what is the net ionic charge of a calcium ion?

For a compound, you need to detemine the charge of each ions first. For calcium, it is in Group 2, so the charge is 2+. Fluorine is in Group 7, but the charge is not 7+. It is in different case because fluorine is a non-metallic ion - it is a halogen (refer to the periodic table). So in order to predict the charge of halogens, simply take 8 and minus with the Group number.

Science & Mathematics Chemistry What is the charge on the strontium ion? and what is the net charge of the ionic compound calcium fluoride?? Thanx Guys for all your help.. CHemisty is killing me Follow 4 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: It is the easiet subject on the earth. Look at the periodic table from top to bottom each element in the colum has one charge. Ca (Calium from column two has charge of 2+)+ Cholrine (column 7 has a charge of 8-7=1). Remeber all metals have a positive charge and all non metals have a negative charge. Now write Ca2+ + Cl 1- transfer 1- to calcium and 2+ to chlorine and you get Ca1 + Cl 2 =Ca Cl2R H · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment Honey, in learning Chemistry, you need the Periodic Table with you. Now based on the Periodic Table (http://www.chemicool.com/), in the green column (Group II), you could find Sr which is the strontium. Since it is in Group 2, so the charge is 2+.

For fluorine which is in Group 7, therefore 8 - 7 = 1. Since fluorine is not a metal, it would have a negative charge instead. So the charge for fluorine is -1. Now in a compound of calcium fluoride, you should know by now that we need two fluorine ions to bind with one calcium ion - which is Ca F2. Just simply add all the ions charges then you get the compound net charges. In this case, (+2) + 2 (-1) = 0. So Ca F2 compound has a neutral charge. These are some links that may help you more in understanding the Periodic Table and the ion charge determination. Have fun!Source (s):http://www.carlton.srsd119.ca/chemical/reftables/ioncharge.htm http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Atoms/Molecule/Atoms05.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEsoft/issues/series_b/10b1/prog2-10B1.htmlsarra_hilfiger · 1 decade ago1 0 Commentgenerally 2+ net charge on Ca F2 is 0 for Ca it is 2+ and for F it is 1-L R · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Sr2+ Ca F2 no net charge. Ca2+ 2F-steve_geo1 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Need a DUI Attorney? Need Home Equity Loan Options? Find Email Marketing Software Looking for a new chandelier?


what is mhs?

A leading publisher of scientifically validated assessments for more than 30 years, Multi-Health Systems Inc. (MHS) serves clients in educational, clinical, corporate, public safety, government, military, pharmaceutical, and research settings.

About Us

"About Us""Through excellence in our people and products, we are the leading developer of innovative scientific assessments that help improve the quality of life for individuals and communities around the world. ""

MHS has grown to become an international company with products sold in more than 75 countries and translated into over 50 languages. With offices in North America and partners around the world, MHS is dedicated to strong product growth, an optimal user experience, and being digitally and globally driven. MHS has developed leading products such as the Conners suite of ADHD assessments, the Level of Service suite of assessments, and the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i 2.0®). These products have demonstrated our commitment to innovation and quality. From selecting and developing the best talent, to helping parole boards determine who is granted release from incarceration, MHS Assessments are used in a wide range of critical decision-making processes. Our clinical tools are trusted to inform psychological diagnoses that can impact prescribed medication, therapy, or treatment programs for children and adults. In the workplace, MHS Talent Assessments help inform hiring decisions, develop staff, and improve organization and team dynamics. To inquire further about MHS or about how our products can help you achieve the results you need, please contact us at any time. A Message from our CEOA Message from our President & COOMHS is the proud winner of the following awards: MHS has been named one of Canada's Best Managed Companies since 2013, earning the designation of Gold Standard winners after maintaining Best Managed status four consecutive years. The best managed designation is a recognized symbol of excellence for Canadian businesses. MHS was named in Canada’s 10 Most Admired Corporate Cultures of 2016 in the Growth and Small Cap category. This national program, annually recognizes best-in-class Canadian organizations for having cultures that enhance performance and sustain a competitive advantage. In 2015 MHS Assessments CEO, Dr. Steven Stein won the EY Entrepreneur of The Year category award for Health Sciences in Ontario. The Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of the Year Awards honors entrepreneurship and innovation in Canada. In 2017 MHS was selected as a 2017 Assessment and Evaluation Top 20 Company by Training Industry. Training Industry bases this award on the diversity of assessment capabilities, quality and innovativeness of evaluation techniques, growth potential, quality of clients/users, previous awards, and competitive differentiation. Dear Colleague,It’s been another busy year for all of us at MHS. We’ve added new products and services, and we continue to develop and improve our product delivery. We’ve seen a steady increase in the number of clinicians taking advantage of our online assessments. The convenience of this approach has made it the primary choice for many of you. In fact, I’ve heard from a number of you that once online assessments are integrated into practice, it’s hard to turn back. The good news is that while we’ve been told we have the leading online system in the field, we continue to make improvements. You’ll see some roll outs in this area over the next year. We’ve been integrating our Discovery Learning International (DLI) products and services into the MHS family for those of you who work with organizations. The response has been tremendous and the change, influence, and decision-making assessments have continued to grow in usage. We’re so glad that the increased exposure of these tools is leading to such wide acceptance. As well, our newest acquisition, the Global Institute of Forensic Research™ Inc. (GIFR™) provides a great opportunity for those of you with forensic practices. We have new tools and great educational opportunities to help keep you on top of best practices in this area. The GIFR trainings have proven to be a popular and convenient way for clinicians to sharpen their skills, stay up to date, and earn valuable CE credits. You’ll be seeing an increased number of offerings in this area, so stay in touch with us – make sure you are on our email list by contacting services@gifrinc.com. Our new clinical products have been very exciting. The Comprehensive Executive Function Inventory Adult™ ( CEFI Adult™) now opens the door for more dynamic assessment of your adult clients with challenges in multiple areas. The CEFI Adult is a great tool for assessing and providing useful and specific treatment recommendations. The Ortiz Picture Vocabulary Acquisition Test™ ( Ortiz PVAT ™) fills a gap that has long existed. How can you validly and reliably assess English learners as well as English speakers with only one test? We’re very excited to have Dr. Sam Ortiz as one of our distinguished authors who has proven himself to be a leading expert in this area. Using technology and the best psychological science, the Ortiz PVAT provides you with capabilities never before available in this area. It’s been great connecting with so many loyal MHS customers over the years at conferences and meetings. You can continue to stay up to date with what we’re up to by joining me on Linked In . Have a great year,Steven J. Stein, Ph. D. CEO, MHS ceo@mhs.com@Dr Steven Stein Dear Valued Client,It is hard to believe that another year has gone by and it is time for me to sit down and write my annual letter to you, our valued customers. Each year this process makes me reflect on where we have come from and where we are going, and each year I marvel at the rapid changes that are happening in our field. MHS has always been at the forefront of providing digital solutions to our customers and we continue to strive to ensure that those solutions reflect the most up to date technologies, the best experience for our clients and their clients, and that the solutions contribute to the ability to gain insight and better understand the people we work with so that we can add the most value to their lives. The launch of our new Ortiz Picture Vocabulary Acquisition Test™ ( Ortiz PVAT™) is no exception to this. The Ortiz PVAT is the only dual normed receptive vocabulary acquisition test for both English Speakers and English Learners. In 2018, we also have some significant platform changes for our Clinical and Education customers. We have worked tirelessly over the last couple of years to understand your needs and to build a system that reflects the way that you work to ensure that your time is used in the most efficient manner and the insights you gain into your clients are maximized. As you interact with this new site, we encourage you to share your feedback so we can continue to improve on the experience. I would like to thank all of you who have participated in the feedback process to date – your help has been invaluable in improving the way we deliver assessments to you. Coming soon, our Clinical and Education customers will be able to access and score their assessments on the new MHS Online Assessment Center+. Over the last year, we have been working towards redesigning the platform based on your extensive input and cooperation. We will continue to integrate our Clinical and Education assessments throughout the year. We will continue to integrate our Clinical and Education assessments throughout the year. For more up to date information about available products on the new platform click here . New digital technologies are paving the way for a revolution within our industry. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning are powerful tools that can help us understand, predict, and potentially intervene early on, before the problems are too entrenched. While I believe there is unlimited capacity for these technologies to improve outcomes for people, I am very cognizant of the fact that these technologies have as much potential to cause harm. I would love to hear your thoughts about the role AI and Machine Learning can play in psychology, particularly as it relates to assessment and diagnosis. You can contact me any time with your thoughts at hazel.wheldon@mhs.com . Have a great year,Hazel Wheldon, M. A. President & COO, MHS president@mhs.com@Publisher At MHS "


how bits in a pixel

ics Bit Depth The bit depth is the number of bits used to encode each color channel. Today, most digital images use a bit depth of 8, meaning that each color channel in a pixel is represented by 8 bits, providing 2⁸ (256) unique values per channel.

Native Pixel Formats Overview

"Native Pixel Formats Overview This topic introduces the pixel formats provided by the Windows Imaging Component (WIC). A pixel format describes the memory layout of each pixel in a bitmap. This memory layout describes how the image data of a bitmap is encoded by specifying the numerical format and color-channel organization. WIC supports several numerical formats for multiple color-channel organization schemes, providing a wide range of pixel formats. Bit Depth Numerical Encoding Color Channels RGB/BGR Color Model CMYK Color Modeln-channel Color Model Indexed and Grayscale Color Models Y’Cb Cr Color Model WIC Pixel Format Undefined Pixel Formats Indexed Pixel Formats Packed Bit Pixel Formats Grayscale Pixel Formats RGB/BGR Pixel formats CMYK Pixel Formatsn-channel Pixel Formats Alpha Only Pixel Formats Y’Cb Cr Pixel Formats Color Space Native Image Formats BMP Native Codec GIF Native Codec ICO Native Codec JPEG Native Codec PNG Native Codec TIFF Native Codec JPEG-XR Native Codec DDS Native Codec Pixel Format Extensibility Related top

An image that has a bit depth of 8 and three color channels (such as red, green, and blue) uses 24 bits per pixel (bpp), which provides 2²⁴ (16,777,216) different colors per pixel. For better color resolution, a bit depth of 16 or 32 can be used. This provides each color channel with 2¹⁶ (65,536) or 2³² unique values, at a cost of more memory per pixel. In some formats, the bit depth is not a multiple of 8. These formats are called packed formats, because the color channels in a pixel are not aligned to byte boundaries. For example, if the bit depths of 5, three color channels can be stored in 16 bits (including 1 bit of padding, to make pixels byte-aligned). Packed formats are useful when memory or processing power are limited. Numerical Encoding For the majority of today's digital images, unsigned bytes and unsigned short integers are used to describe the numerical range of each color channel. The minimum value (0) represents zero intensity in a single color channel, and black is achieved when all color channels are zero. Similarly, the maximum value represents full intensity, and white is achieved when all color channels are at full intensity. At a bit depth of 8, a UINT provides 256 unique values per color channel (0 - 255). A 16-bit UINT provides 65,536 unique values per color channel (0 - 65,535). In addition, WIC supports fixed-point and floating-point formats. These formats support larger dynamic ranges, because the entire numerical range of each color channel is larger than the visible range. As a result, colors can be adjusted above or below the visible range, during the intermediate steps of image processing, without loss of image information. Color Channels The color channels of a pixel format define the memory layout of each color within the image data of a bitmap. There are a variety of different color-channel structures common in today's digital images, and WIC provides support for many of these. RGB/BGR Color Model RGB and BGR formats describe colors in an additive color model. The most common method of describing an image is with three separate color channels representing the colors red (R), green (G), and blue (B). WIC provides support for these three channels in either the red-green-blue (RGB) or blue-green-red (BGR) order. This is the order in which each color channel appears within the sequential bit stream. For example, in the GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGB format, each pixel is 32 bits wide. The red channel is the first (least significant) byte in memory, followed by green, and then blue. Conversely, in the GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR format, the color channels are in the opposite order. WIC supports a number of RGB/BGR formats, including special packed bit formats such as GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR555. Note The color channels of the special BGR packed bit formats are not in multiples of 8 like the color channels in typical pixel formats. This means that the channel values are not byte aligned. Care must be taken when reading packed bit color channels. In addition to the RGB and BGR formats, WIC also provides RGB and BGR pixel formats that support an alpha (A) channel. The alpha channel provides opacity data for the pixel. For formats with an added alpha channel, the alpha channel usually comes last in the color-channel order. For example, in the pixel format GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA, the byte order is blue, green, and red, followed by the alpha channel. WIC also supports pre-multiplied (P) alpha RGB pixel formats. In a typical RGBA pixel format, the red, green, and blue color values are the actual color values for the image. To make a composite image in the standard RGBA format, the alpha value of the foreground image must be multiplied by each of the red, green, and blue channels before adding it to the color of the background image. In a pre-multiplied alpha RGB pixel format, each color channel has already been multiplied by the alpha value. This provides a more efficient method of image composition with alpha-channel data. To retrieve the true color values of each channel in a PRGBA/PBGRA pixel format, the alpha-channel multiplication must be reversed by dividing color values by the alpha value. CMYK Color Model CMYK is a subtractive color model that is used in printing. The colors produced by a CYMK model are generated by the light that is not absorbed, but reflected. CYMK is a four channel model of cyan Ã?Â©), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K). When all four color channels are at maximum value, the result is black. Like the RGB/BGR color models, the byte order within the sequential bit stream is given by the pixel format's name. For instance, in the pixel format GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYK, each pixel is made up of 32 bits. The first byte contains the cyan value, followed in turn by magenta, yellow, and black. WIC provides pixel formats for CMYK at 32 and 64 bits per pixel (bpp). In addition to the standard CMYK color model, WIC also provides CMYK with alpha. This allows CMYK images to have alpha blending data similar to the RGB/BGR color model. The alpha channel is located immediately after black in the sequential bit stream of a bitmap.n-channel Color Model For flexibility, WIC also provides pixel formats that do not have a predefined channel order. WIC provides pixel formats that support from three to eight channels of continuous image data at bit depths of both 8 and 16. Unlike the RGB/BGR and CMYK pixel formats, n-channel formats do not specify the channel order but rather the number of color channels available. For instance, in the pixel format GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp4Channels, each pixel is made up of 32 bits with each of the 4 channels occupying a single byte. WIC also provides pixel formats for n-channel with alpha. This allows n-channel images to have alpha blending data similar to the RGB/BGR and CMYK color models. The alpha channel is located immediately after last color channel in the sequential bit stream of a bitmap. Indexed and Grayscale Color Models Indexed formats use a table of colors, called a palette. The palette is stored externally to the pixel data or else defined implicitly. The value of each pixel in the image is an index into the palette. With an indexed format, the number of bits per pixel is directly related to the number of entries in the palette. This significantly reduces the amount of data required to represent the image, but also restricts the number of colors available to the image. WIC supports indexed formats with 1, 2, 4, or 8 bpp. For monochrome (grayscale) formats, WIC supports 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 bits per pixel. For bit depths of 1, 8, 16, and 32, the color data is stored in a single channel. For bit depths of 2 or 4, pixels are indexes into a grayscale palette. Y’Cb Cr Color Model WIC adds support for the JPEG JFIF Y’Cb Cr color model. Y’Cb Cr separate colors into a luma component (Y’) and two chroma components (Cb and Cr). Many JPEG files natively store image data using the Y’Cb Cr color model. The human visual system is less sensitive to changes in chroma than to luma, and Y’Cb Cr formats can take advantage of this reduced sensitivity by reducing the amount of chroma data that is stored relative to luma. They accomplish this by storing chroma and luma into separate planes and scaling each component plane to a different resolution. This practice is known as chroma subsampling. Because chroma and luma data are stored separately and may be different resolutions, WIC defines separate luma and chroma pixel formats. WIC supports data that is 8 bits per channel. WIC Pixel Format The pixel formats in WIC are defined using GUIDs to avoid clashes with IHVs. WIC provides a friendly name to reference the GUID of a native pixel format. The naming convention for the WIC pixel formats is as follows: [GUID_WICPixel Format] [Bits Per Pixel] [Channel Order] [Storage Type]Format component Description GUID_WICPixel Format The descriptive identification for all WIC pixel formats. The friendly name for all WIC pixels begin with this string. Bits Per Pixel The number of bits per pixel (bpp) used for the pixel format. Channel Order The color-channel model and order of each channel for the format. Storage Type The numerical encoding used for the pixel format. The default encoding is an unsigned integer. If nothing follows the color model information, an unsigned integer (UINT) is implied. Fixed Point and Float are used to identify pixel formats that use fixed-point and floating-point encoding respectively. Note For n-channel formats, [Channel Order] does not specify color order but rather the number of channels available. For example, GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp3Channels provides 3 color channels where ""3Channels"" is the [Channel Order] entry, but indicates only the number of channels and not the order. For example, the friendly name GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp RGB means that the pixel format uses 24 bits per pixel and the RGB color model. Because the name does not explicitly identify a storage type, an unsigned integer is implied. WIC supports a several pixel formats. The following tables group similar pixel formats by color structure while providing additional information such as bit depth, bits per pixel, and numerical encoding. Each table contains the following information: Friendly Name. The friendly name of the pixel format. Channel Count. The number of color channels. Bits Per Channel. The number of bits per channel (bit depth). Bits Per Pixel. The number of bits per pixel, including any padding bits. Storage Type. The numerical encoding of the image data. This value can be an unsigned integer (UINT), a fixed-point number (Fixed Point), or a floating-point number (Float). Note For clarity, this document refers to pixel formats only by their friendly names. The actual hexadecimal value for the pixel formats can be found in the wincodec.h/idl files. Undefined Pixel Formats The following list shows generic pixel formats that are used when the pixel format is undefined or is unimportant to an image operation. GUID_WICPixel Format Undefined GUID_WICPixel Format Dont Care Indexed Pixel Formats The following table lists the indexed pixel formats provided by WIC. In these formats, the value for each pixel is an index into a color palette. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed 1 1 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format2bpp Indexed 1 2 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed 1 4 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed 1 8 UINTPacked Bit Pixel Formats The following table lists the packed bit formats provided by WIC. In these formats, color-channel data is not byte-aligned. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR555 3 5 16 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR565 3 5 (B)/6 (G)/5Ã?Â®) 16 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGRA555 4 5 (B)/5 (G)/5 (R)/1 (A) 16 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR101010 3 10 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBA1010102 4 10 (R)/10 (G)/10 (B)/2 (A) 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBA1010102XR 4 10 (R)/10 (G)/10 (B)/2 (A) 32 UINTGrayscale Pixel Formats The following table lists the grayscale formats provided by WIC. In these formats, color data represents shades of gray. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format Black White 1 1 1 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format2bpp Gray 1 2 2 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Gray 1 4 4 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray 1 8 8 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray 1 16 16 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray Fixed Point 1 16 16 Fixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray Half 1 16 16 Float GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp Gray Float 1 32 32 Float GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp Gray Fixed Point 1 32 32 Fixed Point RGB/BGR Pixel formats The following table lists the RGB/BGR formats provided by WIC. These formats separate the primary color data into red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels. An additional alpha (A) channel is provided for opacity information in some formats. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp RGB 3 8 24 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGR 3 8 24 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR 3 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBA 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBE* 4 8 32 Float GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PRGBA 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PBGRA 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGB 3 16 48 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp BGR 3 16 48 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBFixed Point 3 16 48 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp BGRFixed Point 3 16 48 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBHalf 3 16 48 Float GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBA 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp BGRA 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp PRGBA 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp PBGRA 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBFixed Point 3 16 64 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAFixed Point 4 16 64 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp BGRAFixed Point 4 16 64 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBHalf 3 16 64 Float GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAHalf 4 16 64 Float GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFixed Point 3 32 96 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBFloat 3 32 128 Float GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBAFloat 4 32 128 Float GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp PRGBAFloat 4 32 128 Float GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBFixed Point 3 32 128 Fixed GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBAFixed Point 4 32 128 Fixed Note *The GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBE format encodes three 16-bit floating-point values in 4 bytes, as follows: Three unsigned 8-bit mantissas for the R, G, and B channels, plus a shared 8-bit exponent. This format provides 16-bit floating-point precision in a smaller pixel representation. Starting with Windows 8 and the Platform Update for Windows 7, WIC provides additional formats, shown in the table here. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGB 3 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGB 3 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFloat 3 32 96 FLOATGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp PRGBAHalf 4 16 64 FLOATCMYK Pixel Formats The following table lists the CMYK formats provided by WIC. These formats separate the primary color data into cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K) channels. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYK 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp CMYK 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format40bpp CMYKAlpha 5 8 40 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format80bpp CMYKAlpha 5 16 80 UINTn-channel Pixel Formats The following table lists the n-channel formats provided by WIC. These formats provide a number of undefined color channels to store image data. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp3Channels 3 8 24 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp3Channels 3 16 48 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp3Channels Alpha 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp3Channels Alpha 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp4Channels 4 8 32 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp4Channels 4 16 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format40bpp4Channels Alpha 5 8 40 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format80bpp4Channels Alpha 5 16 80 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format40bpp5Channels 5 8 40 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format80bpp5Channels 5 16 80 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp5Channels Alpha 6 8 48 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format96bpp5Channels Alpha 6 16 96 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp6Channels 6 8 48 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format96bpp6Channels 6 16 96 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format56bpp6Channels Alpha 7 8 56 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format112bpp6Channels Alpha 7 16 112 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format56bpp7Channels 7 8 56 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format112bpp7Channels 7 16 112 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp7Channels Alpha 8 8 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format128bpp7Channels Alpha 8 16 128 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp8Channels 8 8 64 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format128bpp8Channels 8 16 128 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format72bpp8Channels Alpha 9 8 72 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format144bpp8Channels Alpha 9 16 144 UINTAlpha Only Pixel Formats The following table lists the Alpha Only formats provided by WIC. This format contains only alpha information. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Channel Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Alpha 1 8 32 UINTY’Cb Cr Pixel Formats The following table lists the Y’Cb Cr formats provided by WIC. These formats separate the primary color data into luma (Y), blue chroma difference (Cb), and red choma difference (Cr). Note that these formats are designed to store JPEG JFIF Y’Cb Cr pixel data. Friendly Name Channel Count Bits Per Pixel Storage Type GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Y 1 8 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Cb 1 8 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Cr 1 8 UINTGUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Cb Cr 2 16 UINTColor Space Pixel formats in themselves do not have a color space. Generally, color space is a semantic interpretation of the pixel values that depends on the context of the bitmap. Some images identify a color context that defines the color space of the image. Only in the absence of a color context should the color space be inferred. Color context information is defined by the IWICColor Context interface for WIC. To retrieve the color context information for an image frame, use the Get Color Context method. In the absence of color space information for an image, the general rule for color space inference is that UINT RGB and grayscale formats use the standard RGB color space (s RGB), while fixed-point and floating-point RGB and grayscale formats use the extended RGB color space (sc RGB). The CMYK color model uses an RWOP color space. Native Image Formats Each of the Windows provided WIC codecs supports a subset of the WIC pixel formats. For each codec, the supported decode formats may be different than the supported encode formats. When decoding an image, if data is natively stored in a pixel format that is not supported by the decoder then it will be converted a supported format. To determine the output pixel format, call IWICBitmap Frame Decode:: Get Pixel Format . When encoding an image, use IWICBitmap Frame Encode:: Set Pixel Format to request that the encoder use a specific pixel format. The encoder will return the closest supported pixel format, which may be different from what was requested. The following tables show the pixel formats supported by each of the Windows provided WIC codecs. BMP Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR555 GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR555GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR565 GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR565GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA* GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA*GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PBGRAGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp BGRAFixed Point Note GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA is only supported in Windows 8, the Platform Update for Windows 7, and above. To encode to this format, use the Enable V5Header32bpp BGRA encoder option. The BMP will be written with a BITMAPV5HEADER header. If a file has a BITMAPV5HEADER, it decodes as GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA. GIF Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed ICO Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRAJPEG Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYK GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYKPNG Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format2bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format2bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format Black White GUID_WICPixel Format Black White GUID_WICPixel Format2bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format2bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRAGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGB GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBA GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp BGRATIFF Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format1bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Indexed GUID_WICPixel Format Black White GUID_WICPixel Format Black White GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format4bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp Gray Float GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRAGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYKGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PBGRA GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGB GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYKGUID_WICPixel Format40bpp CMYKAlpha GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp PRGBAGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp CMYKGUID_WICPixel Format80bpp CMYKAlpha GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFloat*GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBAFloat GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp PRGBAFloat Note GUID_ WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFloat is only supported in Windows 8, the Platform Update for Windows 7, and above. JPEG-XR Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format Black White GUID_WICPixel Format Black White GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format8bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR555 GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp BGR555GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format24bpp RGB GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp RGBGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRAGUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray Fixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray Fixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR101010 GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGR101010GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGB GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBA GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAGUID_WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBAFloat GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBFloat GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBFloat GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYK GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp CMYKGUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBAFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBAFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp CMYK GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp CMYKGUID_WICPixel Format24bpp3Channels GUID_WICPixel Format24bpp3Channels GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp4Channels GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp4Channels GUID_WICPixel Format40bpp5Channels GUID_WICPixel Format40bpp5Channels GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp6Channels GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp6Channels GUID_WICPixel Format56bpp7Channels GUID_WICPixel Format56bpp7Channels GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp8Channels GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp8Channels GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp3Channels GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp3Channels GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp4Channels GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp4Channels GUID_WICPixel Format80bpp5Channels GUID_WICPixel Format80bpp5Channels GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp6Channels GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp6Channels GUID_WICPixel Format112bpp7Channels GUID_WICPixel Format112bpp7Channels GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp8Channels GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp8Channels GUID_WICPixel Format40bpp CMYKAlpha GUID_WICPixel Format40bpp CMYKAlpha GUID_WICPixel Format80bpp CMYKAlpha GUID_WICPixel Format80bpp CMYKAlpha GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp3Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp3Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp7Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format40bpp4Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format72bpp8Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp5Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp3Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format56bpp6Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format80bpp4Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp7Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp5Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format72bpp8Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format112bpp6Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp3Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp7Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format80bpp4Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format144bpp8Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format96bpp5Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAHalf GUID_WICPixel Format112bpp6Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBHalf GUID_WICPixel Format128bpp7Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBE GUID_WICPixel Format144bpp8Channels Alpha GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray Half GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBAHalf GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp Gray Fixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format48bpp RGBHalf GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp RGBEGUID_WICPixel Format128bpp RGBFixed Point GUID_WICPixel Format16bpp Gray Half GUID_WICPixel Format64bpp RGBHalf GUID_WICPixel Format Black White DDS Native Codec Decoder Pixel Formats Encoder Pixel Formats GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRAGUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PBGRA GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PBGRANote The DDS Windows provided codec supports DDS files encoded using the following DXGI_FORMAT values: DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORMDXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORMDXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORMThese are decoded and encoded as GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp BGRA or GUID_WICPixel Format32bpp PBGRA. For more information, see the DDS Format Overview. Pixel Format Extensibility Custom image formats can use pixel formats that are not natively provided by WIC such as YCb Cr (YUV) and YCCK (Y/Cb/Cr/K). WIC provides an extensibility model that permits both built-in and add-in pixel formats to work within the same imaging pipeline. To integrate these pixel formats with the WIC imaging pipeline, you must create pixel format converters to convert add-in pixel formats to one or more of the native pixel formats. The main interface for building format converters is IWICFormat Converter . Related topics Conceptual Windows Imaging Component Overview WIC GUIDs and CLSIDs Other Resources How to Write a WIC-Enabled CODECHD Photo Specification 1.0 "


who is the girl in old navy commercial

Selina Meyer would be proud: Julia Louis-Dreyfus is the new face of Old Navy.

Following in Amy Poehler's footsteps, the 'Veep' actress is the retailer's latest campaign star â with a series of Roman Coppola-directed ads debuting Dec. 3.

"Following in Amy Poehler's footsteps, the 'Veep' actress is the retailer's latest campaign star — with a series of Roman Coppola-directed ads debuting Dec. 3.

The five-time Emmy Award winner, who has bagged three lead actress in a comedy trophies for her work on the HBO series, Veep, has signed on for a campaign with the mammoth retailer — a division of Gap, Inc. — that will debut on Wednesday and run through summer 2015. The spots, hilarious of course (see below), launch with Old Navy Christmas shopping as the target. The campaign features additional Hollywood pedigree as the first two spots were directed by Roman Coppola. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:00According to Old Navy, the initial installments cast the actress as ""a character who is always pleased with herself but not above interrupting her self-congratulatory monologues to race off to Old Navy to take advantage of holiday sales."" Louis-Dreyfus is said to have been heavily involved in the creative side of the campaign, working to craft the spots along with Old Navy's broadcast and print ad agency, New York-based Chandelier Creative. ""Julia has a fearless sense of humor and is going to provide plenty of laughs in both the broadcast spots and the outtakes,"" Old Navy global chief marketing officer Ivan Wicksteed tells The Hollywood Reporter. ""But she's much more than that — she's also a creative partner and open to bending the rules of TV advertising, which is important to us in creating this campaign. ""The deal for Louis-Dreyfus comes on the heels of the well-received campaign featuring another famous face from the world of TV comedy — Amy Poehler. Her yearlong deal featured a variety of spots that cast the Parks and Recreation star as a spelling bee moderator, a restaurant hostess, a lawyer, a judge, a politician, a soccer coach and a burrito server, among other characters. Poehler also shepherded the creative side of her campaign with Old Navy, helping write and create the concepts for her commercials, sources said. Poehler's final bow with Old Navy came over the Thanksgiving holiday and featured Black Friday shopping deals. In addition to the small screen, Louis-Dreyfus' spots will be featured on Old Navy's Youtube page. "


how was the second great awakening similar to the first

In terms of social aspects, the First Great Awakening may have brought about the idea of belief in equality of opportunity through education, but the Second Great Awakening took that idea and dedicated its resources to trying to make America a better place through widespread social reform.

"Informative - Comparisons Of The First And Second Great Awakenings Length: 1641 words (4.7 double-spaced pages)Rating: Excellent Open Document- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Text Preview More ↓Continue reading... Open Document With the development of a civilized society in America during the 1700s and 1800s, the role religion played in an everyday person's life was becoming more and more diminished. To combat this, a series of religious revivals were set in motion: The Great Awakenings. These were a series of large, sweeping religious, social, and political changes that sought to use the basis of religion to revive faith in a neglected belief, bring about numerous social reforms, and use political factions to great effect upon society's mentality. Although most view the First Great Awakening as the first' and greatest' religious, social, and political influence to American society, the second Great Awakening can be considered far more influential in its religious, social, and political aspects of influence. Even though the First and Second Great Awakenings focused its attention on other matters of life later on, religion was the theme upon which they were built. The First Great Awakening started among the American colonial Protestants during the early 1700s, mainly due to the weakening of the strict Puritan tradition of religious doctrine, and in part, the religious decline caused by negative publicity from the Salem witch trials and the Enlightenment (www.wikipedia.org). The movement to correct these problems began with Jonathan Edwards, a strictly Puritan, orthodox theologian from Massachusetts who dedicated his time to bringing the people back to the strict Calvinist roots, and to reawaken the fear of God' (www.wikipedia.org). He was a powerful speaker, and preached to his large followings that it was to simply come to church was not enough to be saved, but they must also acknowledge their grievances in the heart, and feel God's love for them (Danzer, 38). He set off the wave of religious revival, as preachers traveled all across the colonies, attracted thousands of people to revival meetings of spiritual rebirth, gave impassioned sermons, and encouraged people to rededicate themselves to God (Danzer, 38). Although after the First Great Awakening America's religious zeal faded, its influence in religion was the beginning step (www.wikipedia.org). The Second Great Awakening's religious cycle took a bigger step in trying to turn the religious tide. Starting in New York during the early 1800s, the movement spread north, south, and west before ending during the 1840s (Klepp, 2). The Second Great Awakening's religious portion came about through the replacement of the predestination doctrine with the belief that anyone, whether they be sinners or not, can achieve salvation through the internal and external struggle against sin. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly. Check your paper »How to Cite this Page MLA Citation: ""Informative - Comparisons Of The First And Second Great Awakenings."" 123Help Me.com. 07 Apr 2018 <http://www.123Help Me.com/view.asp?id=157115>. Title Length Color Rating Comparison Between Daniel Keyes' Flowers for Algernon and Awakenings Essay- Comparison Between Daniel Keyes' Flowers for Algernon and Awakenings There were many similarities between the short story “Flowers for Algernon” and the movie Awakenings. “Flowers for Algernon”, by Daniel Keyes, is about a man named Charlie, who has a very low IQ. Charlie gets an operation to make him smarter. It is a story about what happens to him during that period of time. The movie, Awakenings, directed by Penny Marshall, starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro, is about how some people, including Leonard Lowe, the main character, developed a disease and are now catatonic.... [tags: Compare Contrast, Flowers for Algernon, Awakenings]633 words (1.8 pages) Better Essays [preview]Informative Speech: The History of Pluto - Informative Speech: The History of Pluto Specific Purpose Statement: By the end of my speech my audience will be able to explain the history behind Pluto becoming a planet and in turn losing its planetary status. INTRODUCTION: Attention Getter: Growing up learning about the planets my first grade teacher told me, “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pies” was a way to remember the order of the planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Apparently now teachers teach it as, “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos”.... [tags: Informative Speech]1112 words (3.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview]Divine Rescue: A Pathway Forged by the First Great Awakening Essay- “Walking with God is like a spiritual roller coaster.” Statements like this unrealistically express the experience people have in the “highs and lows” of a particular religious relationship. In fact, evangelism does not decline. Perhaps it levels out for a period of time, but eventually it continues to progress in swift, expansive phases (Worrell 4). When a civilization experiences an amount of time in religious staleness, it is imminent that it will, in time, intensify into what is generally referred to as an awakening (4).... [tags: Religion, The Great Awakening]:: 3 Works Cited928 words (2.7 pages) Better Essays [preview]Informative Speech: Stress Management - General Purpose: To inform the audience about the cause, affect and ways to manage stress. Specific Purpose Statement: The audience will learn what causes stress and how stress can affect their health, and how they can manage their everyday stress with different techniques. INTRODUCTION Attention Getter: Life is like a huge roller coaster, a journey full of twists and turns, and ups and downs. And sometimes in this journey there arises various situations where one is unable to deal with these turns, let alone have the energy to face the ups and downs.... [tags: Informative Speech]893 words (2.6 pages) Better Essays [preview]Lupus Informative Speech - Lupus is known as “the cruel mystery” in the world of disease/medicine. 1.5 million Americans are currently diagnosed with Lupus, with the number possibly being a lot higher since it is one of the most difficult diseases to diagnose in the WORLD (5 Million some form of Lupus) B. Relevance: You might ask why should I care. How does this affect me or what is it exactly. Well the truth is that most people don’t realize they have Lupus. It so difficult to diagnose it is know as the “great imitator” since it resembles a variety of other diseases.... [tags: Informative Speeches]:: 2 Works Cited1028 words (2.9 pages) Better Essays [preview]Review of the Movie Awakenings Essay - The movie Awakenings is a touching movie with an inspiring plot line and characterization. The movie tries to show how one doctor will do anything to help people who catatonic. Awakenings helps us understand why we must be willing to challenge conventional wisdom to help those in need. This movie which is based on a true story is an inspiring story about a doctor willing to push the limits, and it is best examined through the plot line, the characterization, and some of the drawbacks of the movie Awakenings.... [tags: Robert Deniro, Robin Williams, film analysis]967 words (2.8 pages) Strong Essays [preview]Comparing the Duty of the Physician in Dracula, Frankenstein, and Awakenings- Through close analysis of the respective physicians illustrated within Bram Stoker's Dracula, Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, and Oliver Sack's Awakenings, one is able to comment upon their respective duties. The duty of the doctor, as portrayed in these texts, can be seen to be highly varied and immensely diverse. Bram Stoker's Dracula deals with the role and duty of the doctor, and with the relationship between them and their patient extensively. Stoker, from a medical family himself (his brothers were doctors), creates a very stereotypical male doctor/female patient scenario with Dr.... [tags: comparison compare contrast essays]:: 5 Works Cited3429 words (9.8 pages) Powerful Essays [preview]Awakenings Essay - Awakenings Many people experience events that will alter their lives forever. These events may be for the better, or perhaps for the worst. Either way, life will most likely never be the same. It is, however, the way one responds to these events that is most significant. The stories of Alice Sebold and Edna Pontellier differ greatly from one another. Both women, nevertheless, find themselves entering into a new chapter of their lives. While their stories are different, the issues that they face are similar.... [tags: Essays Papers]1257 words (3.6 pages) Strong Essays [preview]Awakenings Essay - Allende foreshadows the upcoming revolutionary transformation within the government of the country (probably Chile) Setting: Alba's Adolescence in the University Having matured and leaving ""childhood for good"", Alba finishes her school around the ""age of 18"" (p. 318) and goes on to attend university where this chapter, entitled Awakenings, is set. Amidst the academic surroundings, Alba encounters Miguel in the cafeteria of the university. They immediately fall in love with each other, with neither one of them realizing that they had already met once before.... [tags: English Literature]989 words (2.8 pages) Strong Essays [preview]Essay Comparisons - Comparisons Gerard David and Mary Cassatt both are remarkable artists who has influenced artists today. Gerard David was born in 1455 in the Netherlands (Oudewater). Mary Cassatt was born in 1861 in Pennsylvania. Even though they were born at different times, their paintings show the relationship between mother and child. David painted Virgin and Child With Four Angels in 1510. The type of canvas used was wood with oil paint. The wood has a rectangular shape. The Virgin and Child characters that were reproduced from a painting by Jan van Eyck, who influenced David when he settled in Bruges in 1484.... [tags: essays papers]742 words (2.1 pages) Strong Essays [preview]Keywords: Sort By: The revival meetings of the First Great Awakening proved to be a success, and using that idea, the preachers of the Second Great Awakening used grand-scale camp meetings and intensified levels of revival to great effect, attracting hundreds of thousands of followers, both indoors and outdoors (Fogel, 2) to sing, dance, and participate in worship (Klepp, 2). The Second Great Awakening shows more progress being made than the efforts of the First Great Awakening, for the First merely starts it, the Second continues it. As religion was being revitalized, the morals and themes it entailed were being applied to the social aspects of life, adding another item to the to-do' list of the Great Awakenings. As the First Great Awakening gained momentum, it began to use other areas of life to supplement the religious revival: how society is run and/or what needs to be improved. Let us remember the First Great Awakening's goal: to convert people to back to a specific religion. To maximize the religious revival effort, a higher importance was placed on education to train more ministers for the rapidly developing, gospel-preaching churches (Danzer, 38). This new importance in education triggered the belief in equality of opportunity, which was ""the principle that accepted the inequality of income and other circumstances of life as natural, but held that persons of low social rank could raise themselves up by industry, perseverance, talent and righteous behavior to the top of the economic and social order"" (Fogel, 2). This stressed the importance of the individual, and combined with the de-emphasis of church authority, helped to create the social atmosphere that led to a particularly famous event in American history: the American Revolution (Danzer, 38). When the Second Great Awakening came into effect, the social effects were much greater. From the 1840s to the 1880s, there was tremendous rise of interest in reforming America to make it fit for the Second Coming of Christ,' a popular religious idea at the time (Fogel, 2). The Second Great Awakening ""merged democratic idealism with evangelical Christianity, arguing that America was in need of moral regeneration by dedicated Christians"" (Klepp, 2). Social reforms, powered by dedicated men and women, included such reforms as educational improvements, the temperance movement which successfully prohibited alcoholic drinks in 13 states, the abolitionist movement which aided in the formation of the Republican Party, the anti-slavery movements, anti-corruption movements, women's suffrage movements, etc (Fogel, 2). With these movements also came a strong, continued sense of the belief in equality of opportunity. The Second Great Awakening proves to be the greater influence here, through both the quantity and quality of its social effects. As social change depends upon the opinionated agreement of a group of people, inevitably there were political disagreements about how the religious revival movement should be handled, along with the social reforms that accompany it. As a result, the different groups of opinion, more specifically the different religious groups that were present, formed into separate, politically-oriented church denominations, each subtly different in its message of religion. As the revivals of the First Great Awakening spread, it brought together many colonists, including Native Americans and African Americans into actual Christian church factions for the first time, challenging the authority of the establish churches (Danzer, 38). Some went so far as to even abandon their old church establishments for the newer, independent denominations (Danzer, 38.) A few examples of these new dominations include the Baptists, the Methodists, the Mormons, and the Seventh Day Adventists (www.wikipedia.org). In Jonathan Edward's case, those who followed his message and were attracted to it called themselves the ""New Lights,"" and those who did not were called the ""Old Lights"" (www.wikipedia.org). The numerous universities and places of scholarly thought that they set up are examples of the dispute that these factions had. Of these particular two, we know of Columbia University, then called Kings College, and Princeton University (www.wikipedia.org). With the coming of the Second Great Awakening, we see that religious revivals and church denominations have become methods of gaining power. The new denominations of Christianity, most prominently the Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodists, used the camp meetings in more ways than one. The very first camp meeting occurred at Gasper River Church in Kentucky, July 1800, and this is where the idea sparked that religious meetings can be used as a form of organized revival, as a major mode of church expansion (www.wikipedia.org). This allowed for opinionated takeovers in politics. Take, for example, the issue of slavery with the United States. The abolitionist movement had sparked concern among the higher factions. With religion dominating most of the minds of the government, and with those religious factions split, the entire country split as well, leaving the South congregations supporting slavery and the Northern congregations opposing it (Klepp, 2). We can see that the Second Great Awakening left a bigger impact in American society. Although the First Great Awakening utilizes the use of religious factions, the Second Great Awakening uses it to a greater effect, bringing about political change to the extent where the entire country was split over a single issue. So in effect, after both Awakenings had run their course, we see that the Second Great Awakening held a larger influence over American society. In terms of religious aspects, the Second Great Awakening had continued further along the path of religious revival than the First Great Awakening had done, bringing it to a whole new level.

In terms of political aspects, the First Great Awakening had begun to understand the concept of using church denomination factions to try to control the methods, religion, and social reforms the people would be converted to, whereas the Second Great Awakening not only built upon that idea, but used camp meetings as an organized revival method, using it to wield political influence over social reforms and the religion at the time. It is safe to assume that the Second Great Awakening was the larger influence. Danzer, Gerald A.; Klor de Alva, J. Jorge; Krieger, Larry S.; Wilson, Louis E.; Woloch, Nancy. The Americans, Reconstruction through the 20th Century. Evanston, Illinois: Mc Dougal Little: A Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999. First Great Awakening. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 17 September 2004. Media Wiki. 10 November 2004. Fogel, Robert William. ""Fogel, The Phases of the Four Great Awakenings."" 2000. The University of Chicago Press. 10 November 2004. Fourth Great Awakening. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 1 September 2004. Media Wiki. 10 November 2004. Great Awakening. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 28 September 2004. Media Wiki. 10 November 2004. Heyrman, Christine Leigh. ""The First Great Awakening - The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries - Divining America Religion and the National Culture."" October 2000. National Humanities Center. 10 November 2004. Klepp, Susan E. ""MSN Encarta United States (People)."" 2004. Microsoft. 10 Novemeber 2004. Religion in 18th-Century America (Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, Library of Congress Exhibition). 27 October 2003. Library of Congress. 10 November 2004. Second Great Awakening. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 28 September 2004. Media Wiki. 10 November 2004. Third Great Awakening. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 30 September 2004. Media Wiki. 10 November 2004. "


what do teachers need from administrators

it. Teachers want administrators to provide encouragement and advice. Most teachers appreciate honest, accurate evaluations. They want to be encouraged when things get difficult and often need advice in those situations. Teachers want administrators to understand what they are doing in their classrooms entirely. This is true, especially for great teachers. They want their administrator (s) to know what they are doing in their classroom because they are proud of it. Teachers want administrators to communicate clear expectations.

Resources ›For Educators What Do Teachers Want from School Stakeholders Share Flipboard Email Print Diane Collins and Jordan Hollender/Digital Vision/Getty Imagesby Derrick Meador Updated May 16, 2017Teachers often make do with what they have and are happy with any credit they receive. They are not teachers because of the money or the glory. They simply want to be known as difference makers. Their jobs are not easy, but there are many things that others can do to make their jobs easier. Teachers want several things from their students, parents, administration, other teachers, and the local community. Many of these things are easy to comply with, yet stakeholders often fail to fulfill these simple requests that could make each teacher tremendously better than they are. So what do teachers want? They want something different from each of the stakeholder groups that they deal with on a daily basis. These are basic and simple requests that when unfilled frustrates teachers, limits effectiveness, and keeps them from maximizing student potential. Here, we examine twenty-five things that teachers want that would boost student learning and improve teacher effectiveness significantly across all classrooms. What Do Teachers Want.......... From Students? Teachers want students to come to class each day ready to learn. They want them to come prepared, focused, and motivated. They want students to enjoy the learning process and to be active participants in the learning process. Teachers want students to be respectful. They want students to respect their authority. They want students to respect each other. They want students to respect themselves. A respectful and trusting environment allows teachers to maximize learning opportunities each day. Teachers want students to understand that the concepts they are teaching them are meaningful. They want their students to make real life connections. They want their students to see the big picture and to understand that they truly are there because they want to make a difference. Teachers want students to be critical thinkers. They want students who desire to understand the process of finding the answer as much as the answer itself. They want students who are not lazy and are as invested in learning as the teacher is in teaching. Teachers want students to recognize individual strengths and weaknesses. They want students to apply their strengths so that others in the class can learn from them. They want students to be aware of their weaknesses and to make a continuous effort to improve upon those weaknesses. What Do Teachers Want.......... From Parents? Teachers want parents to understand that they genuinely have their child’s best interest in mind. They want parents to understand that they are not out to get their child. They want parents to see them as the educational expert that can provide their child with a quality education. Teachers want parents to communicate their concerns appropriately. Teachers do not want parents to avoid or skirt around an issue. They want an open, trusting relationship with parents so they can figure out the best approach for teaching the student together. Teachers want parents to support them. They want parents to take them at their word and not to question their motives. They want parents to support and reinforce classroom management strategies which they have in place. They want parents who will volunteer to help out in any area help may be needed. Teachers want parents to be involved with their child’s education. They want parents to take an active role in the education of their child. They want parents who will ensure that all homework gets done and that the child is getting plenty of rest so that they will be alert in class each day. Teachers want parents to value education. They want parents to stress the importance of education from an early age. They want parents to read with their children each night, to help with homework, and to challenge them academically. What Do Teachers Want.......... From the Administration? Teachers want administrators to have their back in difficult situations. This includes student discipline, disagreements with parents, or confrontation with another faculty member. Teachers want to feel like their administrator (s) will listen to their side and back them if the evidence supports them. Teachers want administrators to provide them with adequate resources. Teachers understand that money can be tight for schools, but there are certain resources that they must have. If a teacher finds a resource that they believe will benefit all students, then they expect the administration to find a way to fund

They want to understand school policy and procedures that affect themselves. Teachers want administrators to clarify and explain the district’s expectations with issues such as classroom management, student learning, and communication. What Do Teachers Want.......... From Other Teachers? Teachers want other teachers to be professional. They do not expect other teachers to talk about them with their students, a parent, or another faculty member. They expect other teachers to value their opinion. They expect other teachers to adhere to the policies of the district. Teachers want other teachers to collaborate. They value other teachers’ opinions. They want them to share best practices and offer advice. They want a strong working relationship with other teachers in which they feel comfortable to share frustrations and success stories. Teachers want other teachers to be supportive. They want to know that other teachers believe that they are doing a terrific job. They want to know that their peers believe they are an effective teacher who does a solid job in preparing their students. Teachers want other teachers to be unified. They want other teachers to have the same general philosophy of educating students. They want to build relationships with other teachers that go beyond the walls of the school. Teachers want other teachers to respect differences. They want other teachers to understand that there is no one way to teach. They want them to understand that education would be boring if every teacher was the same. They want other teachers to steal brilliant ideas being used in their classroom and to apply it in their own. What Do Teachers Want.......... From Community Members? Teachers want community members to get involved. They want them to volunteer to help in classrooms, read a book to students, or help with a fundraiser. They want them to donate money to projects that they are doing. They want them to offer their services in any capacity that they would be able to help. Teachers want community members to share the mission and vision. They want them to pass bond issues. They want them to sit on school committees to gain their perspective and insight. They want them to take ownership in what the school is doing. Teachers want community members to understand the value of education. They want them to externalize the importance of a good education. They want education to be a high priority in their community. They want them to understand that the education the school is providing will have a significant impact on their future. Teachers want community members to be proud of their school. They want them to know that they have excellent teachers. They want them to be proud of the facilities. They want them to celebrate in student achievements in academics, athletics, and other extracurricular activities. Teachers want community members to stay involved. They do not want community members to disappear once their children are no longer in school. They want them to stay involved in the process. They believe that there is power in continuity.cite


what does gross mean?

whole; entire; total; without deduction; as, the gross sum, or gross amount, the gross weight; -- opposed to net Gross (adj)the main body; the chief part, bulk, or mass Grossthe number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as, a gross of bottles; ten gross of pens

Definitions &Translations

"Princeton's Word Net (3.00 / 2 votes)Rate this definition:gross, 144 (noun)twelve dozengross, revenue, receipts (adj)the entire amount of income before any deductions are madegross (adj)before any deductions""gross income""gross (adj)lacking fine distinctions or detail""the gross details of the structure appear reasonable""gross, porcine (adj)repellently fat""a bald porcine old man""megascopic, gross (adj)visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features)arrant (a), complete (a), consummate (a), double-dyed (a), everlasting (a), gross (a), perfect (a), pure (a), sodding (a), stark (a), staring (a), thoroughgoing (a), utter (a), unadulterated (adj)without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers""an arrant fool""; ""a complete coward""; ""a consummate fool""; ""a double-dyed villain""; ""gross negligence""; ""a perfect idiot""; ""pure folly""; ""what a sodding mess""; ""stark staring mad""; ""a thoroughgoing villain""; ""utter nonsense""; ""the unadulterated truth""crude, earthy, gross, vulgar (adj)conspicuously and tastelessly indecent""coarse language""; ""a crude joke""; ""crude behavior""; ""an earthy sense of humor""; ""a revoltingly gross expletive""; ""a vulgar gesture""; ""full of language so vulgar it should have been edited""crying (a), egregious, flagrant, glaring, gross, rank (verb)conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible""a crying shame""; ""an egregious lie""; ""flagrant violation of human rights""; ""a glaring error""; ""gross ineptitude""; ""gross injustice""; ""rank treachery""gross (verb)earn before taxes, expenses, etc. GCIDE (1.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition: Gross (a. )Hence: Disgusting; repulsive; highly offensive; as, a gross remark. Origin: [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. Engross, Grocer, Grogram. ]Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:gross (Noun)A unit of amount = twelve dozen = 144 pcs.gross (Noun)The total nominal earnings or amount, before taxes, expenses, exceptions or similar are deducted. That which remains after all deductions is called net.gross (Noun)The bulk, the mass, the masses.gross (Verb)To earn money, not including expenses. The movie grossed three million on the first weekend.gross (Adjective)Disgusting.gross (Adjective)Coarse, rude, vulgar, obscene, or impure. But man to know God is a difficulty, except by a mean he himself inure, which is to know Godu2019s creatures that be: at first them that be of the grossest nature, and then [...] them that be more pure. u2014 1874: Dodsley et al., A Select Collection of Old English Playsgross (Adjective)Great, large, palpable, bulky, or fat.gross (Adjective)Great, serious, flagrant, or shamefulgross (Adjective)the whole amount; entire; total before any deductions.gross domestic productgross (Adjective)Dull. Gross (Proper Noun), originally a nickname for a big man, from gros. Origin: From gross, from gros, from grossus, and grossus, of origin, from groz, from grautaz, from ghrewə-. Cognate with dialectal grôt, groût, and grô, groot, groß, great. More at great. Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Grossgreat; large; bulky; fat; of huge size; excessively large Grosscoarse; rough; not fine or delicate Grossnot easily aroused or excited; not sensitive in perception or feeling; dull; witless Grossexpressing, Or originating in, animal or sensual appetites; hence, coarse, vulgar, low, obscene, or impure Grossthick; dense; not attenuated; as, a gross medium Grossgreat; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as, a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence Gross

Origin: [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. Engross, Grocer, Grogram. ]Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Gross In economics, gross means before deductions. The antonym is net, meaning after deductions. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Grossgrōs, adj. coarse: rough: dense: palpable, glaring, shameful: whole: coarse in mind: stupid: sensual: obscene.— n. the main bulk: the whole taken together: a great hundred—i.e. twelve dozen.— adv. Gross′ly .— n. Gross′ness .— In gross, in bulk, wholesale. [Fr. gros —L. grossus, thick. ]British National Corpus Spoken Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'gross' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #4176Written Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'gross' in Written Corpus Frequency: #3774Adjectives Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'gross' in Adjectives Frequency: #546Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of gross in Chaldean Numerology is: 9Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of gross in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6Sample Sentences & Example Usage Nina Shea: This is de facto discrimination and a gross injustice. Tammo Diemer: As a result, the gross capital requirement will be higher. Kati Piri: Gross human rights violations are happening on both sides. Horatio Mihet: This is a clear, gross violation of the rights of a child. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: I have seen gross intolerance shown in support of tolerance. Images & Illustrations of gross "


watery blurry eyes

Other Eye Conditions: For example, glaucoma, cataracts, or macular degeneration Dry Eyes: Blurry vision is a symptom of this syndrome Migraines: Some people experience blurry vision before the onset of a migraine Cataracts: Causes the lenses to become cloudy

Blurred Vision â Causes, Symptoms, and Relief

Blurred Vision — Causes, Symptoms, and Relief Authored by Dr. William Trattler Reviewed by Michael Garin O. D. Jump Down to Section Blurred Vision Symptoms You May Develop ↓ Why Is My Vision Blurry? ↓Diagnosing the Cause of Blurred Vision ↓ Relieving Blurred Vision — It's Possible! ↓Can Blurry Vision Be Prevented? ↓ When to Contact Your Eye Doctor about Blurred Vision ↓Talking to Your Eye Doctor ↓Did you know that blurred vision can be an important sign of eye disease? It’s true!

But eye diseases aren’t the only thing that can cause your vision to be blurry. This issue can affect one eye or both eyes, and can occur often or rarely. Either way, if you notice your vision becomes blurry, contact your eye doctor sooner rather than later.

If you’re struggling to focus on words or signs that you used to be able to read just fine, don’t get frustrated… just contact your doctor. Your age and health should not matter at this point. Just get an appointment set-up asap. You don’t want to go blind, do you? Because if you let this problem linger long enough, it could lead to blindness. It’s best to get into your doctor’s office to see what’s going on. In most cases, your doctor appointment won’t last more than an hour. Blurred Vision Symptoms You May Develop

In some cases blurred vision may be accompanied by additional symptoms in one or both eyes. There is usually some other underlying cause. Symptoms can include: Photophobia (sensitivity to light)Floaters or spots Eye pain Discharge from eye Loss of peripheral vision

Loss of central vision Dry eyes Itchy eyes Increased tear production Poor night vision Red bloodshot eyes Bleeding from eye Poor near vision Why Is My Vision Blurry? As noted above, blurred vision can be a sign of an underlying problem. Of course people who forget to wear their prescribed corrective lenses experience blurry vision, but it’s not always that simple. Yet, vision loss issues such as blindness , double vision, or blurry vision can mean any of a number of different things, ranging from dry eyes or glaucoma to migraines or retinal detachments. There is a long list of possible causes of blurry vision. Let’s go over a few of them now…Refractive Eye Conditions: Indicates the need for corrective lenses, or a new lens prescription Myopia: Nearsightedness Presbyopia: A diminishing ability to focus

Contact Lenses: Dirty or damaged contact lenses can cause blurry vision Diabetes Sometimes medications cause blurry vision. There are many prescribed drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and supplements that can cause this problem, including: Certain anticholinergics Some antihypertensives Some asychotropic drugs Oral contraceptives Cortisone Some antidepressants Some heart medications Diagnosing the Cause of Blurred Vision While trying to find the cause of your blurred vision your eye doctor may perform one or more of the following tests: Slit-lamp examination: Your eye doctor will have you place your chin on a resting pad at first. Then he or she will use a machine to focus on different structures in the front and back of the eye. This helps them see if the eye is functioning properly or not. When necessary, the doctor may adjust the light and the level of magnification in order to see better. Anesthetic eye drops are given to numb the surface of your eye, as well as an eye drop called fluorescein to coat the surface of your eye. If anything looks weird on the surface of the cornea it will glow under a blue light. Fluorescein is also used to measure the intraocular pressure (see below). Refraction test: This test measures your prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses. A device called a phoroptor or refractor is used. Looking through the device, you will be asked to focus on a Snellen eye chart. As your eye doctor asks you to read the chart, he or she will determine whether you need eyeglasses or not. Tonometry: Using the glowing eye drops mentioned above, your eye doctor will measure your eye pressure. This is done with a device called a tonometer, which is attached to the slit-lamp. You will be asked to keep your eyes wide open and to breathe normally. The tonometer is brought up to the surface of each eye to measure the pressure. Sometimes eye doctors measure intraocular pressure with a puff of air on the surface of the eye. Relieving Blurred Vision — It’s Possible!If you are experiencing blurred vision, you should visit your eye doctor as soon as possible. There may be a wide variety of treatment options to choose from. Here are a few things you can do to try to bring your vision back into focus: Try reading glasses (pick a pair with the lowest magnifying power Stand at least a foot away from the rack of glasses and try to read the letters on the signs If you cannot read the letters, pick a pair with a higher magnification Do this until you find a pair that works for you for your needs It’s important to know that both eyes do not always lose vision at the same rate or at the same time. Try to trick your brain by using two different contact lenses rather than using the same prescription. One lens can be for distance vision and the other for near vision. Wearing contacts in this fashion is called monovision, or blended vision. Monovision lenses allow the brain to automatically focus the eyes for both distant and near vision. You can learn more about monovision here. If your eye exam does not uncover any problems, you might just need eye drops to soothe your eyes. Over-the-counter drops are available, or your doctor can write you a prescription. Finally, if you do wear glasses or contact lenses, try cleaning them. Oil and debris can build up on the lenses and cause blurry or fuzzy vision. Many different types of cleaning solutions can be purchased over the counter, but it’s always a good idea to talk with your eye doctors first. Not all solutions work well with all types of lenses. For blurriness caused by cataracts, there are surgical options to replace the old lens with a new one. Can Blurry Vision Be Prevented? Blurry vision sometimes happens to the best of us. Most of the time, however, it can be corrected or prevented. For example, wearing sunglasses will decrease sensitivity to light. Or you can avoid drinking alcohol, which is known to alter vision. Regular eye examinations are extremely important, especially if you are over the age of 65, or if you have a health condition such as diabetes or high blood pressure. The following chart will help you see when you should schedule your next visit. Age Frequency0 to 6 months Minimum of once a year6 months to 18 years Every 2 – 4 years19 to 39 years Every 3 – 5 years40 to 64 years Every 2 – 4 years65 and older Every 1 – 2 years When to Contact Your Eye Doctor about Blurred Vision When blurred vision is associated with the symptoms listed above, consider contacting your eye doctor for a check-up. Furthermore, if medication has caused the blurry vision, do not discontinue or switch medications before seeing your eye doctor. If you are having eye pain and the eye is red, call your eye doctor immediately. Also, partial or complete blindness, even if it is temporary, should never go ignored since it is a medical emergency. Talking to Your Eye Doctor Here are some questions to ask your eye doctor about blurry vision: What is causing my blurry vision? How soon should I come back for a follow-up visit? Which type of diagnostic tests should I expect? What do I need to do to prepare for my next appointment? Also, has my prescription changed since my last visit? Will I need to wear glasses on a regular basis to prevent blurry vision? Will I be able to drive myself home today? Did you know …approximately 42 million Americans have no vision problems?


hiking on mount rainier in the winter

Mount Rainier National Park is a popular place to enjoy winter activities. The mountain receives abundant snowfall and the scenery is spectacular. In winter, recreational opportunities are numerous. A winter visit to Mount Rainier can include ranger-guided snowshoe walks, Paradise snowplay, camping, snowboarding and skiing. More information on winter recreation is available in the winter issue of the park's Tahoma newspaper.

Winter Recreation

"Winter Recreation Winter Camping Food Storage Snowplay - Sledding & Sliding Ranger-guided Snowshoe Walks Skiing & Snowboarding Snowmobiling NPS Photo

The Winter Recreation brochure includes a winter recreation map of Paradise with marked trails and other useful winter recreation information. The Winter Camping brochure provides information for those wishing to camp at Paradise. For larger groups wishing to snow camp at Paradise, please read the Winter Group Camping brochure.

Learn about winter hiking opportunities at Longmire in the Longmire Winter Trails brochure. With the arrival of snow in late October, Mount Rainier's beauty changes and so do its challenges. Visitors planning to travel to the park in winter should familiarize themselves with winter travel tips, road status, weather forecast, and be prepared for potential winter hazards.

Follow Mount Rainier's twitter feed for park road status and Longmire gate opening/closing status and other announcements. For any questions on winter activities and snow conditions, contact the Longmire Information Center at 360-569-6575. Winter Camping Food Storage Habituated Cascade foxes and other wildlife have been obtaining winter campers' food throughout the Paradise/Reflection Lakes/Tatoosh area. This has resulted in damage to camping equipment and increasingly persistent and aggressive wildlife behavior. Proper food storage is required at all times when camping. All campers must hang food, garbage and scented items to keep them out of reach of wildlife, or secure them in an approved hard-sided container (5-gallon plastic buckets with tight-fitting lids, or manufactured wildlife resistant food containers). Hung food should also be stored inside a container to prevent habituated jays and ravens from obtaining food out of stuff sacks. Hard-sided containers are REQUIRED in all Paradise area winter camping zones (Paradise, Mazama Ridge, Reflection Lakes, Tatoosh). Wildlife - resistant food containers are available for loan - ask a ranger when obtaining your camping permit. Campers in the immediate Paradise area are requested to place food items inside their vehicles at night and when unattended during the day. Hard-sided, lockable containers may also be utilized on site. Please do not feed wildlife. Report any habituated wildlife encounters to a ranger. For general information on winter camping download the Winter Camping publication. Paradise snowplay NPS photo Snowplay - Sledding and Sliding Update 3/26/18: The snowplay/sledding area in Paradise will be OPEN through April 8th. The snowplay area at Paradise is generally open late December through mid-March, depending on snow. Sufficient snowpack is required to protect the meadow vegetation before the snowplay area can be opened. Sledding and sliding are permitted only in the designated snow play area at Paradise. Trees, tree wells, and cliffs make other areas dangerous. For everyone's safety, use ""soft"" sliding devices-flexible sleds, inner tubes, and saucers. No hard toboggans or runner sleds. Note: Check the status of road and avalanche conditions before leaving home. Remember all vehicles are required to carry tire chains when traveling in the park in winter. Explore a different side of Paradise on a ranger-guided snowshoe walk. NPS Photo Ranger-Guided Snowshoe Walks Join a park ranger to learn the art of snowshoeing and discover how plants, animals, and people adapt to the challenging winter conditions at Mount Rainier. When: First-come, first-served guided snowshoe walks at Paradise are currently running through April 1, 2018, conditions permitting. The walks are generally offered on Saturdays, Sundays, holidays, and daily during winter break from December 22 to January 1. Walks start at 11:00 am and 1:30 pm and meet inside the Jackson Visitor Center (near the information desk) in Paradise. Sign-ups begin 1 hour in advance of scheduled time. Distance & Time: Snowshoe walks cover approximately 1.8 miles in 2 hours. Group size: Snowshoe walks are limited to 25 people, eight years old or older, on a first-come, first-served basis. A sign-up sheet is available at the Jackson Visitor Center information desk one hour before each walk. All snowshoe walk participants must be present at sign-up. Organized Groups: Update 1/8/18. Reservable snowshoe walks for groups begin January 6, 2018, with reservations accepted starting in November. Snowshoe walks are available to organized groups of 15 to 25 people by reservation only. Group snowshoe walks begin at 2:00 pm on the days that snowshoe walks are offered to the general public (see above). For more information, or to make reservations for a group snowshoe walk, call (360) 569-6575 between 9:30 am-4:00pm, or visit the Longmire Information Center or Jackson Visitor Center. Equipment: For an enjoyable snowshoe walk, you will need: Snowshoes - Snowshoes are provided by the park only for those attending the ranger-guided snowshoe walks, and only for the duration of the walk. A $5.00 donation from each snowshoe walk participant helps the park provide snowshoe walks and repair and replace snowshoes. Additionally, the park concessioner rents snowshoes to anyone wishing to snowshoe in the park; check at the Longmire General Store for availability and rental rates. Or you may use your own snowshoes. Hat Mittens/Gloves Suitable boots (you will sink into the snow even wearing snowshoes)Sunscreen Sunglasses Skiing and Snowboarding To avoid damaging exposed vegetation, a minimum of 5 feet of snow is strongly advised for skiing and snowboarding. Obtain further information at the Jackson Visitor Center at Paradise (weekends and holidays) and the Longmire Information Center (daily). Snowmobiling In the southwest corner of the park, snowmobiles are permitted for 6.5 miles along the Westside Road from its junction with the main park road as far as Round Pass. Beyond Round Pass, the Westside Road is closed to snowmobile use. Snowmobiles are also permitted on all the road loops of Cougar Rock Campground. The campground is closed to overnight use during winter and the roadway is left unplowed. Contact a park ranger at the Longmire Information Center for maps and additional snowmobile information. On the north side of the park, no ranger station is open in the winter. The US Forest Service District Office in Enumclaw provides information and maps for White River, Carbon River, and Mowich Lake areas. For more information, call the USFS District Office in Enumclaw at (360) 825-6585. Highway 410 is closed near its junction with Crystal Mountain Ski Area road, at the north park boundary. Snowmobiles are permitted on the 12-mile section of unplowed road from the north park boundary on Highway 410 to the White River Campground. Snowmobiles may not continue on Hwy 410 south of the White River Road turnoff. They are also prohibited from proceeding beyond the closure at the White River Campground road junction towards Sunrise. Snowmobiles must stay on the road corridor; they are not allowed to proceed beyond the campground towards Glacier Basin. Be aware of avalanche danger and the weather forecast. Wilderness permits, required for all backcountry camping, and climbing registration cards are available at the north boundary arch on Highway 410 or by self registration at the Ohanapecosh Ranger Station. Top of page "

Winter Recreation


what is an example of speciation

The cause of sympatric speciation is not known but could be based on varied food sources or traits that spontaneously develop. Each of these different types of speciation is an important part of the process of evolution. Some Examples of Speciation You can see a lot of different examples of speciation in nature. Some of these different examples include: Hawthorn fly Three-spined sticklebacks Cichlid fishes in Lake Nagubago Tennessee cave salamanders Greenish Warbler

Examples of Speciation

7th grade 8th grade 9th grade Middle School High School College The term speciation, which was first coined by biologist Orator F. Cook, refers to the process of evolution through which new species arise. In nature there are four different means of speciation: allopatric, parapatric, sympatric, and peripatric. Understanding Speciation It is very important to understand the types of natural speciation to understand how it occurs. For example: Allopatric speciation occurs when an animal population is forced to be split between two geographical areas as a result of geographical change. As a result, there are mutations that occur in the split populations which affect the ability of the two groups to reproduce if and when they are reintroduced. Peripatric speciation occurs when new species arise in isolation. As in allopatric speciation, the new species is unable to reproduce with others in the original population. Parapatric speciation occurs when populations are only partially separated and therefore do sometimes make contact. In this situation, the reproduction is based on selection of the best traits within the group. Sympatric speciation is differentiated from the other three because it occurs in one geographic location. Some scientists would call this type of speciation controversial and there are some who do not believe it exists.

Ensatina salamanders Larus gulls Petroica multicolor Drosophila Mayr bird fauna Finches Squirrels in the north and south rims of the Grand Canyon Apple maggot Faeroe Island house mouse Primula kewensis Croatian lizards Speciation can be natural and can occur as a normal part of the evolutionary process. Artificial speciation is also possible and can be created by laboratory experiments or through agriculture and animal husbandry. Fruit flies are a primary example of artificial speciation. Another well-known example is domestic sheep. Speciation Results in a New Breed It is important to note that speciation occurs when there is a new species, not just a new sub-species. For example, many pet owners are excited to own dogs that have been bred together to create a new breed. The new breed is not considered a new species. The reason for this is that the new breed is still able to reproduce with the other breed. A new species is not able to reproduce with members of the original population. A similar example, in plant form, are brussel sprouts, collards and kohlrabi. They are all plants that are part of the same species Brassica oleracea, the species to which cabbage and broccoli also belong. So, now you better understand what speciation is - and is not - and you can see examples of speciation in nature to better understand evolution. Link/Cite Do you have a good example to share? Add your example here.