cabin fever meaning

In fact Cabin Fever is an idiomatic term for a claustrophobic reaction that takes place when a person or group is isolated and/or shut in, in a small space, with nothing to do, for an extended period (as in a simple country vacation cottage during a long rain or snow). ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_fever

cabin fever

"Dictionary and thread title search: Forums > French > French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais >cabin fever Discussion in ' French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais ' started by aucomptoir, Mar 6, 2007 . Previous Thread Next Threadaucomptoir Senior Member Anglet Australia/ English Hello. Is there a Fr equivalent for the term ""cabin fever""? It basically means bored out of your mind, or just really restless, by being stuck in the same place, normally the same room. I don't know where it comes from, maybe from sailors, or people that were snowed in and confined to their forest cabins for ages. Anyway, it's a pretty good expression to use when you are restless or bored out of your mind from being in the same place all day.aucomptoir, Mar 6, 2007 #1Ru KSenior Member Outside Paris English/lives France There's ""j'ai le vague à l'âme', but it's not really the same thing. ""J'ai besoin de prendre l'air"" isn't the same either. I'll be interested to see what we come up with. Ru K, Mar 6, 2007 #2joleen Senior Member Englandfrench / france Etre comme un lion en cage? S'ennuyer comme un rat mort?joleen, Mar 6, 2007 #3Ru KSenior Member Outside Paris English/lives France Lion en cage is excellent. Ru K, Mar 6, 2007 #4regal Senior Member French""Il ne supporte pas d'être enfermé"", ""Il ne tient pas en place"", but these expressions still don't have the exact meaning of ""cabin fever""... Interesting...regal, Mar 6, 2007 #5FAC13Senior Member English, UKThere was a discussion about "" stir crazy "", which is similar, quite recently - but unfortunately it didn't come up with a definitive answer either. FAC13, Mar 6, 2007 #6wildan1Moderando ma non troppo (French-English, CC Mod)Virginia Piedmont & Washington, DC - USAEnglish - USAcabin fever comes from being snowed in for long winter periods inside a small cabin --maybe that's a North American image more than a French one--perhaps there's a Québécois who could comment?wildan1, Mar 6, 2007 #7Floor Senior Member North of France French France I found that the title of an American movie ""Cabin Fever"" was translated into ""Fièvre noire"" but I don't like that translation. I found a French definition of this concept: Le concept de «cabin fever», fait référence aux sentiments d'irritabilité, d'ennui, de dépression ou d'insatisfaction en réponse à l'enfermement, au mauvais temps, à la routine, à l'isolement ou à un manque de stimulation Floor, Mar 6, 2007 #8joleen Senior Member Englandfrench / france Floor said: ↑I found that the title of an American movie ""Cabin Fever"" was translated into ""Fièvre noire"" but I don't like that translation. I found a French definition of this concept: Le concept de «cabin fever», fait référence aux sentiments d'irritabilité, d'ennui, de dépression ou d'insatisfaction en réponse à l'enfermement, au mauvais temps, à la routine, à l'isolement ou à un manque de stimulation Really? I looked on websites to find the translated title of this movie and from what I've found, it remained ""Cabin Fever"" (allocine.fr) . I think that ""Fièvre noire"" isn't evocative at all. I think the image ""comme un lion en cage"" is quite right, you get the sense of edginess.joleen, Mar 6, 2007 #9pieanne Senior Member Nice Hinterland Belgium/French Je dirais ""il devient claustro""pieanne, Mar 6, 2007 #10aucomptoir Senior Member Anglet Australia/ English Thanks everyone.aucomptoir, Mar 6, 2007 #11regal Senior Member French J'arrive un peu après la bataille, ms ""être comme un lion en cage"" comme proposé par joleen, me semble très bien !regal, Mar 7, 2007 #12by proxy New Member FRENCHMoi je dirais ''mal d'enfermement'' comme Jack Torrence dans Shiningby proxy, May 17, 2010 #13phoenix_jaybee New Member French La Fièvre noire n'est pas le terme correct car il se refère à une maladie cutanée qui se nomme Leishmaniose. Il n'y a pas de traduction proprement dite de Cabin Fever. Cabin Fever n est pas reconnu comme un syndrome non plus, c est plus une expression qui décrit un phénomème de claustrophobie dans un certains contexte. Je ne suis pas d'accord avec l'expression ""être comme un lion en cage"" qui décrit plus un enfermement physique et non psychologique, ce qui est le cas de Cabin Fever. En français pour décrire ce phénomène on parle alors de claustrophobie.phoenix_jaybee, Oct 7, 2010 #14franc 91Senior Member France English - GBNon, ce n'est pas de la claustrophobie, c'est ce sentiment de tourner en rond, d'une inactivité imposée, de s'ennuyer à mort, s'em.....der - ça me fait penser au Berger de Francis Blanchefranc 91, Oct 7, 2010 #15phoenix_jaybee New Member French Je ne suis pas tout à fait d'accord, le meilleur exemple de Cabin Fever est le film Shining. Cabin Fever n'a rien a voir avec le fait d'être inactif (on peut être isolé et très occupé), mais plutôt d'être isolé et de n'avoir aucuns contacts sociaux avec qui que ce soit. C'est à ce moment là, lorsque ce phénomème est prolongé que l'on peut parler de Cabin Fever, c'est à dire d'une certains claustrophobie ambientale qui débouche généralement sur une paranoïa et d'autres phénomèmes psychiatriques. Cabin Fever est une claustrophobie de notre environement social inéxistant débouchant sur une paranoïa, dont l'isolation extrême est la clef.phoenix_jaybee, Oct 7, 2010 #16franc 91Senior Member France English - GBWell I suggest you reread what aucomptoir said at the beginning - it is very clear what he meansfranc 91, Oct 7, 2010 #17phoenix_jaybee New Member French I think people tend to use this expression when they're a little bit too bored or stocked at home, when there's nothing really wrong with them.

phoenix_jaybee, Oct 7, 2010 #18aucomptoir Senior Member Anglet Australia/ English Ok, well I don't know what the dictionary definition is, but when I say to someone ""I'm getting cabin fever"" I'm not talking about a claustrophobic event or whatever the medical term is. I am basically saying ""I've been stuck inside these four walls all day, I'm restless and bored and I want to get out of here"". I don't mean that I'm about to get an axe and murder my family.aucomptoir, Oct 12, 2010 #19xtrasystole Senior Member Franceaucomptoir said: ↑when I say to someone ""I'm getting cabin fever"" I'm not talking about a claustrophobic event or whatever the medical term is. I am basically saying ""I've been stuck inside these four walls all day, I'm restless and bored and I want to get out of here"" Well, in that case, joleen's ""lion en cage"" seems to be a fine equivalent. That's a very common idiomatic expression in French French. 'I'm getting cabin fever' —> 'Je suis comme un lion en cage' / 'Je me sens comme un lion en cage'. 'Ça fait trois jours que je prépare mon examen de maths sans sortir de chez moi. Je me sens comme un lion en cage ! 'xtrasystole, Oct 12, 2010 #20cameron26ca New Member English-French-Arabicwildan1 said: ↑cabin fever comes from being snowed in for long winter periods inside a small cabin --maybe that's a North American image more than a French one--perhaps there's a Québécois who could comment? OK there is actually an entry for ""cabin fever"" in Québec's G rand Dictionnaire Terminologique. It is translated as ""traumatisme de réclusion"". There is also a definition given as ""Tension nerveuse résultant d'une longue et rigoureuse réclusion"" Synonyms given in the GDT are choc de la réclusion n. m. malaise de réclusion n. m. malaise de la réclusion n. m. syndrome de l'éternité n. m. I hope this helps.cameron26ca, Dec 10, 2010 #21xtrasystole Senior Member Francecameron26ca said: ↑syndrome de l'éternité n. m.xtrasystole, Dec 10, 2010 #22Previous Thread Next Thread (You must log in or sign up to reply here. )Share This Page Tweet Forums > French > French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais > "


what is carbohydrates?

ry Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body. Your digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose ( blood sugar ). Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs. It stores any extra sugar in your liver and muscles for when it is needed. Carbohydrates are called simple or complex, depending on their chemical structure.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Also called: Carbs On this page Basics Summary Start Here Learn More Related Issues Specifics See, Play and Learn No links available Research Statistics and Research Clinical Trials Journal Articles Resources Reference Desk Find an Expert For You Children Teenagers Women Patient Handouts Summa

Simple carbohydrates include sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. They also include sugars added during food processing and refining. Complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, starchy vegetables and legumes. Many of the complex carbohydrates are good sources of fiber. For a healthy diet, limit the amount of added sugar that you eat and choose whole grains over refined grains. Start Here Carbohydrates: How Carbs Fit into a Healthy Diet (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Related Issues Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer (National Cancer Institute)Also in Spanish Carbohydrate-Loading Diet (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Choosing Whole-Grain Foods: 10 Tips for Purchasing and Storing Whole-Grain Foods (Department of Agriculture)Also in Spanish Glycemic Index Diet: What's Behind the Claims (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Also in Spanish High-Fructose Corn Syrup: What Are the Concerns? (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Low-Carb Diet: Could It Help You Lose Weight? (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Also in Spanish Specifics Added Sugar: Don't Get Sabotaged by Sweeteners (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Added Sugars (American Heart Association)Artificial Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Carbohydrates and Diabetes (For Parents) (Nemours Foundation)Also in Spanish Counting Carbs? Understanding Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load (National Institutes of Health)Frequently Asked Questions about Sugar (American Heart Association)Non-Nutritive Sweeters (Artificial Sweeteners) (American Heart Association)Sugar 101 (American Heart Association)Sweet Stuff: How Sugars and Sweeteners Affect Your Health (National Institutes of Health)Also in Spanish Whole Grains: Hearty Options for a Healthy Diet (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)Statistics and Research Consumption of Added Sugar among U. S. Children and Adolescents, 2005-2008 (National Center for Health Statistics)Consumption of Added Sugars among U. S. Adults, 2005-2010 (National Center for Health Statistics)Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the United States, 2005-2008 (National Center for Health Statistics)Clinical Trials Clinical Trials.gov: Dietary Carbohydrates (National Institutes of Health)Clinical Trials.gov: Sweetening Agents (National Institutes of Health)Journal Articles References and abstracts from MEDLINE/Pub Med (National Library of Medicine)Article: Comparison of postoperative coagulation profiles and outcome for sugammadex versus... Article: Clinically suspected anaphylaxis induced by sugammadex in a patient with... Article: Supramolecular Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Novel Concept Combining Pharmaceutical Sciences and... Carbohydrates -- see more articles Sugar substitutes -- see more articles Reference Desk You Are What You Eat (National Institute of General Medical Sciences)Find an Expert Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Food and Nutrition Information Center Children Allergies and Hyperactivity (and sugar) (American Academy of Pediatrics)Also in Spanish Carbohydrates, Sugar, and Your Child (Nemours Foundation)Also in Spanish Cut Back on Your Kid's Sweet Treats: 10 Tips to Decrease Added Sugars (Department of Agriculture) - PDFAlso in Spanish Learning about Carbohydrates (Nemours Foundation)Also in Spanish Teenagers Carbohydrates (Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health)Carbohydrates and Diabetes (Nemours Foundation)Also in Spanish Low-Carb Diet (Children's Hospital Boston)Also in Spanish Women Are Artificial Sweeteners OK to Consume during Pregnancy? (Nemours Foundation)Patient Handouts Calorie count - sodas and energy drinks (Medical Encyclopedia)Also in Spanish Carbohydrates (Medical Encyclopedia)Also in Spanish Counting carbohydrates (Medical Encyclopedia)Also in Spanish Sweetened beverages (Medical Encyclopedia)Also in Spanish Sweeteners - sugar substitutes (Medical Encyclopedia)Also in Spanish Topic Image Medline Plus Email Updates Get Carbohydrates updates by email What's this? GOMEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIACalorie count - sodas and energy drinks Carbohydrates Counting carbohydrates Hyperactivity and sugar Sweetened beverages Sweeteners - sugar substitutes Sweeteners - sugars Related Health Topics Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders Diabetic Diet Dietary Fiber Dietary Proteins Nutrition Disclaimers Medline Plus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. Medline Plus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. See our disclaimer about external links and our quality guidelines .


what is adipocere

adipocere ad·i·po·cere (ād'ə-pō-sēr') n. A brown, fatty, waxlike substance that forms on dead animal tissue in response to moisture. Also called lipocere.

adipocere

"adipocere [ ad - uh -poh-seer]Spell Syllables Word Originnoun1. a waxy substance produced by the decomposition of dead animal bodies in moist burial places or under water. Origin of adipocere Expand French1795-18051795-1805; < French adipocire, equivalent to adipo-adipo- + cire wax < Latin cēra; English e by association with cēra; cf. cere 2Related forms Expandadipocerous [ad- uh - pos -er- uh s] ( Show IPA ),adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for adipocere Expand Historical Examples The brain was considerable in quantity, but changed to a state of adipocere resembling ointment of a dark brown hue. Norfolk Annals Charles Mackie""Then you'll be buried in Kensal Green and turn into adipocere with the others,"" said Torpenhow. The Works of Rudyard Kipling: One Volume Edition Rudyard Kipling The autopsy on the exhumed body of Perrotte Mace was inconclusive, owing to the condition of adipocere. She Stands Accused Victor Mac Clure There was not a trace of adipocere —the peculiar waxy soap that forms in bodies that decay in water or in a damp situation. The Vanishing Man R. Austin Freeman He is the first to observe and describe that curious product of the decomposition of flesh known to modern chemists as adipocere. Library Of The World's Best Literature, Ancient And Modern, Vol 6Various British Dictionary definitions for adipocere Expandadipocere/ ˌædɪpəʊˈsɪə; ˈædɪpəʊˌsɪə /noun1. a waxlike fatty substance formed during the decomposition of corpses Nontechnical namegrave-wax Derived Formsadipocerous ( ˌædɪˈpɒsərəs) adjective Word Origin C19: via French from New Latin adiposus fat (see adipose) + French cire wax Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Sourceadipocere in Medicine Expand

ad'i·po·cer'a·tous (-sěr'ə-təs) adj. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Source Discover our greatest slideshows Six words that can ruin your...10 Of The Saddest Words (Or... The Oldest Words In The English...10 Words That Will Show Your Age Browse more topics on our blog What Is the Difference Between Discreet and Discrete? Learn the correct uses of these two commonly confused homophones. What Character Was Removed from the Alphabet? What mistaken pronunciation gave this character its name? Apostrophes 101This small mark has two primary uses: to signify possession or omitted letters. How Do I Get a Word into the Dictionary? People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it? "


what is a correlational case study?

Correlational studies are a type of research often used in psychology as a preliminary way to gather information about a topic or in situations where performing an experiment is not possible. The correlational method involves looking at relationships between two or more variables.

Correlational Studies

"Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Correlational Studies A Closer Look at Correlational Research By Kendra Cherry Updated March 07, 2018Share Pin Email Print Hero Images/Getty Images A correlation refers to a relationship between two variables. Correlations can be strong or weak, as well as positive or negative. In other cases, there might be no correlation at all between the variables of interest. How Correlational Studies Work

While researchers can use correlations to see if a relationship exists, the variables themselves are not under the control of the researchers. Another point is that while correlational research can reveal if a relationship exists between variables, this kind of research cannot prove that changes to one variable lead to changes to another variable. In other words, correlational studies cannot prove cause-and-effect relationships. Correlational methods have a number of strengths and weaknesses, so it's important to determine which research method is best for a particular situation. The Purpose of Correlational Research There are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. The correlation coefficient is a measure of the correlation strength and can range from –1.00 to +1.00. Positive correlations: In this type of correlation, both variables increase or decrease at the same time. A correlation coefficient close to +1.00 indicates a strong positive correlation. Negative correlations: This type of correlation indicates that as the amount of one variable increases, the other decreases (and vice versa). A correlation coefficient close to -1.00 indicates a strong negative correlation. No correlation: This indicates no relationship between the two variables. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation. Limitations of Correlational Studies While correlational research can suggest that there is a relationship between two variables, it cannot prove that one variable causes a change in another variable. In other words, correlation does not equal causation. For example, a correlational study might suggest that there is a relationship between academic success and self-esteem, but it cannot show if academic success actually causes changes in self-esteem. Other variables might play a role, including social relationships, cognitive abilities, personality, socioeconomic status, and myriad other factors. Types of Correlational Research There are three types of correlational research, including: Naturalistic observation: This method involves observing and recording the variables of interest in the natural environment without interference or manipulation by the experimenter. The survey method: Surveys and questionnaires are among the most common methods used in psychological research. In this method, a random sample of participants completes a survey, test, or questionnaire that relates to the variables of interest. Random sampling is a vital part of ensuring the generalizability of the survey results. Archival research: This type of research is performed by analyzing studies conducted by other researchers or by looking at historical patient records. For example, researchers analyzed the records of soldiers who served in the Civil War to learn more about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an experiment known as ""The Irritable Heart"". Advantages and Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation Advantages of naturalistic observation include: Gives the experimenter the opportunity to view the variable of interest in a natural setting Can offer ideas for further research Might be the only option if lab experimentation is not possible Disadvantages of naturalistic observation include: Can be time-consuming and expensive Does not allow for scientific control of variables Experimenters can't control extraneous variables Subjects may be aware of the observer and may act differently as a result Advantages and Disadvantages of the Survey Method Advantages of the survey method include: Fast, cheap, and easy—researchers can collect large amounts of data in a relatively short amount of time More flexible than some other methods Disadvantages of the survey method include: Can be affected by an unrepresentative sample or poor survey questions Participants can affect the outcome—some participants try to please the researcher, lie to make themselves look better, or have mistaken memories Advantages and Disadvantages of Archival Research Advantages of archival research include: The experimenter cannot introduce changes in participant behavior Enormous amounts of data provide a better view of trends, relationships, and outcomes Often less expensive than other study methods—researchers can often access data through free archives or records databases Disadvantages of archival research include: The researchers have no control over how data was collected Important dates may be missing from the records Previous research may be unreliable "


is the aluminum compound in antiperspirants carcinogenic

A few studies in recent years have theorized that aluminum-based antiperspirants may increase the risk for breast cancer. According to the authors of these studies, most breast cancers develop in the upper outer part of the breast -- the area closest to the armpit, which is where antiperspirants are applied.

"Antiperspirant Safety: Should You Sweat It? What to know about the rumors about antiperspirants. By Stephanie Watson From the Web MD Archives Word travels fast on the Internet. As stories fly from inbox to inbox, they gain momentum and news sometimes blurs with fiction. A few years ago, an email began circulating that gave many readers reason to pause, linking antiperspirant to breast cancer. Yes, ANTIPERSPIRANT. Most of the products out there are an anti-perspirant/deodorant combination so go home and check your labels. ""The email went on to explain how antiperspirant prevents the body from ""purging toxins,"" which, when trapped, find their way into the lymph nodes, where they concentrate and contribute to the cellular changes that lead to cancer. Meanwhile, on the Web, several sites featured stories about a supposed link between antiperspirants and Alzheimer's disease. To the millions of Americans who use antiperspirants daily, these e-mails and Web stories came as a big shock. Like many other people, you may have wondered: Is the product I've been applying to my body every day for years really putting my health at risk? Web MD put the question to several experts, and discovered that the rumors about antiperspirants don't stand up to the science. Continue Reading Belowyou might like The Origins of Antiperspirant Fears Most antiperspirant worries center on the active ingredient -- an aluminum-based compound that temporarily plugs the sweat ducts and prevents you from perspiring.

Typically, antiperspirants are coupled with a deodorant, which contains the pleasant scent that stops you from stinking. They may also contain a number of inactive ingredients. Let's look at where the health worries over antiperspirants got their start, and what the research has to say about these products:

Antiperspirants and Cancer

The studies suggest that chemicals in antiperspirants, including aluminum, are absorbed into the skin, particularly when the skin is nicked during shaving. These studies claim that those chemicals may then interact with DNA and lead to cancerous changes in cells, or interfere with the action of the female hormone estrogen, which is known to influence the growth of breast cancer cells.1 2 3 4 View All "


_____ is the name used to refer to the era of legalized segregation in the united states

Jim Crow law, in U. S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.

Jim Crow law

Jim Crow was the name of a minstrel routine (actually Jump Jim Crow) performed beginning in 1828 by its author, Thomas Dartmouth (“Daddy”) Rice, and by many imitators, including actor Joseph Jefferson. The term came to be a derogatory epithet for African Americans and a designation for their segregated life. Jim Crow Jubilee Jim Crow Jubilee (1847), sheet music cover illustrated with caricatures of African American musicians and dancers.© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com From the late 1870s, Southern state legislatures, no longer controlled by carpetbaggers and freedmen, passed laws requiring the separation of whites from “persons of colour” in public transportation and schools. Generally, anyone of ascertainable or strongly suspected black ancestry in any degree was for that purpose a “person of colour”; the pre- Civil War distinction favouring those whose ancestry was known to be mixed—particularly the half-French “free persons of colour” in Louisiana—was abandoned. The segregation principle was extended to parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an effort to prevent any contact between blacks and whites as equals. It was codified on local and state levels and most famously with the “ separate but equal ” decision of the U. S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). In 1954 the Supreme Court reversed Plessy in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. It declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, and, by extension, that ruling was applied to other public facilities. In the years following, subsequent decisions struck down similar kinds of Jim Crow legislation. See also black code; racial segregation. Read More on This Topic United States: Jim Crow legislation African American voting in the South was a casualty of the conflict between Redeemers and Populists. Although some Populist leaders, such as Tom Watson in Georgia, saw that poor whites and poor blacks in the South had a community of interest in…READ MOREOrigins Prior to the Civil War the inferior status of slaves had made it unnecessary to pass laws segregating them from white people. Both races could work side by side so long as the slave recognized his subordinate place. In the cities, where most free blacks lived, rudimentary forms of segregation existed prior to 1860, but no uniform pattern emerged. In the North free blacks also laboured under harsh restrictions and often found an even more-rigid segregation than in the South. One might have expected the Southern states to have created a segregation system immediately after the war, but that did not happen. In some states the legislatures imposed rigid separation, but only in certain areas; Texas, for example, required that every train have one car in which all people of colour had to sit. The South had had no real system of public education prior to the Civil War, and as the postwar governments created public schools, those were as often as not segregated by race. Nonetheless, New Orleans had fully integrated schools until 1877, and in North Carolina former slaves routinely sat on juries alongside whites. In 1877 the Supreme Court ruled in Hall v. De Cuir that states could not prohibit segregation on common carriers such as railroads, streetcars, or riverboats. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the court overturned key elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, thereby sanctioning the notion of “ separate but equal ” facilities and transportation for the races (though it did not use the term separate but equal ). Seven years later the court approved a Mississippi statute requiring segregation on intrastate carriers in Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway v. Mississippi (1890). As those cases demonstrated, the court essentially acquiesced in the South’s “solution” to the problems of race relations. From 1887 to 1892 nine states, including Louisiana, passed laws requiring separation on public conveyances, such as streetcars and railroads. Though they differed in detail, most of those statutes required equal accommodations for black passengers and imposed fines and even jail terms on railroad employees who did not enforce them. Five of the states also provided criminal fines or imprisonment for passengers who tried to sit in cars from which their race excluded them. The Louisiana Separate Car Act passed in July 1890. In order to “promote the comfort of passengers,” railroads had to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races” on lines running in the state.segregated water cooler An African American man drinking at a water cooler for “colored” people at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City in 1939. Russell Lee/Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. (image no. LC-DIG-fsa-8a26761)Challenging the Separate Car Act The Louisiana Separate Car Act marked a dramatic and humiliating reversal of fortune for the black and mixed-race citizens of Louisiana. Although a slave state, Louisiana in general and New Orleans in particular had always had, because of their French origins, a more-tolerant attitude toward people of colour than did other Deep South states. In addition to the usual demarcation between black and white, since the 1700s New Orleans had acknowledged a third class, free people of colour (in French, gens de couleur libres ), sometimes called Creoles, the freed descendants of European fathers and African mothers who had enjoyed a great deal of autonomy. Although Louisiana, like most Southern states, had laws against marriage between slaves, it did allow free people of colour, whites, and the gens de couleur to marry, testify in court against whites, and in some cases inherit property from their fathers. Some became slaveowners themselves, and apparently many of them accumulated significant property. Their social standing, especially in New Orleans, had insulated them from some of the white reaction following the war. But when whites regained power after the end of Reconstruction, they saw only two races, and the privileged position of the gens de couleur evaporated; from then on they were black as far as the law was concerned. Gens de couleur helped form the American Citizens Equal Rights Association when the Separate Car bill was introduced, and they pledged to fight it. Among the members of the committee was Louis A. Martinet, a Creole attorney and doctor who had also founded the Daily Crusader, and he and his newspaper became the leading opponents of the law. After its passage his paper called for both a legal challenge and a boycott of those railroads that had segregated cars. Martinet received the help of Albion W. Tourgée, a white lawyer, who had fought for the North, and served as a lawyer and judge in North Carolina. A citizens’ committee (the Citizens’ Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law ), drawn primarily from the Creole community, raised $3,000 to fund a lawsuit, and Tourgée agreed to be lead counsel in the case. But they also needed a local lawyer, since the challenge to the law would have to go through state courts before it could be appealed to the federal system. A white lawyer, James Walker, finally agreed to take the case in December 1891. Martinet did not consider any of the black lawyers in New Orleans competent to raise a constitutional question, since, as he explained, they practiced almost entirely in the police courts. Tourgée and Martinet considered several possibilities. They could have a black passenger buy a ticket outside Louisiana and then travel into the state, thus raising a challenge to the law under the commerce clause. They might have a fair-skinned person of mixed race attempt to enter the ladies’ car, but there they ran into the problem, as Martinet noted, that she might not be refused admission. In New Orleans, he wrote to Tourgée, “people of tolerably fair complexion, even if unmistakably colored, enjoy here a large degree of immunity from the accursed prejudice.”But Tourgée wanted someone who was an octoroon, a person who was “of not more than one eighth colored blood,” because he believed the winning strategy would be to expose the ambiguities in the definition of race. How did the law, or a train conductor, determine the race of a passenger? “It is a question,” Tourgée told his colleague, that the Supreme Court “may as well take up, if for nothing else, to let the court sharpen its wits on.” Martinet agreed, and in New Orleans he began talking to sympathetic railroad officials who wanted the law overturned for their own financial reasons. It would not do if their test passenger was merely excluded from boarding or even thrown off the train; he would have to be arrested so that a real case existed and he could claim injury in federal court. One railway informed him that it did not enforce the law, while another said that though it opposed the statute as too costly, it did not want to go against it publicly. Then the Louisville & Nashville line agreed to a test case. As it happened, for reasons neither Martinet nor Tourgée expected, their test case fizzled. On February 24, 1892, 21-year-old Daniel Desdunes purchased a first-class ticket on the Louisville & Nashville from New Orleans to Mobile, Alabama, and took a seat in the whites-only car. He was arrested according to the plan and charged with a criminal violation of the Separate Car Act. Tourgée, Martinet, and the local attorney, James Walker, filed a “plea of jurisdiction,” arguing that since Desdunes was a passenger in interstate commerce, he had the right and privilege to travel free from any governmental regulation save that of the Congress. Tourgée also introduced his claim that the determination of race was a complex question of both science and law and so could not be delegated to a train official. The lawyers assumed that their plea would be denied, Desdunes would be convicted, and then they would appeal. Then, on April 19, 1892, the presiding judge, Robert Marr, suddenly disappeared, and no one knew what had happened to him. While Desdunes’s attorney tried to figure out what to do next, on May 25 the Louisiana Supreme Court handed down its decision in Louisiana ex rel. Abbott v. Hicks. A train conductor on the Texas and Pacific Railway had been prosecuted for seating a black passenger in a white car, and the railway argued that since the passenger was traveling between two states, either the Louisiana law did not apply to interstate travel or, if it did, then it was unconstitutional under the commerce clause. Much to everyone’s surprise, the Louisiana high court agreed that regulations of the Separate Car Act could not apply to interstate passengers. Given that development, the new judge in Desdunes’s case, John Ferguson, dismissed the case. Homer Plessy and Jim Crow Martinet, of course, knew that the Abbott case did not apply to intrastate commerce—that is, travel entirely within the borders of Louisiana—and he and Tourgée began looking for another light-skinned black man to test the law. They found Homer Plessy —a shoemaker, a friend of Desdunes’s father, and a member of the citizens’ committee that had raised the money for Tourgée’s original case. Nearly 30 years old at the time, Plessy had already become well known in the Creole community for his work in several local community-betterment groups. Homer Plessy arrest marker Memorial marker where Homer Plessy was arrested on June 7, 1892, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Bluemarie0428On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy walked into the Press Street Depot in New Orleans, bought a first-class ticket to Covington, and boarded the East Louisiana Railroad’s Number 8 train. As the train pulled away from the station, the conductor asked the light-complected Plessy if he was a “colored man.” Plessy said he was and the conductor told him to move to the coloured car. Homer Plessy refused. “I am an American citizen,” he told the trainman. “I have paid for a first-class ticket, and intend to ride to Covington in the first-class car.” The conductor stopped the train, and Detective Christopher Cain boarded the car, arrested Plessy, and forcibly dragged him off the train with the help of a few other passengers. After a night in jail, Plessy appeared in criminal court before Judge John Howard Ferguson to answer charges of violating the Separate Car Act. The Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Act then posted a $500 bond so Plessy could be released, after which the extensive legal maneuvers began. Plessy was not arraigned until October 1892, four months after his arrest, and once again his trio of attorneys— Martinet, Walker, and Tourgée —entered a plea claiming that the act was unconstitutional and therefore the court did not have jurisdiction to hear or determine the facts. And again they claimed that the matter of race, both as to fact and to law, was too complicated to permit the legislature to assign that determination to a railway conductor. Plessy failed in court, and his subsequent appeal to the state Supreme Court (in Ex parte Plessy, 1893) was similarly unsuccessful. An appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court followed, but time was hardly on Plessy’s side. Between the filing of the appeal in 1893 and oral argument before the U. S. Supreme Court in Washington in April 1896, both the general climate and the attitude of the court had hardened. Throughout the country, but especially in the South, conditions for African Americans were quickly deteriorating. Plessy v. Ferguson judgment Plessy v. Ferguson judgment, issued by the U. S. Supreme Court on May 18, 1896, advancing the controversial “separate but equal” doctrine for assessing the constitutionality of racial segregation laws. National Archives, Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court ruling that followed on May 18, 1896, and that bore the names of Plessy and Ferguson solidified the establishment of the Jim Crow era. Melvin I. Urofsky The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica


what does sbp mean

One option available to you is the Survivor Benefit Plan. The SBP is an insurance plan that will pay your surviving spouse a monthly payment (annuity) to help make up for the loss of your retirement income. The plan is designed to protect your survivors against the risks of:

The Survivor Benefit Plan Explained

"Benefits Survivor Benefits The Survivor Benefit Plan Explained Military.com When a military retiree dies their retirement pay stops. This means that the surviving spouse will be left without a substantial income source. If you are a retiree you need to give serious thought to how you can protect your spouse from the hardships caused by the loss of your retirement pay.

Your early death;Your survivor outliving the benefits; and Inflation. How SBP Works At retirement, full basic SBP for spouse and children will take effect automatically if you make no other valid election. You may not reduce or decline spouse coverage without your spouse's written consent. This means you will have to have your spouses input in the decision and his or her signature is required. You may choose coverage for a former spouse or, if you have no spouse or children, you may be able to cover an ""insurable interest"" (such as, a business partner or parent). NOTE: Survivors should report retiree deaths to the DFAS casualty office at 800-321-1080. Faxes can be sent to the office at 800-469-6559. If you elect to participate in the SBP you will be required to pay a monthly premium. SBP Premiums and benefits are based on the ""base amount"" or benefit level that you elect. Your base amount can be any amount from full coverage down to as little as $300 a month. Full coverage is based on your full retired pay meaning your spouse will receive 55 percent of your retirement pay. If you select lesser coverage then your spouse will receive 55 percent of your elected ""base amount. ""Survivor Benefit Plan Coverage Available There are several categories of beneficiaries that a member may choose from to provide an annuity under SBP. The categories are: Spouse Only Eligibility for this category requires that a surviving spouse be a widow or widower who was married to a retiree at the time of his or her enrollment; or, if not married at the time of enrollment, was married to the deceased retiree for at least one year prior to the retiree's death; or, if not married at time of enrollment and was not married to the deceased retiree for at least one year prior to death, was the parent of issue by that marriage. Spouse coverage applies not only to the spouse a member has at time of enrollment, but also automatically to any subsequent spouse the member might acquire, unless the member elects to decline coverage for a subsequent spouse within one year of the date of marriage (concurrence of the subsequent spouse is not required, but that spouse will be notified of the member's declination). Spouse (or Former Spouse) and Child SBP protection under this category is expanded to cover an eligible child or children if there is no surviving spouse, or if a surviving spouse subsequently dies or becomes ineligible to receive benefits due to remarriage before the age of 55. Thus, if there is a divorce or if the spouse dies before the retiree, the full SBP annuity will be paid to the eligible surviving child or children in the same manner as if the member had elected 'Child Only' coverage. Child Only This option provides an annuity only for dependent children regardless of whether a member is married or not at time of enrollment (although a married member's spouse must concur with a child only election). Children remain beneficiaries until age 18 or age 22 if a full-time, unmarried student. Children mentally or physically incapable of self-support remain eligible, while unmarried, for as long as the incapacitation exists. A member with no dependent children at time of eligibility to elect coverage may elect coverage for a child subsequently acquired, but the child must be added within one year of being acquired (born, adopted, etc.). Disabled Dependent A new law allows servicemembers or retirees to contribute their SBP payments to a Special Needs Trust (SNT) to allow the dependent to continue receiving federal disability payments. A SNT is a trust designated for beneficiaries who are disabled, either physically or mentally. It is written so the beneficiary can enjoy the use of property that is held in the trust for his or her benefit, while at the same time allowing the beneficiary to receive essential needs-based government benefits. Under the new law, the SNT would receive any SBP annuity payments that would otherwise be payable to or on behalf of the disabled dependent child. This irrevocable decision may be made during the life of the member through a written statement that designates future SBP payments to the SNTFormer Spouse A member who has a former spouse upon becoming eligible to elect a survivor annuity may elect coverage for a former spouse. If the member has more than one former spouse, the member must specify which former spouse is being covered. An election for a former spouse prevents payment of an annuity to a current spouse. A former spouse who was not a member's former spouse on the date a member became eligible to participate in SBP must have been married to the member for at least one year in order to be named as a former spouse beneficiary. Person with a Natural Insurable Interest A member who does not have a spouse or dependent child when eligible to make a program election may elect to provide coverage for a person with a natura insurable interest in the member. The Department of Defense defines a natural insurable interest as ""a natural person with an insurable interest who has a reasonable and lawful expectation of financial benefit from the continued life of the participating member, or any individual having a reasonable and lawful basis, founded upon the relation of parties to each other, either financial or of blood or affinity, to expect some benefit or advantage from the continuance of the life of the retired member."" If the election is for a person who is more nearly related than a cousin, no proof of financial expectation is required. An election for insurable interest coverage, for other than a dependent (as described in 10 U. S. C. 1072 (2)), made by a member retiring on or after November 24, 2003 under a military disability provision, who dies within one year after being retired due to a cause related to the disability for which retired, shall be voided and any premiums paid for that coverage will be paid to the person to whom the annuity would have been paid. Inflation Protection Like your retirement pay the SBP annuity is protected from inflation. Each year when retired pay gets a Cost-of-Living Adjustment - adjustments for inflation, known as 'COLA' -, so does the base amount, and as a result, so do premiums and annuity payments. Meaning that your premiums and annuity payments will increase with the COLA. These increases are determined by the previous year's Consumer Price Index and averages approximately 2.5 percent. Click below for more SBP information: SBP Costs and Benefits SBP Frequently Asked Questions Related Topics Survivor Benefits© Copyright 2018 Military.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. You May Also Like New System May Not Show Your SGLI Recipient, But You've Still Got One Now is not the time to panic. Fisher House to Provide Military Death Benefits During Shutdown The families of two soldiers killed in a helo crash will not get government death benefits during the shutdown. Commentary: It Takes a Country For most military families, what is important is to hear that the service of their loved one profoundly matters to our nation... New VA Advisory Council to Highlight Family, Caregiver Issues Caregiver, survivor and veteran family issues soon will be pushed directly to the Department of Veterans Affairs' top officia... "


convert numbers to scientific notation

nt. For example, to write 642,000 in scientific notation, first write the number so that there is only one digit to the left of the decimal point, which in this case is 6.42000. Next, count the number of places that the decimal point must be moved to get back to the original number, which in this case is 5 places. This number will be the exponent on the power of 10. So 642,000 can be written in scientific notation as 6.42 x 10^5. Note that the exponent is positive, because the original number is a whole number. If the original number were a decimal, the exponent would be negative. For example, 0.059 written in standard form is 5.9 x 10^ (-2).

Converting to Scientific Notation

Converting to Scientific Notation Students learn to convert a number from standard notation to scientific notation by first writing a decimal point in the number so that there is only one digit to the left of the decimal poi

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unspecific synonym

Synonyms for Unspecific:unspecific (noun)broad, general. Other synonyms:accidental, accustomed, adventitious, all-embracing, all-inclusive,ambiguous,

What is another word for unspecific?

What is another word for unspecific?145 synonyms found Pronunciation: [ ʌnspəsˈɪfɪk], [ ʌnspəsˈɪfɪk], [ ʌ_n_s_p_ə_s_ˈɪ_f_ɪ_k]Tweet Find antonyms of the word UNSPECIFIC >>>Enter your text below to find synonyms and click here

amorphous, ample, approximate, arbitrary, baffling,benevolent, bewildering, big, blanket, bleary, blurred, blurry,bountiful, careless, casual, chance, clouded, cloudy, common,comprehensive, concealed, confused, confusing, conspicuous, cryptic,customary, dim, disconnected, discontinuous, distinct, doubtful,elusive, encompassing, equivocal, everyday, extensive, familiar, filmy,flagrant, foggy, fortuitous, free, full, fuzzy, generalized, habitual,handsome, haphazard, hazy, hidden, hit-or-miss, imprecise,inaccurate, incidental, indefinite, indeterminate, indiscriminate,indistinct, indulgent, inexact, large, lax, liberal, loose, main, misty,mystifying, normal, obscure, obvious, occasional, ordinary, puzzling,rambling, random, regular, roomy, rough, run-of-the-mill, shadowy,shapeless, shrouded, slapdash, sloppy, spacious, stray, sweeping,tolerant, uncertain, unclear, undecided, undirected, unfixed,unpremeditated, unsettled, unsystematic, untidy, usual, vague, vast,veiled, visible, wide, all-encompassing, panoptic, across-the-board,unplanned, offhand, aleatory, unspecified, unconnected, overall,undetermined, unspecialized, ill-defined, inexplicit, undefined,unordered, unorganized, serendipitous, Sub Judice, unstructured,unsubtle, nonspecific, large-minded, barely discernible, barely distinguishable, in doubt, uncalculated, non-specific, non-specialized,hardly discernible, hardly distinguishable, non-specified, unexplicit,undetailed, lacking subtlety. Loading... Adjectives for Unspecific:mild, cold, darn.