what kind of doctor is dr. nassar

rs. In 1996, Nassar, a doctor of osteopathic medicine, was named chief medical coordinator for USA Gymnastics and became the team doctor for U. S. gymnasts at the Olympics in Atlanta. It was still unpaid, volunteer work, but the experience and exposure were priceless.

"MSU doctor's alleged victims talked for 20 years. Was anyone listening? By Julie Mack and Emily Lawler | MLive.com Feb, 8, 2017For two decades he was a household name in the gymnastic community, a star in sports medicine and a sought-after physician at Michigan State University. He treated top athletes such as Kerri Strug and Jordyn Wieber, and had a stellar reputation for sports-injury prevention and athlete rehab. He was the team doctor for U. S. gymnasts at four Olympics. He was beloved for his warm and disarming manner, which put even shy teenage girls at ease. If there was a dark side to Dr. Larry Nassar, almost nobody saw it. His golden career has come crashing down in the past five months. Today, Nassar is in federal custody on receipt and possession of child pornography charges, and faces three charges of first-degree criminal sexual conduct involving a family friend allegedly abused from the age of 6 until she was 12. Dozens of other women have filed criminal and/or civil complaints alleging sexual abuse or other misconduct dating back to at least 1994 and continuing into 2016. All the alleged victims, in both the criminal and civil cases, are women. Nassar tried to destroy evidence of child porn, new indictment says""It's Penn State all over again,"" alleges Brian Mc Keen, a Detroit attorney representing one of the women. ""You have the same kind of institutional failures, involving multiple victims violated by a trusted staffer. ""Nassar, 53, has pleaded not guilty to the criminal charges. His attorney, Matthew Newburg, declined comment for this story and neither Nassar nor his attorney have responded in court documents to the civil lawsuits. That it took so long to thoroughly investigate the accusations around Nassar remains one of the most troubling aspects of the burgeoning sex scandal, say victims and their lawyers interviewed by MLive. Child-porn charges for former USA Gymnastics, MSU doctor in sex-abuse scandal Dr. Larry Nassar, already charged with sexually assaulting a girl in his Holt home, is now charged with federal child-pornography crimes. Over the years, some of Nassar's alleged victims say they were telling parents, coaches, counselors, MSU athletic trainers - even police -- that, without consent or explanation, Nassar was digitally penetrating them in the vagina and anus during medical treatments for back, hip and other injuries. Yet again and again, the women's accounts were viewed with skepticism, the women claim. ""I feel like I didn't do a good job protecting those who came after me,"" said Tiffany Thomas Lopez, who says she was abused in 1999 and 2000 while she was a softball player at MSU. ""But I did speak up, on more than one occasion. ""It's not just Nassar's reputation at stake. Also engulfed in the controversy are MSU, where Nassar was a faculty member and practitioner at MSU's sports-medicine clinic from 1997 until he was fired last September; USA Gymnastics, the sport's national governing body, where Nassar started as an athletic trainer in 1986 and served as chief medical coordinator and U. S. team doctor from 1996 to 2015, and Twistars, a high-profile USA Gymnastics training facility in the Lansing area, which referred athletes to Nassar. All three organizations are named as co-defendants in some of the lawsuits. MSU, the only entity to employ Nassar, denied the university had knowledge of any complaints prior to 2014 and said it had not protected Nassar, according to MSU spokesman Jason Cody. In an email to members of the MSU community, university President Lou Anna K. Simon addressed the allegations, and said MSU has taken a ""proactive approach. ""The plaintiffs: Accusers alleging abuse in lawsuits The graphic below shows the plaintiffs who have filed lawsuits against Dr. Larry Nassar, and the organizations where the alleged abuse may have occurred. Rollover/tap each bubble to get more details on the alleged abuse. In several instances, abuse was alleged at multiple locations, which are indicated by the gray connecting lines. Among the missed opportunities to address alleged complaints involving Nassar:* In late 1997 or mid-1998, a gymnast alleges she complained to MSU gymnastics coach Kathie Klages, while the gymnast was part of a youth gymnastics program Klages instructed, according to the gymnast's allegations in the lawsuit. The gymnast, a teenager at the time, claims in the lawsuit she was 'concerned' about Nassar's treatments. Klages discouraged her from filing a formal complaint and informed Nassar of the conversation, according to the court filing. Klages did not return requests for comment. Michigan State suspends women's gymnastics coach Kathie Klages The suspension comes on the heels of allegations in a civil lawsuit that claim Klages ignored at least one athlete's concerns about their treatments from MSU sports medicine Dr. Larry Nassar. * In 1997, a parent complained to Twistars owner John Geddert about Nassar's medical treatments, according to one lawsuit. Geddert not only failed to investigate, but continued to recommend Nassar as a physician, the suit claims. * In 1999, a MSU track and cross country runner told a staff member of the athletic program and athletic trainers that Nassar was penetrating her vagina during treatment for an injured hamstring, according to her lawsuit, which identifies her as Jane X Doe. The suit alleges the coach and trainers told her that Nassar was ""an Olympic doctor"" and ""knew what he was doing. ""* In 1999 and again in 2000, when Lopez was a MSU softball player, she told three MSU athletic trainers that Nassar was sexually inappropriate during medical treatments, Lopez told MLive. Three trainers dismissed her concerns, and one of them told Lopez that she should feel grateful to be treated by a world-renowned doctor, Lopez said. Plaintiff Rachael Denhollander is seen during a press conference in Grand Rapids, Jan. 10, 2017, announcing the filing of a lawsuit against Dr. Larry Nassar, Michigan State University, Twistars and USA Gymnastics for alleged sexual abuse and institutional failures. (Emily Rose Bennett | MLive.com)* In 2000, Racheal Denhollander says she was abused by Nassar when she was a 15-year-old Kalamazoo gymnast treated at MSU's sports-medicine clinic. When she told a Kalamazoo-area gymnastic coach about the alleged abuse two years later, the coach suggested Denhollander keep quiet, Denhollander said. (MLive does not normally name alleged victims in sex-abuse cases, but Denhollander and Lopez are allowing their names to be used. )* In 2004, the family friend in Nassar's criminal assault case told a counselor about the alleged abuse, according to an Ingham County court document. The counselor had the 12-year-old girl and her parents meet with Nassar, who denied the allegations, and the girl's parents forced her to recant; the girl later told ""multiple therapists and counselors"" about the abuse, the document says. There is no record of anyone calling law enforcement about the allegations, although state law mandates mental-health counselors to report child sexual abuse. * In 2004, a criminal complaint was filed with Meridian Township police by a Nassar patient alleging sexual abuse. Police are not commenting now on why they closed the case without seeking criminal charges. * In 2014, a second police report filed by a different woman with MSU police alleged abuse during medical treatment. The case was referred to the Ingham County Prosecutor's Office, which declined to press charges after they recognized it as a legitimate medical procedure. * In the summer of 2015, USA Gymnastics quietly cut ties with Nassar after hearing of ""athlete concerns."" But MSU says it was never told of those concerns, and Nassar continued to practice at MSU's sports clinic for another year, as well as treating girls from Twistars and Holt High School. Kiki Wixsom, director of the Twistars De Witt facility, said Nassar ""has never been an employee with Twistars"" and said she was not allowed to comment further. Owner John Geddert did not respond to multiple requests for comment. Holt Public Schools officials said they ended Nassar's contract in September 2016 when they first heard about allegations of sexual abuse from news reports. Superintendent Dave Hornak said student athletes were encouraged to report any misconduct, but to his knowledge no Holt students have come forward with complaints against Nassar. USA Gymnastics said in a statement the organization contacted the FBI ""immediately"" in 2015 after they learned of allegations and relieved Nassar of duties, but declined further comment. Denhollander said she hesitated to contact police for more than 15 years because ""I was 100 percent confident that I would not be believed. ""Nassar ""was (MSU's) golden boy. He was USAG's golden boy,"" she said. ""He was so loved in the community that I was very sure ... I would be crucified and he would end up empowered to know he couldn't get caught. ""What breaks my heart more than anything,"" she said, ""is that all these women who came forward and did what I didn't do, that's exactly what happened to them. ""Rachael Denhollander talks about her alleged abuse by former MSU Dr. Larry Nassar Denhollander finally came forward in August 2016 after she read an Indianapolis Star expose on USA Gymnastics' alleged mishandling of sexual-abuse allegations. Nassar wasn't mentioned in the Star's August 2016 report. But Denhollander thought the investigation offered an opportunity to bring Nassar to justice. She contacted the Indianapolis Star and the police, which led to a Sept. 12 news story which Denhollander and another woman, a former Olympic medalist, detailed their alleged abuse by Nassar. The story sparked a flood of criminal and civil complaints from other Nassar patients. To date, at least 50 women have filed criminal complaints, which are being investigated by MSU police and the Michigan Attorney General's office, and at least 26 women have filed lawsuits. There are also 10 Title IX complaints against MSU. Title IX is a federal law that prohibits discrimination based on gender, and in part, requires schools that take federal funds to take immediate action to address sexual violence.18 more sue doctor, MSU, USA gymnastics over sexual assault allegations A lawsuit filed claims institutional failures perpetuated Larry Nassar's access to the young females he is accused of abusing. Simon said in her message that MSU is conducting a internal review, and complying with law enforcement requests. ""While the investigations continue, one fact appears clear. Based on the dozens of criminal complaints made against Nassar to MSU Police and the criminal charges brought against him by the Michigan Attorney General and federal U. S. Attorney's Office, Nassar abused the trust of his patients and his professional responsibility as a physician,"" she wrote. ""At this point, Larry Nassar has more victims than Jerry Sandusky,"" the abuser in the Penn State case, alleged John Manly, one of the attorneys working with 20 of Nassar's accusers, Sandusky was convicted of 45 counts of sexual conduct related to 10 victims; and Penn State has paid settlements to 33 victims who filed civil complaints. Manly said it's not just Nassar who needs to answer for what happened. ""This was all avoidable, if someone had just taken action back in 1997 when this was first reported,"" Manly said. ""When you've got a 17- or 18-year-old girl telling coaches and trainers that a doctor is putting his hand inside her vagina for 30 to 40 minutes without a glove or lubrication, it doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure you that you need to report that,"" he said. 'Top of his profession'Nassar first became an athletic trainer while attending North Farmington High School, where he graduated in 1981. In this July 15, 2008, file photo, Larry Nassar, D. O., or Doctor of Osteopathy, works with a patient in East Lansing, MI. (Becky Shink/Lansing State Journal via AP, File)He was especially drawn to gymnasts. ""What they did with their bodies and what they went through was amazing to me,"" he said in a 2012 story in Greater Lansing Sport magazine. Nassar received his kinesiology degree from University of Michigan in 1985; graduated from MSU's College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1993; and did a four-year residency in family and sports medicine at St. Lawrence Hospital in Lansing. Meanwhile, Nassar began volunteering with USA Gymnastics in 1986, starting out as an athletic trainer for the U. S. national team. He filled similar roles for MSU football and at Twista

Nassar ""may be young, but he's just risen to the top of his profession,"" MSU said in a 1996 press release. When he finished his residency in 1997, Nassar joined the MSU faculty, an appointment that included teaching, seeing patients at MSU's sports-medicine clinics and serving as team doctor to various MSU athletic teams, primarily women's gymnastics and crew. ""He is eager and dynamic and appears to have exceptional interpersonal skills,"" said a memo recommending his appointment from his MSU personnel file. ""He is well-known and respected nationally and internationally in the field of Sports Medicine. ""Nassar's MSU personnel file, obtained by MLive under the Freedom of Information Act, shows Nassar continued to get high marks over the next 20 years. A 2013 job evaluation noted his dedication, compassion, and ""tireless commitment"" to his specialty within the gymnastic community. Six times, Nassar was voted National Contributor of the Year by the Elite Gymnastics Coaches Association. In 2012, he received the Alumnus of the Year Award from the MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine. He was lauded for starting a gymnastic program for autistic children. Nassar also was a high-profile community figure, especially in Holt, where he lived with his wife, a physician assistant, and their three children. Nassar taught catechism classes at St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church in East Lansing, was team doctor at Holt High School and ran for the Holt school board this past fall. After Nassar was fired in September, he sent an email to his supervisor at MSU. ""I am so sorry that this situation has been so public in the media casting such a shadow over myself and MSU,"" Nassar wrote. ""I understand your position and appreciate all the support you have given me. My heart is breaking but I will stay strong in my Faith and with the support of my family and my friends I will overcome this. ""Larry Nassar timeline: Key moments Below is a brief history of Larry Nassar's career, accomplishments and alleged sexual abuse accusations. Rollover/tap each plot to get more information on the event. 'Something really weird'Of the sex-abuse allegations made public against Nassar, the earliest involves a former Olympic gymnast who filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles. To protect her anonymity, the lawsuit lists the woman as Jane JD Doe. She is described as a bronze medalist in the 2000 Olympics. She first came into contact with Nassar in 1994, as an adolescent competing with the U. S. national team, the lawsuit says. While treating her injuries, the suit says, Nassar groped her body and made ""inappropriate"" conversation about sex. Nassar then moved on to ""intravaginal adjustments"" - treatments involving vaginal and anal penetration, performed without gloves or lubricant and without a third party in the room, the lawsuit says. Some of these treatments occurred in her hotel room while traveling for competitions, including a trip to China, according to the suit, which alleges the abuse continued through 2000. What was portrayed as medical treatment, alleged victims claim is sexual assault Alleged victims point to red flags in Nassar's intervaginal procedures. The lawsuit doesn't say whether Jane JD Doe told anyone before filing her lawsuit in September 2016. Meanwhile, Lopez and another MSU student athlete each say they told MSU trainers in 1999 that Nassar was doing vaginal penetration during medical treatment, according to their lawsuit. Lopez said she was a MSU freshman on the softball team in spring 1999 when she saw Nassar for a lower back injury. During a treatment with a female athletic trainer in the room, Nassar digitally penetrated her vagina, Lopez said. She later asked the trainer about it. ""She reassured me that this is what he was supposed to be doing, and this was going to help me to play pain free,"" Lopez said. The penetration was repeated over multiple treatments in the spring of 1999 and 2000, she said. ""He would insert his fingers, and it was in and out. My trainer described it as a kind of massage to help the bone. ""Initially, Lopez trusted Nassar and the trainer. But Lopez said she felt ""very uncomfortable"" about the procedure, adding Nassar did not use a glove, explain the procedure or get consent. In her sophomore year she had a new trainer, with whom she discussed the issue in more detail. Lopez said she also told another member of the athletic training department. Lopez told that person that Nassar's treatments weren't providing relief for her back pain and she was feeling more and more uncomfortable. Lopez said she was told she could file a complaint against Nassar, but ""I was really encouraged not to,"" Lopez said. ""At the end of the conversation, I remember her reminding me that he was a world-renowned doctor who treated elite athletes,"" Lopez said. Lopez didn't file a complaint, but she stopped seeing Nassar. ""I left school feeling something was not right, even though they said it was OK,"" said Lopez, who is now 32 and living in California. ""I never forgot about Dr. Nassar, and I always wondered if there was someone else out there like me, who went through something really weird. ""What really bothers her now, she says, is the feeling of guilt that she could have put a stop to it if she had been more forceful. But she also blames MSU. ""As far as Michigan State goes, I do feel they need to be held accountable,"" she said. MSU spokesman Jason Cody said the university is conducting an internal investigation. ""We are talking to all relevant people, we are looking into this and to date we have found no evidence"" that any complaints were brought to MSU before 2014, Cody said. Police called twice Criminal complaints were brought before police at least twice. Neither investigation resulted in charges being filed. The first occurred in 2004, when a report was filed with Meridian Township police by a 16-year old student athlete, claiming Nassar touched her vagina and breasts, according to a lawsuit. Police confirm the existence of the report, which was closed without charges being sought, but say it cannot be released because of the current criminal investigation. Meridian Township police did not notify MSU of the complaint, Cody said. And neither did Nassar, according to a Sept. 16, 2016 letter the university sent him notifying him of a potential dismissal. A similar complaint was filed with MSU police in 2014, where an MSU athlete claimed Nassar ""cupped her buttocks, massaged her breast and vaginal area and became sexually aroused"" while treating her hip pain, according to a lawsuit. Larry Nassar Nassar was suspended during the 2014 police investigation, and the case was forwarded to the Ingham County Prosecutor's Office. That office determined Nassar's treatment was medically legitimate. The prosecutor's office was swayed to drop the case after seeing a video demonstrating the medical legitimacy of Nassar's procedures, said Gretchen Whitmer, who served as interim Ingham County prosecutor for the second half of 2016. The prosecutor in 2014 was Stuart Dunnings, who resigned in March 2016 amid charges of his own sexual misconduct. In her lawsuit, the woman said, MSU's investigative report omitted Nassar's arousal and the fact that she had to physically remove his hand from her body. MSU officials declined to comment on that accusation. Moreover, three women allege Nassar appeared sexually aroused during the procedure, and seven of the 26 women who filed lawsuits said Nassar massaged or otherwise touched their breasts during a treatment, according to court documents. One result of the 2014 complaint: MSU established protocols for intravaginal procedures performed by Nassar. According to a memo in Nassar's personnel file, he was told he needed to have a third party in the room when doing ""anything close to a sensitive area""; he needed to minimize skin-to-skin contact in ""these regions""; and he needed to explain such treatments in detail to the third party. No other doctors at MSU do any intravaginal sports-medicine procedures, according to Cody. Forced to recant? The same year Nassar was questioned by Meridian Township police, he also was contacted by a counselor with a 12-year-old client alleging abuse, according to court documents. That client is the alleged victim in criminal sexual conduct charges filed by the state against Nassar in November. According to a transcript of that Nov. 21 hearing seeking an arrest warrant for Nassar, MSU Detective Sgt. Andrea Munford said the victim is a now 24-year-old woman whose parents were close friends with the Nassars. Starting in 1998 when she was 6-years-old, Munford testified, ""Nassar exposed his erect penis to her in the basement,"" and told the girl ""she could see it or touch it whenever she wanted. ""For the next five years Nassar repeatedly exposed himself to the girl, masturbated in front of her, rubbed his penis against her feet and digitally penetrated her vagina, according to testimony. The girl eventually told her parents, who took her to a counselor, Munford said. The counselor arranged for meeting between Nassar, the parents and the girl. ""Nassar denied the allegation, and (the girl's) parents decided they didn't believe her,"" Munford testified. Eventually, they made her recant her allegations. But since then, Munford testified, the girl has ""recanted her recantation many times,"" including to ""multiple therapists and counselors, even saying his name to them. ""'Athlete concerns'Larry Nassar, right, carries an athlete off of the mat during practice for the U. S. Olympic gymnastic trials in Philadelphia on June 18, 2008, i. (Rob Carr / Associated Press)In 2015, USA Gymnastics quietly cut ties with Nassar amid unspecified ""athlete concerns. ""Nassar was part of USAG for almost 30 years, including 19 as the organization's chief medical coordinator and team doctor for the U. S. national team. That included accompanying U. S. gymnasts to the 1996, 2000, 2008 and 2012 Olympics; Nassar didn't go to the 2004 games because of the birth of his daughter. ""When USA Gymnastics learned of athlete concerns about Dr. Nassar in the summer of 2015, we immediately notified the FBI and relieved Nassar of any further assignments,"" the USAG said in a statement in response to MLive questions. A spokesman for the U. S. Department of Justice office said federal officials are not commenting on the Nassar investigation, including when or if the FBI was contacted by USA Gymnastics. Cody said USA Gymnastics did not tell Michigan State in 2015 about allegations involving Nassar, who continued seeing patients at MSU for a year after he left the USAG. Nassar wasn't suspended at MSU until late August 2016, shortly after Denhollander filed a police report. As more complaints flooded in, Nassar was fired three weeks later. The official reason for his termination, according to his personnel file: Nassar failed to follow the protocols established after in 2014 investigation. ""The MSU Police has received two new patient complaints which post-date these directives,"" a Sept. 16 letter to Nassar from the university states. ""Both individuals allege that you performed the procedure at issue without gloves, without another member of the medical staff in the room, and without providing an explanation of the procedure. ...""Culture of enablement? Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette has spoken forcefully of the need to investigate Nassar, calling him a ""predator. ""Schuette said Nassar is the only focus of the criminal investigation, and the attorney general has praised MSU's handling of the situation. The bulk of the criminal complaints - which involve Nassar's work treating women at MSU or in venues overseen by USAG Gymnastics - remain under investigation by MSU police and the attorney general's office. Michigan State University Police Chief James Dunlap, right, listens as Michigan U. S. Attorney Patrick Miles announces federal charges for possession of child pornography against former Michigan State University gymnastics doctor Larry Nassar on Dec. 19, 2016 in Grand Rapids. (Neil Blake | MLive.com)But the long list of alleged victims over a 22-year period is infuriating to Lopez and Denhollander and their lawyers, who feel Nassar could and should have been stopped long ago. ""This whole epidemic of sexual abuse was entirely preventable,"" Mc Keen said. ""It should have been stopped after the first athlete made a report. It certainly should have stopped after a second athlete made a report. ""Whitmer acknowledges that ""in retrospect, I think a lot of people in the community, you know, are analyzing actions that maybe should have been different. ""Alleged victims say the people they told about their experiences deferred to his medical expertise. ""The way they would speak about Dr. Nassar, it was like he was a god almost,"" Lopez said. Doctors may feel protected by their status in a community -- which is all the more reason accusations of sexual misconduct against them must be taken seriously, said Laura Palumbo, communications director with the National Sexual Violence Resource Center. ""Patients and communities place a great deal of trust in medical providers, and it's alarming to consider appropriate investigations and sanctions may not have been pursued,"" Palumbo said. Denhollander is particularly scathing about those who she feels enabled Nassar. ""None of the adults who could have stopped Nassar, before he got to me and before he got to these other women, none of them did what they should have done,"" Denhollander said. ""Pedophiles are only as good as the people who surround them. And Nassar was surrounded by some people who were very willing to put other things above the protection of children. ""Lauren Gibbons contributed to the reporting. Interactive graphics and layout by Scott Levin "


convert acres to sq. ft.

o: Definition: Acre An acre is a measure of land area in Imperial units or U. S. customary units. It is equal to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or 160 square rods. The precise meaning of this depends on the exact definition adopted for a foot: the international acre is 4 046.856 422 4 m² (for the UK, see).

Convert acre to square feet - Conversion of Measurement Units

"Convert acre to square footacresquare feet Did you mean to convert acreacre [commercial]acre [Ireland]acre [survey]to square footsquare foot [survey]More information from the unit converter How many acre in 1 square feet? The answer is 2.2956841138659E-5. We assume you are converting between acre and square foot. You can view more details on each measurement unit: acre or square feet The SI derived unit for area is the square meter

. 1 square meter is equal to 0.00024710538146717 acre, or 10.76391041671 square feet. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between acres and square feet. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!

Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from square feet to acre, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: T

For measurements based specifically on the US survey foot the US survey acre is ca. 4 046.872 610 m². Definition: Square foot A square foot is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 foot long. One square foot is equal to 0.09290304 square metres for the international, English foot. Metric conversions and more Convert Units.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3"", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!Convert · Area · Dates · Salary · Chemistry · Forum · Privacy · Bibliography · Contact © 2018 Convert Units.com "


what are the weight an ankole cattle

Lyre and circular shapes are preferable to flat. The Ankole-Watusi is medium in size, with cows weighing 900 - 1200 pounds and bulls weighing 1000 - 1600 pounds. Newborn calves weigh 30 - 50 pounds. This small birth-weight makes Ankole-Watusi bulls useful for breeding to first-calf-heifers of other breeds. During the day, calves sleep together, with an ""auntie"" cow for protection. At night, the herd-members sleep together, with the calves in the center of the group for protection.

"ANKOLE-WATUSI CATTLEAnkole-Watusi cattle are the show-stoppers of the bovine kingdom. Medium-sized animals, with long, large-diameter horns, they attract attention wherever they appear. These regal animals can easily trace their ancestry back more than 6,000 years and have often been referred to as ""cattle of kings. ""THE HISTORY OF AN ANCIENT BREED Long-horned, humpless domestic cattle were well established in the Nile Valley by 4000 B. C. These cattle, known as the Egyptian or Hamitic Longhorn, appear in pictographs in Egyptian pyramids. Over the next twenty centuries (2,000 years), the Egyptian Longhorn migrated with its owners from the Nile to Ethiopia, and then down to the southern reaches of Africa. By 2000 B. C., humped cattle (Longhorn Zebu) from Pakistan and India reached Africa. When these Zebu reached the region now known as Ethiopia and Somalia, they were interbred with the Egyptian Longhorn. The admixture thus produced -- the Sanga -- spread to the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and other parts of eastern Africa, and became the base stock of many of the indigenous African breeds. The Sanga demonstrated most of the typical Zebu characteristics, such as pendulous dewlap and sheath, upturned horns, and a neck hump of variable size. Modern descendants of the Sanga, however, vary greatly in size, conformation, and horns, due to differing selection pressures by different tribes. Particularly remarkable are the cattle found in Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. In Uganda, the Nkole tribe's Sanga variety is known as the Ankole. In Rwanda and Burundi, the Tutsi tribe's Sanga variety is called the Watusi. The Rwanda common strain of Watusi is called Inkuku. The giant-horned strain, owned by the Tutsi kings and chiefs, is called the Inyambo. (Some current tribal reports claim that this type is now extinct.) Traditionally, Ankole-Watusi were considered sacred. They supplied milk to the owners, but were only rarely used for meat production, since an owner's wealth was counted in live animals. Under traditional management, the Ankole cow grazed all day, and was then brought home to her young calf. The calf was allowed to suckle briefly to stimulate milk letdown, then the cow was milked by the herdsman. The calf suckled after hand-milking was finished and was again separated from its mother. The process was repeated in the morning. This minimal nourishment of calves resulted in high death rates in the young. Milk production was not high, with a typical cow producing only 2 pints of milk daily, although an exceptional one could manage up to 8 pints. In addition, the lactation period was short. Over the last 15 years, the national government has attempted to select for animals which produce more milk and have better meat production. Famine, disease, and wars, as well as the conflict with traditional practices, have slowed this effort. ANKOLE CATTLE OUTSIDE OF AFRICA Because of their striking appearance, and the resulting ability to attract paying customers, Ankole cattle were imported from Africa by European zoos during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Zoos and game parks in Germany, Sweden, and England were among the breeders of these cattle outside Africa. The cattle were called Ankole, or Ankole-Watusi, and they were treated as a single breed. American zoos and other tourist attractions imported Ankole-Watusi cattle from European zoos in the 1920s and 1930s. As time went on, and zoos began to change their emphasis from visually-exciting animals to those (wild) animal species in desperate need of preservation (whether ""eye-catching"" or not), more Ankole-Watusi cattle became available for sale to private individuals and several private herds were begun. In January, 1983, North Americans interested in the Ankole-Watusi cattle breed met in Denver, Colorado, and formed the Ankole Watusi International Registry. Many of these people had been raising Ankole-Watusi cattle since before 1978. They felt that it was time to begin a breed registry which could collect and maintain pedigree information and conserve this interesting breed. Within five months, the Registry had 74 members nationwide. These members shared a strong commitment to the breed, though they had different priorities for it. Some wanted to concentrate solely on the prevention of breed extinction; some selected for their utility in the production of superior cross-bred roping animals. Still others championed the low-fat and low-cholesterol meat values after these were discovered. BREED CHARACTERISTICS The Ankole-Watusi should appear elegant, well-bred, and graceful. A straight topline and a sloping rump are required; a neck hump is preferred, but not required. Cattle may be solid or spotted in color. Horns are long and symmetrical, with a base large and proportional to horn length.

The horns of the adults serve as formidable weapons against any intruders. The milk is about 10 percent fat. Some dairy farmers have used crossbred Ankole-Watusi cows in their herds to boost the butter-fat levels. Because they were developed in a climate where daily temperatures may range from 20 to 120 degrees F, Ankole-Watusi tolerate temperature and weather extremes well. The large horns act as radiators; blood circulating through the horn area is cooled and then returned to the main body. This allows excess body heat to be dispersed. CURRENT BREED STATUS The Ankole Watusi International Registry adopted a breed standard in 1989. This has been an important part of the Registry's program to encourage animal scientists to take this unusual breed seriously, instead of treating it as a curiosity. DNA analysis of Native Pure (15/16) and Foundation Pure (100%) animals is required for registration, in order to guarantee the accuracy of the stated pedigree. Three meat studies were done in the 1990's, and the results were good for the breed. Ankole-Watusi meat was demonstrated to be very low fat and to have lower cholesterol than other commercial beef. The AWIR has the establishment of utility value as a high priority. This will be a way to protect the market for breeding stock as ""curiosity"" prices begin to disappear. An upgrade program has been established. The 1/2, 3/4, and 7/8 female offspring of Ankole-Watusi crosses are registerable, and the 15/16 female or male offspring are registerable. "


what does in succession mean

Succession (noun)the right to enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or one preceding in an established order Succession (noun)the person succeeding to rank or office; a successor or heir Origin: [L. successio: cf. F. succession. See Succeed.

Definitions &Translations

"Princeton's Word Net (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:sequence, chronological sequence, succession, successiveness, chronological succession (noun)a following of one thing after another in time""the doctor saw a sequence of patients""succession (noun)a group of people or things arranged or following in order""a succession of stalls offering soft drinks""; ""a succession of failures""succession, sequence (noun)the action of following in order""he played the trumps in sequence""succession, ecological succession (noun) (ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is establishedsuccession, taking over (noun)acquisition of property by descent or by will Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:succession (Noun)An act of following in sequence.succession (Noun)A sequence of things in order.succession (Noun)A passing of royal powers.succession (Noun)A group of rocks or strata that succeed one another in chronological order. Origin: From successio, successionem. Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Succession (noun)the act of succeeding, or following after; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; as, a succession of good crops; a succession of disasters Succession (noun)a series of persons or things according to some established rule of precedence; as, a succession of kings, or of bishops; a succession of events in chronology Succession (noun)an order or series of descendants; lineage; race; descent Succession (noun)the power or right of succeeding to the station or title of a father or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the office, rank, position, etc., held ny another; also, the entrance into the office, station, or rank of a predecessor; specifically, the succeeding, or right of succeeding, to a throne

]British National Corpus Spoken Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'succession' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #4651Nouns Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'succession' in Nouns Frequency: #1926Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of succession in Chaldean Numerology is: 3Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of succession in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1Sample Sentences & Example Usage Steve Faulkner: That's a horrible succession plan. Shinichiro Kawata: Succession issues have become very urgent. Jane Austen, Mansfield Park: Life is just a quick succession of busy nothings. Thornton Wilder: Life is an unbroken succession of false situations. Jason Palmer: I heard 'pop, pop,' about 15 times in quick succession. Images & Illustrations of succession "


shane net worth

h. Shane Filan Net Worth $30 Million Filan was a supporter of Michael Jackson and says the king of pop inspired him to pursue music as a profession. Before Westlife, Filan was with Egan and Feehily in a group called I. O. U.

Shane Filan Net Worth

Home / Richest Singers / Shane Filan Net Worth Richest Singers Shane Filan Net Worth Jennifer Field October 6, 2017 1 Comment 1,283 2 minutes read Shane Filan Net Worth is$3 Million Shane Filan Bio/Wiki 2018Shane Steven Filan is an Irish vocalist and songwriter. The Irish singer was among the lead singers of the Irish boy band Westlife. He’s six siblings-three brothers and three sisters. He could be the youngest of them. Filan attended a Catholic school called Summerhill College with Westlife group members Kian Egan and Mark Feehily. After Westlife’s break in 2012, Filan revealed interest of being a true solo music musician. In December that year, it was declared that Filan has landed with a recording contract with Universal Music Entertainment. His debut single “Everything to Me” peaked at number 14 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart on the week of launc

Later, Shane with Kian and Mark jointly formed the group that’s to be Westlife and named it Westside. The group name was afterwards shifted to Westlife. The trio were afterwards joined by Nicky Byrne and Brian Mc Fadden. Their first record titled Westlife, premiered in November, 1999. Westlife has received twenty eight platinum discs and sold 40 million records world-wide. Filan can also be a songwriter and he’s co-written several tunes for the group including- Fragile Heart, Bop Bop Baby, do not Say It’s Too Late, Singing Forever, Closer, and Too Hard To Say Goodbye. Filan purchased this-first silver Aston Martin driven by Sean Connery in the James Bond movie Goldfinger -on his 30th birthday. Later he sold it for 398,000. Silver BMW, Reddish BMW. Sligo House: This three-storey mega mansion belongs to Shane Filan. It’s in the marketplace for 990,000. Filan describes himself as level headed, generous and intimate. The Songwriter enjoys horse riding, snooker, pitch and putting. His favourite Football team is Liverpool and he says that fellow group member Nicky Bryne is among his favourite man pop star. Filan was recently declared insolvent after enduring losses in Ireland’s property crash. Filan married Gillian on 28 December 2003. Gillian was Filan’s childhood love. They’ve three kids- a daughter- Nicole Rose- and two sons — Patrick Michael and Shane Peter. Shane simply had 470 in his bank account merely five days after playing to some huge 80,000 bunch at Westlife’s 2012 good-bye tour and he could not manage to purchase his son Patrick a Spiderman toy that cost 29.99. Shane said, “it turned out to be a terrifying week. You are thinking, ‘I have just completed in Westlife — I should have millions.’ But the youngest of them did not.”Shane Filan supports Nordon Robbins, a charity initiated by Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins that focusses on music therapy and is focused on transforming the lives of those who are constrained by sickness, impairment, injury or exclusion. Shane’s family has 40 horses. They all have the first name –Carlton- after your family eatery. Shane’s favorite is called Carlton Flight. Shane still suffers from a knee injury which he got three years past playing rugby which makes every dance routine rather distressing but he never complains about it. Shane consistently used to snog his girlfriend’s partners and would frequently go out with a girl just because of this. When Shane was little, he possessed a soft toy cat. Shane loved it to bits, but he used to conceal it from his partners when they came round to his house because he believed it was actually embarrassing to possess. Shane never goes to bed without saying his prayers and he never actually relaxes on his vacations as he enjoys to be constantly up and around doing something. Tags Facebook Twitter


how many times has amnesty been given to illegal aliens?

"The law granted amnesty to nearly 3 million illegal immigrants, yet was largely considered unsuccessful because the strict sanctions on employers were stripped out of the bill for passage. Simpson says the amnesty provision actually saved the act from being a total loss. ""It's not perfect, but 2.9 million people came forward. If you can bring one person out of an exploited relationship, that's good enough for me. ""Reagan And Amnesty

"History A Reagan Legacy: Amnesty For Illegal Immigrants Listen · 11:1611:16Queue Download Embed Embed< iframe src=""https://www.npr.org/player/embed/128303672/128305648"" width=""100%"" height=""290"" frameborder=""0"" scrolling=""no"" title=""NPR embedded audio player"">Transcript July 4, 2010 2:12 PM ETHeard on All Things Considered NPR Staff Enlarge this image""I believe in the idea of amnesty for those who have put down roots and lived here, even though sometime back they may have entered illegally,"" Ronald Reagan said in 1984. Hulton Archive/Getty Images As the nation's attention turns back to the fractured debate over immigration, it might be helpful to remember that in 1986, Ronald Reagan signed a sweeping immigration reform bill into law. It was sold as a crackdown: There would be tighter security at the Mexican border, and employers would face strict penalties for hiring undocumented workers. But the bill also made any immigrant who'd entered the country before 1982 eligible for amnesty — a word not usually associated with the father of modern conservatism. In his renewed push for an immigration overhaul this week, President Obama called for Republican support for a bill to address the growing population of illegal immigrants in the country. This time, however, Republicans know better than to tread near the politically toxic A-word. Part of this aversion is due to what is widely seen as the failure of Reagan's 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. However, one of the lead authors of the bill says that unlike most immigration reform efforts of the past 20 years, amnesty wasn't the pitfall. ""We used the word 'legalization,' "" former Wyoming Sen. Alan K. Simpson tells NPR's Guy Raz. ""And everybody fell asleep lightly for a while, and we were able to do legalization. "

Nowadays, conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh often invoke the former president as a champion of the conservative agenda. Sean Hannity of Fox News even has a regular segment called ""What Would Reagan Do? ""Simpson, however, sees a different person in the president he called a ""dear friend. ""Reagan ""knew that it was not right for people to be abused,"" Simpson says. ""Anybody who's here illegally is going to be abused in some way, either financially [or] physically. They have no rights. ""Peter Robinson, a former Reagan speechwriter, agrees. ""It was in Ronald Reagan's bones — it was part of his understanding of America — that the country was fundamentally open to those who wanted to join us here. ""Reagan said as much himself in a televised debate with Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale in 1984. ""I believe in the idea of amnesty for those who have put down roots and lived here, even though sometime back they may have entered illegally,"" he said. Now, Amnesty Is Out; Border Security Is In More than 20 years later, the Republican Party has changed its tune. President Obama's call for bipartisanship on the immigration issue was answered by Senate Republican Leader Mitch Mc Connell. A bipartisan effort would be possible, he said, if Obama ""would take amnesty off the table and make a real commitment to border and interior security. ""But Simpson, a fellow Republican who served in the Senate with Mc Connell from 1986 to 1997, says calling for tighter borders is a tried-and-true tactic of politicians unwilling to confront the realities of a growing illegal population. ""That's always the palliative that makes people feel good,"" he says. ""You just say, 'Well, we're still dinkin' around with immigration, so since we can't seem to get anything done and our constituents are raising hell — how do we get re-elected?' Well, you just put some more money into the border. ""Robinson says Reagan's own diaries show the president found the idea of a militantly staffed border fence difficult to take. In a private meeting with then-President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico in 1979, Reagan wrote that he hoped to discuss how the United States and Mexico could make the border ""something other than the location for a fence. ""Fix It Before You Overhaul It These days, Republicans are also calling for existing laws to be toughened up, which Reagan would have agreed with, Robinson says. In fact, Robinson says, he would have been so upset at the federal government's failure to make good on the 1986 reform that he would have demanded for that law to be fixed first before instituting a new overhaul. ""He, too, would have been right there in saying, 'Fix the borders first.' "" Where he would have differed, Robinson says, is his welcoming attitude toward immigrants. ""He was a Californian,"" Robinson says. ""You couldn't live in California ... without encountering over and over and over again good, hard-working, decent people — clearly recent arrivals from Mexico. ""That the U. S. failed to regain control of the border — making the 1986 law's amnesty provision an incentive for others to come to America illegally — would have infuriated Reagan, Robinson says. ""But I think he would have felt taking those 3 million people and making them Americans was a success. ""Facebook Twitter Flipboard Email Get The Stories That Grabbed Us This Week Delivered to your inbox, these are the NPR stories you don't want to miss. By subscribing, you agree to NPR's terms of use and privacy policy. "


how many calories are in one egg liquid

g There are 211 calories in 1 cup of Egg Substitute (Liquid). Calorie breakdown: 37% fat, 3% carbs, 60% protein.

Egg Substitute (Liquid)

Food database and calorie counter Source: USDAEgg Substitute (Liquid)Nutrition Facts Serving Size: 1 cup Amount Per Serving Calories from Fat 75Calories 211% Daily Values*Total Fat 8.31g 13 %Saturated Fat 1.654g 8 %Polyunsaturated Fat 4.024g Monounsaturated Fat 2.249g Cholesterol 3mg 1 %Sodium 444mg 18 %Potassium 828mg Total Carbohydrate 1.61g 1 %Dietary Fiber 0g 0 %Sugars 1.61g Protein 30.12g Vitamin A 18% Vitamin C 0%Calcium 13% Iron 29%* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.11% of RDI* (211 calories)Calorie Breakdown: Carbohydrate (3%) Fat (37%) Protein (60%)* Based on a RDI of 2000 calories What is my Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)? Photosview more photos Nutrition summary: Calories211Fat8.31g Carbs1.61g Protein30.12

Common Serving Sizes: Serving Size Calories1 tbsp 131 oz 241 1/2 fl oz 39100 g 84100 ml 891 cup 211Related Types of Egg Whites: Egg Substitute (Frozen)Egg Beaters All Natural 100% Egg Whites Cooked Egg White Egg Substitute (Frozen or Liquid)Egg Whiteview more egg whites nutritional info Related Types of Eggs: Egg Poached Egg Fried Egg Scrambled Egg (Whole, Cooked)Boiled Eggview more eggs nutritional info See Also: Scrambled Egg (Liquid Mixture)Cornbread (with Egg Substitute, Home Recipe)Egg Substitute (Powder)Egg Yolk (Salted, Frozen)Egg Whole (Dried, Flakes, Glucose Reduced)view more results Used in these Member Recipes: Mushroom Spinach Omelet Pizza Inspired Breakfast Casserole Sausage & Sweet Potato Breakfast Frittata Tofu Fried Rice Crustless Spinach Pie IIEgg and Bacon Breakfast Burritos Pastitsio Pastitsio Baked Crab Cakes Zucchini and Sweet Potato Frittata


what is the definition of experience modifier

ar. An experience modifier is an adjustment factor assigned to an Employer's FEIN by the rating bureau (NCCI or State Bureau). The factor compares your loss data to other employers with the same class codes, and is expressed as a credit or debit on your policy. Secure • Fast • Easy

Experience Modification Rate

Workers Compensation Shop.com » Workers Comp Information » Experience Modifiers Experience Modification Rate A workers compensation experience modifier will result in either a credit or a debit being applied to an employer's workmans comp premium. How is an Experience Mod Determined? NCCI, National Council on Compensation Insurance, issues experience modifiers for employers who have paid over $5,000 per year in premium over a 3 year period, or who have paid over $10,000 in a single ye

Have an Agent Contact Me: Your Name:*Company: Phone Number:*Email:*# Employees: Zip Code:* Required E-Mod Questions? Call 888-611-7467 for a Workers Compensation Shop Specialist


quotes what is a gre

DEFINITION of 'Graduate Record Examination (GRE)'The graduate record examination (GRE) is a standardized exam used to measure one's aptitude for abstract thinking in the areas of analytical writing, mathematics and vocabulary. The GRE is commonly used by many graduate schools to determine an applicant's eligibility for the program.

The GRE is primarily offered via computer; however, in areas which lack the appropriate computer networks, a paper-based exam may be given. Next Up Series 42Series 66Series 24Gray Box BREAKING DOWN 'Graduate Record Examination (GRE)'Although the majority of business schools prefer that applicants attempt the GMAT before applying for an MBA program, many business schools will also accept GRE scores as an equivalent. The exam consists of several sections including writing, verbal, quantitative and experimental. The GRE measures a test taker's skills in vocabulary, as opposed to the GMAT, which focuses more on mathematical ability. How the GRE is Used The verbal section is structured to measure the test taker’s ability to analyze and evaluate written material. This section also gauges their capacity to process information they gather from written material, see and analyze relationships between different parts of sentences, as well as see the connections the link concepts and words. In the quantitative segment, the test taker’s ability to solve problems is measured through the use of concepts of geometry, data analysis, and algebra. For the analytical writing portion of the exam, the test taker’s capacity for critical thinking and analytic writing are measured. In particular, how well they can articulate complex ideas and provide effective support for those concepts is tested. The GRE General Test is used broadly by graduate and business schools as a screening criteria for applicants. Some schools may require applicants to take GRE Subject Tests, which measure their knowledge in particular fields of study. These subject areas may include physics, psychology, biology, literature in English, and chemistry. GRE Subject Test areas of focus are not always static; tests have been discontinued for topics such as computer science and biochemistry, though the scores from previously taken tests remain reportable. Those who wish take the GRE typically schedule to take the exam at a test center. The time allotted to complete the exam is more than three hours, with scheduled breaks between testing sections. The GRE exam can be taken multiple times, with limits on frequency total number of times it may be taken each year. A test taker might do so in order to improve their test scores to increase their chances at being accepted into the graduate schools they are interested in attending. Test takers choose which scores they send to graduate schools, unlike other standardized tests that are reported without input from the applicant.


when is the best time to take priligy?

Priligy tablets should be taken 1 to 3 hours before sex is initiated. The maximum dose should never be exceeded, and it is recommended that men should start using Priligy at the minimum dose, only increasing their dosage if the results are still not satisfactory.

Priligy 60 mg

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You should only use Priligy once a day, and ideally, it should not be used on a daily basis. Dosage Doctors are advised to prescribe a 30 mg dose of Dapoxetine to men suffering from premature ejaculation. For most men, this is enough, but a few finds that it still does not delay ejaculation sufficiently. In this instance, the maximum dose of 60 mg of Dapoxetine can be used. Side Effects As previously mentioned, Priligy (or Dapoxetine) has an excellent drug safety profile. Severe side effects are few and far between, and even mild side effects affect only 1-10% of men. However, there are several contraindications and interactions with other drugs that must be taken into account, and these will be discussed shortly. In the table below, side effects are listed in terms of their frequency. Very Common (>1 in 10)Common (>1 in 10 to 1 in 100)Uncommon (>1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000)Rare (1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000)Feelings of anxiousness or agitation, disturbed sleep or insomnia, decreased libido Mood swings, confusion, sleep disorders, inability to reach orgasm Vertigo, headaches Extreme sleepiness, reduced attention span, tremors, pins and needles Fainting, reduced ability to taste, severe inattention, excessive sleeping Dizziness after physical activity, falling asleep unexpectedly Blurred vision Sore eyes, other visual disturbances Ringing ears Extreme dizziness Rapid heartbeat, sinus problems Feelings of heat and visible flushing Low blood pressure, elevated blood pressure, hot flushes Congestion, frequent yawning Nausea Vomiting, Stomach upset, stomach ache, wind, bloating, dry mouth Severe stomach pain A need to defecate urgently Excessive sweating Itching, cold sweats Erectile dysfunction Loss of sensation Tiredness and short-temper Feeling drunk Contraindications: Who Should Not Take Priligy? You should consult a doctor before using Priligy if you have preexisting health issues such as:heartbeat abnormalities, high or low blood pressure;heart attack risk or heart problems;psychiatric problems;seizures;kidney problems;liver problems;high intraocular pressure or glaucoma;lactose intolerance. Interactions As with all pharmaceuticals you should be careful about what drugs or supplements you take in conjunction with Dapoxetine. For example, even taking St John’s Wort will cause an unpleasant interaction. If you are using any drugs or supplements, check their compatibility with Dapoxetine and remember to discontinue its use when using prescription medicines unless you have checked this important factor. Avoid alcohol when using Dapoxetine, or limit yourself to an absolute maximum of two drinks. Reviews and Ratings Take a look at our customer reviews to see what others have had to say about the quality of our product and our service. Effective and inexpensive medication delivered efficiently is our motto, and a simple checkout process practically puts the product directly into your hands, with minimal hassle. You won’t have to worry about drawn out conversations with your doctor or long waits at the pharmacy anymore. Although it is certainly true that there is no drug on earth that absolutely always works, the efficacy of Dapoxetine in the vast majority of men has been proven. This has led to positive ratings and reviews for Priligy and Dapoxetine generics the world over. For example: I struggled with PE, but Priligy allowed me to enjoy sex without the anxiety. Thanks to the confidence boost, I am even able to last better than before when I’m not using it. Do I basically used to aim and shoot if you know what I mean, but those days are gone. My wife says thanks, BTW. Mark PE made me actually avoid sex because I knew it was going to end in disaster. Now, it doesn’t. I feel like a real stud these days! 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define foreshadows

ing Definition of Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. Foreshadowing often appears at the beginning of a story, or a chapter, and helps the reader develop expectations about the coming events in a story. There are various ways to create foreshadowing.

Foreshadowing

Foreshadow

A writer may use character dialogues to hint at what may occur in the future. In addition, any event or action in the story may throw a hint to the readers about future events or actions. Even a title of a work or a chapter title can act as a clue that suggests what is going to happen. Foreshadowing in fiction creates an atmosphere of suspense in a story, so that the readers are interested to know more. Short Examples of Foreshadowing The final graveyard flower is blooming, and its smell drifts through their house, speaking gently the names of their dead. (Foreshadows death)The evening was still. Suddenly, a cool breeze started blowing and made a windy night. (Foreshadows thunderstorm)The most awful thing happened on a stormy evening, The battle between good and evil started. (Foreshadows danger)Mary pulled back the curtains and saw some magpies sitting on the wall. (Foreshadows gossip)They thought there would not be more bodies; however, they could not believe the thought. (Foreshadows murder)An old man opens his drawer to find a magnifying glass, and sees a revolver. (Foreshadows warning)In the middle of the night, the father hears the back door opening. He rushes to check on his kids, but a masked intruder is blocking the way with a knife. (Foreshadows threat)Rainbow sparks, With shining lights. (Foreshadows optimism)Inhale fresh air, exhale bad breath. (Foreshadows new ideas)From the window, the gusts look so furious, the roofs of high buildings are stripped off, and the trees are torn up in the city. (Foreshadows someone’s angst)Michael sees his own face under Donavan’s mask. (Foreshadows Donavan is his father)They have made up their minds to remove an evil eye forever. (Foreshadows harm to an evil character)I observed devices, The symbols in the books To indicate the written future. (Foreshadows writer)As the twilight colors blush The eyes of the night arouse. (Foreshadows night)The same old thinking and the same old results. (Foreshadows change)Foreshadowing Examples in Literature Example #1: Romeo and Juliet (By Robert Francis)Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is rich with foreshadowing examples, one of which is the following lines from Act 2, Scene 2:“Life were better ended by their hate, Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love”In the balcony scene, Juliet is concerned about Romeo’s safety as she fears her kinsmen may catch him. Romeo says, in the above lines, that he would rather have her love and die sooner, than not obtain her love and die later. Eventually, he gets her love and dies for her love, too. Example #2: Great Expectations (By Charles Dickens)Charles Dickens in Great Expectations uses a description of weather in Chapter 39 to foreshadow the momentous changes in the life of a character named Pip:“Stormy and wet, stormy and wet; and mud, mud, mud, deep in all the streets. Day after day, a vast heavy veil had been driving over London from the East, and it drove still, as if in the East there were an Eternity of cloud and wind. So furious had been the gusts, that high buildings in town had had the lead stripped off their roofs; and in the country, trees had been torn up, and sails of windmills carried away; and gloomy accounts had come in from the coast, of shipwreck and death. Violent blasts of rain had accompanied these rages of wind, and the day just closed as I sat down to read had been the worst of all.”The above lines are Pip’s observation on the weather before Magwitch’s arrival. It is a foreshadowing as well as a representation of Pip’s inner chaos. Just as the angry winds leave a trail of destruction in London, Magwitch’s disclosure opens a path of destruction in Pip’s life. Example #3: Da Vinci Code (By Dan Brown)Examples of foreshadowing are also found in mystery and detective stories. The kind of foreshadowing usually found in mystery or detective novels is referred to as “Red-Herring” – this is a misleading clue that distracts readers by giving them wrong hints about future events. For example, the character of Bishop Aringarosa in Da Vinci Code, by Dan Brown, is shown to act in such a suspicious way that the readers are bound to suspect him to be the mastermind of the whole conspiracy in the church. His mysterious actions seemingly foreshadow the exposure of his crime in a later part of the narrative, but it is later revealed that he was innocent and not involved in any secret action. Characters like Bishop Aringarosa contribute to the mystery and suspense of the novel. Example #4: Of Mice and Men (By John Steinbeck)In John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men, George killing Candy’s dog foreshadows George killing Lennie, because Lennie is identical to the dog. Even the nature of the death of the dog was the same as Lennie’s, as both were shot in the back of the head. He chooses to kill Lennie himself in order to save him from being killed by a stranger. Example #5: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (By S. T. Coleridge)“Her lips were red, her looks were free … Who thicks man’s blood with cold.”This part is the climax of ship’s misfortune, depicted in a supernatural way. The arrival of a ghostly ship with ghosts as “Life-in-Death” turns the mariners lose hope and make them scared to death. This indirectly foreshadows the death of the entire crew and builds anticipation for the readers what is about to happen next. Example #6: The Highwayman (By Alfred Noyes)“The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees… Riding—riding— The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door.”The above lines are entirely filled with melancholic tone and foreshadowing. The very first line calls wind “a torrent of darkness,” where darkness is a foreshadowing danger. The depiction of night and weather as ‘darkness’ foretells the coming of a dark tale. Example #7: The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls (By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)“The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew call … And the tide rises, the tide falls.”The title of the poem foreshadows the entire poem, how nature and life start and end. It is about the tides, their motions, and the circle of life. The darkness and ups and downs of tides foretell that the travelers would never return. Example #8: David (By Earle Birney)“Away from the wind, and landed in gentian and saxifrage Spilled on the moss … Cliff and splashed unseen into mist in the shadows.”This excerpt gives descriptions of “darkening firs,” “sudden whirring of water,” and “splashed unseen,” foretelling a pending danger and some disaster about to happen. Function of Foreshadowing Generally, the function of foreshadowing is to build anticipation in the minds of readers about what might happen next, thus adding dramatic tension to a story. It is deliberately employed to create suspense in mystery novels, usually by giving false clues – or red herrings – to distract readers. Moreover, foreshadowing can make extraordinary and bizarre events appear credible, as the events are predicted beforehand so that readers are mentally prepared for them. Related posts: Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree


what are the possible reasons the decline of the maya

There are many known reasons for the decline and disappearance of the Mayan Civilization during the Classic period, such as population growth and increased scale of kingdoms. The Yucatan began to get overpopulated during the Classic period and eventually there was no more room on the Yucatan Peninsula for more people.

Mayan Civilization: The Rise and Fall

The Mayan Empire was a very mysterious civilization of people who, even today, puzzle the minds of the greatest researchers. This ancient civilization took root in the Yucatan Peninsula as a border and a part of Mesoamerica. The Yucatan Peninsula is on the southwestern portion of the Gulf of Mexico, which at that time was part of Mesoamerica. The Mayan Civilization evolved over many periods of time before its eventual downfall. The Mayans began their evolutionary process in the middle Pre-Classic period. They evolved over many periods after the Pre-Classic period, such as the Lithic, Archaic, Classic, Terminal Classic, Post-Classic, and the Post-Conquest periods. These periods, during which the Mayans evolved, began at about 300 AD and ended at around 900AD. There were two periods that were the most important in Mayan evolution, the Classic and Post-Classic periods. These periods were the most important because the Mayans disappeared at the end of the Classic and then reappeared to continue their rule in the Post-Classic period. The Mayan Civilization was influenced most by two other civilizations, the Olmecs and the Aztecs. The Olmecs and the Aztecs both conquered the Mayans and during their rule of the Mayans they taught them a great many things. For example, the Olmecs and Aztecs made the Mayans take part in religious ceremonies, which influenced the Mayan’s religion greatly. They also taught the Mayans new skills, such as architecture, crafts, and building, that they used to advance their civilization. The Mayans used many kinds of government to rule their empire. Typically, kings of other conquering civilizations ruled the Mayans. The kings that ruled the Mayan Civilization during the Classic Period were dressed like a deity of their civilization because the ruler was considered to be the highest in power, and therefore had to have a godly portrayal. In the Late Classic period the Mayans had city-states that controlled territories. These city-states in turn had secondary, tertiary, and quaternary towns. The Mayan Civilization had many rulers that conquered them and did many great things to influence and advance their civilization. One example of this is the Palenque dynasty and King Copan’s dynasty. King K’uk B’alam was the founder of the Palenque dynasty. Hanab Pakal and his son, Han B’alam, governed the city of Palenque. The ones that ruled the Mayan Civilization in the Classic period made many contributions to the Mayan civilization. Jaguar the Great and Bird Jaguar the Great brought the city of Yaxchilan to prominence. Cowac Sky defeated the rule of the Copan dynasty and created a monument at Quiriguia. However even though many contributions were made to the Mayan civilization in the Classic period, the southern dynasties that ruled the Mayans were coming closer to their end. In the Post-Classic period other lands started to gain more power in military and in other ways as well. The Mayan states of the Yucatan started to get jealous of the increased power of the other lands. As a result of the states’ jealousy, the Mayans were very eager to go to war with the other lands. And when they fought the other lands, they had increased their power so much that they were effortlessly victorious over these Yucatan states. After the Yucatan states lost the war against the other lands, the southern dynastic rule of the Mayan Civilization ended and the Mayans were on their own. The Mayan Civilization’s disappearance is one of the most puzzling mysteries to researchers today. The Mayans’ mysteriously disappeared in the Classic period, which obviously ended that period of Mayan rule. They then mysteriously came back and repopulated the Yucatan. Researchers today do not know the cause of this strange disappearance and reappearance of the Mayans, which is why it is one of the unsolved mysteries of our time.

As a result of the overpopulation, the markets had to produce more food. In other words, as more people came in, the demand for more food grew. As a result, the agriculture demands could not be fulfilled because, since the overpopulation took up almost all of the Yucatan Peninsula, there was no more room to grow food, and they were unable to fulfill the highly increasing demands for food. Several other factors are also thought to have contributed to the demise of this civilization. First, earthquakes occurred then, which destroyed their villages. Second, religious and superstitious beliefs contributed to the Mayan’s decline. Third, there were increased demands for agriculture the soil became exhausted and dry, and soon there were epidemic diseases that rapidly spread throughout the Yucatan Peninsula, killing many Mayans. The overpopulation and agricultural growth were resulted from the Mayan rulers’ ambitions that they had. The Mayan population began to decrease since there was not enough food for all the people. Most died of starvation and malnutrition, and thus the population decreased. This population decline also led to the decline of the Mayans’ royal institutions, which meant general and political decline of the Classic Mayan government. It is also believed that foreign civilizations conquering the Mayans and invading their empire also contributed to the Mayan Civilization’s decline. The civilizations that invaded the Mayans are unknown, but some archeologists think that the invaders may have been from the Putun Civilization. However, this is just a hunch and it is not proven to be true. Even though the foreign invasions helped in leading to the decline of the Mayan civilization, the latter may have been reformed by the conquering civilizations. It is known, however, that the foreign invaders traveled from the gulf coast and destroyed the last Mayan cities, such as Tikal. The Mayans experienced a drought during the Classic period, which left their soil exhausted and dry. As a result of this drought, the soil was not good to be planted, and this led to the shortage of agriculture. This drought was occurred because the Mayans had the lowest rainfall levels that they have ever had in history. Many Mayan cities far from rivers were destroyed early, but cities close to rivers were able to survive for a while longer; however these were soon destroyed from the drought as well. The Mayan cities started to be abandoned over a hundred years of time. There is no definite reason or exact proven explanation of how or why the Mayans mysteriously disappeared and abandoned the Yucatan Peninsula during the Classic period. As a result of all the problems that took place during the Classic period, the Mayans just abandoned their cities and disappeared leaving no trace of where they went. This disappearance ended the Classic period, and they eventually repopulated the Yucatan Peninsula in the Post-Classic period. Some archeologists believe that foreign invaders caused the Mayan collapse from Mexico. When the Mayans repopulated the Yucatan Peninsula in the Post-Classic Period, they became a less powerful part of Mesoamerica because of all the things they missed over the years that they disappeared. How or why the Mayans repopulated the Yucatan in the Post-Classic period is not certain. In the late Classic period there was warfare in the southern lowlands, but not all cities of the Yucatan Peninsula. During the Post-Classic period there were Spanish invaders that conquered the Mayans. These Spanish invaders were called the Toltecs of Tula. The Toltecs created their capital in the Mayan empire at Chichen Itza, which is in the northern region of the Yucatan Peninsula. The Mayan Empire ruled very well in the Classic and Post-Classic periods and needed some things to be able to rule well. The main Mayan kingdom split up into smaller states and each individual state had its own theocracy. The Classic period was known as a golden age for the Mayan Civilization. During the Transition period the Mayans got out of Spanish rule, but lowland rulers put themselves in office in the early Classic period. The Mayans had ruler cults that ruled their civilization, however they did not rule as well as the Mayan kingdoms did. During the rule of the Mayan ruler cults, the Mayans experienced much warfare, and as a result of the continuous warfare, the ruler cults were abandoned. In the Post-Classic period the Toltec Empire ruled the Mayans. The Toltecs were good rulers because they taught the Mayans many new things that improved their empire and they also adopted the Mayan’s culture. The Toltecs got rid of the old Mayan order because some native princes were incorporated with the new power structure. The phase in which the Toltecs took over the Mayans in the Yucatan Peninsula was called the punk phase. The invading Spaniards soon conquered the Toltec-Mayans. The Mayans caught smallpox from the invading Spaniards that conquered the Mayans, which weakened the empire greatly. The Mayan Empire declined in the Post-Classic period for many reasons. The total Maya system collapsed because of non-ecological, ecological, and long-term economical causes. Some dangerous ecological causes of the Mayan decline are earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions. These destroyed the Mayan villages completely leaving nothing. Some catastrophic ecological causes that were extremely dangerous are climactic changes and the rapidly spreading epidemic diseases that killed many of the Mayan people. Some non-ecological causes of the Mayan Empire’s decline are the collapse of trade networks and ideological pathology. Some long-term economical causes of the decline are degradation of the agricultural landscape through human activity. The Mayan Civilization may have collapsed in the Post-Classic period because of peasant revolts, internal warfare, foreign invasions, and disruptions of trade networks. They also declined as a result of the Spanish conquests that bought internal warfare to the Yucatan Peninsula. In the Post-Conquest period the Spanish conquerors defeated the Aztecs and then went to the southern Yucatan where they took over the Mayan Empire. The Spanish conquerors defeated the Mayans by conquering them, which ended the Mayan rule in the Yucatan Peninsula. After the Spanish conquered them, the Mayans were completely destroyed and the Spanish conquerors lived on in their new Yucatan home. However, some Mayan people are still living today, proud remnants of a long lost civilization that was rich in culture, religion, and architecture. Related posts: Benito Mussolini: Rise and Fall to Power The Ottoman Empire: History & Sultan Reasons for the Fall of Rome Earliest Civilization: the Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia Mayan Creation Myth Tags: Classic period Fall Mayan civilization Spanish conquerors The Rise Share this post Author: Schoolworkhelper Editorial Teamhttps://schoolworkhelper.net/Article last reviewed: 2017 | St. Rosemary Institution © 2010-2018 | Creative Commons 4.0


market price for beverages at walt disney world resort

The cost of fountain beverages across the Walt Disney World quick service locations has been increased. Starting today, a regular fountain drink is now $2.99, up 30 cents from the previous price of $2.69. A large fountain drink remains at the same price of $3.19. Prices of most quick service food items has also risen, typically by 10 or 20 cents on most items.

Quick Service fountain beverage price increases now in effect

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Discuss on the Forums Article Posted: Apr 30, 2014 / 9:20am EDTLatest News More news →VIDEO - New entertainment coming to Pandora - The World of AVATARPHOTO - New concept art of the upcoming Wine Bar George Sweet Spells at Disney's Hollywood Studios permanently closing later this month PHOTOS - Prince Charming Regal Carrousel behind scrims for refurbishment Recommended for You Latest Photo Galleries More photos →Club 33 location under construction in Adventureland at the Magic Kingdom9 hours ago 3 photos Cosmic Ray's refurbishment - April 201810 hours ago 3 photos I-4 Ultimate plans impact to Crossroads11 hours ago 1 photo Crossroads aerial views11 hours ago 3 photos Prince Charming Regal Carrousel refurbishment1 day ago 3 photos Tomorrowland paint changes2 days ago 4 photos Most Read More news →1 Sweet Spells at Disney's Hollywood Studios permanently closing later this month12 hours ago2 VIDEO - New entertainment coming to Pandora - The World of AVATAR2 hours ago3 PHOTO - New concept art of the upcoming Wine Bar George10 hours ago4 PHOTOS - New looks for Carousel of Progress and The Purple Wall1 day ago Discussion Forums More forums →News Toy Story Mania to be available via standby queue ahead of entrance relocation VIDEO - New entertainment coming to Pandora - The World of AVATARGuardians of the Galaxy attraction confirmed for Epcot Crossroads Plaza Faces Demoliton WDW Resorts to add fees for parking General This is the best merch I have found to date for Epcot. What is your favorite gift from the parks? Halloween party in August or regular day at MK? Characters that have never made it to the parks How Do People Get Park Artifacts? Why hasn't Goofy gotten a costume change Resorts Online Check-In for AKL or not? Sleeper Sofas Is staying in Polynesian worth it? AKL - Which is considered the better room? (VIDEO) Pop Century - Refurbished Room Tour Dining Dinner shows best shows best food Tambu Lounge Menu Dining Options Tipping Vegan at Walt Disney World - Nov 2018Trip Planning Calling all Epcot Experts!Payment Plans How Many Days for You? Part 12Drinking Around the World? Resort airline check-in Trip Reports You're going when, again?!?! A live trip report from the Devil's week. Florida Fresh Spring March 2018I Vowed Never Again ~ Yet Here We Are! LIVEThe 6 Parks, 4 Days, 26th Birthday Extravaganza Are you worn out yet?? March 2018


how many minutes to fry fish

nce Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: It depends on the thickness of your fish, and the heat of the pan, but if youre fillet is medium to thin, and your pan is hot, 15 minutes will cook two or three in the pan. Dont be afraid to test pan-cooked fish as you go along. If the fish meat looks transluscent, its not cooked. It is fully cooked when the fish is bright white.

Food & Drink Cooking & Recipes How long does it takes to fry (not deep fry) battered fish? Is 15mins too long? Follow 5 answers Answers Releva

Yum. Anonymous · 9 years ago0 0 Comment Asker's rating It does depend on the type of fish, and the thickness. Generally fish will fry in about 4 minutes per side.mamad · 9 years ago0 0 Commentit depends on the cut of your fish but i would say 5 min each side on high heat Anonymous · 9 years ago0 0 Commentcan u give us a little more info to better help u?zetagirl · 9 years ago0 0 Commentnolovelylissa · 9 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Gourmet Chocolates, Eat Up Try online nursing courses? Create Custom Candy Looking for a new chandelier?


what does executive privilege mean

l. Here’s a little background on the exercise of executive privilege and what this move potentially means for the continuing investigation…In the U. S. government, executive privilege is a power claimed by the president and other members of the executive branch to resist certain subpoenas and interventions by the legislative and judicial branches.

What is executive privilege and what does it mean for F&F investigation? Jun 20, 2012 11:16 am2 Follow Meredith Jessup Share Tweet As we’ve reported, President Obama is exercising his right to executive privilege to shield Attorney General Eric Holder from contempt charges and in following through with subpoena requests from the House Oversight Committee investigating the Justice Department’s Fast & Furious Mexican gunwalking scanda

Although the concept of executive privilege is not explicitly mentioned in the U. S. Constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that it can be exercised as another form of checks and balances in the federal government. The Supreme Court ruling which confirmed the legitimacy of executive privilege came in United States v. Nixon, the 1974 case involving requests by Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox for taped conversations President Richard Nixon had with colleagues in the Oval Office. Nixon invoked executive privilege and refused to produce any records. The Supreme Court stated: “To read the Article II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforcement of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of non-military and non-diplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of ‘a workable government’ and gravely impair the role of the courts under Article III.” In Nixon’s case, the Court ruled that Nixon’s generalized need for confidentiality did not outweigh the public’s larger interest in carrying out criminal prosecution. In Obama’s case, the job is now up to the prosecutor to make a “sufficient showing” that the “presidential material” in question is “essential to the justice of the case.” Historically, presidents use executive privilege to sidestep open confrontations with Congress and the Courts by first asserting the privilege, then producing some of the documents requested on an “assertedly voluntary basis.”President Obama’s predecessors have also exercised executive privilege. In 1998, President Bill Clinton became the first president since Nixon to assert executive privilege. Clinton lost, however, when a federal judge ruled that Clinton aides could be called to testify in the scandal surrounding White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Clinton later exercised a form of “negotiated executive privilege” when he agreed to testify before a grand jury called by independent counsel Kenneth Star. Clinton only appeared after negotiating the terms of his appearance. Additionally, the George W. Bush administration invoked executive privilege on a number of occasions, including refusing the disclose details of Vice President Dick Cheney’s meetings with energy executives, avoiding congressional subpoenas requesting documents from former presidential counsel Harriet Miers and former political director Sara Taylor, as well as in 2007 in rejecting a subpoena for senior advisor Karl Rove to testify in a probe over fired federal prosecutors. Executive privilege is not a right to be lightly invoked, Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy warned in 2004. “Once executive privilege is asserted, coequal branches of the Government are set on a collision course. The Judiciary is forced into the difficult task of balancing the need for information in a judicial proceeding and the Executive’s Article II prerogatives. This inquiry places courts in the awkward position of evaluating the Executive’s claims of confidentiality and autonomy, and pushes to the fore difficult questions of separation of powers and checks and balances. These ‘occasion [s] for constitutional confrontation between the two branches’ are likely to be avoided whenever possible.”So what does Obama’s invocation of executive privilege mean for the Fast & Furious investigation moving forward? It may have very serious implications for the Obama White House. Holder previously testified that President Obama was not directly involved in discussions about Fast & Furious, and President Obama told CNN Espanol in a recorded interview that he had no involvement and only found out about the scandal “on the news.” However, today’s assertion of executive privilege puts both claims in question. In the meantime, a Republican aide to the House Oversight Committee says the fact that the White House has exerted executive privilege over the documents requested by the Committee will not affect the committee’s consideration of the contempt citation for Attorney General Eric Holder today. The White House is responding to press inquiries by pointing out that President Bush and Clinton both used used the privilege to protect “the same category of documents we’re protecting today (i.e. after-the-fact internal Executive Branch materials responding to congressional and media inquiries – in this case from the Justice Department). In fact, dating back to President Reagan, Presidents have asserted executive privileged 24 times. President Obama has gone longer without asserting the privilege in a Congressional dispute than any President in the last three decades.”Stay tuned for more updates on this developing story…


what if my idea was stolen

There are two ways someone can steal your invention. One way is to infringe your patent, in which case you may enforce your patent by filing a patent infringement lawsuit against the infringer.

What to Do When Someone Steals Your Ideas

"An unexpressed idea enjoys no legal protections. If you have fixed your idea in a tangible medium, such as by recording a song, writing a novel or creating a prototype invention, it may be entitled to the protection as intellectual property, and you may have legal recourse against someone who steals your idea. The ease with which you may enforce your rights depends on which branch of intellectual property law applies to your idea or creative work. Copyrights The first step to enforcing a copyright against an infringing party is to send a ""cease and desist"" letter warning against further acts of infringement. If the infringer ignores the letter, you’ll need to take legal action. The method for enforcing your copyright depends on whether or not your copyright is registered with the U. S. Copyright Office at the time the defendant infringes it. If it is not, you may file an infringement lawsuit seeking compensatory damages as long as you can prove that you suffered damages. If your copyright was registered before the act of infringement occurred or within three months of the date on which it was first published, you may seek statutory damages of up to $150,000 per act of infringement, without proving damages. Protect against infringement by registering a copyright. Get Started Now Patent Rights

If you win, the court will issue an order prohibiting further infringement and may award compensatory damages and perhaps even punitive damages. Another way someone can steal your invention is to file for patent protection before you do. U. S. patent law is unique among world nations because it is based on a ""first to invent"" system rather than a ""first to file"" system. This means that as long as you invented first, you can petition the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office to declare an interference proceeding. If you are declared the first inventor, the USPTO will invalidate the patent and declare you the first inventor. This will give you the right to file for patent protection in your own name. Trademark Rights You may enforce your trademark in the state where you do business by showing that you used it in commerce before the other party did and that the other party used it to identify similar goods or services in the same state. To enforce your trademark in states where you are not using the mark in commerce, you must first register your trademark with the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office. After registration, you may enforce your trademark nationally against anyone who uses it to identify the same goods or services after your registration date. Trade Secrets A trade secret is proprietary information – such as the formula for Coca-Cola or even customer lists – that confers a competitive business advantage but has not been awarded a patent, copyright or trademark. Trade secrets are governed by state rather than federal law. To obtain trade secret protection for your idea, you must make reasonable efforts to keep the information secret. If someone steals it, you may sue the party that stole it. A court may grant one of several different remedies: it may issue an injunction preventing the defendant from using or disclosing the information; it may award you compensatory damages; or it may award you punitive damages. In extreme cases, the defendant may be criminally prosecuted. Protect against infringement by registering a copyright. Get Started Now Registered vs. Unregistered Trademark References Related articles What Is the Lifespan of a Patent? You’ve created something useful, and, hopefully, profitable, and now you want to protect your invention. An application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office will guard your right to make, distribute and sell your creation to the public. You can enforce a registered patent in a court of law and ask for damages for any infringement of your rights. However, patents don’t last forever, so you may need to plan accordingly. Principles of Patent Law U. S. patent law is ultimately based on the federal constitution. In addition, many federal statutes and regulations govern patents. The purpose of patent law is to encourage people to create inventions by offering them a financial incentive to do so. You can sue for patent infringement in federal courts if someone attempts to profit from your patented idea without your permission. What Can a Business Do if Its Copyrighted Material Has Been Copied by a Competitor? Copyright law protects your work against being copied by a competitor. However, protection is not absolute. If your competitor has copied your work, you must first determine whether the act counts as infringement under copyright law. Before filing a lawsuit, it could be advantageous to send a warning letter. "