable to go in that area.

Weather in Santa Monica in march 2019

Best time to go to Santa Monica? Weather in Santa Monica in march 2019The weather in Santa Monica in the month of march comes from statistical datas on the last years. You can view the weather statistics the entire month, but also by clicking on the tabs for the beginning, the middle and the end of the month. All month Beginning of the month Mid-month End of the month Average weather throughout march Weather at 7am Temperature: 13°CClear/Sunny71% of time12%8%7%Weather at 1pm Temperature: 20°CClear/Sunny82% of time12%4%3%Weather at 7pm Temperature: 18°CClear/Sunny79% of time12%5%3%Weather in february in Santa Monica Weather in april in Santa Monica Climate of Santa Monica in march The climate of Santa Monica in march is g

Seasonal average climate and temperature of Santa Monica in march Check below seasonal norms These datas are set from the weather statements earlier years of the month of march. February March April Outside temperature Average temperature15°C 17°C 18°CHighest temperature20°C 21°C 22°CLowest temperature11°C 13°C 15°CHighest record temperature31°C (2015)33°C (2015)34°C (2015)Lowest record temperature4°C (2009)4°C (2012)6°C (2010)Number of days at +30°C0 day (s) (0%)1 day (s) (3%)1 day (s) (3%)Number of days at +18°C16 day (s) (55%)19 day (s) (61%)20 day (s) (67%)Average sea temperature14.9°C 14.6°C 15.2°CLowest sea temperature13.6°C 12.7°C 13.4°CHighest sea temperature16.1°C 16.4°C 17°CWind Wind speed16km/h 18km/h 21km/h Wind temperature9°C 12°C 14°CPrecipitation (rainfall)Rainfall63mm 28mm 21mm Number of days with rainfall4 day (s) (14%)3 day (s) (9%)2 day (s) (7%)Record daily rainfall77.3mm (2014)75.1mm (2011)33.6mm (2010)Other climate data Humidity69% 67% 64%Visibility9.64km 9.62km 9.54km Cloud cover17% 16% 17%Sunrise and sunset Time of sunrise06:39 06:05 05:23Time of sunset17:38 18:02 18:25Length of day10:59 11:57 13:02Our opinion about the weather in march Our opinion at whereandwhen.netgood good good How was the weather last march? Here is the day by day recorded weather in Santa Monica in march 2018:01-03-201811°C to 13°C02-03-201811°C to 14°C03-03-201810°C to 13°C04-03-20189°C to 13°C05-03-201813°C to 18°C06-03-201813°C to 20°C07-03-201814°C to 17°C08-03-201815°C to 18°C09-03-201814°C to 16°C10-03-201813°C to 15°C11-03-201813°C to 17°C12-03-201814°C to 17°CSee more Map: other cities in California in march Hover over cities on the map for information about the weather in march.perfect weather good tolerable bad very bad current location Cities near Santa Monica: Topanga in march good weather Hollywood in march good weather Los Angeles in march good weather Malibu in march good weather Huntington Beach in march good weather Oxnard in march good weather California in march: See full list of cities Weather data for Santa Monica in march: Weather data for Santa Monica for march are derived from an average of the weather forecast since 2009 in Santa Monica. There is a margin of error and these forecasts are to be considered as general information only. The weather in Santa Monica can vary slightly from year to year, but this data should limit surprises. So you can pack your bags or check for the best time in year to go to Santa Monica. February in Santa Monica April in Santa Monica


what is proteomics

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context. We may refer to, for instance, the proteome of a species (for example, Homo sapiens) or an organ (for example, the liver). The proteome is not constant; it differs from cell to cell and changes over time.

What is proteomics?

What is proteomics?

To some degree, the proteome reflects the underlying transcriptome . However, protein activity (often assessed by the reaction rate of the processes in which the protein is involved) is also modulated by many factors in addition to the expression level of the relevant gene. Proteomics is used to investigate (see Figure 1):when and where proteins are expressed;rates of protein production, degradation, and steady-state abundance;how proteins are modified (for example, post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation);the movement of proteins between subcellular compartments;the involvement of proteins in metabolic pathways;how proteins interact with one another. Proteomics can provide significant biological information for many biological problems, such as: Which proteins interact with a particular protein of interest (for example, the tumour suppressor protein p53)? ( Human example)Which proteins are localised to a subcellular compartment (for example, the mitochondrion)? ( Human example)Which proteins are involved in a biological process (for example, circadian rhythm)? ( Human example)Several high-throughput technologies have been developed to investigate proteomes in depth. The most commonly applied are mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques such as Tandem-MS and gel-based techniques such as differential in-gel electrophoresis ( DIGE). These high-throughput technologies generate huge amounts of data. Databases are critical for recording and carefully storing this data, allowing the researcher to make connections between their results and existing knowledge. The EBI hosts up-to-date and accurate databases to enable rapid searching and retrieval of these data. The four major databases related to proteomic research ( Uni Prot KB, Int Act, Reactome and PRIDE) are described in the next section. These four databases (especially Uni Prot KB) draw from gene sequence data (e.g. Ensembl) and annotation tools (e.g. Inter Pro) also hosted by the EBI. You can find out more about such resources in other training courses, such as the Introduction to Functional Genomics Resources, and the Inter Pro Quick Tour. Figure 1. Areas of proteomics. Proteomic experiments generally collect data on three properties of proteins in a sample: location, abundance/turnover and post-translational modifications. Depending on the experimental design, researchers may be directly interested in these data, or may use them to infer additional information. For example, it may be possible to infer a protein's interaction partners among others that are colocalised with it, or to assess whether a protein is active from its post-translational modifications.‹ Proteomics: An introduction to EMBL-EBI resources Proteomics resources at the EBI ›


access parallels cost

en. That's a nice improvement, but not one that's worth the price premium. At $79.99 per year, Parallels Access costs the same each year as Parallels Desktop costs for a perpetual license. And you need both to access Parallels virtual machines from the i Pad.

Parallels offers awkward access to Windows apps on iPad for $80 a year

"Biz & IT —Parallels offers awkward access to Windows apps on i Pad for $80 a year Cheaper app killed in favor of ungainly, absurdly expensive ""Parallels Access. ""Jon Brodkin - Aug 28, 2013 9:00 pm UTCParallels Access app launcher on i Pad. Parallels yesterday unveiled what it calls a breakthrough product that ""' applifies' Windows and Mac applications, letting customers remotely access and experience them as if they were made for i Pad. ""It sounds great until you actually try to use it. Even worse, the new product is absurdly expensive compared to Parallels' other software and its older, cheaper app that did much the same thing until it was killed. The company used to offer Parallels Mobile for the i Pad for a flat fee of $19.99, but it's no longer available to buy. Parallels Mobile, which you can still use if you already bought it and have it installed, lets you access the Parallels virtual machines on your Mac over the Internet. The new Parallels Access software does basically the same thing, except it allows you to open and view applications individually rather than trying to manipulate the whole virtual machine on an i Pad scre

Since Parallels Access is primarily an accessory to the base virtualization platform, it's ridiculous to make it cost the same (or more if you don't upgrade Parallels Desktop each year). As if it couldn't get any more ridiculous, each computer you access through the app requires its own $79.99 yearly subscription. Parallels Access without Parallels Desktop will get you remote access to a host computer without any virtual machines, but at that point you might as well just go for a free alternative that works slightly less smoothly instead of paying $79.99 a year. Maybe the price would be acceptable if Parallels Access actually delivered on its claim of making Windows and Mac applications feel like native i Pad applications. The reality is that no remote access program makes Windows feel native on the i Pad. Tools like Log Me In or Pocket Cloud are convenient in a pinch, but they're not actually pleasant to use since you're generally interacting with tiny controls made for mice and keyboards. Parallels added some new touch-friendly gestures, like a double tap to replace the mouse right click, scrolling, selecting text, and copy and paste. But it certainly doesn't make desktop applications feel like they were built for the i Pad. The biggest differentiation for Parallels Access compared to other i Pad-based remote access tools is integration with virtual machines, which already existed in the discontinued and cheaper Parallels Mobile. We're guessing Android users will get to join in on the awkwardness at some point, because Parallels said that ""Support of devices in addition to the i Pad is in development."" Using Parallels Access requires an agent to be installed on the computer you're accessing. There is an agent for both Apple and Windows computers, but the Windows tool is still in beta. Enlarge / Microsoft Word on i Pad, in Parallels Access. I was able to test Parallels Access today (for as long as I could stomach it) because of a 14-day trial offered before you need to buy a subscription. One improvement is an application launcher that provides easier access to both Windows and Mac apps. But while this showed me Windows desktop applications such as the various Microsoft Office programs, it only displayed one of the touch-friendly Metro programs in Windows 8. That one program was the Windows 8 Mail app, and clicking the icon in the Parallels Access launcher didn't actually launch the program. I was able to start Mail manually from the virtual machine on my computer and see it show up on the i Pad, so this was clearly a problem with the launcher rather than the app or virtual machine. Even worse, launching Parallels Access on my i Pad forced Parallels on my Mac into full screen mode and messed up all my windows. Applications on my second monitor were moved to my primary monitor, and nearly every open window was resized into an awkward position with the window being partly hidden behind the Mac's dock. When I disconnected the i Pad from the Mac, I had to move all the windows back to their original positions and sizes. That's a problem I never had with Parallels Mobile, which I bought a year or so ago and still have on my i Pad. Obviously, I don't recommend buying Parallels Access unless it gets a dramatic overhaul in both usability and price. Competitor VMware Fusion, by the way, doesn't have an i Pad app at all. Perhaps that's for the best. Promoted Comments Oz7 Smack-Fu Master, in trainingjump to post"" The reality is that no remote access program makes Windows feel native on the i Pad. Tools like Log Me In or Pocket Cloud are convenient in a pinch, but they're not actually pleasant to use since you're generally interacting with tiny controls made for mice and keyboards. "" That has been my experience. Ultimately, if you absolutely need windows ""apps"" in tablet form, like I did, I ended up buying a surface pro. While I don't enjoy Metro, or Start screen, when it was time to make a decision, an active digitizer, ability to join domains, bit locker won the day.53 posts | registered Nov 17, 2012segphault Ars Tribunus Militum et Subscriptorjump to post I tried Parallels Access last night when they sent out promotional e-mails. I was really turned off by the fact that the $80 subscription fee isn't disclosed anywhere in the e-mail or download page, so I didn't actually discover that it was a trial until after I had finished installing everything. That's really, really poor form. I currently use Splashtop and VNC. The ""applification"" in Parallels Access basically consists of providing touch scrolling and i OS-like text selection and cursor manipulation for native desktop apps. The whole thing is a bit more polished than Splashtop and the text stuff is reasonably well done, but there's absolutely nothing in it that justifies an $80 annual subscription fee. They need to try harder.2367 posts | registered May 27, 2005Xiao-zhi Ars Scholae Palatinaejump to post I use Parallels for OSX to run some technical Windows apps and it works great. By why would I spend almost as much to use Windows on my f'n i Pad when i Work aps for i OS basically do whatever I need in terms of occasional document reading and editing for a small fraction of the price? This product makes no sense. Tablets are tablets. PCs are PCs. Tim Cook is correct.674 posts | registered Oct 6, 2011Jon Brodkin Jon is Ars Technica's senior IT reporter, covering the FCC and broadband, telecommunications, wireless technology, and more. Email jon.brodkin@arstechnica.com // Twitter @JBrodkinreader comments Share this story←Previous story Next story →Related Stories Sponsored Stories Powered by Today on Ars "


what is a guaranteed general fund investment

What is 'Guaranteed Investment Fund (GIF)'Guaranteed investment income is a type of investment product offered by insurance companies that allows its client to invest in an equity, bond and/or index fund while providing a promise of a predefined minimum value of the fund (usually, the initial investment amount) will be available at the fund's maturity or when the client dies.

Insurance companies usually charge up to 1 percent of the investment amount per year for this service. Next Up Capital Guarantee Fund Protected Fund Guaranteed Investment Contract ... Guaranteed Stock BREAKING DOWN 'Guaranteed Investment Fund (GIF)'Some guaranteed investment income funds also give people the opportunity to reset the guaranteed amount during specific periods of time. This allows investors to lock in greater sums in the event that they incur a large capital gain. For example, suppose an investor near retirement age had invested $500,000 into this fund and after a incredible bull run, his investment grows to $585,000 in a year. By resetting the guarantee at this point in time, the investor has now guaranteed that he will at the very least receive $585,000. Two Types of Guaranteed Investment Funds Guaranteed investment funds, as their name shows, guarantee that all or part of the invested capital will be secure for a specific date in the future. And in some cases there is the possibility for almost guaranteed returns. Main concepts Guarantee maturity date: a date in the future when all of the fund's shares are guaranteed to reach a specific net asset value (guaranteed net asset value). Only those shareholders that leave their investment until the maturity date will be entitled to the guarantee. If a redemption is made before that date then there could be great losses Guarantor: Entity that commits to providing the funds required to ensure the investor keeps their initial investment if the guaranteed investment fund does not perform in a way that generates net asset value. When this amount is delivered directly to the fund then there is an internal guarantee; if the shareholder receives the amount then the guarantee is external. Marketing period: period during which shares can be purchased from a guaranteed fund without paying subscription fees. Liquidity windows: some guaranteed funds set predetermined dates when the shareholder can receive a total or partial redemption without paying redemption fees. To do this you must respect the notice periods stated in the brochure. Given that these redemptions are done according to the net asset value on that day, the guarantee is not applicable and losses may be incurred. Guaranteed fixed yield: these do more than ensure that starting capital is secure for the guarantee's maturity date, they also ensure set and predetermined returns (as stated in the brochure in terms of annual interest, APR). Guaranteed variable yield: these only ensure starting investments on the guarantee's maturity date. They also offer the option to gain returns linked to how multiple financial assets or indicators perform (according to complex calculation formulas). Investors must take into account that if underlying instruments do not develop as expected then it is possible to not gain any returns.


what is carpuject

The carpuject is a syringe device for the administration of injectable fluid medication. It was patented by the Sterling Drug Company, which became the Sterling Winthrop, after World War II.

Carpuject

It is designed with a luer-lock device to accept a sterile hypodermic needle or to be linked directly to intravenous tubing line. The product can deliver an intravenous or intramuscular injection by means of a holder which attaches to the barrel and plunger to the barrel plug. Medication is prefilled into the syringe barrel. When the plug at the end of the barrel is advanced to the head of the barrel it discharges and releases the contents through the needle or into the lumen of the tubing. The carpuject competed with the tubex injection system developed by Wyeth. It has been redesigned several times to comply with sterility and infection controls standards. [1]In 1974, Sterling opened a manufacturing plant in Mc Pherson, Kansas. In 1988 Kodak purchased Winthrop Labs and in 1994 sold the injectable drug division and all intellectual property rights to Sanofi, a French pharmaceutical company, now Sanofi Aventis. In 1997 Sanofi sold the injectable carpuject line of business to Abbott Laboratories of Abbott Park, IL for USD$200 million. They added generic injectable drugs to the injectable line. In about 2004 Abbott separated its hospital supply line into a separate hospital supply company, Hospira from its drug division. The split placed all of Abbott's hospital products in a separate division. In 2015, Hospira, including the carpuject device, was purchased by Pfizer. References [ edit]^ Salvatore Turco; Robert E King (1987). Sterile Dosage Forms, Their Preparation and Clinical Application. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 267–269. ISBN 0-8121-1067-6.


weather in nuremberg in august

The weather in august in Nuremberg is wet (with 104mm of precipitation over 13 days). It should be noted an improvement from the previous month since in july it receives an average of 141mm of rainfall over 16 days. The climate pleasant in that locality the month of august. The thermometer averaged maximum of 25°C. In the morning the temperature drops to 16°C. Thus, the mean temperature average on this month of august in Nuremberg is 20°C. Note that seasonal normals are in contrast with those observed in Nuremberg in august with a maximum record of 34°C in 2013 and a minimum record of 8°C in 2010. You can expect to have about 3 days with temperatures up to 30°C, or 10 of the month. On this month of august, day length in Nuremberg is generally 14:26.

Weather in Nuremberg in august 2018

Best time to go to Nuremberg? Weather in Nuremberg in august 2018The weather in Nuremberg in august comes from statistical datas on the past years. You can view the weather statistics for the whole month, but also by clicking on the tabs for the beginning, the middle and the end of the month. All month Beginning of the month Mid-month End of the month Average weather throughout august Weather at 7am Temperature: 16°CClear/Sunny49% of time19%19%8%Weather at 1pm Temperature: 24°CClear/Sunny45% of time32%15%5%Weather at 7pm Temperature: 19°CClear/Sunny55% of time20%18%5%Weather in july in Nuremberg Weather in september in Nuremberg Climate of Nuremberg in august The climate of Nuremberg in august is good

Sunrise is at 05:07 and sunset is at 19:33. With a good climate, the month of august is a good month to go in Nuremberg in Germany. Seasonal average climate and temperature of Nuremberg in august Check below seasonal norms These statistics are set from the weather statements earlier years of august. July August September Outside temperature Average temperature21°C 20°C 16°CHighest temperature25°C 25°C 21°CLowest temperature16°C 16°C 11°CHighest record temperature35°C (2010)34°C (2013)31°C (2013)Lowest record temperature7°C (2010)8°C (2010)4°C (2010)Number of days at +30°C4 day (s) (13%)3 day (s) (10%)0 day (s) (0%)Number of days at +18°C28 day (s) (90%)29 day (s) (94%)19 day (s) (63%)Wind Wind speed15km/h 13km/h 13km/h Wind temperature16°C 16°C 11°CPrecipitation (rainfall)Rainfall141mm 104mm 71mm Number of days with rainfall16 day (s) (53%)13 day (s) (42%)10 day (s) (32%)Record daily rainfall77.3mm (2011)77.4mm (2010)32.9mm (2011)Other climate data Humidity86% 85% 91%Visibility8.88km 9.07km 8.42km Cloud cover35% 34% 38%Sunrise and sunset Time of sunrise04:25 05:07 05:52Time of sunset20:17 19:33 18:29Length of day15:52 14:26 12:37Our opinion about the weather in august Our opinion at whereandwhen.netgood good good How was the weather last august? Here is the day by day recorded weather in Nuremberg in august 2017:01-08-201730°C to 37°C02-08-201727°C to 29°C03-08-201725°C to 29°C04-08-201723°C to 28°C05-08-201724°C to 28°C06-08-201720°C to 26°C07-08-201721°C to 27°C08-08-201723°C to 32°C09-08-201720°C to 24°C10-08-201718°C to 21°C11-08-201715°C to 16°C12-08-201716°C to 20°CSee more Map: other cities in Germany in august Hover over cities on the map for information about the weather in august. Map data ©2018 Geo Basis-DE/BKG (©2009), Google, Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Mapa GISrael, ORION-ME Terms of Use Map Satelliteperfect weather good tolerable bad very bad current location Cities near Nuremberg: Bavaria in august good weather Wurzburg in august good weather Augsburg in august good weather Munich in august good weather Stuttgart in august good weather Erfurt in august good weather Germany in august: See full list of cities Weather data for Nuremberg in august: Weather data for Nuremberg for august are derived from an average of the weather forecast since 2009 in Nuremberg. There is a margin of error and these forecasts are to be considered as general information only. The weather in Nuremberg can vary slightly from year to year, but this data should limit surprises. So you can pack your bags or check for the best time in year to go to Nuremberg. July in Nuremberg September in Nuremberg


what is a mandatory profile windows

Mandatory User Profiles A mandatory user profile is a special type of pre-configured roaming user profile that administrators can use to specify settings for users. With mandatory user profiles, a user can modify his or her desktop, but the changes are not saved when the user logs off. The next time the user logs on, the mandatory user profile created by the administrator is downloaded.

Mandatory User Profiles

There are two types of mandatory profiles: normal mandatory profiles and super-mandatory profiles. User profiles become mandatory profiles when the administrator renames the NTuser.dat file (the registry hive) on the server to NTuser.man. The .man extension causes the user profile to be a read-only profile. User profiles become super-mandatory when the folder name of the profile path ends in .man; for example, \\server\share\mandatoryprofile.man\. Super-mandatory user profiles are similar to normal mandatory profiles, with the exception that users who have super-mandatory profiles cannot log on when the server that stores the mandatory profile is unavailable. Users with normal mandatory profiles can log on with the locally cached copy of the mandatory profile. Only system administrators can make changes to mandatory user profiles.


wind direction and speed definition

A: Quick Answer Wind speed is the rate or movement of air flow as it travels from high to low pressure, in relation to the Earth. Warm air rises because it weighs less than cold air, and the cold air then moves in and replaces the warm air.

What Is Wind Speed?

"Science Earth Science Q: What Is Wind Speed?

Continue Reading Keep Learning How Is Wind Energy Created? What Causes Wind to Blow? Which State Has the World's Highest Ground-Point Level Wind Speed? Full Answer Wind speed is important because it affects aircraft, ships at sea, weather forecasts and construction projects. Wind speed can be affected by buildings, trees and other types of obstacles. There are many different types of wind patterns, such as monsoons, downbursts, derechos, gusts and jet streams. Wind direction also affects how cold or warm weather patterns are. Learn more about Earth Science Sources: weather.weatherbug.com en.wikipedia.org weatherwizkids.com Related Questions Q: How Are Valley Glaciers and Continental Glaciers Different? A: Valley and continental glaciers differ mainly in area, thickness and speed of movement. The differences arise due to their location and relationship with u... Full Answer >Filed Under: Earth Science Q: What Causes Natural Disasters? A: The three main causes of natural disasters include movement of the Earth, the weather and extreme conditions. When the Earth moves, it can cause earthquake... Full Answer >Filed Under: Earth Science Q: How Do You Define ""hydrologic Cycle""? A: The hydrologic cycle refers to the continuous movement of all water contained on the Earth. This includes water which exists in the form of liquid, ice and... Full Answer >Filed Under: Earth Science Q: What Are the Types of Earth Movement? A: The two types of movement of the Earth are rotation and revolution. Rotation is the spinning of the Earth on an invisible axis. Revolution is the movement ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Earth Science You May Also Like Q: How Do You Describe the Functioning of Photosystem II? Q: What Is the Smallest Volcano in the World? Q: Does Lightning Strike From the Ground Up? Q: How Do Air Masses Move? Q: Why Does Land Heat and Cool Faster Than Water? Q: What Are Some Interesting Facts About Mountains? "


how old is elly tran ha

Do you remember Elly, very cute Vietnamese model? Elly Tran Ha is 26 years old now and still looks very hot.

New Photos of Elly Tran Ha (39 pics)

New Photos of Elly Tran Ha (39 pics)Category: Girls |17 Apr, 2014 |Views: 281199 |+627|Tweet

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what causes well water to smell

For users of city water supplies or wells, a musty smell often results from sediment leaching into the plumbing system. Over time, decaying organic matter can find its way into water supplies and produce earthy aromas.

Why does my water smell musty?

It is not unheard of that people sometimes find their tap water has a musty, dirty, or even rotten egg smell . Often environmental conditions play a key role in producing the foul odor, but mechanical issues may also be to blame. While generally safe to use and drink, musty smelling water can in rare circumstances be attributed to pollution, making the musty smell an indicator of a greater problem. Identifying the exact cause of the unpleasant aroma can help you achieve peace of mind and set you on a path to alleviate the issue. Quick Facts The most common cause for musty smelling water is environmental factors like decaying organic matter Pipe erosion may introduce small amounts of copper, iron, or lead into your water supply With the exception of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur bacteria, causes of the musty smell are typically harmless What causes the musty odor?

Similarly, erosion in pipes may cause trace amounts of copper, iron, or even lead to appear in water, adversely affecting its smell and taste. A potentially more serious cause is the presence of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur bacteria in the water supply. While generally resulting in nothing more than an offensive odor in water, heightened levels of either may indicate harmful sewage or pollution present, thereby requiring immediate attention. What should you do? Water that has a musty smell to it is generally safe to use. However, to be safe, the easiest way to rectify the problem is by using a quality water dispenser with filtration capabilities. Filtration will eliminate any metallic particles that have found their way into the water supply from piping, as well as reduce sedimentary content or sulfur bacteria, bringing tap water back to its desired smell and taste. What Product Can Help? Improving your drinking water While distasteful odors emanating from your water are not always cause for alarm, it is important to identify their source. If you are concerned about contaminants that may pose a threat, you can get your water tested by your county’s health department or a state certified laboratory. Our mission at Waterlogic is to deliver fresh, clean water to all households and offices with our UV filtration water coolers that eliminate over 99.999% of bacteria found in tap water sources. Take a look at our product line or request your quote for a water cooler.


can cloth seats in a car be cleaned

. When cleaning your car’s cloth seats, you need to purchase a car upholsterycleaner that is designed for cloth seats. They are not expensive. You can use it by hand, or you can simplify the work with a portable carpetcleaner machine that will clean car seats. Recommended cleaning machine for car seats of cloth

How to clean cloth car seats

How to clean cloth car seatsby Mia Bell You got stains on your seats. There are different ways of cleaning that up. You can use a specific stain remover to remove the stains, or you can use the upholstery cleaner on a carpet cleaner unit to maintain the seats regularly. There are unsightly stains on your cloth car seats and you need an affordable and easy way to remove them. Unlike with vinyl or leather car seats, it’s impossible to wipe off these stains with just a disposable hand cloth or cleansing wipe. It requires an adequate cleaning solution and a little bit of elbow grease to remove these stubborn stains. Just like with most stains, once they set in, it is hard to get rid of them. This is why it is important to clean them as soon as possible. Chances are you have tried to remove many of these stains before. They are the result of the following: The backseat is filled with stains created by your children. There are plenty of ketchup, mustard, chocolate and other hard to clean food stains. There are also crayon and pen marks everywhere. As a pet owner, there are pet stains left behind by family pets. Not only can pets leave behind unappealing stains, but many times these stains have a bad odor as well. Maybe you are the owner of a second-hand car, and these stains were made by the previous owner. Unlike with the stains that were made by your family and pets, you are at a disadvantage with these stains. This is because you do not know the original source of these stains. So, finding the right cleaning solution is even more cumbersome. Cleaning your car’s cloth seats should be a huge priority. Not only do these stains make your car’s upholstery look bad, but they are also a constant reminder that your children are being exposed to lingering germs . Eliminate the stains for hygienic reasons. In addition, think about the resale value of your car. Carpet cleaner units often come with upholstery tools. They can clean car seats with hot water extraction. Credit: Flickr.com/Kar How to remove the stains Keep in mind, tt is a good idea to clean your car seats on a regular basis. This ensures that your car is clean and also removes odors that are trapped inside of the car fabric

See Reviews and Price on Amazon!These cleaners are very effective and is the best way to maintain a car seat in the long run. Just use your carpet cleaner unit when it is time to refresh your upholstery, this removes the bad smell from the cloth and will keep your car looking great, smelling great and free from germs. However, many car owners might be tempted to use their own homemade cleaners and soaps. But, this should be done sparingly. Keep in mind that car cleaners are formulated to not only clean your car, but also make the process much easier. When using your own cleaners you have to guess as to how much cleaner to use, how long to let the cleaner sit and when to rinse the soiled area. For instance, if you use too much cleaner, it could result in a huge soapy patch that takes too long to dry. Once dry, the soiled area could be covered in white dry patches because too much soap was used. In addition, there is also the possibility that the wrong cleaner could fade the color of the seats. So, choose wisely and stick with cleaning products that are designed to clean cloth car seats. Maintain your upholstery All in all, stained car seats look and smell bad and will definitely diminish the resale value of your car. Knowing how to clean cloth car seats is not hard to do. Find a cleaning solution that is formulated to clean them and follow the directions. Eliminate the stains, restore your car’s beauty and increase its overall value. Recommended cleaning machine for car seats of cloth See Reviews and Price on Amazon!You might also like: How to Clean a Suede Couch Like A Pro! How to Clean a Wool Rug Best upholstery cleaner How to Clean an Area Rug – Like a Pro Tips on How to Clean a Carpet How to Clean Berber Carpet How to Clean a Rug How To Get Mold Out of Carpet Like A Pro!Filed Under: Tips


define abraham lincoln during civil war

1. Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln, President Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

"Abraham Lincoln (redirected from Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War) Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia . Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun

Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:Abraham LincolnFacebook Twitter "


phantom pain definition

n.phantom pain pain felt as if it were arising in an absent or amputated limb or organ; see alsoamputation.psychogenic pain symptoms of physical pain having psychological origin; see pain disorder.referred pain pain in a part other than that in which the cause that produced it is situated.

Phantom pain

"Phantom pain Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Phantom pain: phantom limb painpain [ pān] a feeling of distress, suffering, or agony, caused by stimulation of specialized nerve endings. Itspurpose is chiefly protective; it acts as a warning that tissues are being damaged and induces thesufferer to remove or withdraw from the source. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Associationhas accepted pain as a nursing diagnosis, defining it as a state in which an individual experiencesand reports severe discomfort or an uncomfortable sensation; the reporting of pain may be either by direct verbal communication or by encoded descriptors. Pain Receptors and Stimuli. All receptors for pain stimuli are free nerve endings of groups of myelinated or unmyelinated neural fibers abundantly distributed in the superficial layers of theskin and in certain deeper tissues such as the periosteum, surfaces of the joints, arterial walls,and the falx and tentorium of the cranial cavity. The distribution of pain receptors in thegastrointestinal mucosa apparently is similar to that in the skin; thus, the mucosa is quitesensitive to irritation and other painful stimuli. Although the parenchyma of the liver and thealveoli of the lungs are almost entirely insensitive to pain, the liver and bile ducts are extremelysensitive, as are the bronchi and parietal pleura. Some pain receptors are selective in their response to stimuli, but most are sensitive to morethan one of the following types of excitation: (1) mechanical stress of trauma; (2) extremes of heat and cold; and (3) chemical substances, such as histamine, potassium ions, acids,prostaglandins, bradykinin, and acetylcholine. Pain receptors, unlike other sensory receptors in the body, do not adapt or become less sensitive to repeated stimulation. Under certainconditions the receptors become more sensitive over a period of time. This accounts for the factthat as long as a traumatic stimulus persists the person will continue to be aware that damage to the tissues is occurring. The body is able to recognize tissue damage because when cells are destroyed they release thechemical substances previously mentione

d. These substances can stimulate pain receptors or cause direct damage to the nerve endings themselves. A lack of oxygen supply to the tissuescan also produce pain by causing the release of chemicals from ischemic tissue. Muscle spasm is another cause of pain, probably because it has the indirect effect of causing ischemia andstimulation of chemosensitive pain receptors. Transmission and Recognition of Pain.

When superficial pain receptors are excited the impulsesare transmitted from these surface receptors to synapses in the gray matter ( substantiagelatinosa) of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. They then travel upward along the sensorypathways to the thalamus, which is the main sensory relay station of the brain. The dorsomedialnucleus of the thalamus projects to the prefrontal cortex of the brain. The conscious perception of pain probably takes place in the thalamus and lower centers; interpretation of the quality of pain is probably the role of the cerebral cortex. The perception of pain by an individual is highly complex and individualized, and is subject to a variety of external and internal influences. The cerebral cortex is concerned with the appreciation of pain and its quality, location, type, and intensity; thus, an intact sensory cortex is essential to the perception of pain. In addition to neural influences that transmit and modulate sensory input,the perception of pain is affected by psychological and cultural responses to pain-related stimuli. A person can be unaware of pain at the time of an acute injury or other very stressful situation,when in a state of depression, or when experiencing an emotional crisis. Cultural influences alsoprecondition the perception of and response to painful stimuli. The reaction to similarcircumstances can range from complete stoicism to histrionic behavior. Pain Control. There are several theories related to the physiologic control of pain but none hasbeen completely verified. One of the best known is that of Mellzak and Wall, the gate controltheory, which proposed that pain impulses were mediated in the substantia gelatinosa of thespinal cord with the dorsal horns acting as “gates” that controlled entry of pain signals into thecentral pain pathways. Also, pain signals would compete with tactile signals with the twoconstantly balanced against each other. Since this theory was first proposed, researchers have shown that the neuronal circuitry it hypothesizes is not precisely correct. Nevertheless, there are internal systems that are nowknown to occur naturally in the body for controlling and mediating pain. One such system, theopioid system, involves the production of morphinelike substances called enkephalins andendorphins. Both are naturally occurring analgesics found in various parts of the brain and spinalcord that are concerned with pain perception and the transmission of pain signals. Signalsarising from stimulation of neurons in the gray matter of the brain stem travel downward to thedorsal horns of the spinal cord where incoming pain impulses from the periphery terminate. Thedescending signals block or significantly reduce the transmission of pain signals upward alongthe spinal cord to the brain where pain is perceived by releasing these substances. In addition to the brain's opioid system for controlling the transmission of pain impulses along thespinal cord, there is another mechanism for the control of pain. The stimulation of large sensoryfibers extending from the tactile receptors in the skin can suppress the transmission of painsignals from thinner nerve fibers. It is as if the nerve pathways to the brain can accommodateonly one type of signal at a time, and when two kinds of impulses simultaneously arrive at thedorsal horns, the tactile sensation takes precedence over the sensation of pain. The discovery of endorphins and the inhibition of pain transmission by tactile signals hasprovided a scientific explanation for the effectiveness of such techniques as relaxation, massage,application of liniments, and acupuncture in the control of pain and discomfort. Assessment of Pain. Pain is a subjective phenomenon that is present when the person who is experiencing it says it is. The person reporting personal discomfort or pain is the most reliablesource of information about its location, quality, intensity, onset, precipitating or aggravatingfactors, and measures that bring relief. Objective signs of pain can help verify what a patient says about pain, but such data are notused to prove or disprove whether it is present. Physiologic signs of moderate and superficialpain are responses of the sympathetic nervous system. They include rapid, shallow, or guardedrespiratory movements, pallor, diaphoresis, increased pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, dilatedpupils, and tenseness of the skeletal muscle

s. Pain that is severe or located deep in bodycavities acts as a stimulant to parasympathetic neurons and is evidenced by a drop in bloodpressure, slowing of pulse, pallor, nausea and vomiting, weakness, and sometimes a loss of consciousness.

Behavioral signs of pain include crying, moaning, tossing about in bed, pacing the floor, lyingquietly but tensely in one position, drawing the knees upward toward the abdomen, rubbing thepainful part, and a pinched facial expression or grimacing. The person in pain also may havedifficulty concentrating and remembering and may be totally self-centered and preoccupied withthe pain. Psychosocial aspects of tolerance for pain and reactions to it are less easily identifiable andmore complex than physiologic responses. An individual's reaction to pain is subject to a variety of psychologic and cultural influences. These include previous experience with pain, training in regard to how one should respond to pain and discomfort, state of health, and the presence of fatigue or physical weakness. One's degree of attention to and distraction from painful stimulican also affect one's perception of the intensity of pain. A thorough assessment of pain takesinto consideration all of these psychosocial factors. Management of Pain. Among the measures employed to provide relief from pain, administration of analgesic drugs is probably the one that is most often misunderstood and abused. When an analgesic drug has been ordered “as needed,” the patient should know that the drug is trulyavailable when needed and that it will be given promptly when asked for. If the patient is forced to wait until someone else decides when an analgesic is needed, the patient may become angry,resentful, and tense, thus diminishing or completely negating the desired effect of the drug. Studies have shown that when analgesics are left at the bedside of terminally ill cancer patients to be taken at their discretion, fewer doses are taken than when they must rely on someone else to make the drug available. Habituation and addiction to analgesics probably result as much fromnot using other measures along with analgesics for pain control as from giving prescribedanalgesics when they are ordered. Patient-controlled analgesia has been used safely andeffectively. When analgesics are not appropriate or sufficient or when there is a real danger of addiction,there are noninvasive techniques that can be used as alternatives or adjuncts to analgesictherap

y. The selection of a particular technique for the management of pain depends on thecause of the pain, its intensity and duration, whether it is acute or chronic, and whether thepatient perceives the technique as effective.

Distraction techniques provide a kind of sensory shielding to make the person less aware of discomfort. Distraction can be effective in the relief of brief periods of acute pain, such as thatassociated with minor surgical procedures under local anesthesia, wound débridement, andvenipuncture. Massage and gentle pressure activate the thick-fiber impulses and produce a preponderance of tactile signals to compete with pain signals. It is interesting that stimulation of the large sensoryfibers leading from superficial sensory receptors in the skin can relieve pain at a site distant fromthe area being rubbed or otherwise stimulated. Since ischemia and muscle spasm can bothproduce discomfort, massage to improve circulation and frequent repositioning of the body andlimbs to avoid circulatory stasis and promote muscle relaxation can be effective in the preventionand management of pain. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units enhancethe production of endorphins and enkephalins and can also relieve pain. Specific relaxation techniques can help relieve physical and mental tension and stress andreduce pain. They have been especially effective in mitigating discomfort during labor and deliverybut can be used in a variety of situations. Learning proper relaxation techniques is not easy forsome people, but once these techniques have been mastered they can be of great benefit in themanagement of chronic ongoing pain. The intensity of pain also can be reduced by stimulatingthe skin through applications of either heat or cold, menthol ointments, and liniments. Contralateral stimulation involves stimulating the skin in an area on the side opposite a painfulregion. Stimulation can be done by rubbing, massaging, or applying heat or cold. Since pain is a symptom and therefore of value in diagnosis, it is important to keep accuraterecords of the observations of the patient having pain. These observations should include thefollowing: the nature of the pain, that is, whether it is described by the patient as being sharp,dull, burning, aching, etc. ; the location of the pain, if the patient is able to determine this; thetime of onset and the duration, and whether or not certain nursing measures and drugs aresuccessful in obtaining relief; and the relation to other circumstances, such as the position of thepatient, occurrence before or after eating, and stimuli in the environment such as heat or coldthat may trigger the onset of pain. Surgical procedures designed to alleviate pain. From Ignatavicius et al., 1999.acute pain1. one of the three categories of pain established by the International Association for the Study of Pain, denoting pain that is caused by occurrences such as traumatic injury, surgicalprocedures, or medical disorders; clinical symptoms often include increased heart rate, bloodpressure, and respiratory rate, shallow respiration, agitation or restlessness, facial grimaces, or splinting.2. a nursing diagnosis accepted by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association,defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potentialtissue damage or described in terms of such damage, with sudden or slow onset of anyintensity from mild to severe with an anticipated or predictable end and a duration of less than 6 months.bearing-down pain pain accompanying uterine contractions during the second stage of labor.cancer pain one of the three categories of pain established by the International Association forthe Study of Pain, denoting pain associated with malignancies and perceived by the individualpatient; there are various scales ranking it from 0 to 10 according to level of severity.chronic pain1. one of the three categories of pain established by the International Association for the Study of Pain, denoting pain that is persistent, often lasting more than six months; clinicalsymptoms may be the same as for acute pain, or there may be no symptoms evident. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association has accepted chronic pain as a nursingdiagnosis.2. a nursing diagnosis accepted by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association,defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potentialtissue damage or described in terms of such damage, with sudden or slow onset of anyintensity from mild to severe, without an anticipated or predictable end, and with a duration of greater than 6 months.pain disorder a somatoform disorder characterized by a chief complaint of severe chronic painthat causes substantial distress or impairment in functioning; the pain is neither feigned norintentionally produced, and psychological factors appear to play a major role in its onset,severity, exacerbation, or maintenance. The pain is related to psychological conflicts and is made worse by environmental stress; it enables the patient to avoid an unpleasant activity or to obtain support and sympathy. Patients may visit many health care providers searching for reliefand may consume excessive amounts of analgesics without any effect. They are difficult to treatbecause they strongly resist the idea that their symptoms have a psychological origin.false p's ineffective pains during pregnancy that resemble labor pains, not accompanied by cervical dilatation; see also braxton-hicks contractions. Called also false labor.gas p's see gas pains.growing p's any of various types of recurrent limb pains resembling those of rheumatoidconditions, seen in early youth and formerly thought to be caused by the growing process.hunger pain pain coming on at the time for feeling hunger for a meal; a symptom of gastricdisorder.intermenstrual pain pain accompanying ovulation, occurring during the period between themenses, usually about midway.labor p's the rhythmic pains of increasing severity and frequency due to contraction of the uterus at childbirth; see also labor.lancinating pain sharp darting pai

Referred pain usually originates in one of the visceral organs but is felt in the skin or sometimes in another area deep inside the body. Referred pain probably occurs because pain signals fromthe viscera travel along the same neural pathways used by pain signals from the skin. Theperson perceives the pain but interprets it as having originated in the skin rather than in a deep-seated visceral organ. Area of referred pain, anterior and posterior views.rest pain a continuous unrelenting pain due to ischemia of the lower leg, beginning with or beingaggravated by elevation and being relieved by sitting with legs in a dependent position or by standing.root pain pain caused by disease of the sensory nerve roots and occurring in the cutaneousareas supplied by the affected roots. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Phantom pain Pain, tingling, itching, or numbness in the place where the amputated part used to be. Mentioned in: Traumatic Amputations Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:Phantom painFacebook Twitter "