diamond production in namibia

Namibia and Diamonds: Namibia is one of the world’s largest producers of gem quality diamonds, with about 98% of diamonds produced being gem quality. Namibia produced a total of 1.4 Mct in 2003. In 2003 it was estimated that onshore operations account for about 55% of production and offshore operations for 45% operations.

Namibia

Statistics & Facts: Capital City = Windhoek Population = 2,128,471Official and Recognized Languages = English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages 1% (includes Oshivambo, Herero, Nama)Independence = March 21, 1990GDP = $13.58 BILLION (USD 2009 estimate) / Per capita = $6400Currency = Namibian dollars Religion = Christian 80% to 90% (Lutheran 50% at least), indigenous beliefs 10% to 20% (Statistics from CIA – World Factbook)

It is estimated that over 100 Mct have been produced since mining began in 1908. Diamonds are mined along ancient river terraces along the banks of the Orange River, palaeo beach deposits along the south western and western coast of Namibia, as well as from marine deposits situated offshore. Namibia has the richest marine diamond deposits in the world, with an estimated reserve of over 1.5 billion carats. All of these deposits are secondary, with the diamonds originally being sourced from kimberlites in South Africa and transported via the Orange river and deposited at the mouth of the Orange River as well as along the coastlines of Namibia and neighboring South Africa. The considerable potential of these marine deposits has resulted in rapid advances in marine diamond extraction technology to the stage where marine diamonds represent about 56% of Namibia’s total diamond production. This figure is set to grow, as onshore reserves are gradually depleted. Namdeb is Namibia’s largest diamond producer. Namdeb is an equal partnership with De Beers and the Namibian Government and is responsible for onshore mining operations as well as marine operations. Other major producers include Namco (which went bankrupt), Afri-Can Marine Diamonds, which is attempting to eveluiate and mine submarine river channels near Luderitz and Diamond Fields International. Namdeb conducts opencast diamond mining operations over nearly 130 kilometres of the coastal strip northwards of the Orange River. De Beers Marine carries out deep-water mining on a contract basis for Namdeb. Alluvial diamond mining also occurs along the western coast and northbank of the Orange River. Although most of Namdeb’s production is produced from onshore operations, this trend is to change with more emphasis being placed on marine diamond mining. De Beers Marine now operates six mining and survey vessels and produced 513,053 ct, mining some 2.5 km2, during 2002. Near shore and shallow marine operations suffered due to poor weather conditions. Namdeb’s resource estimates are not available, but are estimated at a minimum of ten years at current production rates. A US$27 million project to convert the !Gariep to a drill-mining vessel at a UK shipyard on Tyneside was approved in August 2002; it will provide a 3 Mct production capacity during the vessel’s estimated 20-year operational life. Conversion was on schedule for completion by end-June 2003, some five months ahead of schedule and within budget, with the official handover to Namdeb due at the start of November 2003. The ongoing dispute over the official border between South Africa and Namibia has resulted in several potential mining projects being placed on hold. The South African Government recognises the north bank of the Orange River to be the official border, whilst Namibian counterparts claim that the border should be located along the middle of the river channel. Naturally, these rulings will impact significantly on mining as well as agricultural industries. Plans to begin production from alluvial terraces on the northern banks of the Orange River by Namdeb have been put on hold pending a resolution on the border dispute. Namdeb plans to bring the Obib and Sendelingsdrift mines in 2004 and 2009, respectively. Namco holds exclusive prospecting rights over five marine concessions totaling 5600 km 2 off the west coasts of Namibia (at Luderitz and Hottentots Bay) and South Africa. Namco have begun equipping the second of their mining vessels after a successful start to marine mining operations in 1998 and 1999. Production rose sharply from 100 000 carats in 1998 to over 250 000 carats for 1999. Following setbacks to Namco’s new mining tool, production in 2000 slumped to 221 000 carats. At the end of 2002 Namco suspended mining activities due to financial insolvency, and the subsequent placing of its operational subsidiaries into provisional liquidation. The new mining vessel will increase production to over 300 000 carats per year, making Namco the world’s second largest marine diamond miner, as well as Africa’s second largest producer. However, ongoing teething problems with the new seabed crawler resulted in the unit being damaged – and as a result, Namco has had to arrange financing in order to avoid liquidation. This was achieved through the sale of the ODM vessel Ivan Prinsep to the DFI/Transhex joint venture for $4.4 million. The Leviev Group has also purchased an effective 31% of Namco, raising an additional $15 million. Whilst its seabed crawler is being fixed, the company’s other mining vessel mv Ya Toivo has resumed mining operations. Canadian company Diamond Fields International (DFI) have completed feasibility studies over marine deposits located at their Marshall’s Fork feature in their Luderitz Bay concession. Approximately 2 Mct of resources have been identified, of which 437 000 carats are in the indicated category and 132 000 carats in the inferred category, for a total of 569 000 carats. DFI recovered a small quantity of diamonds in 1999, amounting to approximately 6700 carats. South African based Trans Hex initially teamed up with DFI in a joint venture to exploit parts of the DFI mining license (comprising the Marshall’s Fork feature as well as the Diaz 12 zone that was issued in 2000. Trans Hex provided the joint venture with two specially equipped mining and survey vessels, with production start up at the end of 2001. Production was fastracked via the acquisition of the mv Ivan Prinsep from Namco that will produce approximately 40 000 carats per year. The joint ventures’ second vessel (mv Namakwa) has been purchased and equipped for a total of approximately $5 million. Operations were suspended on 30 June 2002 after Trans Hex unilaterally terminated its involvement in the joint venture claiming its withdrawal was due to mining results coming in under the projections based on DFI’s exploration and sampling data. DFI subsequently re-commenced mining operations in December 2002 through a short-term contract with South Africa’s Gemfarm Investments, using a vessel equipped with dual 24-inch airlift mining systems. In January 2003, a second contract mining vessel was deployed by Gemfarm, equipped with a single 24-inch airlift system, and DFI predicted a significant increase in recoveries from the combined production of the two vessels. Trans Hex is also evaluating the 30 million cubic meter gravel resource of the Northbank project located in block 9, adjacent to the Orange River in Namibia. Trans Hex also has three shallow marine licenses in the Cape Fria area, four in the Toscannini (both north of Walvis Bay) and two south of Hollandsbird Island (north of Ludertiz). Australian junior Mt Burgess Mining is evaluationg its Tsumke project in northern Namibia on the Botswana border and has foumnd two kimberlites to date. Reefton Mining another Australian company has found good grades and diamonds in exploration trenches along the Skeleton coast. Canadian Afri-Can Marine Minerals Corporation have established themselves as one of the largest marine diamond concession holders in Namibia with a total of 28 EPL’s that cover a total of 26 500 km2. Afri-Can are concentrating efforts on their shallow water licenses (Blocks J and K) located adjacent to Namco and Transhex/DFI licence areas, just north of Luderitz. Block J has been identified as being the most prospective following the completion of a geophysical survey. Here several prospective diamond entrapment features have been identified. Block J is located approximately 10km to the west of Namco’s Mercury Island Mining Permit.. Australian Rusina Mining (also active in Namibia through its interests in the Haib Copper Project) have acquired an EPL located along Namibia’s Skeleton Coast, stretching from Cape Fria in the south right up to the Angolan border at the Kunene River. Previous exploration along this part of the coast was last carried out in the 1940’s, where nearly 1000 carats were recovered. Kimberlite Exploration Exploration for primary kimberlites is restricted to north eastern Namibia, near the Angolan and Botswana borders, where several foreign Australian and Canadian juniors are active. Near Tsumkwe, Australian junior, Mount Burgess Mining NL, have successfully located two kimberlites following a series of drilling and geophysical programs. The additional discovery of a macrodiamond some distance to the south of the kimberlite discovery suggests that other potentially diamondiferous kimberlites exist in the area. Further north, towards the Angolan border, unlisted Motapa Diamonds are also evaluating the kimberlite potential of this region. In 2004 Motapa Diamonds announced that it had defined new kimberlite cluster on the Kavango project. Drilling to date has confirmed three kimberlite bodies within the cluster, referred to as the Kaudom South Kimberlite Cluster. The kimberlite bodies are overlain by 30 to 50 meters of Kalahari formation overburden. Nam Gem, a subsidiary of Namdeb, has established a cutting and polishing facility at Okahandja in central Namibia. (MBendi.com)Education in Namibia: Namibia has compulsory free education for 10 years between the ages of 6 and 16. Grades 1-7 are primary level, grades 8-12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Most schools in Namibia are state-run, however, there are a few private schools that serve the country’s education system. Among these are St. Pauls College, Windhoek Afrikaanse Privaatskool, Deutsche Höhere Privatschule and Windhoek Gymnasium. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja. There are four Teacher Training Colleges, three Colleges of Agriculture, a Police Training College, a Polytechnic, and a National University. (Wikipedia.org)


does ichigo lose his powers

Best Answer: Yes in the manga ""Bleach"" ichigo really loses his powers.. That said I myself think he will not get them back. Well not while he living.. See I myself feel they are going to do a back story on Ichigo's dad Isshin so we the readers find out once and for all what the store is behind the Dad.

"Entertainment & Music Comics & Animation Does bleach ichigo really loses his powers? Update: but there is a 2 weeks before bleach comes back does he get his power back or not2 following 9 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest

Remember people Isshin tells Ichigo he must have a lot of questions but they need to wait until later. So this is why I think they are going to devote a story arch to the Dad and his past.. Finally I think Ichigo will get his powers back.. Yet I think this will take shape upon his actual death. Remember it was hinted in the Arrancar arc that Ichigo and his friends maybe given the option of become Shinigami once they die. So I think you'll see Ichigo die near the end of the manga only to have him return to the human world many many years later as a true Shinigami vs a Sub. Rich Wallace · 8 years ago0 0 Comment Yes, he does lose his powers. And this actually makes sense, there have been rumors that the manga will actually end. Only thing I can see happening is a part 2. But as for this series, I think it's pretty much over. We might see an ending in the manga where Ichigo may still have some sort of power left, which is a possible hint for a Bleach2 or an OVA series in the future. Ricky · 8 years ago0 0 Comment In the latest arc Ichigo does indeed lose his power IE the fading rukia in 423... However foreshadowing dictates they'll come back IE Ichigo's dad popping up with his shinigami powers when we first encounter an arrancar (manga 188) to which i believe urahara states something along the lines of well if you would have gotten weaker and blamed me and since ichigo and his fathers zanpaktaou are similar and he's the one who mentioned the final getsuga tenshou 2+2=4 imo probably won't happen right after the hiatus they'll probably work on some background characters like ishida or something Dan · 8 years ago1 0 Comment I'm pretty sure OP is talking about the latest manga, in which yes Ichigo does lose his powers. There will be two more arcs of Bleach so it might explain how Ichigo can get his shinigami powers back or someone else decides to take the lead character possibly Rukia. Phantasm · 8 years ago1 1 Comment Yeah in the latest chapter ichigo wakes up after the battle to find his soul reaper powers are gone which is followed by his spirit energy dissapearing as well, which is shown when he loses the ability to sense others or even see rukia. However, Aizen is till alive and bound to return or a new villian will show up making it so that ichigo will have to get his powers back.linksye00 · 8 years ago1 0 Comment For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/avut H i know how you feel man i just read it but i dont think tha series will end wit just this i think there will be another story arc where after beatin tha **** outta aizen ichigo will get his powers back n tha story will continue into sumthin more i can say this bcuz ichigo's dad also most prolly used tha final getsuga tensho n thus lost his powers (how else would he know about it) but now tha old mans back so there must b a way through which ichigo will get back his powers. n im pretty sure kubo tite has sumthin more in store for us :)Susan · 2 years ago0 0 Commenti don't know why people are thumbing down other's statements (that's actually the outmost possible outcome/) but the fact that in bleach ICHIGO really did lose his powers an it's true as of right now....but one way or another he will definatly get it back somehow. or else what will become of bleach and the main character ichigo?a Ni Me St Yl Er43v3r · 8 years ago1 1 Commenti am pretty sure he is gonna get his powers back cause like someone posted earlier ichigo's dad lost his powers to possible by using the same technique so i imagine maybe his dad has a way to help ichigo get his powers back.? · 8 years ago1 0 Comment He does lose his powers.. but I assume more than likely he will somehow get them back. I don't think it will be right after the two week hiatus but I think it will build back up to him getting them back somehow. SЭÁИ · 8 years ago0 1 Commentyeah he does lose all his powers, but it is sorta of inevitable that hes going to somehow get his powers back if theres going to be more arcs in the manga Alchemist · 8 years ago0 1 Comment1 2 next Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Find Email Marketing Software Considering an online college? Want royalty free music? Need a Home Security Safe? "


what county is inola in oklahoma in

n Inola is a town in Rogers County, Oklahoma, United States. It is included in the Tulsa Metropolitan Statistical Area (TMSA). The population was 1,589 at the 2000 census. Inola styles itself as ""The Hay Capital of the World."

Inola

"Inola Inola, OKFavorite Share More Nearby Directions Sponsored Topics Descriptio

" Inola is located at 36°7′59″N 95°31′26″W / 36.13306°N 95.52389°W / 36.13306; -95.52389 (36.133182, -95.523938). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 6.6 square miles (17.1 km²), of which, 6.5 square miles (16.9 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (0.91%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,589 people, 604 households, and 431 families residing in the town. The population density was 242.9 people per square mile (93.8/km²). There were 635 housing units at an average density of 97.1 per square mile (37.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 80.87% White, 0.63% African American, 11.33% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 6.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.63% of the population. "


what time period does mindhunter take place

le. Mindhunter takes place in the 70s, a quintessential time for the evolution of both serial killers and the FBI agents who pioneered a way to study and stop these prolific killers. The agents, Holden Ford (Jonathan Groff) and Bill Tench (Holt Mc Callany) work on a new branch of the FBI, the behavioral science unit.

MINDHUNTER

MINDHUNTERcaraanneanderson October 28, 2017 review, television Previous Next I know I am a little late writing this post, but that is solely due to the fact that I had to watch Mindhunter twice to fully appreciate it’s subtle genius. I’d like to start off by putting stating loudly for all to hear that I am HERE for any further Joe Penhall and David Fincher projects. Mindhunter is a period piece that is dripping with Fincher’s eye for detail and obsession with, well, obsession. See Zodiac no seriously, go watch Zodiac on Netflix before you finish reading this artic

They, along with their academic advisor and expert Dr. Wendy Carr (Anna Torv or is it Nora Durst ? ), are trying to understand the minds of these killers, because as Tench says. “How can you stop crazy unless you know how it thinks.”And getting a front row seat to the thoughts of a killer is exactly what Mindhunter gives the viewer. One of the smartest things that this show does is its most unexpected trait. In a world where shows are increasingly graphic and we all stare at our screens screaming for blood, Mindhunter takes an intellectual approach. It flips the script, the horror takes place in your imagination as you hear Edmund Kemper calmly discuss how he beheaded his own mother. (Cameron Britton plays this part so perfectly it’s eerie) It is that kind of intentional decision to not show the gruesome reality of these crimes that makes Mindhunter stand out in a sea of red. The series also avoids other procedural pitfalls. Ford and Tench don’t meet up at the morgue and examine a body, they don’t singlehandedly solve crimes or act like they are the only authorities. This has become an all too common trope in cop, or other legal department procedural. See Law and Order or Criminal Minds. This is a clear cut above, and I give all the credit to the amazing show-runners and writers. I also give credit to the actors. The show underwrote some of the female roles, or treated them as interesting stereotypes (hey Debbie), but I think that can and should be fixed in season 2. I think Wendy will need to have a stronger role in the second season, and that will take the edge off of the male centered storylines. The closest trope that Mindhunter leans on is the “young, boundary pushing rookie who wants to change the system and the gruff, grumpy old guy/mentor who would rather golf than interview serial killers”. This may be the initial dynamic presented by Ford and Tench, but as the season continues, they are so much more. Mc Callany gives Tench a gruffness borne out of pure physicality, his steel grey flat-top haircut and square jaw scream classic film noir, but he gives Tench an understanding and intelligence that matches and sometimes out-does Ford’s. Groff as Agent Ford is the ambitious and seemingly naive FBI agent with something to prove, he just doesn’t know what that is yet. I was struck by the absolute sincerity and overt earnestness of Groff’s character, I suspect a lot of that is simply Groff’s personality as well. I drew a lot of parallels to Jake Gyllenhaal as Robert Graysmith in Zodiac . He brought this sweetness to Ford, that only further exposed his hidden seediness when he got wrapped up in his own method, and began to thrive on interviewing, and even bonding with the interview subjects. It is that raw exploration of the human psyche that makes Mindhunter so powerful. It asks what are you capable of, and how does someone get to that point. The show hints at exploring some of the most prolific killers of that time, including Manson and BTK Killer. Mindhunter picks incessantly at the ends of your nerves, keeping you on edge throughout the show despite no outward violent scenes or attacks. In fact the first episode is the most “gory” the show truly gets, physically. The show shines in the small, moments. That is such a Fincher move. A couple scenes that are stand out in my opinion are all quite different, but brilliant in their own way. First, I love a good montage and the everyday drudgery of life on the road for the agents is an especially enjoyable one. It is set to the iconic Steve Miller Band song “Fly Like an Eagle.” The second great scene is when the agents and Wendy are given the news that they have been awarded federal funding for their project. I cannot do justice to the perfectly, I mean meticulously perfectly timed scene with my fumbling words, so just watch it yourself. Take it in. Watch it again. I can wait. This is just a taste of the absolutely sublime first season of Mindhunter and I for one, cannot wait to see season 2. Advertisements Share this: Twitter Facebook Google Like this: Like Loading... Related


what is a the accrual method of accounting

g? Accrual accounting is an accounting method that recognises financial events when they occur, regardless of when payment is made Starting and maintaining solid, professional accounting practices is essential for the growth of a business. Make sure yours are in order with Debitoor. When a company uses the accrual accounting method, economic events are recognised in their accounts by matching revenues to expenses ( the matching principle) at the time in which the transaction occurs (as opposed to when the payment is made or received).

Accrual accounting - What is accrual accounting?

For example, when an expense occurs, but payment is deferred to a later date, the expense is recorded even though cash has not yet changed hands. The expense is recorded regardless of whether payment is expected in that fiscal year or in the next. The accrual accounting method allows the current cash inflows and outflows to be shown alongside future expected cash inflows and outflows. This method provides an accurate picture of a company's financial situation. The potential downside of the accrual accounting method is that, because transactions are recorded irrespective of whether payment has been made, businesses may end up paying tax on revenues for which they have not yet received payment. Two types of accruals Revenue: On December 21, Peter’s company sends two vans to help Company A move. The total income for Peter’s company is £600. Under the accrual accounting basis, Peter’s company marks the £600 revenue in their records as accounts receivable on December 10 of the current accounting period, even though they will receive payment in the next accounting period. Expense: Jane’s company buys kitchen supplies from Company A on December 14. The supplies are delivered the following week. Company A charges Jane a total of £1200, due within 30 days. Jane marks this as an expense in her records for December 14, even though she will make the payment in the following accounting period. Accounting in Debitoor With Debitoor, expenses and revenues are categorised and organised quickly and easily. The system automatically matches transactions with bank statements and balances cash inflow and outflow.


building block definition

n?• BUILDING BLOCK (noun) The noun BUILDING BLOCK has 2 senses:1. a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else 2. a block of material used in construction work Familiarity information: BUILDING BLOCK used as a noun is rare.

BUILDING BLOCK

"Audio English.org » Dictionary » B » Buffoonish ... Bulbul BUILDING BLOCKPronunciation (US): Dictionary entry overview: What does building block mea

Dictionary entry details• BUILDING BLOCK (noun)Sense 1 building block [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else Classified under: Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)Synonyms:building block; unit Context example:units of nucleic acids Hypernyms (""building block"" is a kind of...):thing (a separate and self-contained entity)Meronyms (parts of ""building block""):part; piece (a portion of a natural object)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of ""building block""):chain; chemical chain ( (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule))couple ( (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines)unit cell (the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal)chemical group; group; radical ( (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule)molecule ( (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound)Sense 2 building block [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A block of material used in construction work Classified under: Nouns denoting man-made objects Hypernyms (""building block"" is a kind of...):building material (material used for constructing buildings)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of ""building block""):ashlar (a rectangular block of hewn stone used for building purposes)breeze block; cinder block; clinker block (a light concrete building block made with cinder aggregate)headstone; key; keystone (the central building block at the top of an arch or vault)voussoir (wedge-shaped stone building block used in constructing an arch or vault)Learn English with... Proverbs of the week""An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."" (English proverb) ""That which is obvious does not need to be explained."" (Afghanistan proverb) ""Examine what is said, not him who speaks."" (Arabic proverb) ""Better safe than sorry."" (Croatian proverb)BUILDING BLOCK: related words searches» What does thing mean? » part: pronunciation in phonetic transcription » Definition of chain » What does building material mean? » cinder block: pronunciation in phonetic transcription Related FAQs:» BUILDINGBUILD ONBUILD UPBUILD UPONBUILDERBUILDINGBUILDING BLOCKBUILDING CODEBUILDING COMPLEXBUILDING DEPARTMENTBUILDING MATERIALEnglish learning courses About Practical English About Telephone English About Accounting English Learn English Free English Language Dictionary British and American English pronunciation Other popular searches:» what does the name rachel mean » tor » endeavour meaning » battercake » what does diligently mean Page delivered in 0.0562 seconds "


why use an iterative approach

The iterative design process may be applied throughout the new product development process. However, changes are easiest and less expensive to implement in the earliest stages of development. The first step in the iterative design process is to develop a prototype.

Iterative design

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Iterative design is a design methodology based on a cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analyzing, and refining a product or process. Based on the results of testing the most recent iteration of a design, changes and refinements are made. This process is intended to ultimately improve the quality and functionality of a design. In iterative design, interaction with the designed system is used as a form of research for informing and evolving a project, as successive versions, or iterations of a design are implemented. Contents [ hide ]1 Iterative design process1.1 Application: Human computer interfaces2 Iterative design use3 Fast prototyping tools4 Benefits5 Marshmallow Challenge6 See also7 References8 External links Iterative design process [ edit]

The prototype should be evaluated by a focus group or a group not associated with the product in order to deliver non-biased opinions. Information from the focus group should be synthesized and incorporated into the next iteration of the design. The process should be repeated until user issues have been reduced to an acceptable level. Application: Human computer interfaces [ edit]Iterative design is commonly used in the development of human computer interfaces. This allows designers to identify any usability issues that may arise in the user interface before it is put into wide use. Even the best usability experts cannot design perfect user interfaces in a single attempt, so a usability engineering lifecycle should be built around the concept of iteration. [1]The typical steps of iterative design in user interfaces are as follows: Complete an initial interface design Present the design to several test users Note any problems had by the test user Refine interface to account for/fix the problems Repeat steps 2-4 until user interface problems are resolved Iterative design in user interfaces can be implemented in many ways. One common method of using iterative design in computer software is software testing. While this includes testing the product for functionality outside of the user interface, important feedback on the interface can be gained from subject testing early versions of a program. This allows software companies to release a better quality product to the public, and prevents the need of product modification following its release. Iterative design in online (website) interfaces is a more continuous process, as website modification, after it has been released to the user, is far more viable than in software design. Often websites use their users as test subjects for interface design, making modifications based on recommendations from visitors to their sites. Iterative design use [ edit]Iterative design is a way of confronting the reality of unpredictable user needs and behaviors that can lead to sweeping and fundamental changes in a design. User testing will often show that even carefully evaluated ideas will be inadequate when confronted with a user test. Thus, it is important that the flexibility of the iterative design’s implementation approach extends as far into the system as possible. Designers must further recognize that user testing results may suggest radical change that requires the designers to be prepared to completely abandon old ideas in favor of new ideas that are more equipped to suit user needs. Iterative design applies in many fields, from making knives to rockets. As an example consider the design of an electronic circuit that must perform a certain task, and must ultimately fit in a small space on a circuit board. It is useful to split these independent tasks into two smaller and simpler tasks, the functionality task, and the space and weight task. A breadboard is a useful way of implementing the electronic circuit on an interim basis, without having to worry about space and weight. Once the circuit works, improvements or incremental changes may be applied to the breadboard to increase or improve functionality over the original design. When the design is finalized, one can set about designing a proper circuit board meeting the space and weight criteria. Compacting the circuit on the circuit board requires that the wires and components be juggled around without changing their electrical characteristics. This juggling follows simpler rules than the design of the circuit itself, and is often automated. As far as possible off the shelf components are used, but where necessary for space or performance reasons, custom made components may be developed. Several instances of iterative design are as follows: Wiki - A wiki is a natural repository for iterative design. The 'Page History' facility allows tracking back to prior versions. Modifications are mostly incremental, and leave substantial parts of the text unchanged. Common law - The principle of legal precedent builds on past experience. This makes law a form of iterative design where there should be a clear audit trail of the development of legal thought. Evolution - There is a parallel between iterative and the theory of Natural Selection. Both involve a trial and error process in which the most suitable design advances to the next generation, while less suitable designs perish by the wayside. Subsequent versions of a product should also get progressively better as its producers learn what works and what doesn't in a process of refinement and continuous improvement. Fast prototyping tools [ edit]One approach to iterative design is to use the highest level of abstraction for developing an early generation product. The principle here is that rapid development may not produce efficient code, but obtaining feedback is more important that technology optimization. Examples of this approach include use of non-functional code, object databases, or low code platforms - these allow quick testing of designs before issues of optimization are addressed. Benefits [ edit]When properly applied, iterative design will ensure a product or process is the best solution possible. When applied early in the development stage, significant cost savings are possible. [2]Other benefits to iterative design include: Serious misunderstandings are made evident early in the lifecycle, when it's possible to react to them. It enables and encourages user feedback, so as to elicit the system's real requirements. Where the work is contracted, Iterative Design provides an incremental method for more effectively involving the client in the complexities that often surround the design process. The development team is forced to focus on those issues that are most critical to the project, and team members are shielded from those issues that distract them from the project's real risks. Continuous, iterative testing enables an objective assessment of the project's status. Inconsistencies among requirements, designs, and implementations are detected early. The workload of the team, especially the testing team, is spread out more evenly throughout the lifecycle. This approach enables the team to leverage lessons learned, and therefore to continuously improve the process. Stakeholders in the project can be given concrete evidence of the project's status throughout the lifecycle. Marshmallow Challenge [ edit]The Marshmallow Challenge is an instructive design challenge. It involves the task of constructing the highest possible free-standing structure with a marshmallow on top. The structure must be completed within 18 minutes using only 20 sticks of spaghetti, one yard of tape, and one yard of string. [3] [4]Observation and studies of participants show that kindergartners are regularly able to build higher structures, in comparison to groups of business school graduates. This is explained by the tendency for children to at once stick the marshmallow on top of a simple structure, test the prototype, and continue to improve upon it. Whereas, business school students tend to spend time vying for power, planning, and finally producing a structure to which the marshmallow is added. [5] The challenge was invented by Peter Skillman of Palm, Inc. and popularized by Tom Wujec of Autodesk. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]See also [ edit]Extreme programming Spiral model Top-down and bottom-up design Paper prototyping Scrum (software development)References [ edit]^ Nielsen, J. (1993). ""Iterative User Interface Design"". IEEE Computer vol.26 no.11 pp 32-41.^ Marilyn Mantei; Toby Teorey (April 1988). ""Cost/Benefit Analysis for incorporating human factors in the software lifecycle"". Publications of the ACM vol.31 no.4 pp 428-439.^ ""The Marshmallow Challenge"". The Marshmallow Challenge. Retrieved 2010-08-10.^ ""The Marshmallow Challenge"". CA: BPWrap. 2010-04-22. Retrieved 2010-08-10.^ Jerz, Dennis G. (2010-05-10). ""The Marshmallow Challenge - Jerz's Literacy Weblog"". Jerz.setonhill.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-10.^ Cameron, Chris (2010-04-23). ""Marshmallows and Spaghetti: How Kindergartners Think Like Lean Startups"". Readwriteweb.com. Retrieved 2010-08-10.^ ""The Marshmallow Challenge"". Engineeringrevision.com. 2010-05-02. Retrieved 2013-08-10.^ ""The Marshmallow Challenge"". Selfish Programming. Retrieved 2013-08-10.^ [1] Archived July 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.^ ""Marshmallow challenge | Faculty of Science | University of Calgary"". Ucalgary.ca. 2010-12-13. Retrieved 2013-08-10.^ Original Design Challenge (2014-01-27), Peter Skillman Marshmallow Design Challenge, retrieved 2017-09-12Boehm, Barry W. ( May 1988) ""A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement,"" Computer, IEEE, pp. 61–72. Gould, J. D. and Lewis, C. (1985). Designing for Usability: Key Principles and What Designers Think, Communications of the ACM, March, 28 (3), 300-311. Kruchten, Philippe. The Rational Unified Process—An Introduction,Kruchten, P. From Waterfall to Iterative Development - A Challenging Transition for Project Managers. The Rational Edge, 2000. Retrieved from http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/content/Rational Edge/dec00/From Waterfallto Iterative Development Dec00.pdf. Addison Wesley Longman, 1999. External links [ edit]Iterative User Interface Design at useit.com Association for Computing Machinery Marshmallow Challenge official website TED video on Marshmallow Challenge Classroom images of Marshmallow Challenge [ show]v t e Design Categories: Design Systems engineering "


health benefits of neem tree

ogy.4. Neem tree Gum is used as a bulking agent to prepare special food for diabetics. Its branches are used for cleaning teeth.5. Neem oil is used for the preparation of cosmetics such as creams, shampoo, soap, balms, etc. which are useful for treatment of acne, to maintain skin elasticity, and skin care.

10 Benefit & Uses Of Neem Tree- Azadirachta Indica Neem tree have been used as medicine throughout the world due to its vast properties. A fast-growing Neem tree, (Azadirachta indica) can reach a height of about (115-131 feet)15 to 20 meters. The Neem tree trunk is straight, short and has a diameter of (4 feet) 1.2 meters, Neem is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Pakistan. Young leaves are reddish to dark purple and become green pinnate leaves at maturity. The fragrant white flowers are arranged in panicles hanging, about 25 cm in length. Neem tree is also known as’ Divine Tree “in India. Uses And Benefits Of Neem1. Neem is used in vitiated pitta conditions, hyperdipsia, leprosy, skin diseases, eczema, leucoderma, pruritus, intermittent fever, wounds, and ulcers, burning sensation, tumors, lymph tuberculosis, anorexia, vomiting, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, liver, cough, bronchitis, inflammation and fatigue.2. Neem products have medicinal properties that have proven to be anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and sedatives and anti-fertility.3. Patients suffering from chickenpox are recommended to sleep on Neem leaves. Are known to neutralize more than 500 worldwide pests, including insects, mites, ticks and nematodes, affecting their behavior and physiol

6. Neem leaf extract is useful in the treatment of malaria and blood purification.7. A decoction can be prepared from the roots of the Neem tree and is taken to relieve fever. The paste of Neem leaves is applied on the skin to treat acne.8. Neem leaves are added to the bath to help the skin to maintain perfect condition, the leaf extract have an anti-bacterial properties and regular use can cure many types of skin diseases.9. Neem helps prevent hemorrhoids by helping the body rid itself of waste and prevent constipation (which is probably one of the leading cause’s particular of hemorrhoids). If applied topically to external hemorrhoids, which will soften and help to manage bleeding and itching. Thanks to its soothing properties of anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and pain.10. The crushed leaves of Neem are applied to lacerated wounds, because of its antiseptic properties, along with its power to promote healthy granulation tissue and scar healing. Traditional Use Of Neem1. There’s a custom inside the Hindu religion to eat Neem leaves on the very first day from the year, marking its significance in keeping the well being intact.2. In Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Neem leaves are used to prepare a dish called Ugadi Pachhadi which is a type of curry made with flowers of Neem.3. Neem flowers are mixed with beautiful (unrefined brown sugar or brown sugar) and offered to friends and family, as a symbol of sweet and bitter events in the upcoming New Year.4. In the Hindu tradition, individuals try to heat-related illnesses such as measles, smallpox modest, chickenpox, sweating, prickly heat disorder, and rash. Neem leaves has antiseptic, antibacterial, and anti-fungal and as a result of that, with grace to worship God with Neem leaves and turmeric powder. Note: Neem has natural anti-oxidant properties that can protect the liver and kidneys and vital organ of our body, only if proper amount of dose is consumed. If you intake excess amount of Neem in any form it may cause serious damage to these vital organs. These may cause side effects such as jaundice, yellowing of the skin, urinary tract infections such as reduced production of urine.10 benefits of neem, 10 lines on neem tree, 10 lines on neem tree in hindi, 10 uses of neem, five uses of neem tree, uses of neem in points, uses of neem tree in points


what is emulation

Emulation is the process of mimicking the outwardly observable behavior to match an existing target. The internal state of the emulation mechanism does not have to accurately reflect the internal state of the target which it is emulating.

"Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. Email Sign Upor sign in with Google Facebook Simulator or Emulator? What is the difference? Ask Questionup vote412down votefavorite157While I understand what simulation and emulation mean in general, I almost always get confused about them. Assume that I create a piece of software that mimics existing hardware/software, what should I call it? A simulator or an emulator? Could anyone explain the difference in terms of programming? Bonus: What is the difference in English between these two terms? (Sorry, I am not a native speaker :))terminology simulation emulationshare improve this questionedited Dec 30 '17 at 18:00Nishant6,793 8 38 51asked Oct 18 '09 at 11:13Ara K60.4k 27 149 2221In mobile apps development, i Phone has a simulator while Android has an emulator. More here - stackoverflow.com/questions/4544588/… – Vishnu Haridas Mar 21 '13 at 19:571I found Wikipedia's take on this informative: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator#Emulation_versus_simulation – Amigo Nico Feb 21 '15 at 8:32this is also could be helpful in explaining this: programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/134746/… – Hakam Fostok Aug 30 '15 at 13:52add a comment21 Answers active oldest votesup vote379down voteaccepted

Simulation, on the other hand, involves modeling the underlying state of the target. The end result of a good simulation is that the simulation model will emulate the target which it is simulating. Ideally, you should be able to look into the simulation and observe properties that you would also see if you looked into the original target. In practice, there may some shortcuts to the simulation for performance reasons -- that is, some internal aspects of the simulation may actually be an emulation. MAME is an arcade game emulator; Hyperterm is a (not very good) terminal emulator. There's no need to model the arcade machine or a terminal in detail to get the desired emulated behavior. Flight Simulator is a simulator; SPICE is an electronics simulator. They model as much as possible every detail of the target to represent what the target does in reality. EDIT: Other responses have pointed out that the goal of an emulation is to able to substitute for the object it is emulating. That's an important point. A simulation's focus is more on the modelling of the internal state of the target -- and the simulation does not necessarily lead to emulation. In particular, a simulation may run far slower than real time. SPICE, for example, cannot substitue for an actual electronics circuit (even if assuming there was some kind of magical device that perfectly interfaces electrical circuits to a SPICE simulation.) A simulation Simulation does not always lead to emulation --share improve this answeredited May 29 '11 at 23:00I. J. Kennedy13.9k 14 53 79answered Oct 18 '09 at 11:55Toybuilder7,851 3 22 313mmm... I think I am going to accept this answer :) – Ara K Oct 18 '09 at 12:0022By this definition, is it therefore impossible to simulate the real world in software? I don't think we can accurately represent the underlying state of the real world - only emulate observable properties... for now. – Dolph May 28 '10 at 18:134Depends how many dimensions you want to simulate. – Van Nguyen Jan 29 '13 at 5:523I do not agree with this "" [Simulations] model as much as possible every detail of the target to represent what the target does in reality."" Simulations have the model of the target system with sufficient detail based on the purpose of the simulation. For instance, Flight Simulator probably does not model fishes in the sea because it is useless for the purpose of the simulation. – Hamdi Aug 7 '15 at 3:115Exactly the opposite answer here: stackoverflow.com/questions/2174638/… – smwikipedia Dec 16 '15 at 1:21show 3 more commentsup vote260down vote An emulator can replace the original for 'real' use. A simulator is a model for analysis. A Virtual PC emulates a PC. If a flight-simulator could transport you from A to B then it would be a flight-emulator. An emulator will always have to operate close to real-time. For a simulator that is not always the case. A geological simulation could do 1000 years/second or more.share improve this answeredited Jan 28 '14 at 18:42answered Oct 18 '09 at 11:25Henk Holterman201k 20 209 3756@Henk Your ""cockpit"" example is fantastic though I understood it after I read Toybuilder answer. Thanks :) – Ara K Oct 18 '09 at 12:02Virtual PC does not emulate, it virtualizes. QEmu, on the other hand, does emulate. In both cases, the name should be a hint. – Jörg W Mittag Oct 18 '09 at 12:36Jörg, that would lead to the next question: the difference between virtualizing and emulation (-: But you are right, I cut a few corners. VPC/VMWare do emulate some hardware parts though (and share/virtualize other parts). – Henk Holterman Oct 18 '09 at 12:5521I think it would be safe to say that Virtual PC emulates a PC. HOW it emulates the PC is through virtualisation, but that's more of an implementation detail. You might argue that hardware virtualisation is a superset of emulation, in that can provide accelerated CPU support, exclusive hardware device access, etc. – Lee B Oct 18 '09 at 13:309Oh that Flight example did it for me! +1 – user1266515 Feb 1 '13 at 20:20show 3 more commentsup vote128down vote Simulation = For analysis and study Emulation = For usage as a substitute A simulator is an environment which models but an emulator is one that replicates the usage as on the original device or system. Simulator mimics the activity of something that it is simulating. It ""appears"" (a lot can go with this ""appears"", depending on the context) to be the same as the thing being simulated. For example the flight simulator ""appears"" to be a real flight to the user, although it does transport you from one place to another. Emulator, on the other hand, actually "" does "" what the thing being emulated does, and in doing so it too "" appears to be doing the same thing "". An emulator may use different set of protocols for mimicking the thing being emulated, but the result/outcome is always the same as the original object. For example, EMU8086 emulates the 8086 microprocessor on your computer, which obviously is not running on 8086 (= different protocols ), but the output it gives is what a real 8086 would give.share improve this answeredited Jun 14 '14 at 17:33Sнаđошƒаӽ5,969 8 37 59answered Mar 6 '12 at 7:03Dheepak J1,281 1 8 27Clearest answer I've seen. For me, could only be improved by omitting the extra sentence or integrating it into your excellent contrasting definitions :-D – doughgle Aug 21 '13 at 2:18Clear, precise and what not! Good answer! – Syed Mauze Rehan May 27 '14 at 15:41Next best to @Henk's Answer! I understood finally ! – chaosguru Aug 24 '16 at 9:17add a commentup vote34down vote It's a difference in focus. Emulators 1 focus on recreating the behavior of a system, with no regard for how the system functions internally. Simulators 2 focus on modeling the components of a system. You use an emulator when you care mostly about what a system does, and a simulator when you care about how it does it. As for their general English meanings, emulation is ""the endeavor to equal or to excel another in qualities or actions "", while simulation is ""to model, replicate, duplicate the behavior, appearance or properties of"". Not much difference. Emulation comes from æmulus, ""striving, rivaling,"" and is related to ""imitate"" and ""image,"" which suggests a surface-lever resemblance. ""Simulation"" comes from similis ""like"", as does the word ""similar,"" which perhaps suggests a deeper congruence. References: Wikipedia: Emulator Wikipedia: Computer Simulation Wiktionary: emulation Wiktionary: simulation Etymology Online: emulation Etymology Online: simulationshare improve this answeranswered Oct 18 '09 at 12:02outis55.5k 12 107 166Your answer is different from others. Is Virtual PC a simulator or an Emulator according to you ? – Mikaël Mayer Nov 22 '13 at 7:55@Mikaël Mayer: Many of the answers are different than the others', with only some similar. I'd consider my answer equivalent (in that things would be classified the same way) to Toybuilder and cdiggens's, and compatible with Jörg's. It's contrary only to Pontus and Aeolai's. – outis Nov 22 '13 at 8:29@Mikaël Mayer Virtual PC is an emulator. It can do every thing what a real PC can do. – Priya Jan 19 '17 at 14:141@Pri See the answer of this thread concerning Virtual PC. It's both, it depends from the perspective. For example you can still say it's a simulation because it cannot heat as a real computer does. – Mikaël Mayer Jan 20 '17 at 15:17Thank you for coming back @Mikaël Mayer , but to be honest, some times we cannot actually differentiate if a system is emulator or simulator. A good range of debate starts. Hope i am right! Few derive the difference based on usage, its english meaning, functionality, affordability. But when i apply all the answers in my case study, its not an easy thing – Priya Jan 20 '17 at 15:38add a commentup vote19down vote I don't think emulator and simulator can be compared. Both mimic something, but are not part of the same scope of reasonning, they are not used in the same context. In short: an emulator is designed to copy some features of the orginial and can even replace it in the real environment. A simulator is not desgined to copy the features of the original, but only to appear similar to the original to human beings. Without the features of the orginal, the simulator cannot replace it in the real environment. An emulator is a device that mimics something close enough so that it can be substituted to the real thing. E.g you want a circuit to work like a ROM (read only memory) circuit, but also wants to adjust the content until it is what you want. You'll use a ROM emulator, a black box (likely to be CPU-based) with a physical and electrical interfaces compatible with the ROM you want to emulate. The emulator will be plugged into the device in place of the real ROM. The motherboard will not see any difference when working, but you will be able to change the emulated-ROM content easily. Said otherwise the emulator will act exactly as the actual thing in its motherboard context (maybe a little bit slower due to actual internal model) but there will be additional functions (like re-writing) visible only to the designer, out of the motherboard context. So emulator definition would be: something that mimic the original, has all of its functional features, can actually replace it to some extend in the real world, and may have additional features not visible in the normal context. A simulator is used in another thinking context, e.g a plane simulator, a car simulator, etc. The simulation will take care only of some aspect of the actual thing, usually those related to how a human being will perceive and control it. The simulator will not perform the functions of the real stuff, and cannot be sustituted to it. The plane simulator will not fly or carry someone, it's not its purpose at all. The simulator is not intended to work, but to appear to the pilot somehow like the actual thing for purposes other than its normal ones, e.g. to allow ground training (including in unusual situations like all-engine failure). So simulator definition would be: something that can appear to human, to some extend, like the original, but cannot replace it for actual use. In addition the pilot will know that the simulator is a simulator. I don't think we'll see any ROM simulator, because ROM are not interacting with human beings, nor we'll see any plane emulator, because planes cannot have a replacement performing the same functions in the real world. In my view the model inside an emulator or a simulator can be anything, and has not to be similar to the model of the original. A ROM emulator model will likely be software instead of hardware, MS Flight Simulator cannot be more software than it is. This comparison of both terms will contradict the currently selected answer (from Toybuilder) which puts the difference on the internal model, while my suggestion is that the difference is whether the fake can or cannot be used to perform the actual function in the actual world (to some accepted extend, indeed). Note that the plane simulator will have also to simulate the earth, the sun, the wind, etc, which are not part of the plane, so a plane simulator will have to mimic some aspects of the plane, as well as the environment of the plane because it is not used in this actual environment, but in a training room. This is a big difference with the emulator which emulates only the orginal, and its purpose is to be used in the environment of the original with no need to emulate it. Back to the plane context... what could be a plane emulator? Maybe a train that will connect two airports -- actually two plane steps -- carrying passengers, with stewardesses onboard, with car interior looking like an actual plane cabin, and with captain saying ""ladies and gentlemen our altitude is currenlty 10 kms and the temperature at our destination is 24°C"". Its benefit is difficult to see, hum... As a conclusion, the emulator is a real thing intended to work, the simulator is a fake intended to trick the user.share improve this answeredited Dec 27 '11 at 18:24answered Dec 27 '11 at 17:03mins2,724 5 29 43Well explained! Thanks! I like your conclusion btw. ;) – haifacarina Jul 20 '12 at 9:31The phrase ""ROM emulator"" reminds me of virtual video game consoles. – Joe Z. Feb 20 '13 at 19:13add a commentup vote13down vote Simple Explanation. If you want to convert your PC (running Windows) into Mac, you can do either of these: (1) You can simply install a Mac theme on your Windows. So, your PC feels more like Mac, but you can't actually run any Mac programs. (SIMULATION) (or) (2) You can program your PC to run like Mac (I'm not sure if this is possible : P ). Now you can even run Mac programs successfully and expect the same output as on Mac. (EMULATION)In the first case, you can experience Mac, but you can't expect the same output as on Mac. In the second case, you can expect the same output as on Mac, but still the fact remains that it is only a PC.share improve this answeredited Jul 1 '13 at 1:42answered Jun 6 '13 at 20:04Vishnu Vivek744 1 8 20add a commentup vote10down vote Some years ago I came up with a very short adage that, I believe, captures the essence of the difference quite nicely: A simulator is an emulator on a mission. By that I mean that you use an emulator when you can't use the real thing, and you use a simulator when you can't use the real thing and you want to find something out about it.share improve this answeranswered Oct 18 '09 at 12:40Jörg W Mittag273k 60 343 530add a commentup vote9down vote An emulator is a model of a system which will accept any valid input that that the emulated system would accept, and produce the same output or result. So your software is an emulator, only if it reproduces the behavior of the emulated system precisely.share improve this answeranswered Oct 18 '09 at 11:38cdiggins10.6k 2 66 74Thanks. I think this is a very precise definition of Emulation. So, for example Wine is a simulator because it doesn't necessarily give the same precise output defined in Windows? – Ara K Oct 18 '09 at 11:536Be careful about trying to shoehorn WINE into an either/or of emulator or simulator. WINE is a compatibility layer, which makes binaries from one system run on the binary API layer of another system. You might call it an adaptor. I suppose simulator isn't a bad way to understand it either, but it's not really much closer than emulator. – Lee B Oct 18 '09 at 13:33add a commentup vote8down vote To understand the difference between a simulator and an emulator, keep in mind that a simulator tries to mimic the behavior of a real device. For example, in the case of the i OS Simulator, it simulates the real behavior of an actual i Phone/i Pad device. However, the Simulator itself uses the various libraries installed on the Mac (such as Quick Time) to perform its rendering so that the effect looks the same as an actual i Phone. In addition, applications tested on the Simulator are compiled into x86 code, which is the byte-code understood by the Simulator. A real i Phone device, conversely, uses ARM-based code. In contrast, an emulator emulates the working of a real device. Applications tested on an emulator are compiled into the actual byte-code used by the real device. The emulator executes the application by translating the byte-code into a form that can be executed by the host computer running the emulator. To understand the subtle difference between simulation and emulation, imagine you are trying to convince a child that playing with knives is dangerous. To simulate this, you pretend to cut yourself with a knife and groan in pain. To emulate this, you actually cut yourself.share improve this answeredited Aug 31 '12 at 5:56answered Aug 22 '12 at 8:56पवन2,593 1 18 286Don't try this at home kids : D – Gearoid Murphy Oct 18 '12 at 15:19add a commentup vote6down vote In more or less normal parlance: If your software can do everything the mimicked system can do, it's an emulator. If it only approximates the results of a system (IT or otherwise), it's a simulator.share improve this answeranswered Oct 18 '09 at 11:20Pontus Gagge15.4k 1 32 48add a commentup vote5down vote Simulation A simulation is a system that behaves similar to something else, but is implemented in an entirely different way. It provides the basic behaviour of a system, but may not necessarily adhere to all of the rules of the system being simulated. It is there to give you an idea about how something works. Example Think of a flight simulator as an example. It looks and feels like you are flying an airplane, but you are completely disconnected from the reality of flying the plane, and you can bend or break those rules as you see fit. For example, fly an Airbus A380 upside down between London and Sydney without breaking it. Emulation An emulation is a system that behaves exactly like something else, and adheres to all of the rules of the system being emulated. It is effectively a complete replication of another system, right down to being binary compatible with the emulated system's inputs and outputs, but operating in a different environment to the environment of the original emulated system. The rules are fixed, and cannot be changed, or the system fails. Example The M. A. M. E. system is built around this very premise. All those old arcade systems that have been long forgotten, that were implemented almost entirely in hardware, or in the firmware of their hardware systems can be emulated right down to the original bugs and crashes that would occur when you reached the highest possible score.share improve this answeranswered Sep 28 '16 at 13:00arunkumar sambu190 1 10add a commentup vote4down vote Simulator: it is similar to interpreter. i.e. it actually executes the real code in line by line to mimic the behaviour Emulator: it is similar executable. i.e. it takes compiled code and executes it.share improve this answeredited Dec 6 '13 at 5:21Hamad3,685 13 26 61answered Dec 6 '13 at 4:49satya41 3add a commentup vote3down vote The distintion between the two terms is a bit fuzzy. Coming from a world where ""Emulators"" are pieces of hardware that allow you debug embedded systems. And remember products that allowed you to have ICE (In Circuit Emulation) capabilities to debug a PC platform, I find the use of the term ""Emulation"" to be a somewhat of a misnomer for software that SIMULATES the behaviour of a piece of hardware. My justification for the current use of the term is Emulation is that it may ""augment"" the functionality, and only is concerned with a ""reasonable"" approximation of the behaviour of the system. ICE: (In Circuit Emulation) A piece of hardware that is plugged into a board in place of the actual processor. It allows you to run the system as if the actual processor was present. Typically these have a variant of the processor on them to actually execute the software with glue logic to allow the user to break executation and single step under hardware control. Some would also provide logging capability. Most modern processors development systems have replace ICE type emulation with JTAG Emulation, where the JTAG just talks to the processor via a special purpose serial link and all execution is perform by the processor mounted on the board. Software EMULATOR: An 0x86 emulator is only concerned with being able to execute 0x86 assembly language, not providing accurate cycle per cycle behaviourial model of a SPECIFIC 0x86 processor. Bochs is an example of this. QEMU does this, but also allows ""virtualization"" using special kernel modules. SIMULATOR: Texas Instruments provides a CYCLE ACCURATE behaviourial model of there processors for software development that is intended to be a accurate SIMULATION of SPECIFIC processor cores behavior for the developers to use prior to having working hardware. Software EMULATOR augmenting functionality: BLEEM not only allowed you to run Playstation Software, but also allowed the display to be output with higher resolution than the Playstation was able to provide, and also took advantage of more advanced capabilities of GPUs that were avaliable. (i.e. Better blending and smoothing of textures. )share improve this answeranswered Jan 11 '10 at 20:39No More Zealots3,011 5 32 53add a commentup vote3down vote In computer science both a simulation and emulation produce the same outputs, from the same inputs, that the original system does; However, an emulation also uses the same processes to achieve it and is made out of the same materials. A simulation uses different processes from the original system. Also worth noting is the term replication, which is the intermediate of the two - using the same processes but being made out of a different material. So if I want to run my old Super Mario Bros game on my PC I use an SNES emulator, because it is using the same or similar computer code (processes) to run the game, and uses the same or similar materials (silicon chip). However, if I want to fly a Boeing 747 jet on my PC I use a flight simulator because it uses completely different processes from the original (there are no actual wings, lift or aerodynamics involved!). Here are the exact definitions taken from a computer science glossary: A simulation is a model of a system that captures the functional connections between inputs and outputs of the system, but without necessarily being based on processes that are the same as, or similar to, those of the system itself. A replication is a model of a system that captures the functional connections between inputs and outputs of the system and is based on processes that are the same as, or similar to, those of the system itself. An emulation is a model of some system that captures the functional connections between inputs and outputs of the system, based on processes that are the same as, or similar to, those of that system, and that is built of the same materials as that system. Reference: The Open University, M366 Glossary 1.1, 2007share improve this answeredited May 25 '11 at 10:48answered May 25 '11 at 10:31Aeolai99 1 9add a commentup vote3down vote An emulator is an alternative to the real system but a simulator is used to optimize, understand and estimate the real system.share improve this answeredited Sep 26 '12 at 8:36ronalchn10.5k 7 39 57answered Sep 2 '12 at 6:05Ramsharan1,771 1 17 25add a commentup vote3down vote Both are models of an object that you have some means of controlling inputs to and observing outputs from. The key difference is that: With an emulator, you want the output exactly match what the object you are emulating would produce. With a simulator, you want certain properties of your output to be similar to what the object would produce. Let me give an example -- suppose you want to do some system testing to see how adding a new sensor (like a thermometer) to a system would affect the system. You know that the thermometer sends a message 8 time a second containing its measurement. Simulation -- if you do not have the thermometer yet, but you want to test that this message rate will not overload you system, you can simulate the sensor by attaching a unit that sends a random number 8 times a second. You can run any test that does not rely on the actual value the sensor sends. Emulation -- suppose you have a very expensive thermometer that measures to 0.001 C, and you want to see if you can get by with a cheaper thermometer that only measures to the nearest 0.5 C. You can emulate the cheaper thermometer using an expensive thermometer and then rounding the reading to the nearest 0.5 C and running tests that rely on the temperature values. Note that simulations can also be used for forecasting or predicting behavior. Finite element analysis simulations are used in many applications, including weather prediction and virtual wind tunnels. The definitions of the terms:emulation -- surpass or exactly matchsimulate -- imitate in appearance or charactershare improve this answeranswered Nov 15 '12 at 1:41Jay Elston1,412 1 14 32Note -- this is very similar to the answer to a question that has been marked as a dup of this one ( stackoverflow.com/questions/2174638/… ). I did add a definition of the terms (asked for in the question but not yet answered) and also added some info about uses for simulation (finite element analysis) for something more than mimicking a device. – Jay Elston Nov 15 '12 at 1:45add a commentup vote2down vote This question is probably best answered by taking a look at historical practice. In the past, I've seen gaming console emulators on PC for the Play Station & SEGA. Simulators are commonplace when referring to software that tries to mimic real life actions, such as driving or flying. Gran Turismo and Microsoft Flight Simulator spring to mind as classic examples of simulators. As for the linguistic difference, emulation usually refers to the action of copying someone's (or something's) praiseworthy characteristics or behaviors. Emulation is distinct from imitation, in which a person is copied for the purpose of mockery. The linguistic meaning of the verb 'simulation' is essentially to pretend or mimic someone or something.share improve this answeranswered Oct 18 '09 at 11:25Zaid28.2k 11 68 137add a commentup vote2down vote A simulation is a system that behaves similar to something else, but is implemented in an entirely different way. It provides the basic behavior of a system but may not necessarily abide by all of the rules of the system being simulated. It is there to give you an idea about how something works. An emulation is a system that behaves exactly like something else, and abides by all of the rules of the system being emulated. It is effectively a complete replication of another system, right down to being binary compatible with the emulated system's inputs and outputs, but operating in a different environment to the environment of the original emulated system. The rules are fixed, and cannot be changed or the system fails.share improve this answeranswered Oct 21 '13 at 13:10DIXON THANKACHAN171 1 3add a commentup vote2down vote The definitions of the words describe the difference the best. A google search gives the following definitions of simulate and emulate:simulate imitate the appearance or character of.emulate match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically by imitation. A simulation imitates a system. An emulation simulates a system so well that it could replace it or may even surpass it. In computing, an emulation would be a drop in replacement for the system it is emulating. Often times it will even outperform the system it is imitating. For example, game console emulators usually make improvements such as greater hardware compatibility, better performance, and improved audio/video quality. Simulations, on the other hand, are limited by them being models. They are a best attempt to mimic a system, but not replacements for it. There are hardware emulators because hardware can be imitated and it would be hard to tell the difference. There is no Farming Emulator because there is no emulation that could replace actual farming. We can only simulate a model of farming to gain insight on how to farm better.share improve this answeranswered Jan 8 '17 at 19:37J. Money3,855 1 25 42add a commentup vote1down vote A Virtual PC tries to emulate a Computer, from the point of view of a Programmer BUT, at the same time, it simulates a Computer from the point of view of a Electrical Engineer.share improve this answeranswered Sep 4 '14 at 22:39Abhinav23 7add a commentup vote0down vote Emulator: Consider a situation that you know only English and you are in China. In order to interact with a Chinese person you need a translator. Now, role of translator is that it will seek input from you in English and convert to Chinese and and give that input to the Chinese person and gets response from the Chinese person and convert to English and give the output to you in English. Now that translator and Chinese person is the emulator. Both combine will provide similar functionality as if you were communicating with the English person. So hardware may be different but functionality will be same. Simulator: I can't give better example than SPICE or flight simulator. Both will replace hardware component behavior with the software or mathematical model which will behave similar to the hardware. In the end it depends on the context that which solution better suits project needs.share improve this answeranswered Mar 24 '16 at 7:37Vaibhav Gautam27 6add a commentprotected by Jorgesys Dec 26 '13 at 15:27Thank you for your interest in this question. Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count ). Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead? Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged terminology simulation emulation or ask your own question.asked8 years, 5 months agoviewed255,812 timesactive3 months ago Linked99 What's the difference between emulation and simulation?614 How do you install an APK file in the Android emulator?969 How do emulators work and how are they written?42 Difference between i Phone Simulator and Android Emulator29 Android: why snapshots and gpu are mutually exclusive?4 wan simulator for windows4 Why emulate for certain number of cycles?0 Xcode “Simulator”? 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what is the gray market

Gray market is a slang term used to describe distributors who sell equipment or product without having obtained authorization from the manufacturer to do so. The term is used to describe unauthorized DVD, CD, software or computer hardware sales.

gray market

"Main » TERM » G »gray market Tweet Related Termsgray scalingsoftware-defined servers Software-Defined Everything - SDEgraymail Viral Marketingspaghetti marketingco-marketing XML Schema Definition - XSDDDLMIDLBy Vangie Beal

What do you think about this? Interesting Not Interesting Share Tweet PREVIOUS GRASPNEXT gray scaling Related Links Webopedia's ""Did You Know...?"" Section Webopedia's Quick Reference Section "


which region does the black bear live in

The American black bear is the most commonly seen bear in North America, and it has the largest geographic range. Black bears can be found as far south as central Mexico and as far north as northern Alaska and most of Canada. In the United States black bears are common in the east, along the west coast, in the Rocky Mountains, and in parts of Alaska. They are also found in a few small areas in the southwest and southeast.

Where Do Bears Live in North America?

Home » General Geology » Where do bears live? Where Do Bears Live in North America? North America's bear areas map: This map shows the overlapping geographic ranges of three types of bears that inhabit North America - polar bears, black bears, and grizzly bears (also known as brown bears). This map was compiled by superimposing three maps prepared by Karl Musser (American black bear - Creative Commons License ), Simon Pierre Barrette (grizzly bear - GNU Free Document License ), and Fabio B (polar bear - public domain ). Black Bear: This is what most black bears in North America look like. Image copyright i Stockphoto / Desiree DPatterson. Related: How to Avoid a Bear Attack American Black Bear

Black bear are the most timid and least dangerous of the bears found in North America. They will try to avoid humans as much as humans try to avoid them. [1] However, that doesn't mean they won't enter towns and neighborhoods. If they know of any easy food source they will use it, but they generally travel at night to avoid detection. Not all black bear have black fur. Their fur color ranges from black to light brown, making color a poor method of identification. The size of a bear can help identify it.

The average male black bear can range from about one hundred fifty pounds up to about five hundred fifty pounds. [2] This large range in average size is caused by the geographic variations in the abundance of food. Another characteristic is that black bears generally have larger ears than a grizzly.

Grizzly Bear: This image shows the distinctive hump that is located on a grizzly bear's back between the front shoulder blades. Image copyright i Stockphoto / Paul Tessier. North American Bear Information [1] Black Bear Characteristics: Physical and behavioral characteristics from bearlife.org.

[2] Brown Bear: Wikipedia article on brown bears. [3] Black Bear and Grizzly Bear Characteristics in Yellowstone: website article by the National Park Service. [4] Polar Bear: Wikipedia article on polar bears. [5] Polar Bear Characteristics: Polar bear characteristics described by Polar Bears International.

Grizzly / Brown Bear The grizzly bear and brown bear are members of the same species of bear. Generally they are called grizzly bear when they are inland. In coastal regions of Alaska and Canada they are generally referred to as brown bear. These bears are much more aggressive than a black bear. While the majority of their living range is Alaska and Northwestern Canada, they are also found in small areas of the lower 48 states, including: Northwestern Montana, Yellowstone National Park, Northern Utah and a very small section of Northwestern Washington. Many people visit Yellowstone National Park just to get a glimpse of these magnificent beasts. The coastal brown bears are generally larger than their inland grizzly bear counterpart. This is a result of the greater abundance of protein-rich food along the coast. While grizzlies eat meat and fish, their main diet consists of berries and plants. The best identifier for a grizzly bear is the large hump on their shoulders that is best seen while they are walking. Most grizzlies are a medium brown color, but they can range from a very dark brown (almost black) to a light honey brown color. [3] The claws on a grizzly bear are lighter, longer and straighter than the claws of a black bear. Polar Bears: A momma polar bear with two cubs following close behind. Image copyright i Stockphoto / ekvals. Polar B

ear Polar bears are the largest of the three bears found in North America. They range from about seven hundred pounds up to about fifteen hundred pounds. Not only are they the largest bear found in North America, they are also the most dangerous to humans.

They are more dangerous because they don't have much contact with humans - so they may see us as prey when they are hungry. [4] Luckily for us, polar bears are only found in the most northern areas of Alaska and Canada, and all of Greenland. Polar bears are easily identified by their white fur. They also have the hump on their shoulders like that of grizzly bear. Since plants and berries are not readily available where they live, they are considered more carnivorous than other bears. For most polar bears, seals are the main part of their diet. More General Geology What Does a Geologist Do? Land Below Sea Level Divisions of Geologic Time Minerals Waterproof Paper Plate Tectonics What Is Earth Science? Rocks More From Geology.com: Geology.com News contains news about geology and earth science from around the world. Minerals: Information about ore minerals, gem materials and rock-forming minerals. Gemstones - Colorful images and articles about diamonds and colored stones. Kick 'em Jenny is a submarine volcano and one of the most active on the Caribbean plate. Rock Gallery: Photos of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Dacite - a light-colored extrusive igneous rock intermediate between rhyolite and andesite. Volcanoes - Articles about volcanoes, volcanic hazards and eruptions past and present. Plate Tectonics - Articles and maps about plate tectonics and the interior of Earth.


what is a handheld microphone

Modern handheld microphone wireless systems are small, light, and powerful and -- thanks to their ability to be able to broadcast using UHF radio wave frequencies -- are less prone to frequency interference.

Handheld Microphone Wireless Systems

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Some models do have limitations tho their range, so please check if you are buying a wireless handheld microphone for use in larger venues. It is also worth pointing out that that a license is required to operate wireless microphones on certain TV channels in the US. At Musician's Friends there is plenty to choose from & we have all the top brands, including Audio-Technica Handheld Microphone Wireless Systems and Sennheiser Handheld Microphone Wireless Systems. All our Handheld Microphone Wireless Systems are supported by our price & satisfaction guarantees andfree standard shipping applies to all orders except heavy items.