who led the push for modernization in turkey?

Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Turkey underwent a sweeping program of modernization based on progressive and secular ideas. Turkey is a republican parliamentary democracy and its constitution is founded on six basic principles: republicanism, Turkish nationalism, populism, secularism, statism (close state control of the economy), and revolutionism.

INDEPENDENCE AND DECOLONIZATION, MIDDLE EASTIn the decades immediately following the conclusion of World War II, European formal empires in the Middle East began to unravel. France retreated from Syria and Lebanon in 1946 after numerous catastrophic engagements with local peoples. The British withdrew from Palestine in 1948, leaving behind the new state of Israel, which was carved out of a large portion of Palestine; from most of the rest was created Jordan. A series of treaties and agreements led to British withdrawal from Egypt and Iraq; as a result of one of these agreements, Sudan also gained independence. While the formal empires of European countries seemingly disintegrated in the 1950s, the former colonial powers, now joined by the United States, continued to maintain a presence in the region. Britain and the United States focused on controlling the production of oil. Such interests now had the added dimension of being pursued within the larger framework of geopolitical tensions created by the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Indeed, the independence process has been very complex in the Middle East. According to historian Albert Hourani, ”It would be better … to see the history of this period as that of a complex interaction: of the will of ancient and stable societies to reconstitute themselves, preserving what they had of their own while making the necessary changes in order to survive in the modern world increasingly organized on other principles, and where the centers of world power have lain for long, and still lie, outside the Middle East” (Hourani, Khoury, and Wilson 2004, p. 4). To understand the form the processes of independence and decolonization took in the Middle East, one has to begin in the nineteenth century. The British, the French, and the Ottomans had varying degrees of control in different parts of the region; throughout the region, a strong nationalist sentiment opposed this foreign control. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the ideal of autonomy was disseminated by such organizations as the National Party in Egypt, the Young Ottomans and then the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, secret Arab societies in Beirut and Damascus, and the Young Tunisians. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such groups began to organize nationalist demonstrations; some directly challenged the imperial rule of the British, the French, and even the Ottoman Turks. The organizations’ ideological leadership gave direction to these direct challenges to imperial presence. Arab nationalism became popular among intellectuals in Greater Syria; Turkish nationalism also grew, with its own ideas about how national communities ought to be formed. In Iran, different currents of nationalism imagined different futures for the country. Throughout the region, the relationship between colony and metropole (the colonizing power) deeply affected the intellectual, ideological, and material development of both. For example, the more the French sought to gain materially from Algeria, the more resistance developed among the Algerians. Over time, this resistance coalesced into a sense of nationalism that was completely at odds with the political reality of being colonized, that is, existing only for the betterment of the colonizer. Feelings of political identity, economic identity, geographic identity, and religious identity coalesced into a powerful force. This force, on the one hand, forged powerful bonds, and on the other hand, made Middle Easterners see themselves as distinctly different from Europeans. Some of the earliest attempts to achieve independence, or at least self-determination, occurred in the context of World War I. In 1916 the British promised independence to Hussein ibn Ali, the emir of Mecca and sharif of the Hashemite family, if he would help them against the Ottomans. In the same year Britain also signed the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with France, which called for an independent Arab State or a confederation of states, although it was calculatedly ambiguous on the question of how much of a role each of these powers would play in this “independent” state. According to the agreement, postwar Middle East was to be divided among the allies, with France and Britain “prepared to recognize and protect an independent Arab state or a conferedation of states … under the suzerainty of an Arab chief.” Portions of present-day Turkey, Syria, Transjordan, Palestine, and Iraq were to constitute this so-called independent state. At the conclusion of the war, Britain and France divided various portions of the Middle East into new territories called mandates, with the ostensible rationale of mentoring these mandates as they progressed toward independence. In reality, they used their powerful position as a way to advance their own interests, thus earning the resentment of Arabs. For much of the nineteenth century the various nationalist groups mentioned above, and others like them, organized and in some cases fought against imperial rule—not only against the British and the French, but also against the Ottoman Turks. In the Arab countries, nationalism, which originated among educated elites, spread increasingly to all sectors of society as the promised self-determination failed to appear and occupation and colonial control continued. In Turkey and Iran, nationalist movements began gaining strength in the late nineteenth century and modern states began to emerge in the 1910s. Over the course of the twentieth century, decolonization took varying forms in these disparate areas, as did the new states and societies that emerged. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARAB NATIONALISMArab nationalism continues to be a powerful force in today’s world. The term Arab is fraught with historical difficulties; today it usually refers to a person whose language is Arabic. Equally difficult is the phrase Arab nationalism; this can be used both as an equivalent to Pan-Arabism and more specifically to refer to independence struggles in Arabic-speaking countries. The 1850s and 1860s witnessed a growing sense of Arab identity. This was manifest in the renewed study of the ‘Abbasid period (ca. 750 to ca. 1258), and, in turn, accounts of ‘Abbasid grandeur, wealth, and intellectual pursuits served to inspire Arab pride and solidarity. By the close of the nineteenth century and into the early part of the twentieth century, in Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus, a new literate class developed that began advocating the notion of Arab “nations.” This growing intelligentsia advocated not only a sense of national solidarity, but also a method of societal organization and plans for independent development. Arabs had to at once break loose from the Ottoman Empire’s historical control and keep the European nation-states at bay. World War I led to a decrease in the power of the Ottomans, but there was a simultaneous, if short-lived, increase of British and French domination of the Arab world’s socioeconomic development. In 1913, the Arab National Congress demanded governmental autonomy for the Arab provinces of the ailing and loosely consolidated Ottoman Empire. Calls for greater autonomy were also directed at the British and French, whose influence and control were well established, but deeply resented by the Arabs. With the advent of World War I in 1914, Arab demands began to threaten Britain’s position in the region, particularly as the Germans took advantage of the situation to promote anti-British sentiment. The Germans made contact with Hussein, the Sherif of Mecca, who had considerable influence on regional Muslim populations. Hussein continued to assist the Germans until June 1915. Another valuable contact for the Germans was Ibn Saud, who was quite powerful in the Arabian Peninsula, and exercised considerable influence in the region up to the Persian Gulf to the east; all of this land was exclusively under British authority. In the latter part of 1915, Hussein resumed friendly relations with the British, whose assistance he sought in negotiations aimed at winning Arab freedom from Ottoman control. In 1916, despite offering their assistance and support for an “Arab Confederation,” the British signed the Sykes-Picot agreement with the French, the details of which were to be kept a secret from the Arabs. These details were nonetheless made public by Bolshevik Russia; as news spread, the various Arab nationalist organizations became alarmed, as sovereignty appeared to be slipping away rather than coming closer. The year 1917 was witness to an event that has had a lasting impact on the geopolitics of the Middle East. The Balfour Declaration, made in November of that year, left a legacy that the Middle East and the rest of the world continue to confront into the twenty-first century. In a published letter to Lord Rothschild, a prominent leader of the British Jewish community, the British secretary of foreign affairs, Arthur James Balfour, stated that Britain favored the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine. Balfour added that such a homeland was to be established with the understanding that nothing would be done to compromise the civil and religious rights of the other inhabitants of Palestine. That Palestine continues to be occupied and the state of Israel continues to contest its borders belies the initial intent of creating a Jewish homeland there. The Arab Revolt against the Ottomans that started in 1916 came to an end in 1918 with Palestine and Syria free of Ottoman control. However, in place of the older empire came British control; it was an unforeseen consequence of seeking British help in ousting the Ottomans. Arabs expected the British to grant them independence at the end of World War I. Instead they got the 1919 arrangements between the French and British to divide the Middle East between themselves— Britain gained control of Mesopotamia (Iraq), Palestine, and present-day Jordan, and the French were to control Syria and Lebanon. Only the remote desert areas were free of British-French control. As mentioned above, these new territories were officially considered mandates, and were registered as such with the recently formed League of Nations. From the 1920s to about the 1960s, Arab nationalism matured into a force that was ever more difficult to contend with for the British and French. The most powerful example of this maturation was the formation of the League of Arab States, which was set up by Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Transjordan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia; it demonstrated Arab unity and cooperation in creating a future for Middle Eastern peoples. As one after another nation-state was formed, each with a distinct identity, a new era emerged in the western and southwestern reaches of Asia. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN NATION-STATESThe section that follows will consist of a country-by-country consideration of decolonization and modernization in the Middle East; because the region comprises so many nation-states, the attention paid to individual countries will necessarily be brief. Turkey and Iran have been included here because they fall within some definitions of the Middle East and are clearly part of the regional geopolitical mix; barring Egypt, North African states are not discussed. A notable factor affecting all countries in the region was the discovery of oil in the 1920s and 1930s. Oil production had a tremendous impact on Middle Eastern economies, of course, but by the 1950s it also was affecting the entire global economy. This inevitably led to a shift in the geopolitical processes at work in the region. BAHRAINLocated on the Persian Gulf, and comprised of thirty-three islands, Bahrain historically has had contact with several other peoples and nations, mostly through trade. Additionally, it has been occupied by several of them, namely the Persians, the Omanis, the Portuguese, and the British. Between 1861 and 1971 Bahrain was a British protectorate. The ruling family of Bahrain, the Al Khalifa family, arrived in the area in the mid-eighteenth century, and had to contend with successive occupiers. It was one of the Al Khalifas, ‘Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, who effected the transfer of Bahrain from the British to its own people in 1971. Termination of British control was not necessarily the result of pressure from the local people. Perceptions of Britain’s changed position in the world were largely responsible for its receding from the Gulf regions. Britain’s withdrawal of troops from the Gulf region in 1968 led to Emir al Khalifa declaring independent in 1971. Bahrain signed a treaty of friendship with Britain, thus concluding Britain’s status as a protectorate. Eventually Bahrain joined the United Nations and the Arab League. Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy, and the reins of government are passed by the emir to his eldest son. Bahrain was one of the first Gulf states to reap oil profits following the discovery of oil in 1932. Its citizens enjoy these benefits today in the form of high-quality education and health care; however, unemployment continues to be a problem. Tensions between Bahrain’s rulers and the country’s poor Shi’ites also give cause for concern. Bahrain has cordial relations with its Gulf neighbors, other Arab nations, and several Western nations, including Britain and the United States. Because its economy is well diversified, the economic future of this small kingdom is bright. EGYPTFrance and Britain had equal interest in managing Egypt’s future; this sharing of power was called caise de la dette (dual control). Their dual partnership of commercial and then eventually political interests started at the turn of the nineteenth century and continued until 1882. ‘Urabl Pasha Al-Misr I, an officer in the Egyptian army and a nationalist, resented the presence of Turkish ad Circassion officers. He led a revolt against them in 1881 and became a national hero with his slogan, ”Misr licl Misriym” (Egypt for Egyptians). The ruler of Egypt, concerned about ‘Urabl’s increasing popularity, asked for British and French assistance in curbing it. Eager to oblige, Britain and France orchestrated a naval demonstration at Alexandria. Riots followed in the city, which the British then bombarded. ‘Urabl led the Egyptian army against the foreigners; he was defeated, which cleared the way for Britain’s domination over Egypt. Egypt, which was acquired by Britain as a protectorate in 1914, formally became an independent state in 1936, though it remained a monarchy until 1953. Arab nationalism and anti-imperialism, which were at times militant, were strong in Egypt as long as British rule, direct and indirect, continued to emanate from Cairo. Egyptian nationalism was evident throughout the early decades of the twentieth century. Britain declared war against the Ottomans in November 1914 and a month later pronounced Egypt its protectorate. At this point nationalism was a response to local concerns; the masses suffered due to the demands of World War I on Egypt. British occupation, with the declaration of martial law, damaged nationalist expressions of the intellectuals. In 1917 Ahmad Fu’ad became the sultan. In the days following the conclusion of the Great War, three Egyptian politicians led by Sa’d Zaghlul demanded autonomy for Egypt; they decided to take a delegation (in Arabic, Wafd) to England. The British government took two actions that accelerated the spread of the nationalist movement. First it refused the delegation, and then it arrested Zaghlual. Egypt erupted in revolt. The representatives in Britain negotiated a calm with the nationalists; Zaghlul was released and the Wafd began to dominate Egyptian politics. It pressured the British to negotiate an “independence,” which ended Egypt’s protectorate status, but the British government reserved authority in matters of defense, foreign interests, imperial communications, and the Sudan. Fu’ad became the king of Egypt in 1922, heading a constitutional monarchy. The Wafd, the most popular nationalist party led by Zaghlul, continued its demands for true national independence. In the 1930s King Farouk (who succeeded Fu’ad) was considerably popular, but the Wafd rapidly lost its place as the beacon of Egyptian nationalism when its leadership elected to assist the British in the war effort. At the end of World War II, Egyptian politics were in complete disarray. The Wafd almost disappeared from the scene; the torch of nationalism passed to the Muslim brotherhood, a militant organization that had mass appeal. Through the 1940s, Cairo witnessed demonstrations that at times were violent. During the same decade, when Egypt played a crucial role in the formation of the Arab League and when Israel was created, Egypt’s nationalism reached new heights. Political instability became the order of the day until 1952, when waves of nationalism changed the course of Egypt’s destiny. On January 26, 1952, anti-British demonstrations that proved pivotal to the Egyptian nationalist movement broke out, leading to extensive damage to symbols of British presence in Cairo, such as hotels, a travel agency, and the airline offices. Seventeen Britons were also killed in what has since been named the Black Saturday riots. On July 23, 1952, a coup d’etat overthrew King Farouk, who was by now widely considered a puppet of the British. Planned by a group of military officers called the Free Officers’ Executive Committee, the coup was almost bloodless and Farouk went into exile. The president of the Free Officers’ Executive Committee, Gamal Abdul Nasser, became Egypt’s new leader. About a year later, Egypt was proclaimed a republic. Nasser quickly introduced social and land reforms, ultimately developing a reform program that came to be called Arab Socialism. Even with Nasser in power, Egypt continued to have ties—albeit uneasy ones—with the British and the Americans. Egypt became a leader among other Arab nations, and Nasser an Arab hero. Nasser demanded international recognition of Arab dignity and the right of Arab nations to cooperate in building their own futures. However, there were several roadblocks along Egypt’s path to decolonization. Western countries were not willing to offer loans without attaching unreasonable terms, leading Nasser to dub such loans “imperialism without soldiers.” By 1961, however, Nasser had developed a better relationship with Britain and the United States; both nations established full diplomatic ties with Egypt. A powerful challenge to Egypt’s future stability was the unresolved issue of the Occupied Territories of Palestine, also known as the state of Israel. Another challenge to Nasser’s government from within Egypt’s borders came from the Islamist lobby known as the Muslim Brotherhood. Nasser and his successor, Anwar Sadat, began a modernization process in Egypt that was met with resistance from Islamic conservatives, many of whom were jailed. Sadat paid with his life in 1981 when he was assassinated by Islamist extremists. In the last years of the twentieth century there were several difficulties confronting Egypt, particularly economic ones. While oil and cotton continued to be the country’s primary exports, most Egyptians—who constituted the fastest growing population in the Arab world— did not benefit from these exports. This led to increasing disaffection among some segments of the population, which turned increasingly to fundamentalist Islamist groups. The country’s leader, Hosni Mubarak, attempted to improve Egypt’s image in the Arab world—in recent decades Egypt had been perceived by many Arabs as being too close to the United States and Israel—while maintaining cordial relations with Western powers and Israel. Habib Bourguiba, March 23, 1956. Triumphant Tunisians carry nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba upon his return from Paris after the signing of the Franco-Tunisian Protocol proclaiming the independence of the protectorate. Bourguiba was elected president of independent Tunisia in 1957. IRANSince the beginning of the twentieth century, this Middle Eastern nation, currently known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, has undergone revolutionary political and ideological changes. The Qajar dynasty had ruled Iran from 1796 to 1925, but in 1925 Reza Khan established himself as Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty; his heirs had the right of succession to the throne. European presence and influence had grown throughout the nineteenth century, and by the end of the century there was considerable popular and religious antipathy because of the lavish lifestyle of the shahs and the resources expended to keep the Europeans pleased. In the popular unrest against the shah, merchants and Shl’ite clergy (ulama) combined their efforts. During the early part of the twentieth century they were joined by the landlords as well. A simultaneous movement started that was grounded in the ideologies learned through contact with the West, one that called for democratic reforms. With World War I the Russians withdrew from northern Iran, leaving the British as the sole European presence. Bowing to international pressures, Britain withdrew in 1921. In the same year an Iranian army officer, Reza Khan, staged a coup, taking over control of all the armed forces. As the war minister for the last Qajar ruler, Reza Khan built a strong army and brought political stability to a land that was in administrative upheaval. In 1925 he deposed the ruler, and with the approval of the aulamaa he was crowned as the shah. Reza Shah’s central government began to assert its authority in every aspect of the people’s lives. In 1935 the name of the country was changed from Persia to Iran. In the 1960s and 1970s the Shah of Iran began a concerted effort to turn Iran into a modernized and westernized state, utilizing the wealth gained from oil for this purpose. The Shah launched the ”White Revolution,” by which suffrage was extended to women, and limited land reforms were made. However, the wealth from the massive reserves of oil and natural gas was unequally distributed, causing internal strife and dissent on a rather large scale; opposition came most prominently from Islamic officials, particularly Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In an effort to control the dissent from within and maintain good relations with Western nations, the Shah became more repressive. At the same time, to silence his critics at home he promised that his government would observe Islamic tenets, extend support to Palestinians, and stop the export of oil to Israel and South Africa. He did not make good on those promises, and for this and a host of other reasons he was unable to prevent a revolution. In January 1979, after his own army refused to continue firing on the people, the Shah was forced to leave Iran. Weeks after, Ayatollah Khomeini flew in from Paris and set off an Islamic revolution that led to the creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Republic is a theocratic state, with an elected president and a unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly. From 1980 to 1988 Iran and Iraq fought a bitter war after Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein sent his troops to invade Iran. Despite the vast amounts of oil production from its nationalized oilfields, Iran continues to have economic problems as it has not diversified its economy or encouraged foreign investment. Iran remains a loner among the nations of the Middle East, as it does not have cordial relations with most of its Arab neighbors and also has not maintained congenial contacts with Western nations. IRAQAs mentioned earlier, Iraq became a formal mandate of Britain in 1919. British presence in the region predated the formal assignation of mandate status, however, and was already a source of resentment; the mandate system only made matters worse. The system was reworked when Iraqi revolts against the British started in the 1920s; in its place was formed a provisional government controlled by the British. Arab resistance to being colonized grew apace. In June 1930 an Anglo-Iraqi treaty formally conferred independence to Iraq, with the caveat that Iraq would have ”full and frank consultations with Great Britain on all matters of foreign policy.” In this manner, Britain retained control over Iraq’s future relations with its neighbors (of which the most important for Britain was Iran). Furthermore, with the Hashemite monarchy in power, pro-British civilians governed Iraq well into the 1950s. A military coup d’etat in 1958 displaced the Hashemites, after which Iraq aligned with Egypt. As the process of decolonization took a more militant turn, Iraq suffered much unrest, until 1963 when a new socialist government formed by a coalition of nationalist army officers and members of the Ba’ath Party took power. After 1968 the Ba’athists were the sole ruling authority of Iraq. Saddam Hussein, who had played a powerful role from the wings, became the president of Iraq in 1979 and stayed in power until 2003, when he was ousted by the coalition forces of the United States and United Kingdom. While the exports of this oil-rich country could have made for a modern state, the benefits of oil wealth did not accrue to Iraq’s people. This resulted in deteriorating infrastructure, periodic rebellions on the part of Kurdish and Shi’ite populations, economic sanctions from the United Nations, and involvement in wars with Iran, Kuwait, and the United States. These problems led in turn to a depletion of Iraq’s national resources, financial bankruptcy, and a dramatic drop in standards of living. In March of 2003 the United States invaded Iraq, which as of 2006 it continues to occupy, with no end to the occupation in sight, despite a violent and protracted insurgency aimed at driving it from the country. JORDANLike most nations of the Arab world, Jordan seeks to preserve its ancient history alongside modern developments. Because Jordan (formerly known as Transjordan) is surrounded by numerous other, arguably more powerful, Arab states (and Israel), it has had to delicately balance its affairs and relations with other countries. The territory that is now Jordan was formerly part of Syria and under Ottoman control. After World War I the Ottoman Empire collapsed and in 1922 the League of Nations split up the former Syria into modern-day Syria, which became a French mandate, and Palestine and Transjordan, which became British mandates. Transjordan’s independence was achieved in two stages. First, in December 1922 the British, while retaining the country’s mandate status, recognized its constitutional independence under Emir Abdullah, son of Sherif Hussein. It was not until March 1946 that full independence was granted; Transjordan became a constitutional monarchy and Emir Abdullah was proclaimed king. In 1949 the country was renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, an entity Abdullah hoped would eventually include Palestine. Other Arab nations, particularly Egypt, objected to the idea of incorporating Palestine, and in 1951 Abdullah was assassinated in Jerusalem’s al-Aqsa Mosque by a Palestinian youth who opposed his expansionist ideas. The throne passed to his son, who was quickly deposed because of his problems with mental illness. In 1952 British-educated Prince Hussein, then only seventeen, became the ruler. King Hussein is perhaps the best known of Jordan’s rulers, because of his untiring efforts to achieve a stable balance of power in the Middle East. He was assisted in his efforts by the United States, which, in pursuance of the Eisenhower Doctrine, sought to replace Britain as the primary Western power in the region. King Hussein maintained good relations with several Arab nations as well, notably Egypt and Saudi Arabia. As a small country with limited resources, Jordan has had to contend with chronic debt, poverty, unemployment, and water shortages. Following the Israeli occupation of the West Bank in 1967, Jordan lost almost half of its arable land, causing further economic hardship. Arab refugees from Palestine make up about a third of the population of Jordan and have been given citizenship; however, they remain largely unintegrated and discontent. Despite these problems, Jordan’s educational and medical systems are among the best in the Middle East. Since 1999 the country has been led by King Abdullah II. KUWAITMuch like other Gulf regions, Kuwait was initially a British protectorate, in its case from 1899 until 1961. Another small country on the Persian Gulf, Kuwait derives its wealth from oil production; like Jordan, it has to carefully balance its relations with neighboring states. Sheikh Abdullah al-Salem al-Sabah was the first emir of independent Kuwait. It was on Kuwait’s instigation that the relationship with Britain was terminated in 1961, even though the British maintained an influential presence for another decade. Kuwait had been established by members of the Bani Utab clan in the middle of the eighteenth century after they moved to the region from the central part of the Arabian peninsula. Almost immediately, Kuwait’s independence was threatened by the military rulers of Iraq. Iraq’s expansionist aims in 1961 were thwarted first by British military assistance, then firmly denied when an Arab League force from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Republic pushed Iraq’s army back to its borders. In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait yet again, which led to an expensive war to liberate Kuwait, the Persian Gulf War, led by the United States. Today, Iraq and Kuwait continue to observe an uneasy truce. In order to rebuild its infrastructure after the war, Kuwait spent more than $160 billion. Kuwait is an oil-rich nation nominally governed by a constitutional monarchy; in reality, the parliament is essentially an advisory body and the emirs, who come from the Al-Sabaah family, exercise exclusive authority. Like most Gulf states, Kuwait has a multicultural society as a result of its large number of expatriate workers, who in fact outnumber native Kuwaitis. The citizens of Kuwait enjoy a very high standard of living, as Kuwait’s rulers spend a large percent of oil profits on public services, healthcare, education, and municipal services. Kuwait is a member of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), a loose six-state alliance devoted to ensuring regional stability and promoting economic development. Kuwait’s allies include Western nations as well as its Arab neighbors. LEBANONLebanon is perhaps the most cosmopolitan of Middle Eastern states. As a territory mandated to the French, it had a difficult relationship with its European ruler, at best. At the onset of World War II, Lebanon demanded the end of French domination and suzerainty. In 1943, putting aside their differences, both Christian and Muslim political groups signed the National Pact, a clear declaration of Lebanon’s intent to establish autonomous self-rule. Lebanese nationalists then drew up a constitution that recognized and promoted Lebanon’s religious diversity. It divided up political responsibilities in the following way: a Maronite would hold the presidency, a Sunni Muslim the premiership, parliament’s speaker of the house was to be a Shi’ite Muslim, the chief of staff of armed forces was to be a Druze, and the parliament’s seats would be divided in a six-to-five ratio between Christians and Muslims. In a bold statement of autonomy, the new constitution eliminated all existing statutes and provisions that could potentially compromise Lebanon’s independence. The French, unhappy with these actions, arrested the president and suspended the constitution. But the tide had already turned. The United States, Britain, and other Arab states came to Lebanon’s support, leaving the French no option but to recognize Lebanon’s sovereignty, which they did in December 1943. In the next few decades, Lebanon’s stability created an environment conducive to economic growth and social progress. This initial phase, so full of promise, came to an end in 1975, however. A civil war, followed by Syrian occupation, and continued violence and attacks lasting until 1991 took their toll on Lebanon. The country’s infrastructure is seriously damaged, relationships between Christians and Muslims are tense, and there has been uncontrolled growth of debt. However, Syria has since withdrawn from Lebanon. OMANOf all the Middle Eastern states, Oman has the singular distinction of having achieved independence prior to the twentieth century. It was in the mid-seventeenth century that Omani tribes expelled the Portuguese from the region. Because of its favorable location, Oman grew to be a valuable trading partner with various European countries. This commerce brought Oman considerable wealth even prior to the discovery of oil. However, it is important to note that the British did exercise considerable influence in the region during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The British became allies of the Omani rulers in disputes over land ownership—for example, British forces assisted in reestablishing Oman’s sovereignty over the Baraiml area, which Saudi Arabia also claimed—and this led to a quid-pro-quo relationship between the two. Oman is ruled, as it has been for centuries, by a sultan who acts simultaneously as the head of state, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs, finance, and defense. A consultative body called the majlis al-shura assists him in making all decisions and policies. Oman has only recently decided to embark on a path of modernization. Indeed, the sultan’s refusal to modernize and liberalize the country had previously been so unbending that in 1964 it prompted an uprising on the part of the Jibali hill tribespeople. The economy of the country is entirely government-controlled, and public utilities, education, trade, commerce, and employment have all been closely regulated. Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al bu Said, however, has introduced new modernizing policies and promises an open and bright future for this strategically situated nation-state. The Signing of the Pact of the League of Arab States, March 1945• Saudi Arabian sheikh Youssek Yassin (center), the acting minister for foreign affairs, signs the League of Arab States charter in Cairo, Egypt. QATARA tiny state whose ruler is a member of the ath-Thanl family, Qatar is currently home to the popular television station Al-Jazeera. The history of this little country is similar to that of the other countries that were British mandates, that is, from the mid-1800s to the twentieth century, Qatar was a British protectorate. In 1971 Qatar became an independent state. In 1968 Britain had announced its intention to withdraw from the Gulf region. The ath-Thanl family negotiated with the sheikhs of neighboring areas (which were soon to become the United Arab Emirates). Qatar declared independence from the British, though it continued relations with them through the formal signature of the Treaty of Friendship. In 1971 Qatar joined the Arab League and the United Nations. Qatar’s economy is heavily dependent on oil and natural gas. It has been more liberal than many of its Arab neighbors, and has a close relationship with the United States even though its identity is strongly Arab. Qatar plays a small but vital role in the deliberations of the GCC countries. SAUDI ARABIASaudi Arabia is arguably the leading kingdom in the Middle East. It fought for and regained its autonomy first from the Ottomans in 1902 and then from Hussein, the Sherif of Mecca, in 1924 when Ibn Saud and his Wahhabi tribesmen warriors invaded the Hejaz and captured Mecca. Prior to 1924, the British had made some unsuccessful attempts to reconcile Ibn Saud with the Hashemite Hussein. In 1933 the Ibn Saud family became the uncontested rulers of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; today, the country is still a hereditary monarchy and the Ibn Saud family is still in power. King Fahd bin Abd al-Az al-Saud (r. 1982-2005) transformed Saudi Arabia into the greatest economic power in the Middle East. Following Fahd’s death in 2005, his half-brother Abdallah became king. Western powers have had varying degrees of influence and presence in Saudi Arabia, but throughout the twentieth century the country was, largely, an independent, powerful, sovereign kingdom. Saudi Arabia’s leading role in the Middle East, and indeed globally, is guaranteed by its reserves of oil, which are the largest in the world, its leadership in OPEC, and its spiritual and religious importance as the keeper of Mecca and Medina, the two holy cities of Islam. SYRIAAs mentioned above, Syria was originally a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1920 the independent Arab Kingdom of Syria was established, under Feisal, the commander of the Arab forces and the third son of the Sherif of Mecca. Feisal only ruled for a few months, however, before Syria was attacked and then occupied by French forces. In 1922 Syria became a French mandate. The French faced a series of uprisings from 1925 to 1927. Syria declared its independence in 1941 and achieved recognition as an independent republic in 1944, but didn’t win real independence until 1946, when France pulled its troops out of the country. The newly independent country adopted a republican form of government; its constitution required that the president be a Muslim. Since 1963 Syria has been ruled by a succession of Ba’ath Party military governments, who have been suspicious of Western nations, leading to some tensions. Syria is a heterogeneous society with Muslims, Christians, Druze, Alawites, and a small minority of Jews. The economy of Syria is dependent on textiles and handicrafts; the infrastructure of this new country in an ancient land needs immediate improvement if the economy is to grow and provide sustainable livelihoods for Syria’s many inhabitants. TURKEYThe Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in 1923, after a War of Independence in which Turkey ousted the Greeks, who had occupied the formerly Ottoman territory between 1918 and 1922. During World War I there were a number of wartime agreements made between the European powers intended to carve up the Ottoman Empire into their spheres of influence; some of these included the Istanbul Agreements; Sykes-Picot Agreement, London Agreement, and the Balfour Declaration. Postwar conditions reopened negotiations on territorial claims. A tripartite agreement between Britain, France, and Italy would have defined Turkey as a French and Italian area of control. However, it was abrogated by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, as a result of resolute resistance of Mustafa Kemal whose singular aim was total independence for Turkey. In October 1923, Turkey was declared a republic, and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was its first president. The Ottoman caliphate was abolished the following year; all members of the family were banished from the country. A republican constitution was adopted in 1924, which retained Islam as the state religion. But in 1928 the state religion clause was dropped, converting Turkey into a secular republic.

The growth of the Turkish economy has been erratic, as the country has been disrupted by political scandals, internal strife, and conflicts with other nations. The long-range picture for Turkey’s economy is, perhaps, relatively positive, however. Turkey is currently seeking alliances and trading partnerships with European nations; it hopes to become a member of the European Union (EU) on the basis that Turkey already has considerable economic trade with the EU. However, Islamist resistance at home and questions about Turkey’s human rights record from abroad have stalled all EU membership discussions. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATESOne of the more unusual nations of the Persian Gulf, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was under the control of the British from 1853 until 1971, when it declared its independence. During the years of the British mandate, the region was known as the Trucial States. The Trucial States were essentially sheikhdoms, that is, they each were ruled by a family whose leader was the emir (ruler). The trucial state system was itself an emendation of an earlier arrangement. In 1820 the emirates Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, Umm al-Quwain, and Fujairah were forced to sign agreements with Britain, which sought to protect its naval and merchant carriers in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. However, even after the treaty signing, various uprisings continued to cause the British some concern. In 1853, after a truce was brokered between Britain and the emirates, the trucial state system—a relationship that allowed Britain to exert influence in the emirates’ foreign affairs—was established. This arrangement was maintained until 1971, when Sheikh Zayed bin al-Nahyan and Sheikh Rashid bin al-Maktoum created the present independent federation. This federation has a federal government, but each of the emirates also has some of its own powers. A president, currently Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan since Sheikh Zayed’s death in November 2004, is elected head of the federation by the Supreme Council of Rulers, which is the highest body in the country. The cabinet’s posts are divided among members of different emirates; the current minister for economy is a woman, Sheikhaa Lubna al Qasimi. The UAE is a progressive and modern Islamic nation. Its remarkable features include a high standard of living, modern infrastructure and housing, a diversified economy, a stress on education, good healthcare, public utilities, and amicable relationships with both Western nations and the UAE’s Arab neighbors. The UAE is perhaps the most multicultural society in the Middle East, which has led to its nickname, ”the crossroads of continents.”CONCLUSIONThe various peoples and nations of the Middle East have all experienced different decolonization and independence processes. While Islam is a common factor that binds together these peoples and nations, there are many regional cultural differences as well. Each of these nations follows different paths toward development, modernization, social change, and economic growth. The issue of Occupied Palestine remains a contentious and unresolved matter that has made lasting peace in the region impossible. Arab nations are bound together by the politics of Arab identity, but this can be a nebulous connection at times. For their part, Iran and Turkey have national identities that are remarkably different from those of Arab nations. As far as relations between the Middle East and the rest of the world are concerned, the countries and peoples of the region see themselves as part of a larger whole, yet wish to remain independent and to develop at their own pace and in their own way.


how much is college in florida

"Florida Colleges, Cost and Affordability for 2016How much does it cost to attend college in Florida? The average annual in-state college tuition in Florida was $13,634 for the 2016-2017 academic year. This is $48 higher than the U. S. average and ranks Florida in the middle of the pack as the 24th most expensive and 29th most affordable state or district to attend college.

College Costs in Florida

This is a change of $13,634 from the 2015-2016 average of $0 and represents a ?% annual increase. The list of Florida colleges below provides school specific cost and value rating. Our guide surveyed tuition data from the 178 colleges and universities in Florida, the most popular being University of Florida with 42,647 full time students and an in-state tuition list price of $4,477. Rollins College is the most expensive in Florida with an in-state tuition of $46,520. Click on any school for current tuition, future cost estimates, school specific savings plans and estimated student loan payments. Florida colleges can also be filtered by public, private, community colleges and four year schools. Additionally, cost based sorting is available for the lowest and highest tuition options. Jump directly to our ranking of best values in Florida or cheap Florida colleges guide. Rating is a College Calc proprietary national percentile ranking of a college's overall difficulty and educational effectiveness. An average score is 50. Dollar value is a measure of a school's academic rating compared with the average net price paid. Colleges which are ranked ""n/a"" didn't report sufficient data to formulate a score. Learn more about our ratings. All price data are reprinted from the U. S. Department of Education's 2016-2017 IPEDS Survey and reflect reported costs for the 2016-2017 academic year. Explore Florida Colleges School Tuition Rating $Value Acupuncture and Massage College Miami, 149 Students$9,850n/a n/a AI Miami International University of Art and Design Miami, 1,962 Students$17,604n/a n/a American Inter Continental University South Florida Weston, 517 Students$14,982n/a n/a Argosy University Sarasota Sarasota, 57 Students$13,056n/a n/a Argosy University Tampa Tampa, 136 Students$13,056n/a n/a Ave Maria University Ave Maria, 1,082 Students$18,33267 70Aviator College of Aeronautical Science and Technology Fort Pierce, 152 Students$14,575n/a n/a Barry University Miami, 5,484 Students$28,80037 34Beacon College Leesburg, 265 Students$36,172n/a n/a Bethune Cookman University Daytona Beach, 3,605 Students$13,440n/a n/a Brevard Community College Cocoa, 5,560 Students$1,892n/a n/a Broward College Fort Lauderdale, 12,951 Students$1,944n/a n/a Brown Mackie College Miami Miami, 476 Students$14,076n/a n/a Carlos Albizu University Miami Miami, 753 Students$11,628n/a n/a CBT College Cutler Bay Cutler Bay, 112 Students$11,952n/a n/a Centura Institute Orlando, 39 Students$16,200n/a n/a Chamberlain College of Nursing Florida Jacksonville, 463 Students$18,630n/a n/a Chipola College Marianna, 803 Students$2,365n/a n/a City College Altamonte Springs Altamonte Springs, 213 Students$11,520n/a n/a City College Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale, 331 Students$11,520n/a n/a View All 178 Next 20→ "


how much do jockeys have to weigh

there is no specific weight but you wouldn't want to be very heavy but you should be well under 200 id say 150 is a good weight but lower is good. This is wrong. To become a jockey the average weight is 100-108, in the Kentucky Derby the weight limit is 126 pounds with gear. The average weight without gear is 100-108, with gear is about 120ish.

How much does a jockey have to weigh?

Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Animal Life Mammals Land Mammals Horses Horse Breeds Thoroughbred How much does a jockey have to weigh? Flag How much does a jockey have to weigh? Answer by Violet Cassano Confidence votes 4

2 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Joseph Ivy 25 Contributions How much do Disc Jockeys make? Most disc jockeys make between $5,000 and $40,000. The exact amount depends on the type of disc jockey, the disc jockeys popularity, the location of the disc jockey, type of p …How much does a jockey weigh? A jockeys standerd weight is 108-118 pounds but the maximum weight assigned at the Kentucky Durbie is 126 pounds How much do horse jockeys weigh? Horse jockeys are typically shorter people. There is no average fortheir weight though it is doubtful they weigh much. How much money does a jockey make? Twenty to thirty hoes? Can horse jockeys weigh 200pounds?they could but the horse wouldn't be able to run as fast as the hoses with light riders ILOVEHORSERACING 14 Contributions How much money do you get as a jockey?10% of the purse if you are the winner and any other place you only get $100. So if you win a race with a purse of $100,000 you would bring home $10,000. Samantha360 57 Contributions How much do jockeys get paid a year? My friends mom dated a jocky and he was no where near rich. It really depends on past performance much like a baseball player. It starts off low but if your good at what you d …Lauren shadow 13 Contributions How much do jockeys wheigh?they usually weigh under 115lbs Naturalhorsecare 1,907 Contributions How much do you have to weigh to be a jockey? It depends. If it is a non-handicap race, you want to be as light as you can be. If it is a handicap race, however, it depends on how much weight the horse is supposed to carr …Jock4hire 104 Contributions How much do jockeys weigh? Thoroughbred Jockeys typically weigh between 108 - 114 lbs. How much does a horse jockey get if they win? It depends on the race. Chels09 48 Contributions Why do they weigh the jockey after the race? To make sure that the jockey has not cheated by taking off equipment to make him/herself lighter Answered In Thoroughbred How much does the winning jockey get in the preakness?$300,000.00Dj Neon 876 Contributions Answered In Salary and Pay Rates How much Disc Jockey get paid?depends on two things how good you are and how long your hired. average pay $25 to $30 dallors an hour. Answered In Salary and Pay Rates How much does a jockey earn a month?jockeys earn $120,00Answered In Horse Racing How much does a steeplechase jockey weigh? There is no set weight or height limit for steeplechase jockeys, unlike their flat counterparts. Answered In Thoroughbred How much did the jockey get from the Kentucky Derby?100000.00


where was salem's lot filmed

Originally broadcast June 20 and 21, 2004, on the TNT cable network, Salem's Lot was scripted by Peter Filardi, who previously penned The Craft and Flatliners. Shot on-location in Australia, this is the second television adaptation of Salem's Lot, and it follows Tobe Hooper's 1979 version. Hauer and Sutherland are old vampire buddies, having previously co-starred in the original Buffy the Vampire Slayer film.

Salem's Lot Photos

"Salem's Lot 2004All Critics | Top Critics TOMATOMETERTomatometer Not Available... AUDIENCE SCORE48%liked it Average Rating: 3.2/5User Ratings: 8,092Salem's Lot Photos View All Photos (8)Movie Info In this TV adaptation of the Stephen King novel, a journalist with traumatic memories of his haunted childhood returns to find his hometown being infiltrated by vampires. As a boy in Jerusalem's Lot, ME, Ben Mears (Rob Lowe) took a dare and broke into a local mansion called the Marsten House. There, he had the misfortune of discovering the corpses resulting from a scandalous murder/suicide. Decades later, he returns to find that a mysterious antiques dealer (Donald Sutherland) and his unseen business partner (Rutger Hauer) have moved into the Marsten House. Soon, townspeople begin disappearing and dying, only to return, floating outside the windows of their loved ones and begging to be let in. Only Ben and a few newfound allies suspect the awful truth: that something unholy has overtaken their town...something with links to the sinister mansion of Ben's nightmares.

Rating: PG-13Genre: Drama, Horror, Mystery & Suspense, Television Directed By: Michael Salomon In Theaters: Jun 2, 2004 wide On Disc/Streaming: Oct 12, 2004Runtime: 181 minutes Studio: Warner Bros. Television Cast Rob Loweas Ben Mears Andre Braugheras Matt Burke Donald Sutherlandas Richard Straker Samantha Mathisas Susan Norton Rutger Haueras Kurt Barlow James Cromwellas Father Donald Callahan View All Critic Reviews for Salem's Lot All Critics (3) | Fresh (1) | Rotten (2) | DVD (4)A horrible remake to a classic horror film... April 29, 2009 | Full Review…Felix Vasquez Jr. Cinema Crazed Better than the original. You know what? You'll actually want to sit through this one October 22, 2004 | Rating: 3/5Clint Morris Moviehole View All Critic Reviews (3)Audience Reviews for Salem's Lot A small town in New England is visited by slow dawning horror just as some new people move in: could there be a connection? This handles that slow burn pretty well although the ending could have used a little more pepper. The stars do enough, but Sutherland is exemplary conveying ""I'm gonna get you!"" menace played nonchalantly. Wish there was more of him in this. Kevin M. Williams Super Reviewer I love the 1979 original it was so scary for a TV miniseries and i was only 10 when first saw it. So going into this 2004 remake or re image what ever you call it i was abit unsure about it. Well what a surprise it was excellent. The story is abit more flush out and a few more players to the mix. Rob Lowe was very good in the David soul part. Wouldn't say its as scary as the 1979 version but there is a few nice jumps along the way. Only real disappointment was that they used Rutgers hauer as the main vampire Barlow who was not really that scary as the 1979 version of Barlow. Don't be afraid of the 3 hrs. running time as it seem to pass quite quickly. Brian De Guelle Super Reviewernot bad for a tv miniseries_kelly . King Super Reviewer½Judging it on its own, and not comparing it to the book or the 1979 TV mini, this really isn't a bad flick -- up to the last ten minutes or so. Then it kinda blows. But for a 3hr movie, that's not a bad ratio. Steve B. Super Reviewer View All Audience Reviews Salem's Lot Quotes There are no approved quotes yet for this movie. News & Features200 Essential Movies Chosen by RT staff!Renewed & Canceled TVWhat's on & what's gone56 Rotten Movies...that we actually love!135 Erotic Movies Erotic movies ranked worst to best View All TOP HEADLINESJoe Hill’s NOS4A2 Getting Series Adaptation at AMC– Variety Series Based on Asimov’s Foundation in Development at Apple– Variety Batgirl Picks Up a New Screenwriter– Hollywood Reporter David Simon Developing New Show Set During Spanish Civil War– Variety Isao Takahata: 1935-2018– Roger Ebert.com Hidden Figures TV Series in the Works– Variety Paramount Network Developing First Wives Club Series– Variety Y: The Last Man Earns Pilot Order at Fox– Variety View All "


what production is pizza

Our products at Prima Pizza will be produced in the kitchen area of the premises whilst our services will be offered at the front. Prima Pizza will adopt two main types of production. The first will be line production, as our pizzas will be made fresh, there will be a line of production. This is will be the employees that shape the dough into pizza bases. They will then pass the bases onto the employees that will add the required toppings onto the pizza and place them in the oven.

Manufacturing process of pizza

Manufacturing process of pizza Print Reference this Published: 23rd March, 2015Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. Operations

The second method of production is batch production. This method will be used when producing the dough used for the pizza bases. Each day a set amount of dough will be made in order to satisfy customer demand. As dough can be stored overnight there will be no risk of over production or wastage. There will be three sets of batch production one for each size pizza. A number of measures will need to be taken to ensure Prima Pizza delivers the highest quality to its customers. There are many different ways to implement this. As Prima Pizza also offers a delivery service, our quality control will need to expand to outside of the business premises. Quality will ensure customer satisfaction and also save money. Quality control must be implemented in all aspects of the business and used by all employees. These techniques will include using all material responsibly and therefore reducing scrap material and wastage. The products must also be made to a certain quality level, if this is not done, products may have to be made again to satisfy customers. External quality control is also very important. Prima Pizza must maintain its quality even if the product has left the premises. This is especially important on deliveries, as the food must be of the same quality when it leaves the premises and when it arrives at its destination. Prima Pizza has estimated that from ordering a product it will take no longer than 20 minutes for the finished product to be made and given to the customer. We have estimated that for products on delivery the time will be no more than 45 minutes. Fresh goods will be delivered to Prima Pizza's premises everyday; this will include the majority of the pizza toppings and meat produce. Prima pizza will pride itself in ensuring that all our products are the freshest, and therefore the tastiest. Deliveries will be made every morning before the business opens. Other raw materials will be delivered twice a week depending on future product demand and stored in refrigerators or freezers. All employees must deliver our products to customers in a friendly and professional manner. This will be achieved by training our employees to focus on being customer friendly. Products must also be presented in attractive packaging that must remain undamaged. Manufacturing Methods There will be a range of activities involved in transforming raw materials into Prima Pizza's finished goods and then delivering the product to the customer. This cycle involves different stages, which include: inbound logistics, operations, and outbound logistics. Manufacturing process for a pizza: Goods received- raw materials required for the manufacture of pizza bases and the tomato base sauce. Mix dough ingredients. Blend tomatoes together. Kneaded in the dough machine. Mix all the ingredients for base sauce. Storing the dough balls in the right temperature for base. Store the tomato base sauce ready for use. Finished goods: dough ready to be rolled out into base. Apply tomato sauce onto base then add required toppings. Logistics Logistics is the process in which goods are transformed into products ready for customers. Prima Pizza's logistics will involve the regular delivery of goods that through a process of stages will eventually become ready for consumption. Logistics can be split into two, inbound logistics and outbound logistics. These two types, mentioned in more detail later on, are very different. Inbound logistics is the transportation and storage of the raw materials. Outbound logistics is based on the process of transferring the finished goods to the customers. Logistics is very important when running a business. Very often the outcome of a new business is determined by how well their logistics system works. Inbound Logistics This involves receiving our raw materials from the suppliers. The suppliers will deliver fresh goods daily to the business premises. When the goods are received all the employees on shift will help sort and store the received goods. The majority of the raw materials will be stored in the kitchen refrigerators ready to be used. Operations The raw materials will be transformed into the finished products. The dough ingredients will be put into the dough mixer and on completion will be ready to be made into the pizza bases. The topping will be removed from the refrigerators and distributed into containers ready to be used. Outbound Logistics The activity will include two aspects of Prima Pizza. As the business is a fast food takeaway, the products will be served at the counter. As this time the customer can choose to either eat-in of take the product away with them. Delivery service will an important part of Prima Pizza's service. To enable us to provide the pizzas at the highest quality, we must ensure that the packaging used to will keep the product in the same condition it was when it was first made. We will also aim to minimize the travel time it takes to get to the destination.


highest wind gust

Strongest Wind Gust The highest recorded wind gust recorded in the Australian region is 408 km/h at Barrow Island (data courtesy of Chevron) during cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996. This is a world record for the highest wind gust ever recorded eclipsing the previous record - 372 km/h at Mt Washington Observatory NH, USA on 12 April 1934. A wind gust of 267 km/h was also recorded at Varanus Island during Olivia. The strongest wind gust recorded on the Australian mainland is 267 km/h. The gust was recorded during cyclone Vance at 11:50 am (WST) 22 March 1999 at Learmonth Meteorological Office, 35 km south of Exmouth.

Tropical Cyclone Extremes

Bureau Home > Tropical Cyclones > About > Tropical Cyclone Extremes Tropical Cyclone Extremes About tropical cyclone warning services | Preparation & safety | About tropical cyclones | FAQs (see also WMO World Weather Extremes Archive site)

Wind gusts of 259 km/h at Mardie and 246 km/h at Onslow were measured during cyclone Trixie in February 1975. By definition a category 5 cyclone produces gusts of at least 280 km/h. This means these gusts have gone unrecorded when category 5 cyclones have crossed the coast. Also, measurements of such winds are inherently going to be suspect as instruments often are completely destroyed or damaged at these speeds. The Onslow anemometer was destroyed after measuring the gust of 246 km/h during Trixie in 1975 as was the Darwin anemometer during Tracy also in 1974. Lowest Pressure The lowest pressure recorded in Western Australia was 905 h Pa at North Rankin A gas platform during cyclone Orson on 22-23 April 1989. On the Western Australian mainland the lowest pressure measured was 921 h Pa at Onslow in 1961. In January 1980, 932 h Pa was recorded at Goldsworthy as cyclone Amy passed approximately 10 km to the west. Highest Rainfall The maximum rainfall recorded during a Western Australian cyclone was 927 mm in 36 hours (747 mm in 24 hours) at Whim Creek in 1898. La Grange (now Bidyadanga) recorded 616 mm of rain in 72 hours during cyclone Bessie in January 1964 and 532 mm (24 hours) during cyclone Sally in December 1971. Cyclone Joan produced rainfall totals in excess of 600 mm near Tom Price in December 1975. Globally, the highest rainfall events seem to have occurred at La Reunion in the western Indian Ocean.12 h: 1144 mm at Foc-Foc (2290 m altitude) in Tropical Cyclone Denise, 7-8 January 1966;24 h - 1825 mm at Foc-Foc (2290 m altitude), La Reunion during Tropical Cyclone Denise, 7-8 January, 1966;48 h - 2467 mm at Aurere (940 m altitude), La Reunion on 8-10 April, 1958;72 h - 3240 mm Grand-Ilet (1150 m altitude), La Reunion during Tropical Cyclone Hyacinthe 24-27 January, 1980. Highest Sea Waves There are few accurate recordings of the magnitude of waves generated by cyclones in the Australian region, but examination of damage to the underside of the North Rankin A gas platform following tropical cyclone Orson on 22-23 April 1989 indicated that waves in excess of 20 m had battered the base of the rig. During a typhoon in the northwest Pacific on 6-7 February, 1933 the USS Ramapo recorded a wave of 34 m. Also in the northwest Pacific, a wave of 25 m was recorded on 26 September, 1935. Highest Storm Surge The large tidal range along the northwest coast reduces the incidence of storm surge flooding, but if tropical cyclones cross the coast at the time of high tide, storm surges could be devastating, particularly in semi-enclosed shallow waters. In the cyclone of February 1937, tidal waters estimated to be 4 to 5 m deep covered 14 km of the road from Hamelin Pool to Denham. In 1939, a storm surge at Port Hedland coincided with high tide causing a tide of 5.7 m Australian Height Datum (AHD). Seawater penetrated the sea wall washing away several houses and flooding the Pier and Esplanade Hotels. During cyclone Vance in 1999 the storm surge was measured to be 3.6 m at Exmouth and estimated to be 4 m at Onslow, increasing to an estimated maximum of more than 5 m west of Onslow near Tubridgi Point. Most Deaths There have been several historical Western Australian cyclones causing a significant loss of lives at sea. In March 1912 over 150 lives were claimed at sea. The coastal passenger vessel the Koombana was lost after setting out from Port Hedland to Broome with about 140 people on board. At least another 15 people died as other vessels went down in the same event. Click here for more information on this event. There have been two events in WA when about 140 men perished in pearling fleet disasters:22 April 1887 off Ninety Mile Beach.26-27 March 1935 near the Lacepede Islands off Broome. The greatest number of deaths from an Australian cyclone was in 1899 at Bathurst Bay in Queensland when a storm surge was responsible for the deaths of more than 300 people. The death toll in the infamous Bangladesh Cyclone of 1970 has had several estimates, some wildly speculative, but it seems certain that at least 300,000 people died from the associated storm tide in the low-lying deltas. In the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone more than 140,000 people drowned, primarily because of the storm surge. Most Damage Assessing the overall cost of cyclones is almost impossible to objectively quantify. Most estimates are based on insured losses and so neglect the true overall cost. In the Northwest much of the economic losses are a result of the impact on the mining industry in terms of both damage and lost production and these are usually unreported. According to the Emergency Management Australia database of Australian disasters, the costliest Western Australian cyclones have been TC Joan (1975) -$74M, TC Hazel (1979) -$41M, TC Alby (1978) -$39M and TC Vance (1999) -$35M (1998 dollars). Australia's most damaging cyclone was TC Tracy that destroyed 80 per cent of houses in Darwin costing an estimated $4 billion (1998 dollars). Globally, the costliest cyclone was Hurricane Andrew (1992) at Miami, for which unconfirmed estimates of US$20-25 billion in damage have been made. References & Guides Cyclone Warning Services Cyclone warning services Preparation & Safety Preparation & safety checklist Getting information during a cyclone Storm surge Cyclone intensity & impacts About Tropical Cyclones About tropical cyclones Cyclone names Plotting a cyclone track Around Australia Tropical cyclones in WATropical cyclones in NTTropical cyclones in Qld Tropical cyclones in NSWTropical Cyclone FAQs Frequently Asked Questions Learning Resources Storm Watchers Game What are tropical cyclones Example: TC Rosita Example: TC John


what are the salaries of big bang actors

If ""The Big Bang Theory"" actors are working roughly 40 hours a week, that would translate to $25,000 an hour. Even if you give the actors the benefit of the doubt and say they work 60 hours a week (12 hours a day), that still comes out to more than $16,000 an hour.

"'The Big Bang Theory' actors get $25,000 an hour By Heather Long August 6, 2014: 12:39 PM ET'The Big Bang Theory' actors Simon Helberg and Johnny Galecki have a lot to cheer about with their new salaries. Call it the ultimate revenge of the nerds -- or, at least, the actors playing nerds. The cast of the hit CBS ( CBS) show ""The Big Bang Theory"" are receiving stunning raises for the upcoming seasons. Cast members portraying Sheldon Cooper, Leonard Hofstadter and Penny will now make $1 million each an episode. That's akin to what the 'Friends' actors got at the end of that show's historic run -- and it's a big boost from the $300,000 per show they were receiving this past season. Who wouldn't want a 233% raise? Related: 'Big Bang Theory' co-stars sign new contracts According to The Hollywood Reporter, the actors who play Raj Koothrappali and Howard Wolowitz also inked new deals giving them substantial bumps in pay. Just how sweet of a deal is this? Let's put it in hourly wage terms. The upcoming season is supposed to have 24 episodes. While filming for each episode can vary, it typically takes about a week to rehearse, do wardrobe fittings and film the scenes.

Compare that to other professions: As CNNMoney has reported before, the median wage for fast food workers is a mere $8.81 an hour. Retail sales associates, one of America's largest professions, and janitors make around $10 an hour, according to U. S. government data. Construction workers and secretaries hover around $15 an hour. Nurses and accountants have it a bit better with median hourly wages of about $31 an hour. Even at the high end, dentists average $70 and doctors $90 for an hour of their time. Of course, these are median and average salaries. There are workers who make more and less, and ""The Big Bang Theory"" actors are clearly at the top of their craft and on a show that is making huge money for CBS. But consider that even top New York City lawyers struggle to charge much more than $1,000 an hour to big corporate clients. Big-time lawyers can perhaps console themselves that 'The Big Bang Theory' supporting actresses who play Amy and Bernadette only make about $1,000 to $1,500 an hour (or $60,000 an episode), according to their latest contracts. Posted in: hourly rate, hourly wage, salaries, The Big Bang Theory "


meaning of copper for a policeman

Based on current findings it seems that copper (a policeman, lit. 'one who arrests') predates cop (either used verbally and meaning to arrest or when a noun meaning a policeman) It may well be that the copper badges carried by New York City’s first police sergeants - though not the buttons worn by London 'bobbies' - play a part.

"How did the term ""cop"" start to become a synonym for ""police officer""?"

Jonathon Green, Slang lexicographer. Author: Green's Dictionary of Slang (2010)Updated Oct 9, 2011 · Author has 298 answers and 1.7m answer views As regards the ultimate etymology of both copper and cop (whether as noun or verb) I would agree with Garrick Saito: Old French and prior to that Latin.

(Patrolmen had brass badges, lieutenants and captains silver ones). However it seems more likely that this image emerged later on, and plays a supportive rather than a fully creative role Copper and cop (verb) first appear - as currently recorded - in this chronological order. 1838 R. Nicholson Cockney Adventures 3 Feb. 107: ‘Do it at vonce, else the coppers ’ill come,’ said he of the short pipe.1846 Swell’s Night Guide 66: Ven I pitches, and they count me the best flag pitcher of all the shallows; I never gets copped by the Bobbies [...] but yet I nails the browns. Both of these are UK uses. The first US equivalents are:1848 ‘Ned Buntline’ Mysteries and Miseries of N. Y. I 36: In Boston, the coppers there aint half so keen with their peepers as they are here!1859 Calif. Police Gazette 23 Jan. 2: He was at last ‘copped’ by officer Nickerson. (In the final quote we must assume that the possible pun on Nickerson andnick, to arrest, first found in the UK in 1759, is coincidental)Cop (noun) meaning a policeman, thus an abbreviation ofcopper,is first noted in a US publication, George Washington Matsell's Vocabulum (1859). And where the buffer, bruiser, blowen, / And all the cops and beaks so knowin. But what Matsell quotes is an older, British ballad ‘One Hundred Stretches [i.e. years] Hence’. It is all somewhat convoluted. Given that the terms were coined by criminals, and would thus have resisted print for some time after their creation, establishing exactly which came first, and even on which side of the Atlantic, remains debatable.24.6k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?


most nigeria read newspaper

5. With more than 42 branches across the country, Sun News is one of the most widely read newspapers in Nigeria. This good reputation is also translated online where it comes in as one of the top 10 most popular Newspapers in Nigeria. Sun News Online is available on the internet at this link4. Sahara Reporters

Home Arts & Literature Top 10 Nigerian Newspapers (Most Read Online)Arts & Literature Top 10 Nigerian Newspapers (Most Read Online)By Emeka Chigozie Nigeria is always on the news: if not for kidnapping, then it is bribery and corruption but recently Nigeria was on the news for winning the African Cup of nations once again and it was a moment of jubilation for one of the most diverse countries with quite a large pool of talents. How do you stay updated on Nigerian news since the era of waking up in the morning to see a printed copy of Nigerian newspaper right in front of your house has passed? Internet! The internet has provided a very easy to reach the platform where you will get all the latest news in Nigeria from Nigerian newspapers. Just like Nigerian Nollywood movies are available online, most Nigerian newspapers have established their presence on the internet where you can access the exact newspaper that is sold on the streets for free and not just that, you are first to get the news if you are a frequent visitor. Answers Africa brings you the best 10 most visited newspaper websites in Nigeria.10 Most Popular Nigerian Newspapers Online10. Leadership Newspapers Leadership newspaper is one of the many Nigerian newspapers that are published daily. It is a national newspaper published by Leadership Newspaper Group, based in Abuja, Nigeria whose purpose is to stand up for good governance, defend the interests of the Nigerian state even against its leaders for a good cause. Leadership newspaper was awarded the “Newspaper of the Year” in 2009 and has continued to uphold the values on which it was formed.9. National Mirror Newspaper National Mirror was acquired in 2008 by the billionaire lawyer and businessman, Barrister Jimoh Ibrahim (OFR). It is one of the very few newspapers in Nigeria with a decentralized printing system. The National mirror is printed simultaneously in three of the plants located at 3 of the 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Click on this link to access the National Mirror newspaper online8. The Guardian Newspaper Guardian Newspaper is one of the major Nigerian dailies. Going with the slogan: Conscience, nurtured by truth, Guardian Nigeria newspaper reports up to date information in many Nigerian news categories including business and politics, Saturday and Sunday magazines. The Nigeria Guardian Newspaper is trusted when it comes to conservative news reporting. The news medium launched an online portal to reach a wider audience with a frequent update of digital news in newsworthy events across the country. It has been said that the Guardian is the most “respected” Nigerian Newspaper and is read by mostly the elites.7. Nigeria Tribune Newspaper The Nigerian Tribune newspaper was established in 1949 and is the oldest surviving private newspaper in Nigeria. it was started by Chief Obafemi Awolowo with the interest of catering for the interest of the common people. Nigerian Tribune is one of the most credible mouth-piece of the teeming Nigerian masses. The Nigerian Tribune aims to remain the best newspaper with unassailable quality of value-added service in news gathering and information dissemination to every Nigerian.6. This Day Live Newspaper THISDAY newspaper as it is popularly called was established in 1995. On hitting the newsstand on the 22nd January of that year, It carved out its market share especially in business and political reporting. This is acknowledged by the fact that within the first years of its publication, THISDAY won the Newspaper of the Year Award and for three consecutive years. THISDAY became a pacesetter in 1997 when it became the first Nigerian newspaper to introduce full-color paper printing. THISDAY newspaper still remains one of the preferred newspaper among the business, political and diplomatic elite in Nigeria with one of the widest coverage in Nigeria.5. Sun News Online Sun News is owned and published by the Sun Publishing Limited which commenced its activities in January 2003 as a weekly tabloid. In June 2003, the newspaper became a daily publication. The Soccer star which is currently one of the readily available and affordable sports tabloids in Nigeria joined the Sun News in 200

Sahara Reporters is one of the unique online newspapers in Nigeria. It is a community of international reporters and social advocates who are dedicated to bringing you commentaries, features, news reports from a Nigerian-African perspective. Sahara Reporters believe that “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers”. It is a unique organization, founded in the spirit of Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, comprised of ordinary people with an overriding commitment to seeking the truth and publishing it without fear or favor. It is known for its fearless and uncompromising news reporting and this has made it one of the most popular Nigerian Newspapers.3. The Nation Online Newspaper The Nation is one of Nigeria’s favorite newspapers. The online version of the news media is available at The Nation Online. With head office at Nigeria’s commercial capital, The Nation is a quality, national, newspaper with credible and dependable information that is not beholden to any interest group and whose loyalty is to the nation. It aims to provide the general public with information they need to be free and self-governing in a democratic society.2. The Punch Newspaper The Punch is a Nigerian daily newspaper. It is the second largest newspaper in the country in terms of circulation, with more than 80,000 copies published daily. The Punch newspaper was founded by two friends, James Aboderin, an accountant and Sam Amuka, a columnist, and editor at the Daily Time. The paper sustains itself by delving into broad issues that interest a myriad of people. The Punch later faced challenges ignited by political interested. During the authoritarian military rule in Nigeria, the Editor in Chief was detained for 54 days and the publishing house was closed down, however, they have waxed stronger and today is one of the most Favorited of Nigerian Newspapers and is available on the internet as The Punch.1. Vanguard Newspaper The maiden copy of Vanguard was introduced to the newsstands as a weekly on Sunday, June 3rd, 1984 and on July 15, 1984, it became a daily newspaper that aims to serve the people through unflinching commitment to free enterprise, the rule of law and good governance. Vanguard is one of the leading Newspapers in Nigeria today. Statistically, Vanguard Newspaper circulates 20,000 copies (daily) in Lagos, the nation’s business heartbeat. Others include Abuja-12,000 copies, South-West 15,000, South-South 25,000, South-East 15,000, North Central 18,000, North-East 7,500 and North-west 7,500. These total 120,000 copies with a Print Run of 130,000 copies daily. The online version of the print is available on the internet as Vanguard News SHARE Facebook Twitter RELATED ARTICLES MORE FROM AUTHOR213 Quotes About Moving On and Change in Life207 Staying Positive Quotes About Life And Work167 Strong Quotes For Independent Women160 Best Quotes Of All Time150 Strong Women Quotes for Independent Women206 Best Quotes About Friends And Friendship150 Quotes That Tell Your Haters Exactly How You Feel About Their Jealousy Life Quotes: 200 Good Quotes To Live By Everyday164 Thankful Quotes That Best Express Gratitude Latest Food Lovers Market: Trading Hours, Head Office, Everything You Need To... Top 5 Unpleasant Things You Should Never Do On A First... Santa Claus And Coke: The Origin Story Of The Jolly Father... List Of African Currencies You Really Should Know Top 7 Strongest African Currencies Maame Biney: Fast Facts Of 17 Year Old Ghanaian Olympic Record... Patrice Motsepe Foundation Bursary, Contact Details, Funding, Application, Facts Top 10 Coolest African Destinations For Your Christmas Vacation


what is the legal working age in maryland

At age 16 years and 6 months, teens who have held a learner’s permit for 9 months, maintained a conviction-free driving record and completed a standardized driver education course are eligible for a provisional license.

Licensing & State Laws

Licensing & State Laws Maryland’s multi-stage licensing process allows teens to gradually gain exposure to complex driving situations, easing them into driving over an extended period of time. The learner’s permit and provisional license stages are key steps. Learner’s Permit At age 15 and 9 months, teens can apply for a learner’s permit in the state of Maryland. To do so the teen must visit a full service Motor Vehicle Administration Office, accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. The parent or legal guardian must cosign the minor’s application. Teens under the age of 16 must submit a completed Learner’s Permit School Attendance Certification form. Teens must pass a written driver’s knowledge test and a vision test to receive a learner’s permit. Teens with a learner’s permit may drive when accompanied by a licensed driver, 21 years or older, who has at least 3 years of driving experience sitting in the front seat. Teens with learner’s permits must obtain at least 60 hours of certified practice driving, including at least 10 hours at night. A practice driving skills log must be signed and submitted to the MVA. Learner’s permit holders must hold the learner’s permit for a minimum of nine months, maintain a conviction-free driving record during this time period, and complete a standardized driver education course before becoming eligible for a provisional license. Provisional License

Applicants must submit a completed and signed practice skills log documenting a minimum of 60 hours of supervised driving (including 10 hours at night), and pass a driving skills test administered either in traffic or on a course. Provisional license holders are allowed to drive unsupervised between 5 a.m. and midnight. They may only drive between midnight and 5 a.m. unless driving for employment, school activities, volunteer programs or athletic events/training. During the first 5 months of the provisional period, drivers are not allowed to have passengers under age 18, unless the passengers are direct family members or relatives living at the driver’s address. Drivers are exempt from the night and passenger limits if accompanied by a licensed driver age 21 or older who has 3 years of experience. Provisional license must be held for a minimum of 18 consecutive months without a violation before converting to a full license. Provisional license holders under 18 and all their passengers must use seat belts or other proper restraints. Drivers under age 18 may not use cell phones (handheld or hands-free) while driving. Full License At age 18, teens are eligible for a full unrestricted license if they have held their provisional license for a minimum of 18 months and have been conviction-free during that period. When provisional license holders successfully meet all requirements, the MVA automatically converts the license to a full driver’s license status. Maryland does not place night or passenger limits on those with unrestricted licenses. However, AAA encourages parents to maintain their own rules. Drivers under age 18 may not use cell phones (handheld or hands-free) while driving. Drivers of all ages are prohibited from texting, e-mailing or talking on a handheld phone while driving. A parent-teen driving agreement can help you enforce licensing rules that the state and your family set. An agreement helps you and your teen understand the rules of the road and sends a clear message that driving is an earned privilege that your family takes seriously. Licensing Authority Policing Courts


what is the definition of respirator

. Drinker respirator popularly, “iron lung”: an apparatus formerly in wide use for producingartificial respiration over long periods of time, consisting of a metal tank, enclosing the patient'sbody, with the head outside, and within which artificial respiration is maintained by alternatingnegative and positive pressure.

respirator

"respirator Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia .respirator [ res´pĭ-ra″tor] 1. an apparatus that qualifies air breathed through it, to be distinguished from a ventilator.2. frequently used misnomer for ventilator (def. 2). Drinker respirator a formerly common but now rarely used type of ventilator that providescontrolled, automatic breathing for a patient whose respiratory muscles are paralyzed; it consists of a metal tank, enclosing the patient's body with the head outside, within which artificialrespiration is maintained by alternating negative and positive pressure. It was instrumental in thetreatment of the poliomyelitis epidemic of the early decades of the 20th century. Popularly known as iron lung. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.res·pi·ra·tor ( res'pi-rā'tŏr, -tōr ), 1. An apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure.2. An appliance fitting over the mouth and nose, used for the purpose of excluding dust,smoke, or other irritants, or of otherwise altering the air before it enters the respiratorypassages. Synonym (s): inhaler (1)Synonym (s): ventilator Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012respirator/res·pi·ra·tor/ ( res´pĭ-ra″ter) ventilator (2).cuirass respirator see under ventilator

Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.respirator (rĕs′pə-rā′tər)n.1. See ventilator.2. A device worn over the mouth or nose or both to protect the respiratory tract from harmfuldust or fumes. The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.respirator [res′pirā′tər]Etymology: L, respirarean apparatus used to modify air for inspiration or to improve pulmonary ventilation. The term is commonly used to mean a ventilator. See also IPPB unit, nebulizer. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.respirator A device used to facilitate respiration. See Bag Easy respirator, HEPA respirator. Mc Graw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.res·pi·ra·tor ( res'pir-ā'tŏr) 1. An appliance fitting over the mouth and nose, used to exclude dust, smoke, or otherirritants, or otherwise alter the air before it enters the respiratory passages.2. An apparatus for administering artificial respiration, especially for a prolonged period, in cases of paralysis or inadequate spontaneous ventilation. See also: ventilator Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012respirator1. Any mechanical device used to maintain the breathing and the supply of air or oxygen to the lungs. Most modern respirators are of the intermittent positive pressure type.2. A filtering device that covers the face and removes toxic elements form the inspired air. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005res·pi·ra·tor ( res'pir-ā'tŏr) 1. An apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure. Synonym (s): ventilator.2. An appliance fitting over the mouth and nose, used to exclude dust, smoke, or otherirritants, or of otherwise altering air before it enters respiratory passages. Synonym (s): inhaler (1). Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012respirator (res´pirātur),n an apparatus that qualifies the air breathed through it; a device for giving artificial respiration. Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. © 2008 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.respiratora device for giving artificial respiration or to assist in pulmonary ventilation. See alsoventilator.respirator shockcirculatory shock due to interference with the flow of blood through the great vessels andchambers of the heart, causing pooling of blood in the veins and the abdominal organs and a resultant vascular collapse. The condition sometimes occurs as a result of increasedintrathoracic pressure in patients who are being maintained on a mechanical ventilator. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved Patient discussion about respirator Q. Help her to breathe. My sixteen year old cousin (girl) who is wondering if she is suffering fromasthma, anxiety or both. She is thin, healthy girl and have been very worried She have asthma andhave been thinking about it constantly. When she exercise, she get more out of breath, more wornout, and her heart beats faster than other people. Sometimes her chest hurts, but people tell me that is from my chest muscles being worked. She get a little dizzy also. When she go to bed at night sometimes it seems hard to breathe. She can take a deep breath and everything but it seemshard or something. I know there isn't anything wrong with my heart because she had an EKG donerecently and chest x-rays. That was fine. When it is hot humid and muggy outside she find it hard to breath. Do you think she have asthma. She don't have any coughing or any known wheezing. Couldthinking about every breath she take seem like she have asthma? She really want to know and me too, what is going on! Please help her to breathe!!!!A. PS--alcohol and cigarettes can cause this problem to (drugs)mrfoot56. Q. What causes bad breath? I have bad breath for a long time. What causes it? A. Here are some causes of bad breath: A Dry mouth- Saliva helps cleanse and moisten your mouth. A dry mouth enables dead cells to accumulate on your tongue, gums and cheeks. These cells then decompose and cause odor. Dry mouth naturally occurs during sleep. It's what causes ""morning breath."" Dry mouth is evenmore of a problem if you sleep with your mouth open. Some medications as well as smoking canlead to a chronic dry mouth, as can a problem with your salivary glands. Some Diseases can also cause bad breath- Chronic lung infections and lung abscesses canproduce very foul-smelling breath. Other illnesses, such as some cancers and certain metabolicdisorders, can cause a distinctive breath odor. Kidney failure can cause a urine-like odor, andliver failure may cause an odor described as ""fishy."" People with uncontrolled diabetes often have a fruity breath odor. Chronic reflux of stomach acids from your stomach (gastroesophageal refluxdisease, or GERD)Q. How to get rid of bad breath? My wife complains that I have bad breath. How can I get rid of it? A. Consider that candida infection can make your breath worse. You might try cutting down on sugar and carbs. ""Bad breath can also be caused by a candida (yeast infection), you may have a constant whitefurry tongue. Look at cutting down your intake of sugars and processed foods, as well as thosecontaining yeast. - Search for Anti-Candida diet on a search engine for more info""http://www.wikihow.com/Fix-Bad-Breath-on-the-Spot More discussions about respirator This content is provided by i Medix and is subject to i Medix Terms. The Questions and Answers are not endorsed or recommended and are made available by patients, not doctors. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:respiratorFacebook Twitter "


how many times should you feed a doberman puppy

How much you feed your adult Doberman Pinscher depends primarily on the dog's activity level. If your dog regularly exercises, participates in agility training, or is a working dog, they will need more calories. For dogs that get an average amount of exercise, feed the Doberman Pinscher according to the dog food manufacturer's recommendations for a medium-sized dog. Make sure you divide the dog's daily ration into two to four meals per day. Look at your dog at mealtime. If your Doberman appears overweight and you can't feel the ribs, cut the ration. Your dog may require a diet food, or a food higher in fiber.

How to Feed a Doberman Pinscher

How to Feed a Doberman Pinscher By Team Pet Care Rx. July 16| See Comments Doberman Pinschers are medium-sized, muscular dogs who require a high-quality diet. Learn how to feed your Doberman here. Originally bred to be guard dogs and companions, Doberman Pinschersare sleek, elegant, and athletic dogs known to be fiercely loyal to their owners. These medium-sized, muscular dogs require high-quality foods to maintain optimal physical condition and keep their short coats shiny. The breed is known to be susceptible to some health risks and conditions that may be reduced or alleviated through nutritional adjustments. Nutrition Doberman Pinschers require high-quality foods that are easily digestible and palatable. The first ingredient listed should be a meat source such as chicken, beef, or lamb, followed by whole grains such as brown rice or sweet potatoes. Watch out for foods that have grain cereals like corn or wheat, fillers, and animal byproducts as top ingredients, as these are generally lower-quality ingredients. Look for a commercial diet approved by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, an organization that ensures the food is nutritionally balanced. Purchase high-quality foods from pet supply stores, and look for diets appropriate for your dog's age. To maintain your Doberman Pinscher's shiny coat, supplement the dog's diet with fatty acids such as flaxseed or safflower oils. Bloat Gastric dilation and volvulus, commonly called bloat, is a true digestive system emergency that occurs most frequently in deep-chested dog breeds such as the Doberman Pinscher. This frequently fatal condition occurs when food and gases in the stomach cause it to expand and rotate, blocking release of the gases and cutting off the stomach's blood supply. Without immediate medical intervention, the expanding stomach eventually can impede blood flow to the heart, causing a painful death. Veterinary research indicates you can reduce the risk of bloat in your dog by dividing the daily food ration into two or more daily feedings. Additionally, you can add a bit of wet food or table scraps to your dog's diet, to help reduce the chance of bloat. Avoid exercise an hour before or after a meal, provide your dog a constant supply of fresh water, make sure that your dog's bowl is low to the ground, and keep your Doberman Pinscher's stress level to a minimum. Other Health Concerns Doberman Pinschers are at risk for a spinal condition called wobblers syndrome. While symptoms often do not appear in Dobermans until later in life, veterinary resources including the Merck Veterinary Manual indicate taking nutritional steps to keep puppy weight down and prevent rapid growth can help reduce the risk that a susceptible dog will eventually develop this syndrome. Wobblers syndrome symptoms include an unsteady gait, falling, clumsiness and sometimes paralysis. In some giant breeds it appears before the dog is a year old, but in Dobermans it can more likely show up after 4 to 5 years of age. Nutritional steps to reduce the risk include not feeding puppy food beyond 6 months of age. The Vetinfo website recommends feeding the young dog a diet containing no more than 24 percent protein and avoiding supplemental vitamins and minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus. Doberman Pinschers are also susceptible to canine juvenile renal disease, a hereditary disorder affecting the kidneys that usually causes early death. Symptoms usually appear before 2 years of age and include increased thirst, vomiting, weight loss and lethargy. A low-phosphorus and low-protein diet eases the burden placed on the kidneys to filter these substances, helping to slow the progress of kidney failure and to alleviate symptoms. Considerations

Doberman Pinschers should be muscular and agile; if your dog seems either overweight or underweight, consult with your veterinarian to determine a correct feeding schedule and ration. More on Dog Nutrition Large Breed Dog Food and Nutrition The Proper Nutrition for Feeding a Puppy What's Your Dog's Ideal Weight? References & Resources United Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher Doberman Pinscher Club of America: Bloat Doberman Pinscher Club of America: Basic Care Earlysville Animal Hospital: Preventing Bloat in Dogs University of Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine: Wobbler's Syndrome in Dogs This information is for informational purposes only and is not meant as a substitute for the professional advice of, or diagnosis or treatment by, your veterinarian. Always seek the advice of your veterinarian or other qualified professional with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard or delay seeking professional advice due to what you may have read on our website. Medium Breed Wobbler's Syndrome (Cervical Vertebral Instability)Gastric Torsion Overweight Doberman Pinscher SHOW COMMENTStext commentscomments powered by Disqus Was this article helpful? Related Products Wellness Super5Mix Wellness Super5Mix Complete Health - Fish and Sweet Potato Dry Dog Food Regular Price: $32.59SHOPWellness Core Wellness CORE Grain Free Original Formula Dry Dog Food Regular Price: $35.49SHOP