which feature do gas giants have that terrestrial planets do not?

Terrestrial planets are substantially different from the giant planets, which might not have solid surfaces and are composed mostly of some combination of hydrogen, helium, and water existing in various physical states.

Geology of solar terrestrial planets

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the geology of terrestrial planets in our solar system. For geological aspects of other planets, see List of geological features of the Solar System. The inner planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and terrestrial dwarf planet, Ceres (sizes to scale)The geology of solar terrestrial planets mainly deals with the geological aspects of the four terrestrial planets of the Solar System, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and one terrestrial dwarf planet, Ceres. Only one terrestrial planet, Earth, is known to have an active hydrosphere.

Terrestrial planets have a compact, rocky surfaces, and Venus, Earth, and Mars each also have an atmosphere. Their size, radius, and density are all similar. Terrestrial planets have numerous similarities to plutoids (objects like Pluto ), which also have a solid surface, but are primarily composed of icy materials. During the formation of the Solar System, there were probably many more ( planetesimals ), but they have all merged with or been destroyed by the four remaining worlds in the solar nebula. The Terrestrial planets all have roughly the same structure—a central metallic core, mostly iron, with a surrounding silicate mantle. The Moon is similar, but lacks a substantial iron core. [1] Three of the four solar terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) have substantial atmospheres; all have impact craters and tectonic surface features such as rift valleys and volcanoes. The term inner planet should not be confused with inferior planet, which refers to those planets that are closer to the Sun than Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus). Contents [ hide ]1 Formation of solar planets1.1 Terrestrial planets2 Surface geology of inner solar planets2.1 Mercury2.2 Venus2.3 Earth2.4 Mars2.5 Ceres3 Small Solar System bodies3.1 Asteroid belt3.2 Comets3.3 Kuiper belt4 See also5 References6 External links Formation of solar planets [ edit]Artist's conception of a protoplanetary disk The Solar System is believed to have formed according to the nebular hypothesis, first proposed in 1755 by Immanuel Kant and independently formulated by Pierre-Simon Laplace. [2] This theory holds that 4.6 billion years ago the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several stars. [3]The first solid particles were microscopic in size. These particles orbited the Sun in nearly circular orbits right next to each other, as the gas from which they condensed. Gradually the gentle collisions allowed the flakes to stick together and make larger particles which, in turn, attracted more solid particles towards them. This process is known as accretion. The objects formed by accretion are called planetesimals —they act as seeds for planet formation. Initially, planetesimals were closely packed. They coalesced into larger objects, forming clumps of up to a few kilometers across in a few million years, a small time with comparison to the age of the Solar System. [3] After the planetesimals grew bigger in sizes, collisions became highly destructive, making further growth more difficult. Only the biggest planetesimals survived the fragmentation process and continued to slowly grow into protoplanets by accretion of planetesimals of similar composition. [3] After the protoplanet formed, accumulation of heat from radioactive decay of short-lived elements melted the planet, allowing materials to differentiate (i.e. to separate according to their density ). [3]Terrestrial planets [ edit]In the warmer inner Solar System, planetesimals formed from rocks and metals cooked billions of years ago in the cores of massive stars. These elements constituted only 0.6% of the material in the solar nebula. That is why the terrestrial planets could not grow very large and could not exert large pull on hydrogen and helium gas. [3] Also, the faster collisions among particles close to the Sun were more destructive on average. Even if the terrestrial planets had had hydrogen and helium, the Sun would have heated the gases and caused them to escape. [3] Hence, solar terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are dense small worlds composed mostly from 2% of heavier elements contained in the solar nebula. Surface geology of inner solar planets [ edit]The four inner or terrestrial planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no ring systems. They are composed largely of minerals with high melting points, such as the silicates which form their solid crusts and semi-liquid mantles, and metals such as iron and nickel, which form their cores. Mercury [ edit]Main article: Geology of Mercury The Mariner 10 mission (1974) mapped about half the surface of Mercury. On the basis of that data, scientists have a first-order understanding of the geology and history of the planet. [4] [5] Mercury's surface shows intercrater plains, basins, smooth plains, craters, and tectonic features. Mercury's oldest surface is its intercrater plains, [4] [6] which are present (but much less extensive) on the Moon. The intercrater plains are level to gently rolling terrain that occur between and around large craters. The plains predate the heavily cratered terrain, and have obliterated many of the early craters and basins of Mercury; [4] [7] they probably formed by widespread volcanism early in mercurian history. Mercurian craters have the morphological elements of lunar craters—the smaller craters are bowl-shaped, and with increasing size, they develop scalloped rims, central peaks, and terraces on the inner walls. [6] The ejecta sheets have a hilly, lineated texture and swarms of secondary impact craters. Fresh craters of all sizes have dark or bright halos and well-developed ray systems. Although mercurian and lunar craters are superficially similar, they show subtle differences, especially in deposit extent. The continuous ejecta and fields of secondary craters on Mercury are far less extensive (by a factor of about 0.65) for a given rim diameter than those of comparable lunar craters. This difference results from the 2.5 times higher gravitational field on Mercury compared with the Moon. [6] As on the Moon, impact craters on Mercury are progressively degraded by subsequent impacts. [4] [7] The freshest craters have ray systems and a crisp morphology. With further degradation, the craters lose their crisp morphology and rays and features on the continuous ejecta become more blurred until only the raised rim near the crater remains recognizable. Because craters become progressively degraded with time, the degree of degradation gives a rough indication of the crater's relative age. [7] On the assumption that craters of similar size and morphology are roughly the same age, it is possible to place constraints on the ages of other underlying or overlying units and thus to globally map the relative age of craters. Mercury’s Caloris Basin is one of the largest impact features in the Solar System. At least 15 ancient basins have been identified on Mercury. [7] Tolstoj is a true multi-ring basin, displaying at least two, and possibly as many as four, concentric rings. [7] [8] It has a well-preserved ejecta blanket extending outward as much as 500 kilometres (311 mi) from its rim. The basin interior is flooded with plains that clearly postdate the ejecta deposits. Beethoven has only one, subdued massif-like rim 625 kilometres (388 mi) in diameter, but displays an impressive, well lineated ejecta blanket that extends as far as 500 kilometres (311 mi). As at Tolstoj, Beethoven ejecta is asymmetric. The Caloris basin is defined by a ring of mountains 1,300 kilometres (808 mi) in diameter. [7] [9] [10] Individual massifs are typically 30 kilometres (19 mi) to 50 kilometres (31 mi) long; the inner edge of the unit is marked by basin-facing scarps. [10] Lineated terrain extends for about 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) out from the foot of a weak discontinuous scarp on the outer edge of the Caloris mountains; this terrain is similar to the sculpture surrounding the Imbrium basin on the Moon. [7] [10] Hummocky material forms a broad annulus about 800 kilometres (497 mi) from the Caloris mountains. It consists of low, closely spaced to scattered hills about 0.3 to 1 kilometre (1 mi) across and from tens of meters to a few hundred meters high. The outer boundary of this unit is gradational with the (younger) smooth plains that occur in the same region. A hilly and furrowed terrain is found antipodal to the Caloris basin, probably created by antipodal convergence of intense seismic waves generated by the Caloris impact. [11]The so-called “Weird Terrain” was formed by the Caloris Basin impact at its antipodal point. The floor of the Caloris basin is deformed by sinuous ridges and fractures, giving the basin fill a grossly polygonal pattern. These plains may be volcanic, formed by the release of magma as part of the impact event, or a thick sheet of impact melt. Widespread areas of Mercury are covered by relatively flat, sparsely cratered plains materials. [7] [12] They fill depressions that range in size from regional troughs to crater floors. The smooth plains are similar to the maria of the Moon, an obvious difference being that the smooth plains have the same albedo as the intercrater plains. Smooth plains are most strikingly exposed in a broad annulus around the Caloris basin. No unequivocal volcanic features, such as flow lobes, leveed channels, domes, or cones are visible. Crater densities indicate that the smooth plains are significantly younger than ejecta from the Caloris basin. [7] In addition, distinct color units, some of lobate shape, are observed in newly processed color data. [13] Such relations strongly support a volcanic origin for the mercurian smooth plains, even in the absence of diagnostic landforms. [7] [12] [13]Lobate scarps are widely distributed over Mercury [7] [12] [14] and consist of sinuous to arcuate scarps that transect preexisting plains and craters. They are most convincingly interpreted as thrust faults, indicating a period of global compression. [14] The lobate scarps typically transect smooth plains materials (early Calorian age) on the floors of craters, but post-Caloris craters are superposed on them. These observations suggest that lobate-scarp formation was confined to a relatively narrow interval of time, beginning in the late pre-Tolstojan period and ending in the middle to late Calorian Period. In addition to scarps, wrinkle ridges occur in the smooth plains materials. These ridges probably were formed by local to regional surface compression caused by lithospheric loading by dense stacks of volcanic lavas, as suggested for those of the lunar maria. [7] [14]Venus [ edit]Main article: Geology of Venus The surface of Venus is comparatively very flat. When 93% of the topography was mapped by Pioneer Venus, [15] scientists found that the total distance from the lowest point to the highest point on the entire surface was about 13 kilometres (8 mi), while on the Earth the distance from the basins to the Himalayas is about 20 kilometres (12.4 mi). According to the data of the altimeters of the Pioneer, nearly 51% of the surface is found located within 500 metres (1,640 ft) of the median radius of 6,052 km (3760 mi); only 2% of the surface is located at greater elevations than 2 kilometres (1 mi) from the median radius. Danilova crater in relief Venus shows no evidence of active plate tectonics. There is debatable evidence of active tectonics in the planet's distant past; however, events taking place since then (such as the plausible and generally accepted hypothesis that the Venusian lithosphere has thickened greatly over the course of several hundred million years) has made constraining the course of its geologic record difficult. However, the numerous well-preserved impact craters has been utilized as a dating method to approximately date the Venusian surface (since there are thus far no known samples of Venusian rock to be dated by more reliable methods). Dates derived are the dominantly in the range ~500 Mya–750Mya, although ages of up to ~1.2 Gya have been calculated. This research has led to the fairly well accepted hypothesis that Venus has undergone an essentially complete volcanic resurfacing at least once in its distant past, with the last event taking place approximately within the range of estimated surface ages. While the mechanism of such an impressionable thermal event remains a debated issue in Venusian geosciences, some scientists are advocates of processes involving plate motion to some extent. There are almost 1,000 impact craters on Venus, more or less evenly distributed across its surface. Earth-based radar surveys made it possible to identify some topographic patterns related to craters, and the Venera 15 and Venera 16 probes identified almost 150 such features of probable impact origin. Global coverage from Magellan subsequently made it possible to identify nearly 900 impact craters. Danilova, Aglaonice and Saskja craters Crater counts give an important estimate for the age of the surface of a planet. Over time, bodies in the Solar System are randomly impacted, so the more craters a surface has, the older it is. Compared to Mercury, the Moon and other such bodies, Venus has very few craters. In part, this is because Venus's dense atmosphere burns up smaller meteorites before they hit the surface. The Venera and Magellan data agree: there are very few impact craters with a diameter less than 30 kilometres (19 mi), and data from Magellan show an absence of any craters less than 2 kilometres (1 mi) in diameter. However, there are also fewer of the large craters, and those appear relatively young; they are rarely filled with lava, showing that they happened after volcanic activity in the area, and radar shows that they are rough and have not had time to be eroded down. Computer generated perspective view of pancake domes in Venus's Alpha Regio Much of Venus' surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Overall, Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it possesses some 167 giant volcanoes that are over 100 kilometres (62 mi) across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the Big Island of Hawaii. However, this is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older. Earth's crust is continually recycled by subduction at the boundaries of tectonic plates, and has an average age of about 100 million years, while Venus' surface is estimated to be about 500 million years old. [16] Venusian craters range from 3 kilometres (2 mi) to 280 kilometres (174 mi) in diameter. There are no craters smaller than 3 km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain kinetic energy are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. [17]Earth [ edit]Main articles: Earth, Structure of the Earth, and Geological history of Earth Present day Earth altimetry and bathymetry. Data from the National Geophysical Data Center 's Terrain Base Digital Terrain Model. The Earth's terrain varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8% [18] of the surface is covered by water, with much of the continental shelf below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, [19] oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus, and abyssal plains. The remaining 29.2% not covered by water consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other geomorphologies. The planetary surface undergoes reshaping over geological time periods due to the effects of tectonics and erosion. The surface features built up or deformed through plate tectonics are subject to steady weathering from precipitation, thermal cycles, and chemical effects. Glaciation, coastal erosion, the build-up of coral reefs, and large meteorite impacts [20] also act to reshape the landscape. As the continental plates migrate across the planet, the ocean floor is subducted under the leading edges. At the same time, upwellings of mantle material create a divergent boundary along mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes continually recycles the ocean plate material. Most of the ocean floor is less than 100 million years in age. The oldest ocean plate is located in the Western Pacific, and has an estimated age of about 200 million years. By comparison, the oldest fossils found on land have an age of about 3 billion years. [21] [22]The continental plates consist of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. [23] Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form only about 5% of the crust. [24] The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on the Earth's surface include quartz, the feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene, and olivine. [25] Common carbonate minerals include calcite (found in limestone ), aragonite, and dolomite. [26]Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth—approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water. The pedosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Currently the total arable land is 13.31% of the land surface, with only 4.71% supporting permanent crops. [27] Close to 40% of the Earth's land surface is presently used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated 13 million square kilometres (5.0 million square miles) of cropland and 34 million square kilometres (13 million square miles) of pastureland. [28]The physical features of land are remarkably varied. The largest mountain ranges—the Himalayas in Asia and the Andes in South America—extend for thousands of kilometres. The longest rivers are the river Nile in Africa (6,695 kilometres or 4,160 miles) and the Amazon river in South America (6,437 kilometres or 4,000 miles). Deserts cover about 20% of the total land area. The largest is the Sahara, which covers nearly one-third of Africa. The elevation of the land surface of the Earth varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a 2005-estimated maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,028 ft) at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is 686 m (2,250 ft). [29]The geological history of Earth can be broadly classified into two periods namely: Precambrian: includes approximately 90% of geologic time. It extends from 4.6 billion years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian Period (about 570 Ma ). It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed prior to 3000 Ma, and that most of the Earth's landmasses collected into a single supercontinent around 1000 Ma. Phanerozoic: is the current eon in the geologic timescale. It covers roughly 545 million years. During the period covered, continents drifted about, eventually collected into a single landmass known as Pangea and then split up into the current continental landmasses. Mars [ edit]Main article: Geology of Mars Rock strewn surface imaged by Mars Pathfinder The surface of Mars is thought to be primarily composed of basalt, based upon the observed lava flows from volcanos, the Martian meteorite collection, and data from landers and orbital observations. The lava flows from Martian volcanos show that that lava has a very low viscosity, typical of basalt. [30] Analysis of the soil samples collected by the Viking landers in 1976 indicate iron-rich clays consistent with weathering of basaltic rocks. [30] There is some evidence that some portion of the Martian surface might be more silica-rich than typical basalt, perhaps similar to andesitic rocks on Earth, though these observations may also be explained by silica glass, phyllosilicates, or opal. Much of the surface is deeply covered by dust as fine as talcum powder. The red/orange appearance of Mars' surface is caused by iron (III) oxide (rust). [31] [32] Mars has twice as much iron oxide in its outer layer as Earth does, despite their supposed similar origin. It is thought that Earth, being hotter, transported much of the iron downwards in the 1,800 kilometres (1,118 mi) deep, 3,200 °C (5,792 °F ), lava seas of the early planet, while Mars, with a lower lava temperature of 2,200 °C (3,992 °F) was too cool for this to happen. [31]The core is surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, and it is no thicker than 125 kilometres (78 mi), [33] which is much thicker than Earth's crust which varies between 5 kilometres (3 mi) and 70 kilometres (43 mi). As a result, Mars' crust does not easily deform, as was shown by the recent radar map of the south polar ice cap which does not deform the crust despite being about 3 km thick. [34]Yuty impact crater with typical rampart ejecta Crater morphology provides information about the physical structure and composition of the surface. Impact craters allow us to look deep below the surface and into Mars geological past. Lobate ejecta blankets (pictured left) and central pit craters are common on Mars but uncommon on the Moon, which may indicate the presence of near-surface volatiles (ice and water) on Mars. Degraded impact structures record variations in volcanic, fluvial, and aeolian activity. [35]The Yuty crater is an example of a Rampart crater so called because of the rampart like edge of the ejecta. In the Yuty crater the ejecta completely covers an older crater at its side, showing that the ejected material is just a thin layer. [36]The geological history of Mars can be broadly classified into many epochs, but the following are the three major ones: Noachian epoch (named after Noachis Terra ): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of Mars, 3.8 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The Tharsis bulge volcanic upland is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the epoch. Hesperian epoch (named after Hesperia Planum): 3.5 billion years ago to 1.8 billion years ago. The Hesperian epoch is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains. Amazonian epoch (named after Amazonis Planitia ): 1.8 billion years ago to present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact craters but are otherwise quite varied. Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the known Universe, formed during this period along with lava flows elsewhere on Mars. Ceres [ edit]Main article: Ceres (dwarf planet)This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2015)The geology of the dwarf planet, Ceres, was largely unknown until Dawn spacecraft explored it in early 2015. However, certain surface features such as ""Piazzi"", named after the dwarf planets' discoverer, had been resolved. [a] Ceres's oblateness is consistent with a differentiated body, a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. This 100-kilometer-thick mantle (23%–28% of Ceres by mass; 50% by volume) contains 200 million cubic kilometers of water, which is more than the amount of fresh water on Earth. This result is supported by the observations made by the Keck telescope in 2002 and by evolutionary modeling. Also, some characteristics of its surface and history (such as its distance from the Sun, which weakened solar radiation enough to allow some fairly low-freezing-point components to be incorporated during its formation), point to the presence of volatile materials in the interior of Ceres. It has been suggested that a remnant layer of liquid water may have survived to the present under a layer of ice. The surface composition of Ceres is broadly similar to that of C-type asteroids. Some differences do exist. The ubiquitous features of the Cererian IR spectra are those of hydrated materials, which indicate the presence of significant amounts of water in the interior. Other possible surface constituents include iron-rich clay minerals (cronstedtite) and carbonate minerals (dolomite and siderite), which are common minerals in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The spectral features of carbonates and clay minerals are usually absent in the spectra of other C-type asteroids. Sometimes Ceres is classified as a G-type asteroid. The Cererian surface is relatively warm. The maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K (about −38 °C, −36 °F) on 5 May 1991. Prior to the Dawn mission, only a few Cererian surface features had been unambiguously detected. High-resolution ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope images taken in 1995 showed a dark spot on its surface, which was nicknamed ""Piazzi"" in honor of the discoverer of Ceres. This was thought to be a crater. Later near-infrared images with a higher resolution taken over a whole rotation with the Keck telescope using adaptive optics showed several bright and dark features moving with Ceres's rotation. Two dark features had circular shapes and are presumably craters; one of them was observed to have a bright central region, whereas another was identified as the ""Piazzi"" feature. More recent visible-light Hubble Space Telescope images of a full rotation taken in 2003 and 2004 showed 11 recognizable surface features, the natures of which are currently unknown. One of these features corresponds to the ""Piazzi"" feature observed earlier. These last observations also determined that the north pole of Ceres points in the direction of right ascension 19 h 24 min (291°), declination +59°, in the constellation Draco. This means that Ceres's axial tilt is very small—about 3°. Atmosphere There are indications that Ceres may have a tenuous atmosphere and water frost on the surface. Surface water ice is unstable at distances less than 5 AU from the Sun, so it is expected to sublime if it is exposed directly to solar radiation. Water ice can migrate from the deep layers of Ceres to the surface, but escapes in a very short time. As a result, it is difficult to detect water vaporization. Water escaping from polar regions of Ceres was possibly observed in the early 1990s but this has not been unambiguously demonstrated. It may be possible to detect escaping water from the surroundings of a fresh impact crater or from cracks in the subsurface layers of Ceres. Ultraviolet observations by the IUE spacecraft detected statistically significant amounts of hydroxide ions near the Cererean north pole, which is a product of water-vapor dissociation by ultraviolet solar radiation. In early 2014, using data from the Herschel Space Observatory, it was discovered that there are several localized (not more than 60 km in diameter) mid-latitude sources of water vapor on Ceres, which each give off about 10 26 molecules (or 3 kg) of water per second. Two potential source regions, designated Piazzi (123°E, 21°N) and Region A (231°E, 23°N), have been visualized in the near infrared as dark areas (Region A also has a bright center) by the W. M. Keck Observatory. Possible mechanisms for the vapor release are sublimation from about 0.6 km2 of exposed surface ice, or cryovolcanic eruptions resulting from radiogenic internal heat or from pressurization of a subsurface ocean due to growth of an overlying layer of ice. Surface sublimation would be expected to decline as Ceres recedes from the Sun in its eccentric orbit, whereas internally powered emissions should not be affected by orbital position. The limited data available are more consistent with cometary-style sublimation. The spacecraft Dawn is approaching Ceres at aphelion, which may constrain Dawn's ability to observe this phenomenon. Note: This info was taken directly from the main article, sources for the material are included there. Small Solar System bodies [ edit]Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids are all debris remaining from the nebula in which the Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago. Asteroid belt [ edit]Main article: Asteroid belt Image of the main asteroid belt and the Trojan asteroids The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter. It is made of thousands of rocky planetesimals from 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) to a few meters across. These are thought to be debris of the formation of the Solar System that could not form a planet due to Jupiter's gravity. When asteroids collide they produce small fragments that occasionally fall on Earth. These rocks are called meteorites and provide information about the primordial solar nebula. Most of these fragments have the size of sand grains. They burn up in the Earth's atmosphere, causing them to glow like meteors. Comets [ edit]Main article: Comet A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and (at least occasionally) exhibits a coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail—both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's nucleus, which itself is a minor body composed of rock, dust, and ice. Kuiper belt [ edit]Main article: Kuiper belt The Kuiper belt, sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) [37] to approximately 55 AU from the Sun. [38] It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far larger; 20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive. [39] [40] Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies (remnants from the Solar System's formation) and at least one dwarf planet — Pluto, which may be geologically active. 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The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. 85: 8261. Bibcode: 1980JGR....85.8261P. doi: 10.1029/JA085i A13p08261.^ Frankel C. (1996), Volcanoes of the solar system, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York^ Herrick R. R., Phillips R. J. (1993), Effects of the Venusian atmosphere on incoming meteoroids and the impact crater population, Icarus, v. 112, p. 253–281^ Pidwirny, Michael (2006). ""Fundamentals of Physical Geography"" (2nd ed.). Physical Geography.net. Retrieved 2007-03-19.^ Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F. (July 26, 2006). ""Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data"". NOAA/NGDC. Retrieved 2007-04-21.^ Kring, David A. ""Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects"". Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-03-22.^ Duennebier, Fred (August 12, 1999). ""Pacific Plate Motion"". University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2007-03-14.^ Mueller, R. D.; Roest, W. R.; Royer, J.-Y. ; Gahagan, L. M.; Sclater, J. G. (March 7, 2007). ""Age of the Ocean Floor Poster"". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-03-14.^ Staff. ""Layers of the Earth"". Volcano World. Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2007-03-11.^ Jessey, David. ""Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks"". Cal Poly Pomona. Archived from the original on 2007-07-21. Retrieved 2007-03-20.^ Staff. ""Minerals"". Museum of Natural History, Oregon. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-03-20.^ Cox, Ronadh (2003). ""Carbonate sediments"". Williams College. Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved 2007-04-21.^ Staff (February 8, 2007). ""The World Factbook"". U. S. C. I. A. Retrieved 2007-02-25.^ FAO Staff (1995). FAO Production Yearbook 1994 (Volume 48 ed.). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-003844-5.^ Mill, Hugh Robert (1893). ""The Permanence of Ocean Basins"". The Geographical Journal. 1 (3): 230–4. doi: 10.2307/1773821. ISSN 1475-4959. JSTOR 1773821 – via JSTOR. (Registration required ( help )).^ a b ""NASA Mars Page"". Volcanology of Mars. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2006.^ a b Peplow, Mark, ""How Mars got its rust"" – 6 May 2004 article from Nature.com. URL accessed 18 April 2006.^ Peplow, Mark. ""How Mars got its rust"". Retrieved March 3, 2007.^ Dave Jacqué (2003-09-26). ""APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core"". Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2006-07-01.^ Dunham, Will (2007-03-15). ""Immense ice deposits found at south pole of Mars"". Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, Inc. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2007-03-16.^ Nadine Barlow. ""Stones, Wind and Ice"". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2007-03-15.^ ""Viking Orbiter Views Of Mars"". NASA. Retrieved 2007-03-16.^ One AU, or "" astronomical unit "", is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or roughly 149 597 870 691 metres. It is the standard unit of measurement for interplanetary distances.^ Stern, S. Alan; Colwell, Joshua (1997). ""Collisional Erosion in the Primordial Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt and the Generation of the 30-50 AU Kuiper Gap"". The Astrophysical Journal. The American Astronomical Society. 490 (2): 879–82. Bibcode: 1997Ap J...490..879S. doi: 10.1086/304912. ISSN 0004-637X.^ Audrey Delsanti; David Jewitt. ""The Solar System Beyond The Planets"" (PDF). Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-03-09.^ Krasinsky, G. A.; Pitjeva, E. V.; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. (July 2002). ""Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt"". Icarus. 158 (1): 98–105. Bibcode: 2002Icar..158...98K. doi: 10.1006/icar.2002.6837.^ http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2015/07/pluto-alive-where-heat-coming?rss=1^ Gérard FAURE (2004). ""DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ASTEROIDS AS OF MAY 20, 2004"". Archived from the original on 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2007-06-01. External links [ edit]International Astronomical Union Solar System Live (an interactive orrery)Solar System Viewer (animation)Pictures of the Solar System Renderings of the planets NASA Planet Quest Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the sun, and other stars Q&A: The IAU's Proposed Planet Definition Q&A New planets proposal Solar system – About Space Atlas of Mercury – NASANine Planets Information NASA’s fact sheet Planetary Science Research Discoveries [ hide]v t e The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near-Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S/2015 (136472) 1Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planetsmoons Comets Damocloids Mercury-crossers Venus-crossers Venus trojans Near-Earth objects Earth-crossers Earth trojans Mars-crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroidsfirst discovered: Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main-belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter-crossers Centaurs Saturn-crossers Uranus trojans Uranus-crossers Neptune trojans Cis-Neptunian objects Trans-Neptunian objects Neptune-crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline)Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup →Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( →) may be read as ""within"" or ""part of"". Categories: Planetary geology "


protein diet definition

.high-protein dieta diet that contains large amounts of protein, consisting largely of meats, fish, milk, legumes,and nuts. It may be indicated in protein depletion that results from any cause, as a preoperativepreparation, or for patients with severe burns and sepsis.

high-protein diet

"high-protein diet Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia

It may be contraindicated in liver failure or when kidney function is so impaired that added protein could result in azotemia and acidosis. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.high-protein· di·et ( hī-prō'tēn dī'ĕt) A controversial regimen that provides large amounts of protein, either to resolve states of depletion or to allow intake of levels of protein greater than normal for athletic reasons. Reports suggest possible kidney disease as a result of this diet. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012high-protein dietone which provides more than 15% of energy as protein. Traditionally,high-protein diets are low-carbohydrate diets. These diets are claimed to be effective for thereduction of body mass and body fat. Extremely high-protein diets are claimed to suppress appetitethrough reliance on fat mobilization and ketone body formation. In addition, the elevated thermiceffect of dietary protein, with a relatively low coefficient of digestibility (particularly in the case of plant proteins), reduces the net calories available from ingested protein compared with a well-balanced diet of equivalent caloric value. The long-term success of high-protein diets remainsquestionable and they may even pose health risks, including kidney damage, increased bloodlipoprotein levels and dehydration. See also low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets. Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine by Churchill Livingstone © 2008 Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.dietthe customary amount and kind of food and drink taken by an animal from day to day; morenarrowly, a diet planned to meet specific requirements of the animal, including or excludingcertain foods. See also winter diet.acid dietdiets of low alkalinity which are fed to cows to prevent milk fever. The diet in the 4 weekspreceding parturition, which is ordinarily highly alkaline, is supplemented with calciumchloride, and aluminum and magnesium sulfates, to reduce this alkalinity.bland dietone that is free from any irritating or stimulating foods.calcium homeostatic dieta diet aimed at maintaining normal blood levels of calcium in recently calved cows.calculolytic dietformulated to aid in the dissolution of struvite uroliths. Usually provides a low intake of protein, restricts phosphorus and magnesium, and acidifies the urine. Additional salt mayalso be included. These have been used successfully in dogs and cats.deficient dietsee nutritional deficiency disease.drought feeding dietsee drought feeding.elemental dietcontains nutrients as small molecular weight compounds, i.e. proteins as amino acids or peptides, carbohydrates as oligosaccharides or monosaccharides, and fats as medium-chain triglycerides. Used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Called alsomonomeric diet.elimination dietone for diagnosing food allergy, based on the sequential omission of foods which mightcause the clinical signs in the patient.geriatric dietmay vary in composition; generally, they are formulated to provide lower energy intake andincreased digestibility.gluten-free dietone without wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, or oats or related products.high-calorie diet, high-energy dietone that furnishes more calories than needed for maintenance; used to increase bodycondition, in recovery from illness and for maintenance under stressful conditions.high-fiber dietone relatively high in dietary fiber; in dogs and cats, used in the management of large andsmall bowel diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, constipation and obesity.high-protein dietone containing large amounts of protein; used in the management of dogs and catsrecovering from illness.home-prepared dietone prepared in the home kitchen, in contrast with commercially prepared pet foods.hypoallergenic dietone formulated to avoid suspected allergens; usually used in the management of allergicskin or bowel disease.liquid dieta diet limited to liquids or to foods that can be changed to a liquid state.low-calorie dietone containing fewer calories than needed to maintain weight; normally used in management of obesity in dogs and cats.low-fat dietone containing limited amounts of fat; used in the management of pancreatic disease,bowel disease, and obesity in dogs and cats.low-fiber dietsee low-residue diet (below).low purine dietin dogs and cats, generally a low-meat diet.low-residue dietone with a minimum of cellulose and fiber and restriction of connective tissue found in certain cuts of meat. It is prescribed for irritations of the intestinal tract, after surgery of thelarge intestine, in partial intestinal obstruction, or when limited bowel movements aredesirable. Called also low-fiber diet.low vitamin A dietone containing low levels of vitamin A; in dog and cat diets, this would mean little or no organ meats. The only probable indication for such a diet is in the treatment of hypervitaminosis A.lower urinary tract disease dietone that promotes acidification of the urine and containing restricted magnesium andphosphorus, and sometimes increased salt.monomeric dietsee elemental diet (above).phosphate-restricted dietone containing restricted amounts of phosphorus; used in the management of chronicrenal disease.polymeric dietmeal replacement diets; fed to animals with almost normal gastrointestinal function. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are present in high molecular weight forms.sodium-restricted dietused in management of congestive heart failure and systemic hypertension in dogs andcats. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:high-protein dietFacebook Twitter "


does collagen affect hair color

9.99Collagen and Hair Care Collagen is a protein and most people associate collagen with skin. While it is true that collagen is the support structure for skin, giving skin its resilience. Collagen is a very important protein for our whole body including our hair.

Collagen is a very important protein for our whole body including our hair. Highlights: Reduce the signs of ageing by maintaining the skin’s elasticity. Reduce your frown lines, crow’s feet and nasal labial lines. Improve hair appearance and hair follicles by up to 36%Col-Pure Collagen60 Capsules USD$3

Collagen is one of the proteins found in most connective tissues, including cartilage, bone, and skin. Collagen is a protein that makes up about 30 percent of our body. Collagen is unique among body proteins because it is the single-most important protein of connective tissue. Collagen is very important to the body repair process. As a matter of fact, collagen is the material that holds your body together. Next to water, collagen is the most important structural substance in our bodies, accounting for 25-30% of its total protein. Your ligaments, tendons, bones and skeletal muscles are all held together by collagen, as well as the smooth muscle tissue like your blood vessels, digestive tract and organs. It is even the main component of your hair, skin, and nails. As we age, our body loses its ability to make collagen, thus, it starts to break down. It is thought that from the age of 25, your body loses collagen at a rate of 1.5% per year, so by the age of 35, your body will have lost 15% and by 45, 30%. This is why our skin sags and wrinkles; hair becomes thinner, dull, or lifeless; our joints are stiffer and less flexible; and we have softer, less tone bodies. Supplementing with collagen protein is believed to provide the body with the amino acids necessary to manufacture and support collagen. Col-Pure Collagen Col-pure collagen capsules help your body obtain and create the collagen that it needs to keep your skin, hair, nails, tissue and joints healthy and young. In the case of hair care, when you restore lost collagen to the hair shaft you are able to improve hair growth by up to 36%. Col-pure collagen supplement strengthens hair and increases the diameter of individual hairs. This is very important for hair loss and thinning hair because the increased diameter of the individual hairs give and overall fuller hair appearance. Positive Clinical Results Many studies have been carried out using collagen to show how it helps to treat a wide range of ailments. Clinical results show that if taken internally, on a regular basis, collagen has a positive rejuvenating effect on the body, including: Reduce the signs of ageing by maintaining the skin’s elasticity Reduce your frown lines, crow’s feet and nasal labial lines. Improve hair appearance and hair follicles by up to 36%Positive rejuvenating effect on whole body Improve mobility in conditions such as arthritis and joint pain Preserve, build and replenish lean muscle mass Bonus Benefits Col-Pure Collagen60 Capsules USD$39.99Here we are covering the beneficial effects that supplementing with collagen protein can have in your hair. Along with hair rejuvination Col-Pure offers other anti-aging benefits: improved skin elasticity, improved mobility in conditions such as arthritis, and the replenishment of lean muscle mass. Collagen is now believed to be helpful in losing weight. While the collagen protein itself does not burn fat, it places the body's metabolism in an optimal state to do so. When taken at bedtime, it is extremely effective during the first phase of sleep in which the body is in a natural state of repair, building and healing muscle tissue. Collagen's specific amino acids help to preserve and build lean muscle. Since muscle helps to regulate and increase the metabolism, fat can then be burned as energy to help support this bodily repair process. When used as part of a total weight management program that includes healthy eating and exercise, collagen protein can be a very effective tool in the fat loss and body toning process. Body Shaping Potential ... As we age, our bodies lose their muscle content and gain fat, so the muscle-to-fat ratio is lower than in youth. Collagen protein's muscle sparing and supporting capacity also make it highly effective in helping the body to regain its shape and tone. Users typically notice a reduction of fat in inches (not muscle or water weight as with other weight loss products) and a firmer, more toned body. Sign-up for our Newsletter to get health updates and important research findings,as well as new product news, promotions, and special savings available only to our subscribers. Our Newsletter: Subscribe Unsubscribe Email: Personal Customer Service If you need help, you CAN contact us. We want you to know that there are real people behind this website and we are only a phone call away. We pride ourselves in offering true personal customer service. International Products Direct 35 Atherton Road Timonium, MD 21093 Phone: 410-560-1845 Fax: 410-252-9562 E-Mail Us


what causes mild elevation of bnp

Remember, BNP is not simply released because of heart failure. It is released in response to ventricular stretching as stated. So, any number of conditions that can elevate the ventricular filling pressure, can potentially cause an elevation of the BNP. Generally, diabetes, mild renal insufficiency, or even COPD will not cause an elevation of the BNP. Right sided failure and pulmonary embolism can cause mild BNP elevation, so something to consider. However, 727 is rather significant. Blood pressure is not always a good indicator of ventricular filling pressure.

Question about Elevated BNP in the absence of CHF..Help Im new to Cardiac!

"Latest Articles Products Conferences Nurses › General Nursing ›Question about Elevated BNP in the absence of CHF.. Help Im new to Cardiac!WIN your own pot o' gold - $100! March 2018 Caption Contest Help select the $100 February Caption Contest winner.by Sehille4774Views: 57,208 Comments: 11I just had a question about a client that i had in clinical the other day. She is 87, and was admitted with hypoxia and pneumonia. Her BNP on day one was 0, on day 2 was 398 and on day 3 was 727. CHF was ruled out and her BP was only 100/60 on average, but she had bounding pulses. Her troponin I also went from 0 to .4 in 24 hours. Her history also includes hypothyroidism, mild mitral regurgitation that causes stable a-fib. While at the hospital that afib was less stable as her heart rate was over 100. At one point she had a tachycardic episode related to a bad reaction to the duo-neb treatments which caused her Hr to increase to 150-170. The duo nebs had been initiated on the first day of her admission. The doctors weren't concerned with the cardiac values and were just monitoring the situation and focusing on treating the pneumonia with antibiotics. Im just trying to figure out then What caused the high bnp and increase of troponin...and what does this value then tell us about this clients heart? Based on the fact that CHF was ruled out and the troponin was too low for a MI, my theory is that the troponin could have be caused by ischemia related to hypoxia, related to pneumonia and perhaps the high BNP could have been caused by the fluid bolus that the client recieved in the ED.... Which leads me to my final question...can a client have a BP of 100/60 and have fluid volume overload? Thanks, Sarah11 Comments Topic Closed Mar 13, '09BNP is excreted renally, so in the context of renal failure/insufficiency it could be elevated as well. Other than that, BNP is fairly specific to ventricular stretching (call it CHF, call it what you will). edit to add: Apparently BNP levels can be elevated in the presence of atrial fibrillation without heart failure: http://www.lowncenter.org/articles/BNP.pdfhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/f1288072233u8p16/Last edit by hypocaffeinemia on Mar 13, '09Mar 13, '09A BNP of 727 is rather profound. In addition, BNP assessment is a rather sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of hear failure. However, me must understand the mechanisms behind BNP release to truly understand the implications of elevated BNP.

So, her blood pressure may not even be a consideration. Obviously, something pathologic is going on. Did she have an echocardiogram? I would not be surprised to see findings of CHF after the pneumonia clears from her chest x-ray. Mar 13, '09elevated bnp's can also be caused by pulmonary htn, which can be seen in pt's with her hx and diagnosis Mar 13, '09Quote from ERjodi RNelevated bnp's can also be caused by pulmonary htn, which can be seen in pt's with her hx and diagnosis True; however, a change from 0-700+ in a few days makes me suspect something acute. Possibly, the other conditions have worked like a physiological ""stress test"" causing the changes. Mar 13, '09Quote from Gila RNTrue; however, a change from 0-700+ in a few days makes me suspect something acute. Possibly, the other conditions have worked like a physiological ""stress test"" causing the changes. of course! it's just that typically with a bnp at that level...if it were true chf, you'd be able to hear her wet breathing without a steth. however, she could very well have congestion without actual failure. regardless, with the trop elev., something in this pt's treatment needs to be changed. Mar 13, '09Actually, I went back and looked at the labs...and the bnp was 0 at 14:50, 398 @ 15:01 and 727 at 03:18 the next day. So according to this the BNP went from 0 to 398 in 11 minutes!... Thanks for the insite tho. Im trying to sort out what is important and what is not... I just found it strange that the hospitalist's didnt care much about the state of her cardiac health..in fact the only cardiac med she got was 25mg of lopressor! I also learned from further reading that mitral regurg can casue increased streching of the chambers of the heart due to abnormal blood flow...so that is why now I am really thinking either the lab was wrong or it was a wide open NSS bolus in the ED that did it. Thanks. Im a senior student BTW and my instructor was stumped!Mar 13, '09I am curious how the CHF was ruled out. Was an echocardiogram performed to evaluate ejection fraction? A person can certainly have a big, boggy heart that is only squeezing out 10% and have clear lungs on XR and to auscultation. Then when they get a fluid bolus, uh, oh. It is my understanding that mitral regurg. can be both a result and a cause of heart failure (stretched LV pulls the valve so it can't close or non-closing valve allows back flow during systole). I also would suspect right sided HF and pulm. HTN in this pt. How were her neck veins? Any peripheral edema or ascites? I have never heard of measuring BNP 11 minutes apart. We usually don't do it amy more often than once a day. Last edit by nursej22 on Mar 13, '09 : Reason: Not finished Mar 13, '09The purpose of BNP is to help regulate blood volume, the work that the heart must do in pumping blood throughout the body. Both BNP and NT-pro BNP are produced mainly in the left ventricle. So when the left ventricle is ""stretched"" from having to work harder, the BNP concentrations can increase markedly. A person who is given a fluid bolus, such as 500 ml's of saline into the circulation, for example, it affects all the fluid compartments of plasma, extracellular and intracellular compartments (increased blood volume). If that person does not have sufficient oxygenation, myocardial performance and vascular tone, all results in ""stretching"" of the LV. In simple terms, it is as nursej22 stated, CHF. But, lung disease such as COPD, or Renal disease, Chronic Hypertension call all cause elevated BNP, but generally you will see this elevated on admit, not suddenly. CHF makes more sense considering the information you provided. We also do not draw BNP's that closely together. Because of the fluid administration, and the bout of fast heart rate, could have been the cause of the elevation, which may acount for the reasons the hospitalist wasn't concerned. A CXR is not the ideal test to rule out CHF. A echo would have been more conclusive. And hopefully, they ordered another BNP later to help distinguish the cause. I am curious as to what the hospitalist documented what he thought the cause was for the elevated BNP? Last edit by Over-the-hill-Nurse on Mar 13, '09 : Reason: corrected spelling Mar 14, '09All that was documented by the physician was that it was his impression was that this was not CHF and was therefore not planning on any further cardiovascular assessments or interventions at this time. It was noted that she had a regular cardiologist that was monitoring her MR and ect. on an outpatient basis. She did not have any renal issues that I am aware of, and BUN and creatinin were fine, with no decreased urinary output. She did have some eletrolyte imbalances such as K, Ca, and sodium, which were slightly low. I did, however think that she had slight edema (+1 or less) to the legs. This was a very thin woman and it was so slight that it was almost hard to tell. It seems like the consensus seems to be that she could have CHF.. I should check her WBC count which i dont remember off the top of my head. But it seems like it would be easy enough to incorrectly diagnose CHF as pneumonia. Ccunurse I wish i had just asked that question in the first place about the BNP! this hospital that im at just seems medically backwards in some ways. every week i feel like i see treatment regimens that could use improvement or orders that are way out of wack...but as a pratically new nurse, i lack the judgement to really be able to tell if this Dr's plan off or is it me?....im the student so i has to be me haha!! ill post more lab info on her later today, after i get a nap Mar 14, '09Like the others, I'm unaware of how the BNP can be in the 700s without the presence of heart failure. I would expect to see an echo ordered, probably some Lasix given, maybe a cardiology consult and follow up BNP and CXR. Mar 14, '09Sehelle4774, Being a student doesn't mean that you lack skills in determining that something ""isn't right"" about the treatment regime, or when something is going on with your patient. Ask questions by all means. Most physician's don't mind the questions and it is okay to say I don't understand... if it isn't CHF, what was causing her BNP to elevate? Rationale is always important regarding tx modality, and understanding why they are treating the way they are. Being able to understand that, helps you as a nurse take care of your patient more effectively. Right sided heart failure and left sided heart failure show very different symptoms. Pt's may not exhibit the typical things that you would look at such as ""wet"" lungs, peripheral edema etc but they can still be in heart failure and not shown on a CXR. Too many times you see dx such as pneumonia and in the end, it was one masking the other. Or a combination of both. Your lady certainly sounds like it could be both. Also curious as to what her EKG looked like? With troponin elevations even as small as 0.4 they could have a non Q-wave MI associated with all the stress on her body from the increased work load. EKG's can tell a huge story regarding the potentially MI, the CHF, Hypoxia, etc.. And be proud of yourself to be able to reconize that something is wrong with ""this picture"". It is called being a good patient advocate to ask questions and making sure that your patient's are receiving the best care that you can give to them. Must Read Topics165 3 nursing jobs in 2 years. Unhirable?130 Seasoned Nurses VS Newbie Nurses93 BYOB at work?82 Most Pressing Issues in Nursing Today59 100 mile commute. Worth it?38 Staff Retention Policies "


what is the priceline customer service number?

Priceline Customer Service Phone Number800-259-2091 is the customer service phone number of the Priceline. customer service number enables the customers of the Priceline company to convey their complaints or suggestions. If you want to reach a live person, you have to follow below steps : This is a direct number to a live person

Priceline Customer Service Phone Number

You can contact the Priceline customer service via customer service phone number, customer service email, website of Priceline as well as refer to nearest Priceline service center in your area. Customer service centre operates from I was told that their customer service department is open between 9 and 4, EST, Monday through Friday. Otherwise, their calls are routed randomly to t You can also contact Priceline customer service center through customer service email, the complete contact detail of customer service centre are shown below. Live person number for customer service: 800-259-2091 Working hours: I was told that their customer service department is open between 9 and 4, EST, Monday through Friday. Otherwise, their calls are routed randomly to t Click here to view Customer service link Website: www.priceline.com Another number for Priceline is 800-657-9180 ABOUT Priceline.com is a subsidiary company that is wholly owned by the Priceline group. Through its website, the company helps its consumers fetch discounted travel deals for airline tickets, hotel, car rentals, and other things. Its website can be accesses at www.priceline.com. The company has its headquarters in Norwalk, Connecticut. Paul J. Hennessy is the current Chief Executive Officer of this American travel company, but it was founded by Jay S. Walker in 1997. At the time of its launch, the company was named Name Your Own Price because of its unique way of delivering services. On this website travellers had the option to plan their vacations in their budget; consumers needed to mention the price they wish to pay for their airline tickets, hotel rooms, car rentals and vacation packages, and the website used to throw up the options within their price bracket. However, there was a catch: travellers didn’t get an option to choose their preferable airline or hotels as their names were revealed only once the transaction has been completed. All the transactions on this website were non refundable. Priceline.com is not a travel company of its own. It is only a facilitator, which provides the required services to its consumers through its suppliers. Under the Name Your Own Price model, Priceline did several market experiments. It sold gasoline and groceries; tried its hands in the online auction business with Priceline Yard Sales; sold long distance telephone service and automobiles; and even gave consumers an option to decide their own home loan rate. Most of its experiments were later terminated, but Priceline continues to deliver travel services, which it was originally launched for. The Priceline group owns Booking.com, Priceline.com, Agoda.com, Kayak.com and Open Table. The overall revenues of the group are forecasted to reach US$ 10.64 billion in 2016. Name : Email : Enter captcha :


how long would the border wall need to be?

id. He also opined that the wall should be see-through, ie, a fence, not a wall. Border patrol agents needed to be able to spot threats on the other side and avoid any “large sacks of drugs” thrown over the top. Executive Order 13767 directed the Government to build a border wall with Mexico. The entire U. S.-Mexico border covers 3,200 kilometers, over a variety of terrain, from California, through Arizona and New Mexico and ending in southern Texas.

""" I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will make Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words.” Donald Trump Great Wall of Mexico US-Mexico Border Fence / Secure Fence The administration asked for $1.6 billion for 2018 to build or replace 74 miles (120 kilometers) of barriers in Texas' Rio Grande Valley and San Diego and planned to request another $1.6 billion for 2019. A proposal by Customs and Border Protection called for spending $18 billion over 10 years to extend barriers to cover nearly half the border. The agency proposed 316 miles (505 kilometers) of additional barrier by September 2027, bringing total coverage to 970 miles (1,552 kilometers). It also sought 407 miles (651 kilometers) of replacement or secondary fencing. The U. S. House of Representatives closed its summer session 28 July 2017 with a key legislative accomplishment that included a gift for President Donald Trump. House Republicans included a $1.6 billion request to build part of Trumps promised wall along the U. S.-Mexico border in a “mini-bus” package of bills. “We must be vigilant in protecting our homeland. That’s our priority. This legislation funds the most critical functions of government. It secures our borders by providing funding for a wall on our southern border,” House Speaker Paul Ryan said in a statement hailing the passage of border wall funding. The project is months behind schedule. CBP officials said the winners would be announced in November 2017. Donald Trump told reporters on Air Force One 13 July 2017 that his previous remark about placing solar panels on his proposed border wall with Mexico was no joke. ""We have major companies looking at that,"" Trump said. ""Look, there's no better place for solar than the Mexico border — the Southern border. And there is a very good chance we can do a solar wall, which would actually look good."" Because of the presence of natural barriers, Trump said, the solar wall would need to span only 700 to 900 miles (1,125 to 1,450 kilometers) to be effective in halting illegal migration. Trump told reporters on Air Force One that only 700 to 900 miles of wall may be needed. About 650 miles of the 2,000-mile long border already has some type of physical barrier. The remaining miles will be guarded by topography, the president said. “You have mountains. You have some rivers that are violent and vicious. You have some areas that are so far away that you don’t really have people crossing,” he sa

More than 1,100 kilometers of that stretch already is fenced, but nowhere is the barrier as massive as the wall described in the new plan. On March 17, 2017 the US Customs and Border Protection released two Requests for Proposal to award multiple contracts and initial task orders for the design and construction of wall prototypes. The Presidential Executive Order: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements, states that “the Secretary shall take steps to immediately plan, design and construct a physical wall along the southern border, using appropriate materials and technology to most effectively achieve complete operational control of the southern border.”The US government planned to start awarding preliminary contracts by April 2017 for construction of a wall along the US-Mexico border, to fulfill one of President Donald Trump’s principal campaign promises. US Customs and Border Protection said it will accept ""concept papers"" for the wall’s design and choose the best ones by 20 March 2017. The agency will then ask vendors for construction cost estimates and, after reviewing their bids, begin granting contracts by mid-April — a remarkably quick schedule for a government construction project. Trump said the wall will cost $12 billion, while Republican leaders in Congress have pegged its cost 20 percent higher than that. An internal Homeland Security report forecast the total cost could be as much as $21.6 billion. NEWS LETTERJoin the Global Security.org mailing list Enter Your Email Address "


another name for azalea

“The Royalty of the Garden” seems to be a fitting name for this beautiful and majestic plant, but we’ve got a hunch that once your garden is filled with the colors and fragrance of beautiful blooming azaleas, you’ll probably think that it’s you who’s getting the royal treatment.

Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family

"Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family George and Becky Lohmiller One of many of the azalea bushes in my backyard now blooming. Suzanne O'Rourke Share: Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Email Print Friendly Rate this Article: Cancel rating Give Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family 1/5 Give Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family 2/5 Give Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family 3/5 Give Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family 4/5 Give Azaleas: Meet The Royal Family 5/5Average: 3.4 ( 122 votes)You will also be subscribed to our Almanac Companion Newsletter Known as “The Royalty of the Garden,” azaleas have long been adored for their brightly colored flowers and outstanding form and foliage. Varieties to Fit Your Landscape With thousands of varieties, there are azaleas for just about every landscape situation: Deciduous varieties are considered the hardiest, many growing as far north as Zone 4. Some, such as the bright-pink roseshell azalea ( Rhododendron prinophyllum ), are even hardy in Zone 3. With few exceptions, most evergreen azaleas are only reliable in Zone 6. Low-growing ground cover azaleas such as ‘Joseph Hill’, a bright-red-flowering evergreen that grows only to about a foot. Tall varieties such as the white-blooming sweet azalea ( R. arborescens ), a deciduous plant that can reach 20 feet tall Weeping azaleas, such as ‘Pink Cascade’And every shape and size of azalea in between!Credit: Marlene Akeroyd Late Blooming Varieties While most azaleas flower in spring, there are varieties that extend the season:‘Flame Creeper’, an orange-flowering ground cover azalea, and ‘Weston’s Lemon Drop’, with peachy-color buds that open to a soft yellow, both flower in late June or July. The pink-flowering ‘Sweet September’ is an exceptionally late bloomer. How to Grow Azaleas The best time to plant azaleas is in late spring or early fall. Evergreen azaleas do well in partial shade with some wind protection. Deciduous varieties flower more profusely in full sun. Provide well-drained, humus rich soil that is slightly acidic (p H 4.5–6). Mulch well. Shallow-rooted, azaleas tend to dry out quickly if not mulched. A mulch of oak leaf mold, pine needles, or aged oak, pine, or hemlock sawdust will keep soil acidic and moist. Fertilizer isn’t needed. The decaying mulch will provide all of the nutrients that azaleas need. Seldom bothered by insects and diseases, azaleas require little care once established, except for watering during dry times.

See our Rhododendron and Azalea Plant Guide for details on how to plant and care for these gorgeous shrubs. Related Articles Gardening Essay Trees What do you want to read next? Rhododendrons Rhododendron Care and Growing Tips How to Build a Rain Garden: Plants... Growing the Siberian Iris10 Tips for an Eco-Friendly Garden Perennial Flower Garden Design Blueberries: The Easiest Fruit to... Hydrangea Care: Pruning Hydrangea... When to Prune Trees and Shrubs Best Shrubs for Fall Planting Happy Holly Days Companion Planting Guide Reader Comments Leave a Commentazaleareply Submitted by Carolyn Wilkinson on March 9, 2018 - 12:55pmi bought 6' azalea bush from the flower shop in Yorktown, Va back 2016 it was pink. i planted in the back yard and it was growing so pretty. i took care of it. than i moved it to the front yard. than i wanted 2 of them so i cut it in half roots and all. planted them they were doing well now it looks like the leaves are turning red or purple. it don't look dead. i mulched it . is it going to turn green again and produces flowers. just let me know. thank you so much. Azalea plant just received and appears to be dying.reply Submitted by Karen on December 5, 2017 - 1:01pm I just received an azalea plant from our daughter and family for Christmas and it appears to be dying. I have only had it for 4 days. The leaves are falling and the blossoms are wilting. Is there anything I should be doing to help it survive. I have watered it just a little. Help!dying azaleareply Submitted by Almanac Staff on December 5, 2017 - 4:05pm Honestly, our best advice is to contact the source. Find out where your daughter bought it (casting no aspersions on your daughter here) and see if the vendor will replace it—even if it was sent mail order. (The circumstances of shipping—packing, handling, etc.—could have taken a toll, too.) Tell the vendor of its condition and your disappointment. They might replace or refund it (guessing here), but they should know that it didn’t live up to expectation. It was probably forced to bloom, and like jet lag on the human psyche, forcing can throw a plant off its natural cycle. It sounds dry; water is good. Set the pot in a inch of water so the roots soak up moisture from the bottom. Refill the plant holder until the soil is moist—but not saturated or soaked—throughout. Then put the plant in a cool, dark place. It’s impossible to know at this time how/if it will make it through the winter to bloom again in spring. Bloom-A-Thon Azaleasreply Submitted by Michael on October 8, 2017 - 10:59pm I've heard that Boom-A- Thon azaleas bloom a lot longer than most traditional azaleas,what can you tell me about them? I'm looking to buy some and plant them in my backyard,I live in zone 7,so they should do very well in my area,since I live in the deep south.new azaleasreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on October 10, 2017 - 4:17pm The variety of hybrid choices of some plants is astounding (think hydrangea), and your comment suggests the hybridizers are targeting azaleas now. We have no direct experience with this new one and would only be able to share comments from nurseries that you, too, would find by searching the plant name. Before you buy, talk to people at a nursery in person ideally or on the phone and tell them as much as you can about your setting and conditions and ask any questoins that come into your head re the plants particulars needs and possible challenges. Ask, too, if there is a refund/replacement policy … just in case. Azaleas in Raised Bed Not Doing Wellreply Submitted by d wolf on October 4, 2017 - 9:55am I have a raised bed with azaleas under a huge tree that I put in about 10 years ago. For the first five years, the azaleas were doing great. My neighbors planted two small cedar trees under the big tree which have grown pretty tall. I tried to put a couple of other plants in the bed but can't dig through the hairlike roots that are throughout the bed. Are the hairlike roots from the cedar trees causing my azaleas to not bloom and lose leaves? Is it okay to till the soil between the azaleas to break up the hairlike roots from the cedars? The root of the matterreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on October 4, 2017 - 11:53am This must be some big tree you’ve got! And that may be the root of the problem. Your azaleas probably did fine until the tree consumed the space under them and over them (blocking the light; azaleas need some sun). We can’t be certain whether the tree roots are from the cedar or from your (anonymous) tree; it’s probably a combination of all the trees. Honestly, it doesn’t sound like tilling will make much difference. Although we have no more specifics of the situation, we surmise that the azaleas can not be salvaged in the present location. AZALEAS IN RAISED BED NOT DOING WELL - Thank Youreply Submitted by d wolf on October 4, 2017 - 6:16pm Thank you for the prompt response. I have no idea what the big tree is - it was in place when we bought the land. The azaleas get shade in the morning and sun in the afternoon which is probably a problem too. I doubt that tilling the ground around the azaleas will help but I did it today anyway and was careful to stay away from the azaleas as far as possible. I got a huge pile of hairy roots out of the bed. Hopefully it will help for a little while anyway. If not, I'll watch the azaleas slowly die. I read in a gardening blog that digging a 12-18"" trench and putting metal roofing in it will deter the roots. I might try that next year. Thanks so much again for your advice. When will Pink Ruffle azaleas bloom in 2018?reply Submitted by Mitzi Colvin on September 28, 2017 - 3:58pm Would love to have a backyard wedding in the spring. Any predictions on when the Pink Ruffle will bloom?bloom time?reply Submitted by Almanac Staff on October 4, 2017 - 11:59am This plant is hardy in zones 7 to 9, and generally blooms in mid-spring, which could mean a little before mid or a little after mid season, too. Bear in mind that getting more specific about the bloom time involves local weather conditions as well as the plants’ growing conditions (aka microclimate) as well as a given zone.azaleas in AZreply Submitted by Kathleen on May 13, 2017 - 4:02pm Just received an Azalea plant for Mother's Day. Now what? How often do I water, when should I transplant it, and can I plant it outside, if so, when would be best. PHX gets tooooo hot in the summer for plants. Azalea in Arizonareply Submitted by Almanac Staff on May 15, 2017 - 12:26pm To a certain extent, care of your azalea will depend on which planting zone you are in; the terrain in AZ varies a lot, so you should look at this map to see where are in it: http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-arizona-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-m... With that in mind, you can find some care advice here, based on zones: http://www.almanac.com/plant/rhododendrons And then there is your local cooperative extension service; they may have some better advice, being right in your immediate area. Find your state here http://www.almanac.com/content/cooperative-extension-services and click on your state. We found a page from the AZ cooperative extension that has some good information: https://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/indoor/containers.html but it would be best if you connect directly with a local expert (at the coop). Pink double ruffle azaleasreply Submitted by Victoria on April 29, 2017 - 4:23pm Ready to replant Pink Double Ruffle Azaleas. Where can I purchase? Replanting a Japanese azalea from a pot to my gardenreply Submitted by Lisa harper on April 23, 2017 - 7:20am Hi i have a Japanese azalea which i have had for two years now, its currently in a pot but seems alot bigger this year. Its currently in flower & i was wondering if i can move it & replant it in my garden now or should i wait till its finished flowering? Thankstransplanting azaleasreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on April 26, 2017 - 3:46pm It is best to transplant azaleas in early fall when the weather is relatively cool. If you really want to transplant in warm weather, choose an overcast day, or a day or so after it has rained (which cools the soil), or earlier or later in the day. The main challenge with transplanting azaleas is to get all of the roots so very wide (versus deep) to get every root to reduce the stress on the plant. Azaleasreply Submitted by Chris Val on March 25, 2017 - 10:30pm Azaleas are beautifulpotted azaleareply Submitted by Jesse Chadwick on October 24, 2016 - 1:26pm Mom received an Azalea plant for a gift and I potted it because I'm in Colorado Springs and we have frost already. (October) Came in 6"" pot and transferred to 10"" for the winter. It's losing leaves (still green), is that okay? What's best for this plant until next Spring when I can plant it? Its a pink one...not sure which variation. Has been in pot 2 weeks max. Overwintering Potted Azaleasreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on October 26, 2016 - 10:48am Hi Jesse,Azaleas need to go dormant in winter, which means they should be outside rather than kept inside as a potted plant. If yours is inside, give it a good watering, then add a thick layer of mulch to the pot and find a protected spot outside for it, perhaps on a table or chair, tucked up against the house or a shed. Given its young age, you might also consider wrapping the pot and plant loosely in burlap for added wind and cold protection. As for the dropping leaves–it could be a deciduous variety. Azalea buds won't openreply Submitted by Mary on July 8, 2016 - 11:31am I have a Kimberly Double Pink that I've had for over 10 years, I live in the central Illinois. This year, the plant was covered in buds that didn't open. The buds dried up and are still on the plant, it's July. It's planted on the north side on the house. Azalea failurereply Submitted by Almanac Staff on July 11, 2016 - 4:50pm Hi, Mary, This is one of those situations where you have to figure just because it worked for years doesn’t mean it will keep working. There are several reason why azaleas fail to bloom:• lack of moisture during late spring/summer (note, you write that the buds dried up…so this makes some sense)• less than 3 hours of sunlight (has a larger tree, shrub, or new building reduced its exposure ot the sun? Remember the north side is the least sunny side, so a little more shade could make a difference betw blooming and not. )• poor nutrition (have you amended the soil in 10 years? Add rich compost/organic matter and some aged manure—in the fall or not at all!—to improve conditions, especially if you have not done it in a while. Oh, and water. )If any of this sounds familiar, you know what you have to do!We hope this helps!Azalea buds won't openreply Submitted by Mary on July 14, 2016 - 1:55pm Thank you for responding to my question on Kimberly double pink azalea. I was thinking of moving the plant to a different location, more sunlight. I've tried the other the things you mentioned.azaleasreply Submitted by NANA on June 30, 2016 - 12:26pm My Azales have a white film on all of the leaves. What is going on? I live in East Texas small town about 120 miles north of Houston Texas. Every year I have exceptionally large white blooms on one and pink blooms on the other on the other side of the house. They had very few bloosm this year. these azaleas are probably 15-20 years old. What is this and how can I treat them? Dying azaleasreply Submitted by Don Sakakura on June 26, 2016 - 7:12pm To whom it may concern,I currently reside in Upland, California. (12) months ago I had my yard landscaped (Japanese Garden theme), 5 gallon George Taber Azaleas were placed through-out the yard. Pete-moss was used as back fill. Beautiful flowering this past spring. Light pruned recently. Recently, I've noticed leaves on several azaleas have browned. Starting at the leave tip, working towards the base of the leave, eventually completely browning the leave, and killing. as leaves brown, they are dry and crispy. I've lost several complete azaleas now, and don't know what is causing them to dye. No fungus or signs of any bug on the leaves. Watering cycle is every other day. Azaleas which have died off, have been located in partial and full sun areas of my yard. Can you offer any advise what I can do to prevent further plants dying off ? Azaleasreply Submitted by Leahjanie on June 1, 2016 - 9:05pm My azaleas is pink in color and i have had it for 4 or 5 years it isn't very big just a trunk with a couple bare branches from each side . It had other years had a couple pink flowers but now it is bare just a bit of green on the tip of one of the branches . I am wondering if it is too late to be saved? It has been planted on the North West side of the house out on a lawn that gets lots of sun . I have been wondering what has went wrong is it being in too much sun. I am located in Canada . Not knowing what type ofreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on June 2, 2016 - 2:18pm Not knowing what type of azalea you have it’s a bit hard to give advice. There are varieties that grow well in full sun. Most azaleas have shallow roots and benefit from a layer of mulch to prevent the roots to dry out. Also make sure to water well when the weather is hot. You may also want to add some compost around the plant. Azalea Bushreply Submitted by Julie Dipple on May 21, 2016 - 1:51pm I am writing from East London in England. I have had an azalea bush in my garden for nearly 16 years, it was in a container pot prior to that when I moved house. It has been beautiful and flowers bright pink every May and has grown considerably. Unfortunately, both last year and this, it looks as if it is about to flower and, within days, the flowers look to have dried up and died. It looks as if it has finished flowering already after only a few days. I am really upset as this is a focal point of my garden, just outside the patio doors and has always been highly praised by visitors. What do you think is the problem Flowers have diedreply Submitted by Vick on May 8, 2016 - 2:05pm Do i need to trim back or just cut flowers off Cut Some Slackreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on May 9, 2016 - 4:05pm Hi, Vick: Between now and July is the time to do your annual light pruning. Trim back a few inches or more where you feel the bush may be too thick, and otherwise shape it up a little so that new growth will start where you want it. In any event, don’t remove more than a quarter or so of your plant. Good luck and thanks for asking!Azalea with little foliagereply Submitted by Amy Suttle on April 19, 2016 - 4:05pm My encore azaleas are 3 years old. I live in Alabama. They are full of beautiful, coral blooms, but have very little green foliage. What can I do to promote a fuller, healthier looking shrub with more green leaves instead of the scraggly stems I have now? Many azaleas produce flowerreply Submitted by Almanac Staff on April 20, 2016 - 3:12pm Many azaleas produce flower before they open their leaves and some never have many leaves. Make sure your bushes get as much sun as possible and dig some compost or aged manure into the soil around the bushes.1 2 3 4 next › last »Free Beginner's Garden Guide Vegetable Gardening for Beginners! Your complete guide on how to grow a vegetable garden—from scratch!You will also be subscribed to our Almanac Companion Newsletter Live Webcams Visit the Almanac HQ Webcam Visit the Almanac Garden Webcam Solar Energy Production Today550.60 k Wh Live data from the solar array at The Old Farmer's Almanac offices in Dublin, NH. "