examples is bottleneck effect in biology

bottleneck effect a sudden change in the environment (e.g. an earthquake, flood, or fire) that drastically reduces the size of a population. The few survivors that pass through the restrictive bottleneck may have a gene pool that no longer reflects that original population's gene pool. E.g. the population of california condors was reduced to 9 individuals.

AP Biology - Evolution

"132 terms Emilie-Jolie AP Biology - Evolution Ch. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.1-27.2 (p. 452-564)Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortevolution Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. (p. 452)fossil a preserved remnant or impression of a organism that lived in the past. (p (p. 454)strata a rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them. (p. 454)paleontology the study of fossils. (p 454)catastrophism The principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by different mechanisms than those operating today. (p. 454)uniformitarianism The principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time. (p. 454)natural selection a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Theory of Charles Darwin (p. 456)artificial selection The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits. (p. 458)use and disuse theory of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829), the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. (p. 152 AP bio test prep)adaptation heritable characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments. E.g. Desert foxes have large ears which radiate heat. Arctic foxes have small ears which conserve body heat. (p. 152 AP bio test prep)homology Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry. (p. 462)homologous structures structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. E.g. forelimbs of mammals that are now used for a variety of purposes, such as glying in bats or swimming in whales, but were present and used in a common ancestor for walking. (p. 463, AP bio test prep p. 153)embryonic homologies comparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms. E.g. All vertebrate embryos have a post-anal tail and pharyngeal pouches. (p. 153 AP bio test prep)vestigial structures remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species. E.g. remnants of the pelvis and leg bones are found in some snakes. (p. 463, p. 153 Ap bio test prep)molecular homologies shared characteristics on the molecular level. E.g. All life-forms use the same genetic language of DNA and RNA. Amino acid sequences coding for hemoglobin in primate species shows great similarity, thus indicating a common ancestor. (p. 153 AP bio test prep)evolutionary tree A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. (p. 464)convergent evolution explains why distantly related species can resemble one another. Convergent evolution has taken place when 2 organisms developed similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges - not because they evolved from a common ancestor. The likenesses that result from convergent evolution are considered analogous ( comparison between 2 different things) rather than homologous. (p. 464)analogous similar or correspondent in some respects though otherwise dissimilar. E.g. Brains and computers are often compared. (p. 465)Evidence for evolution 1. Direct observations 2. the Fossil record 3. Homology 4. Biogeography (p 153 AP bio test prep)biogeography the geographic distribution of species; species in a discrete geographic area tend to be more closely related to each other than to species in distant geographic areas. E.g. in South America, desert animal are more closely related to local animals in other habitats than they are to the desert animals of Asis. (p. 466, p. 154 AP bio test prep)pangaea The supercontinent formed near the end of the Paleozoic era when plate movements brought all the landmasses of Earth together. (p. 466)continental drift the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. (p. 154 AP bio test prep)endemic native to or confined to a certain region; the species is found no where else in the world. (p. 466)microevolution is change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations. This is evolution on its smallest scale. (p. 469)genetic variation Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments. (p. 470)average heterozygosity the percent, on average, of a population's loci that are heterozygous in members of the population. (p. 470)geographic variation Differences between the gene pools of geographically separate populations or population subgroups. (p. 471)mutations the only source of new genes and new alleles; only mutations in cell lines that produce gametes can be passed to offspring. (p. 155 AP bio test prep)point mutations changes in one base in a gene. They can have significant impact on phenotype, as in sickle-cell disease. (p. 155 AP bio test prep)chromosomal mutations delete, disrupt, duplicate, or rearrange many loci at once. They are usually harmful. (p. 155 AP bio test prep)population genetics the study of how populations change genetically over time. (p. 473, p. 155 AP bio test prep)population a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. (p. 473, P. 155 AP bio test prep)gene pool all of the alleles at all loci in all the mem ers of a population. In diploid species, each individual has 2 alleles for a particular gene, and the individual may be either heterozygous or homozygous. (p. 473, p. 155 AP bio test prep)Hardy-Weinberg principle is used to describe a population that is not evolving. It states that the frequencies of alleles and genes in a population's gene pool will remain constant over the course of generations unless they are acted upon by forces other the Mendelian segregation and the recombination of alleles. The population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (p. 474-75, p. 156 AP bio test prep)Equation for Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 where p2 is equal to the frequency of the homozygous dominant in the population, 2pq is equal to the frequency of all the heterozygotes in the population, and q2 is equal to the frequency of the homozygous recessive in the population. consider a gene locus that exists in 2 allelic forms, A and a, in a population. Let p = the frequency of A, the dominant allele. and q = the frequency of a, the recessive allele. So, p2 = AA, q2 = aa, 2pq = Aa If we know the frequency of one of the alleles, we can calculate the frequency of the other allele: p = q = 1, so p = 1-q q = 1-p (p. 476, p. 156 AP bio test prep)5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1. No mutations - the gene pool is modified if mutations alter alleles or if entire genes are deleted or duplicated. 2. Random mating - if individuals mate preferentially within a subset of the population, such as their close relatives (inbreeding) random mixing of gametes does not occur, and genotype frequencies change. 3. No natural selection - differences in the survival and reproductive success of individuals carrying different genotypes can alter allele frequencies. 4. Extremely large population size - the smaller the population the more likely itis that allele frequencies will fluctuate by chance from one generation to the next ( process is called genetic drift). 5. No gene flow - by moving alleles into or out of populations, gene flow can alter allele frequencies. (p. 475)genetic drift is the unpredictable fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. The smaller the population, the greater the chance is for genetic drift. This is a random, nonadaptive change in allele frequencies. (p. 477, p. 157 AP bio test prep)founder effect a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of the source population. (p. 477, P. 157 AP bio test prep)

This represents a bottlenecking event. (p. 478, p. 157 AP bio test prep)gene flow occurs when a population gains or loses alleles by genetic additions to and/or subtractions from the population. This results from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes. Gene flow tends to reduce the genetic differences between populations, thus making populations more similar. (p. 479, p. 157 AP bio test prep)relative fitness refers to the contribution an organism makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other members. Fitness does not indicate strength or size. It is measured only by reproductive success. (p. 480, p. 158 AP bio test prep)directional selection occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other. E.g. Large black bears survived periods of extreme cold better than smaller ones, and so became more common during glacial periods. (p. 481, p. 158 AP bio test prep)disruptive selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes. E.g. a population has individuals with either large beaks or small beaks, but few with the intermediate beak size. Apparently the intermediate beak size is not efficient in cracking either the large or small seeds that are common. (p. 481, p. 158 AP bio test prep)stabilizing selection Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes. E.g. Birth weights of most humans lie in a narrow range, as those babies who are very large or very small have higher mortality. (p. 481, p. 158 AP bio test prep)sexual selection is a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. It can result in sexual dimorphism ( a difference between the 2 sexes in secondary sexual characteristics such as differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior). (p. 482, p. 158 AP bio test prep)sexual dimorphism a difference between the 2 sexes in secondary sexual characteristics such as differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior (p. 482, p. 158 Ap bio test prep).diploidy One of the factors that contribute to the preservation of genetic variation in population. 2 sets of chromosomes; eukaryotes can hide recessive alleles (p. 159 AP bio test prep)heterozygote advantage individuals who are heterozygous at a certain locus have an advantage for survival. E.g. In sickle-cell disease, individuals homozygous for normal hemoglobin are more susceptible to malaria, whereas homozygous recessive individuals suffer from the complications of sickle-cell disease. Heterozygotes benefit from protection form malaria and dod not have sickle-cell disease, so the mutant allele remains relatively common. (p. 484, p159 AP bio test prep)Why natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms -selection can only edit existing variations -evolution is limited by historical constraints -adaptations are often compromises -chance, natural selection, and the environment interact. (p. 484, p. 159 AP bio test prep)speciation An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species. (p. 488)microevolution is change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It refers to adaptations that are confined to a single gene pool. (p. 488)macroevolution refers to evolutionary change above the species level, such as the appearance of feathers and other such novelties, used to define higher taxa. (p. 488)biological species concept defines a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but are unable to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations. (p. 489)reproductive isolation The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. (p. 489)hybrids offspring that result from an interspecific mating. (p. 489)Prezygotic barriers A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted. Examples of this are Habitat isolation, Behavioral isolation, Temporal isolation, Mechanical isolation and Gametic isolation. (p. 489-490, p. 160 AP bio test prep)postzygotic barriers a reproductive barrier that prevent hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults. Examples of this include Reduced hybrid viability, Reduced hybrid fertility, and Hybrid breakdown. (p. 489-91, p. 160 AP bio test prep)Habitat isolation two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges. An example of prezygotic barriers. (p. 490)Behavioral isolation form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding. An example of prezygotic barriers. (p. 490)Temporal isolation species may breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years, and this can prevent them from mating. An example of prezygotic barriers. (p. 490)mechanical isolation species may be anatomically incompatible. An example of prezygotic barriers. (p. 490)gametic isolation even if the gametes of 2 species do meet, they might be unable to fuse to form a zygote. An example of prezygotic barriers. (p. 491)reduced hybrid viability when a zygote is formed, genetic incompatibility may cause development to cease. An example of postzygotic barriers. (p. 491)reduced hybrid fertility even if the 2 species produce a viable offspring, reproductive isolation is still occurring if the offspring is sterile and can't reproduce. An example of postzygotic barriers. (p. 491)hybrid breakdown sometimes 2 species mate and produce viable, fertile hybrids; however when the hybrids mate, their offspring are weak or sterile. An example of postzygotic barriers. (p. 491)morphological species concept A definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria. (p. 492)allopatric speciation a population forms a new species because it is geographically isolated from the parent population. (p. 493)sympatric speciation, a small part of a population becomes a new population without being geographically separated from the parent population. It can result from part of the population switching to a new habitat, food source, or other resource. (p 495)geologic events or separation when a population is fragmented by the emergence of a mountain range, the formation of a land bridge, or evaporation in a large lake that produces several small lakes. Small, newly isolated populations undergo allopatric speciation more frequently because they are more likely to have their gene pools significantly altered. Speciation is confirmed when individuals from the new population are unable to mate successfully with individuals from the parent population. (p. 160 AP bio test prep)polyploidy A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division. (p. 495)autopolyploid An individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species. An example is the formation of autopolyploid plants through nondisjunction in meiosis. These plants may have a 4n chromosome number instead of the normal 2n number and they cannot breed with diploid members and produce fertile offspring. (p. 495)adaptive radiation occurs when many new species arise from a single common ancestor. Adaptive radiation typically occurs when a few organisms make their way to new, distant areas or when environmental changes cause numerous extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors. (p. 161 AP bio test prep)gradualism proposes that species descended from a common ancestor and gradually diverge more and more in morphology as they acquire unique adaptations. (p. 161 AP bio test prep)punctuated equilibrium a term used to describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change observed in the fossil record. (p. 502, p. 161 AP bio test prep)origin of life theory -small organic molecules were synthesized. -these small molecules joined into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. -all these molecules were packaged into protocells, membrane containing droplets, whose internal chemistry differed from that of the external environment. -self-replicating molecules emerged that made inheritance possible. (p. 507-510, p. 161-62 AP bio test prep)protocells droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings. (p. 508)When was earth formed? 4.6 billion years ago and life on earth emerged about 3.8-3.9 billion years ago. For the first three-quarters of Earth's history, all of its living organisms were microscopic and primarily unicellular. (p. 162 AP bio test prep)Oparin and Haldane Oparin (a russian chemist) and Haldane ( a british scientist, hypothesized that the early atmosphere, thick with water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide, provided with energy from lightning and UV radiation, could have formed organic compounds, a primitive ""soup"" from which life arose. Miller and Urey from the University of Chicago tested this theory in 1953 and produced a variety of amino acids. It is hypothesized that self-replicating RNA (not DNA) was the first genetic material. RNA, which plays a central role in protein synthesis, can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions. These RNA catalysts are called ribozymes. (p. 508, p. 162 AP bio test prep)fossil record is the sequence in which fossils appear in the layers of sedimentary rack that constitute Earth's surface. Fossils, which may be remnants of dead organisms or impressions they left behind, are most often found in sedimentary rck formed from layers of minerals settling out of water. The fossil record is incomplete because it favors organisms that existed for a long time, were relatively abundant and widespread, and had shells or hard bony skeletons. (p. 408-09, p. 162 AP bio test prep)paleontologists scientists who study fossils. (p. 510)relative dating Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock. (p. 162 AP bio test prep)radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of the rocks or fossils. It is based on the rate of decay, or half-life of the isotope. (p. 512)half-life the period of time in which half of a radioactive substance decays. (p. 512)key events in life's history -the earliest living organisms were prokaryotes -about 2.7 billion years ago, oxygen began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis. -Eukaryotes appeared about 2.1 billion years ago. (p. 514)endosymbiotic hypothesis proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts) were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. (p. 163 AP bio test prep)evidence for Endosymbiotic Hypothesis -both organelles (mitochondria and plastids) have enzymes and transport systems homologous to those found in the plasma membranes of living prokaryotes. -both replicate by a splitting process similar to prokaryotes -both contain a single, circular DNA molecule, not associated with histone proteins. -both have their own ribosomes which can translate their DNA into proteins. (p. 516, p. 163 AP bio test prep)When did multicellular eukaryotes evolve? about 1.2 billion years ago. (p. 163 AP bio test prep)colonization of land occurred? about 500 million years ago, when plants, fungi, and animals began to appear on earth. (p. 163 AP bio test prep)Continental drift is the movement of Earth's continents on great plates that float on the hot, underlying mantle. the San Andreas Fault marks where 2 plates are sliding past each other. Where plates have collided, mountains are uplifted. Continental drift can help explain the disjunct geographic distribution of certain species, such as a fossil freshwater reptile found in both Brazil and Ghana in west Africa, today widely separated by ocean. It also explains why no eutherian (placental) mammals are indigenous to Australia. (p. 519-20), p. 163 AP bio test prep)Mass extinctions loss of large numbers of species in a short period, have resulted from global environmental changes that have caused the rate of extinction to increase dramatically. By removing large numbers of species, a mass extinction can drastically alter a complex ecological community. Evolutionary lineages disappear forever. E.g. The dinosaurs were lost in a nass extinction 65 million years ago. (p. 521-23, p. 163 AP bio test prep)adaptive radiations are periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological niches. E.g. The Galapagos finch species are the result of an adaptive radiation. (p. 524, p. 163 AP bio test prep)plate tectonics continental plates move gradually over time, altering the physical geography and climate of Earth. These changes lead to extinctions in some groups of organisms and bursts of speciation in others. (p. 519)What causes major changes in body form? -evolutionary novelty can arise when structures that originally played one role gradually acquire a different one. Structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function are sometimes called Exaptation. For example, it is possible that feathers of modern birds were co-opted for flight after functioning in some other capacity, such as thermoregulation. -Evo-devo is a field of study in which evolutionary biology and developmental biology converge. This field is illuminating how slight genetic divergences can be magnified into major morphological differences between species. (p. 525-26, P. 163 AP bio test prep)heterochrony an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events. Changing relative rates of growth even slightly can change the adult form of organisms substantially, thus contributing to the potential for evolutionary change. (p. 525, p. 164 AP bio test prep)homeotic genes are master regulatory genes that determine the location and organization of body parts. (p. 526)hox genes one class of homeotic genes. Changes in Hox genes and in the genes that regulate them can have a profound effect on morphology, thus contributing to the potential for evolutionary change. An example is seen in the variable expression of a Hox gene in a snake limb bud and a chicken leg bud, resulting in no legs in the snake, and a skeletal extension in the chicken. (p. 526, p. 164 AP bio test prep)Evolution is not goal oriented evolution is like tinkering - a process in which new forms arise by the slight modification of existing forms. Even large changes, like the ones that produced the first mammals, can result from the modification of existing structures or existing developmental genes. (p. 529)phylogeny the evolutionary history of a species or group of species. (p. 536)systematics a scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Its tools include fossils, morphology, genes, and molecular evidence. (p. 536)taxonomy is an ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences. (p. 537)binomial nomenclature A system to specify an organism by its genus and species. Every organism is given a scientific name consisting of two parts: its genus and species names. (p. 537)genus a classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species. (p. 537)species A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups. (p. G-33)Hierarchical classification levels Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Each level is called a Taxon. ( Hint to help you remember the order ""King Phillip climbed over the fence and got shot""taxon a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification. (p. 537)phylogenetic trees a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The branches of such trees reflect the hierarchical classifications of groups nested within more inclusive groups. Notice in the figure 26.4 that 2 branch points are numbered. Each number represents a common ancestor of the 2 branches. (p. 538 fig. 26.4)homologous structures are similarities due to shared ancestry, such as the cones of a whale's flipper and a tiger's paw. (p. 540)convergent evolution has taken place when 2 organisms developed similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges - not because they evolved from a common ancestor. Example; the streamlined bodies of a tuna and a dolphin show convergent evolution. The likenesses that result from convergent evolution are considered analogous rather than homologous. they do not indicate relatedness, but rather similar solutions to similar problems. Example; the wing of a butterfly is analogous to the wing of a bat. Both are adaptations for flight. (p. 540)analogy similarity between 2 species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait. (p. 540)molecular systematics uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships. The more alike the DNA sequences of 2 organisms, the more closely related they are evolutionarily. (p. 540-41)cladogram depicts patterns of shared characteristics among taxa and forms the basis of a phylogenetic tree. (p. 542)clade within a phylogenetic tree, is defined as a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. (p. 542)shared derived characters evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade. Example; hair is a shared derived character of mammals. (p. 543)monophyletic group includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade. (p. 542, p. 173 AP bio test prep)paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants. (p. 542, p. 173 AP bio test prep)polyphyletic group pertaining to a group of taxa derived from 2 or more different ancestors. (p. 542, p. 173 AP bio test prep)An organism's evolutionary history is documented in its genome The rate of evolution of DNA sequences varies from one part of the genome to another; therefore, comparing these different sequences helps us to investigate relationships between groups of organisms that diverged a long time ago. -DNA that codes from ribosomal RNA changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating relationships between taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago. -DNA that codes for mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events. (p. 548-49)Molecular clocks are methods used to measure the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of the genome appear to evolve at constant rates. (p. 549-50)New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life -Taxonomy is in flux. When the authors of this textbook were in high school, they were taught there were 2 kingdoms, plants and animals; then in college courses, they were introduced to 5 kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. -Now biologists have adopted a 3-domain system, which consists of the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. This system arose from the finding that there are 2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes. -The domains Bacteria and Archaea contain prokaryotic organisms, and Eukarya contains eukaryotic organisms. As we gain more tools for analysis, earlier ideas about evolutionary relatedness are changed, and so taxonomy, too continues to evolve. See table on p. 174 AP bio test prep). (p551-553)Prokaryotic success -life is divided into 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Both domain Bacteria and domain Archaea are made up of prokaryotes. -the most common shapes of prokarytes are spheres, rods, and helices; most are about 1-5 um in size. This is perhaps 1/10 the size of a typical eukaryotic cell. -study Figure 7.3 p. 174 AP bio test prep). Prokaryotes have no true nuclei or internal compartmentalization. The DNA is concentrated in a nucleoid region and has little associated protein. The small genome consists of a single circular chromosome. Prokaryotes reproduce through an asexual process called binary fission and have short generation times. -in addition to their one major chromosome, prokaryotic cells may also possess smaller, circular, self-replicating pieces of DNA called plasmids. -outside their cell membranes, most prokaryotes possess a cell wall that contains peptidoglycans. Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with more peptidoglycans, whereas gram-negative cells have walls that are structurally more complex. prokaryotes use appendages called pili that adhere to each other or to surrounding surfaces. About half of the prokaryotes are motile, because they possess whiplike flagella. (p. 556-57, p. 174-75 AP bio test prep)peptidoglycan A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. (p. 557)gram stain A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls. May be used to help determine medical response to an infection. (p. 557)gram-negative Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria. (p 557)gram-positive Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria. (p. 557)capsule in many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells. (p. 558)fimbriae a short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells. (p. 558)pili short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria, Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA. (p. 558)3 mechanisms by which bacteria can transfer genetic material Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (p. 562)Transformation a mechanism in which a prokaryote takes up DNA from its environment. (p. 562)Transduction a mechanism in which viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes. (p. 562)Conjugation mechanism in which genes are directly transfered from one prokaryote to another as they are temporarily joined by a ""mating bridge."" (p. 562)mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes. (p. 175 AP bio test prep) "


what is baskin robbins jamoca

m. Jamoca Almond Fudge is one of Baskin-Robbins signature flavors if I remember correctly and the packaged version sounds like a close replica of the in-store ice cream. Baskin Robbins Jamoca Almond Fudge Ice Cream Coffee Ice Cream with Roasted Almonds & Chocolate Flavored Ribbon I’m going to be up front, I don’t exactly like roasted almonds all that much. I prefer them raw but if they’re roasted, I’d rather they be cocoa roasted like the ones Emerald makes.

Baskin Robbins Jamoca Almond Fudge Ice Cream Labels: baskin-robbins , boardwalk , coffee , container , Nick , review [By Nick, new for 2014] Seeing as I already reviewed and enjoyed their Jamoca bar, I think the best way to break into Baskin-Robbins new faux-pints would be their Jamoca Almond Fudge ice crea

Hopefully the roasted qualities of the almonds will blend right in with the flavor of the coffee ice cream. While not the prettiest looking ice cream, you’re able to see all of the components right off the bat. The almonds look like they’re a decent size and the chocolate ribbon like it has some thickness to it. Well I was right with the bars. The ice cream is right on the border of super-premium territory. Think of it as a denser, more premium version of Blue Bunny. However, the flavor of the bar and the base of this ice cream are completely different beasts. While the bar was bold and more on the black side, this ice cream is milky with a less assertive coffee taste. I've grown to like both kinds of coffee ice cream but I wasn't expecting the flavors to be so different considering that they share the same name. The chocolate swirl adds to that sweetness giving this one more of a mocha profile. It's funny how I typically complain about the consistency of companies that promise fudge swirls but that are more like syrup. Well Baskin-Robbins' chocolate swirl is actually the proper consistency of fudge when I was expecting something syrupy. The thickness of the swirl helps to intensify the rich milk chocolate flavor, almost canceling out the coffee base at times. Now as I had thought, I'm not a fan of the roasted almonds. Their flavor just doesn't mesh with the other components properly. Now if this was the same ice cream as the bar and the swirl was dark chocolate flavored I could see them working. As is, they're just out of place and make the bite they're in unpleasant for me. I'm sure people who traditionally like roasted almonds might enjoy it but they just feel out of place to me. Hopefully I’ll have better luck with the other flavors in my freezer Verdict? Should have used cocoa roasted almonds Buy Again? I'd just buy the bars instead Posted by Nick Email This Blog This! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest


what woah means

. Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: WOAHWOAH is a radio station broadcasting a Mainstream Urban format. Licensed to Glennville, Georgia, USA, the station is currently owned by Broadcast Executives Corporation.

Definitions &Translations

"Vocabulary What does woah mean? Definitions for woah Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word woah

Suggested Resources (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: WOAHWhat does WOAH stand for? -- Explore the various meanings for the WOAH acronym on the Abbreviations.com website. Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of woah in Chaldean Numerology is: 1Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of woah in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2Sample Sentences & Example Usage Ted Wheeler: Woah, woah, woah, not a good move, not a good move. Images & Illustrations of woah Translations for woah From our Multilingual Translation Dictionarywoah Germanwoah Finnishwoah Italianすごい迫力 Japanesewoah Norwegianwoah Polishwoah Portuguese Woah Vietnamese哇 Chinese Get even more translations for woah »Translation Find a translation for the woah definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these woah definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Please enter your email address: Subscribe Citation Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: Style: MLA Chicago APA""woah."" Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. 11 Apr. 2018. < https://www.definitions.net/definition/woah >. Are we missing a good definition for woah? Don't keep it to yourself... Submit Definition "


which variety of rosemary grows well in north carolina?

or. Rosemary A popular herb to grow in North Carolina is rosemary. This perennial plant grows taller than most herbs, up to 6 feet in height, and remains its vibrant green all season long. Rosemary grows in upright mounds that look like small bushes. Planted along the front walkway or flower bed, rosemary creates a stunning focal point to the landscape.

Home » Flowers Which Herbs Grow Well in North Carolina? By Callie Barber; Updated September 21, 2017Herbs are the essential ingredients for flavor in many dishes. They are used to make teas and dried for sachets and potpourris. Some herbs are used to create soaps, candles and perfumes. Those living in North Carolina can propagate and harvest many types of herbs. Because many herbs require at least 6 hours of sunlight per day, North Carolina is an ideal growing environment for these beauties. Sweet Basil This annual herb grows well in the full sun climate of North Carolina. Its bright green foliage grows up to 24 inches tall and 12 inches wide. Its upright stems are billowing in shape and require full sun to thrive. Basil loves to be pinched back during the summer growing season. This helps the herb produce new, fresh shoots. Basil is particularly delicious in soups, pasta and salads. Thyme Thyme is a hardy perennial that thrives in North Carolina. Its spreading growth and mat forming structure looks striking around flower beds and rock walls. Thyme grows up to 8 inches in height and 12 inches wide. Its creeping foliage is bright green and attracts bumblebees. Thyme is a favorite herb for planting in the front of containers because of it draping effect. It is also grown in between stepping-stones along a garden path for contrast and definition. Thyme is used to flavor soups and sauces and is also used in making potpourri. Sage This mound forming perennial has a slow growth pattern but lasts many seasons. Its velvety foliage is silvery-green and very aromatic. Sage grows up to 18 inches tall and 12 inches wide. The oval to oblong, wrinkled leaves range from 2 to 3 inches long with small hairs on the underneath side of the leaf. Beginning in late spring, sage produces spike-like flowers that range in color from blue and violet to red, pink and white. Sage also attracts hummingbirds and butterflies and is often added to stuffing for flav

Rosemary requires full sun to thrive and in the fall can be heavily pruned to ensure growth the following spring. It is also drought-tolerant and can withstand the hot, arid temperatures of North Carolina. Rosemary is often used to flavor bread and stews. References North Carolina State University Extension: Sweet Basil North Carolina State University Extension: Thyme North Carolina State University Extension: Sage Resources North Carolina State University: Growing Herbs About the Author Callie Barber has been writing professionally since 2002. Barber's love for design and writing inspired her to create Design Your Revolution, a blog that shares creative and affordable ways to decorate indoor and outdoor living environments. Her articles have appeared on Travels.com and Garden Guides.com. Barber holds a Bachelors of Arts in international studies from the University of North Carolina. More Articles Herbs for Ground Cover Rosemary Plant Care Instructions How to Care for Rosemary Plants How to Grow the Herb Rosemary How to Make Rosemary Oil Southernwood (Artemesia abrotanum)


where is andrews, tx

ons Andrews is a city in and the county seat of Andrews County in the U. S. state of Texas within the West Texas region. The population was 10,448 in 2009. Along with Midland and Odessa, these cities form the Midland-Odessa Combined Statistical Area with a population of 241,316 in four counties.

Andrews, TX

Andrews, TXNearby Directi

Andrews was the fastest growing Texas micropolitan in 2008 and 2009. Andrews was incorporated on February 2, 1937. Both the city and county were named for Richard Andrews, the first Texan soldier to die in the Texas Revolution. United States Highway 385 (north-south), Texas State Highway 115 (east-west), and Texas State Highway 176 (east-west) intersect through Andrews.


define humidors

ars A humidor is a humidity -controlled box or room used primarily for storing cigars, cigarettes, or pipe tobacco. Either too much or too little humidity can be harmful to tobacco products; a humidor's primary function is to maintain a steady, desirable moisture level inside; secondarily it protects its contents from physical damage and deterioration from sunlight. For private use, small wooden boxes holding a few dozen cigars or less are common, while cigar shops may have walk-in humidors. Other us

Humidor

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Humidor with hygrometer and bowl of water during initial seasoning. Humidor with cig

es include maintaining a constant humidity level in baseballs: the Colorado Rockies Major League Baseball team stores its game balls in a large humidor at their home stadium to counteract the effects of Denver 's low humidity. Many humidors use hygrometers to monitor their humidity levels. Contents [ hide ]1 Types2 Construction3 Maintenance3.1 Humidity3.2 Temperature4 See also5 References Types [ edit]Walk-in Most common in cigar bars or stores. One room is built as or converted to a humidor where all the cigars are stored. Cabinet Usually placed on the floor as a piece of furniture. Typically holds 1000–5000 cigars. Desktop The most common type of humidor. Typically box sized with lid on top or with one or more drawers. Vary in size from 25–500 cigars capacity. Travel Portable, usually holding 2 to 20 cigars. Construction [ edit]Commercially made humidor cases are typically made of wood, although materials such as acrylic glass and metal are also used. Carbon fibre, silicon carbide, and polyethylene are rare. Aside from pleasing aesthetics, the casing's purpose is to protect the interior and create a closed environment, so any durable and airtight material can be used. The interior is typically a veneer of Spanish cedar, which possesses several desirable characteristics for cigar storage: It holds more moisture than most woods, so it helps maintain humidity. It is not prone to ""warping"" or ""cupping"" in high humidity. It imparts its aroma to cigars. For the same reason, some cigars are wrapped in Spanish-cedar sheets before they are sold. It can repel tobacco beetles, pinhead-sized pests which can ruin entire stocks of cigars by eating the tobacco and laying eggs, causing further infestation. They can also be discouraged by ensuring the humidor does not get hotter than 20 °C (68 °F). [1] The beetle eggs usually only hatch at around 25 °C (77 °F) [ citation needed], although there are also instances where they will hatch at cooler temperatures if the humidity is too high. Humidors are typically commercially produced, though most walk-ins are custom built and some humidors are homemade. [2] They range considerably in material, size and complexity. Capacity is determined by deducting the space required for the humidification element and some extra room between the element and the cigars. It can also be calculated online for the most popular cigar formats. [3]Maintenance [ edit]A humidor needs to be seasoned when new or having been out of use for a while. [4] Wood in an unseasoned humidor will absorb moisture from within, drying stored cigars out. The preferred technique for bringing the wood close to an optimal relative humidity level where it will buffer moisture is placing a small container of distilled water inside the humidor for 1 to 3 days. Humidity [ edit]All humidors contain a permanent humidifying system which keeps the air moist, which in turn keeps the cigars moist. Without a humidor, within 2 to 3 days, cigars will quickly lose moisture and level up with the general humidity around them. [5] The ideal relative humidity in a humidor is around 68-72%. [6] Though it can vary slightly depending on the cigar smoker's preferences, it should never go higher than 75% [ citation needed] due to the possibility of hatching tobacco beetles. The more empty space, the more readily the humidity level of the box will fluctuate. Most humidifying elements are passive, releasing stored humidity through evaporation and diffusion. The use of a 50/50 solution of propylene glycol and distilled water is recommended for replenishing the passive humidifying element, as it has a buffering effect on air humidity, maintaining it at approximately 70%. Retailers and manufacturers claim propylene glycol also has mild antifungal and antibacterial properties; distilled water should always be used, due to its lack of minerals, additives, or bacteria. Electronic humidifiers are also available, although usually reserved for very large humidors. A sensor measures the outside humidity and then activates a ventilator, which blows air over a humid sponge or water tank into the humidor. Once the preset humidity level has been reached the ventilator stops. This way electronic humidifiers can maintain a much more stable humidity level than passive humidifiers. Also they typically will activate an alarm to notify when the moisture supply needs refilling, to prevent humidity drops. The accuracy of electronic humidifiers depends primarily on the integrated type of sensor; the capacitive type are preferred. Silica gel beads, familiar for removing moisture from packaging containers, are a third alternative. These are ""calibrated"" with a coating of mineral salts to absorb or release humidity in various RH ranges (including 65%, 68%, 70%, and 72%), providing a buffering effect on relative humidity. They require only distilled water when necessary, and can be ruined by propylene glycol. Temperature [ edit]A humidor should never be exposed to direct sunlight. [7] To discourage eggs of tobacco beetles from hatching and prevent cigar rot, its internal temperature should be kept below 25 °C (77 °F) [ citation needed], as well as below 75% [ citation needed] relative humidity. At temperatures below 12 °C (54 °F), the desired ageing process of the cigars is impaired, making storage in wine cellars problematic. See also [ edit]Cigar Tobacconist References [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humidors.^ Beetle pest control information in Wikipedia^ ""Homemade Humidor Album Page"". cigargroup.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018.^ ""Cigar Humidor Calculator"". www.humidordiscount.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018.^ ""New Humidor for Your Cigars? Season It Before You Use It - Here's How"". about.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018.^ ""How long do cigars last without a humidor?"". Retrieved 25 March 2017.^ ""How to Correct the Humidity Level in a Humidor"". about.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018.^ ""Optimum temperature for cigar storage"". www.humidor-guide.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018. Categories: Containers Psychrometrics Tobacciana "


was the philippines a us territory

Confidence votes 130No The Philippines became a territory of the United States after the Spanish-American War. Under the December 10, 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20 million. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth.

Is the Philippines a US territory?

Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Travel & Places Countries, States, and Cities Philippines Is the Philippines a US territory? Flag Is the Philippines a US territory? Answer by Ftpolkfun

Japan took over the country from 1942-1944, but the United States regained the islands in 1945, and full independence was granted in July, 1946.13 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No What is the composition of Philippine territory? Territories Of The Philippines . Spratly Islands . Sabah . Scarborough Shoal . Palmas or Miangas Island What is considered the Philippine territory? The Philippine territory comprises all the archipelagos, waters andislands embraced therein. This also includes the fluvial,terrestrial and aerial domains covering territorial …Eruel99 3 Contributions What constitutes the national territory of the Philippines? Unless the Philippines has extended it's territorial boundaries, it's national territory covers all lands within the Philippines including the ocean waters extending from it's …What is the national territory of the Philippines? Philippine Archipelago, Territories, and territorial sea Unless the Philippines has extended it's territorial boundaries, it's national territory covers all lands within the P …What comprises the Philippine national territory? Philippine Archipelago, Territories, and territorial sea What compose the philippine territory? The Philippine territory is composed of its 3 largest islandsnamely Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The country's territory alsoincludes the ocean waters extending from its coas …What is the components of the Philippine territory?terrestrial, fluvial and aerial USCitizen 477,196 Contributions How did the US gain the territories of the Philippines and Puerto Rico? They were ceded to the US by Spain after the Spanish American War. Shhh its amanda 27 Contributions Was the Philippines a U. S. territory? Yes, in WW2. Jeff Carlisle 41,541 Contributions Diesel tech, truck driver, equipment operator, gunsmith, veteran... yep, I get around. Is Puerto Rico Guam and the Philippines all territories of the US? Puerto Rico and Guam are. The Philippines became a US territory after the Spanish-American War, but became self-governing in 1934, and was recognised officially as an independ …What is the section 1 of the Philippine Territory? Hey it's you Johannes Nikolai Wendellson Zenarosa Tamayo. You are looking for answers? I'm your teacher, and I will scold you tomorrow. Why was the Straight Baseline method used to emphasize the Philippine territory?cause the gravity if the earth Answered In Philippines What did The new US territories of the Philippines and Hawaii provided new As head of? Naval bases. Apex :)Answered In Philippines What did The new US territories of the Philippines and Hawaii provided new?naval bases Answered In Philippines What late 19th century war did the Philippines become US territory? Spanish-American War (Puerto Rico and Guam also became U. S. territories)Answered In Philippines Does the Filipinos have to know the territory of the Philippines?yes Fwmh 132,475 Contributions Answered In Philippines Are the Philippines still a US territory? Nope. Philippines gained independence from the United States since1946. Also see the related question below.


what does argan oil do for skin

Oil Balances Sebum Argan oil is also good for oily skin since it acts as a regulating agent that actually helps to balance sebum levels and keep them in check. Excess sebum leads to oily skin which often results in a shiny complexion and acne breakouts.

How Good Is Argan Oil For Your Skin?

How Good Is Argan Oil For Your Skin? Let me start by saying that I am a huge fan of natural oils, using them daily as part of my skin care routine. I use them as cleansers, healers, moisturizers, in masks and whatever other use one can think of. Still, although I am a big fan, it was only but recently that I have tried out organic cold pressed argan oil to check whether argan oil will be any good for my skin. So, here I will share my experience after using it for some time now on my face, neck and hands. Also, since I love digging things deeper, I will expand on some other ways people are using argan oil for, its skin care benefits and what they review about its pros and cons. So, can Argan oil really benefit your skin and in what way? Let’s see!Argan Tree. © Depositphotos.com/ [sarosa]But first something interesting I’ve read in Wikipedia was that Argan oil remains one of the most rare oils in the world because of the small and very specific areas that the tree grows. The tree is known as the Argania Spinosa and it grows in Morocco and a few other places in the world, which is why for many years this oil was not known to most of the Western World. However, because it is so beneficial and healthy to the skin, hair and nails, it was bound to become known around the world sooner or later and now argan oil is in high demand especially for its use as a separate skincare product or used as an ingredient in skin care products. Argan Oil Ingredients Argan oil is loaded with essential fatty acids like oleic, linoleic, palmitic and others, Vitamin E, phenols ,carotens and squalene. All the antioxidants help to provide a number of healthy benefits for your skin. Argan Oil Benefits for Skin Non-Greasy Moisturizer Argan oil is a wonderful moisturizer as it gets quickly absorbed into the skin, boosting its natural moisture and not just staying on the surface of the skin, but penetrating deep into its layers. From my own experience, I have been using it mainly as a night moisturizer and even from the first application, I saw my skin becoming more elastic, keeping that elasticity for a longer period than other natural oils, like jojoba oil which is also good for moisturizing.© Depositphotos.com/ [nejron]So, after applying argan oil on my face, I can see an immediate improvement of my skin’s texture and moisture. Argan oil absorbs very well so that is why I also use it in my hands especially if they get a bit dry. I also love it because soon after application, my skin gets soft and smooth and not at all greasy. That is a big advantage of argan oil which you can find it only in some natural oils. It is light but very effective in moisturizing and for some other purposes we will see. People with dry skin also review that this oil has helped them prevent and deal with some symptoms of dry skin such as irritation, flaking and cracking as well as helped reduce eczema breakouts and other problems associated with dry skin. Check The Best Reviewed Brands Of Argan

By balancing the sebum levels, Argan oil helps to reduce acne breakouts without drying your skin. That is one quality that some natural oils have and people are not so acquainted with, because they think that an oil will make their skin oilier but the truth is that the right natural oil can balance the skin better than many other promising over the counter skin care products. Also the right natural oil will not only serve to balance the natural oils of your skin but boost its total health and beauty, making it even more resistant to deteriorating external factors as well as aging. Having a combination skin, I see that Argan oil keeps my skin more balanced and clean. It also has a light texture, as I have previously mentioned, which makes my face feel comfortable right after application. Tightens Skin and Increases Elasticity© Depositphotos.com/ [valuavitaly]This was the first effect I experienced right after the first use. My under chin area went more firm and I was so happy. I almost couldn’t believe how with only one application, the skin went more tight in an area that has a tendency to sag and it is difficult for one to find effective natural products specialized for it. People’s Reviews about argan oil also say that it has especially helped them with reducing those fine lines and wrinkles under and around the eyes and mouth. I can understand that but since I don’t have that big of a problem with wrinkles or fine lines yet, I haven’t noticed anything but will surely update if I notice something. Still, while some people have used it for fine lines under eyes, I have never thought to try it like that, so this gives me a perfect idea!Relieves Dryness On the Lips People using it on their lips review that they get softer and more hydrated lips and that is something I agree with, too. Another thing I like is that the feeling after applying on your lips is very pleasant like you don’t feel at all that you have an oil on. Argan oil relieves the lips dryness and they become instantly more hydrated, soft and sparkly in a very attractive way. Helps Prevent Stretch Marks and Reduce Acne Scars Pregnant women find that not only using Argan oil during pregnancy is safe, but doing so can help prevent the appearance of stretch marks. This is especially helpful as treating stretch marks once they appear can be a difficult and frustrating affair. Other people state that this oil is good for skin since it can actually help to reduce acne scars as well as scars from chicken pox and the measles, giving people a more flawless looking skin. Read About Poppy Austin Argan Oil Reviews How To Discern A Good Quality Argan Oil There are literally plenty of skincare companies selling argan oil, but not all are providing a completely pure and high quality product. Before buying argan oil, just keep in mind: Look for the original Moroccan Argan Oil because that’s how you are going to get the best quality of Argan Oil. Organic Argan Oil is always the best choice for a 100% pure Argan Oil. A lot of argan oils are mixed with chemicals, so when you want to buy a good quality Argan Oil, look for organic verifications. Finally, check for reviews and information on the quality of the product. Pros and Cons of Argan Oil Based on People’s Reviews Pros Moisturizes the skin naturally even by using it on its own or as an additional natural skincare ingredient. Tightens and firms the neck and face area, making them more elastic. It can be used for face, body, nails and hair. It keeps the hair properly moisturized and with a shiny effect. Some people have reviewed that it prevents triggering acne breakouts and even helping to eliminate blackheads. Very good results have been shown relating to fighting fine lines. It has also been reported to be working with acne scars but it takes some time to see the results. Cons Very few people have reviewed it as having a greasy effect but that can probably relate to the quality of argan oil they have used and the amount of oil applied since only but a few drops are enough. The quantity you will want to use depends on your skin’s type or needs, too. Some people have reviewed its smell as a bit odd for them while others have been sensing it like an odor close to the one of olives. Still, the essence dissipates soon after application. The scent of pure argan oil can be described as very light nutty but there are argan oils that are odorless. Where Can I Buy Argan Oil? There are many shops you can buy argan oil from, especially those ones that sell health natural and organic products. It happened to buy mine from a local health shop but there are a lot of online resources which sell argan oil, too. Second time, I will probably buy online because I can buy a product with a guarantee so that my purchase is safer. For example, Amazon has some very positively reviewed argan oils like Pura D’Or Pure & Organic Argan Oil which is reviewed enthusiastically by a lot of users. It is USDA certified organic, 100% pure, imported from Morocco and bottled in the USA. It is cold pressed, unrefined and produced using the highest standards in the industry, according to the company’s claims. Packed with antioxidants, polyphenols and fatty acids, it can be used as an effective atreatment for dry skin, sun damage, psoriasis, eczema, acne and as a moisturizing and skin firming natural product for all types of skin.100 day complete money back guarantee is available to you in case you are not completely satisfied with the product you have purchased. Another brand that sells good quality cold-pressed cosmetic Argan Oil that is free of harmful additives and presrvatives is Skin Ception. Skin Ception Argan Oil contains a number of valuable elements and natural antioxidants that are beneficial for your skin as well as hair health and beauty such as essential fatty acids, vitamin E, oleic and linoleic acids, squalene, which can also be found in the olive oil, ferulic acid, polyphenols and others. Their product is a non-greasy light argan oil that has a light nutty scent and doesn’t clog pores. It is also recommended for various skin issues including fine lines and wrinkles, dry aging skin, collagen and elastin loss, sun damaged skin, acne breakouts, eczema and psoriasis. People also love argan oil as a natural home treatment to nourish, repair and soften damaged hair and to keep healthy hair smooth and hydrated. It works great for frizziness and split ends while lots of people also use it on brittle nails and cuticles. Another advantage of this argan oil brand is that they offer a 100% money back guarantee while it is good to know that with your purchase you support Local Berber women and their communities. For more top reviewed Argan Oil Options, you can read our review on the best Argan Oil for face and hair. In conclusion, after using this natural oil on my face and neck area for some time now, I can say that argan oil has been very good for my skin and I would definitely suggest it to others, too.

On top of that organic Argan oil is hailed as nature’s answer to botox as it is packed full of vitamin E, omegas 3, 6, and 9 that work to not only hydrate the skin but also create new skin cells that help to smooth out fine lines and wrinkles.

What Is Argan Oil And How The Hell Does It Work?

Are you one of the thousands of people who are buzzing with the news of the healing powers of Moroccan Oil? You are not alone. Moroccan oil seems to be all the rage lately and has healing powers that are difficult to comprehend. Lately, we’ve been hearing more and more about a product called Argan Oil which is an oil produced from the kernels of the Argan tree, native to Morocco. Since the skincare industry is buzzing with praise for this new hot skincare system, we decided to put our team on the job to find out why Argan Oil is all the anti-aging rage. What they found was really interesting. What Is Argan Oil? As stated above, pure Argan oil is an oil that is produced from the kernels on the Argan tree. This oil is praised for it’s nutritive, cosmetic, and medicinal properties.

With cold-press extraction, the Argan kernel produces a light oil that absorbs faster and yet is less greasy than other oils, even olive oil, leaving your skin cleansed, moisturized, and much more supple. Similar to i S Clinical Pro-Heal Serum, Argan oil can also help treat acne issues, aczema, and psoriasis thanks to its soothing and antimicrobial properties. On top of that it also helps to reduce scars from acne, burns, and even chickenpox. Essentially, it provides nourishment to the skin, at a cellular level. What Else Can Argan Oil Help With? Softer, hydrated, healthier, younger looking skin is only a start for the many cosmetic benefits that essence of Argan produces. People who use Argan oil for skin problems know that this do-all moisturizer can help with other cosmetic issues. If you suffer with dry, frizzy, or unruly hair, Argan oil can help restore moisture and calm your hair down when it’s unmanageable. It helps restore and lock moisturizer in your hair, from root to tip, giving your hair a healthy shine. Ok there’s a bunch of video reviews on youtube, but this is probably the only one worth watching. The product she’s using is Eden Allure, but honestly there are better options out there and we recommend something else (PS. there’s a link to the product we’d choose at the bottom of this page)Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:00It can also help with brittle, cracked, or nails that break often. Simply take a dab of the oil and rub it into your nail beds and cuticles, making sure to cover your whole nail. Once you rub that in, let it sit and penetrate. Your nails should become more nourished and healthier after a few applications. Basically, this powerful oil helps with so much more than just cosmetic fixes, it also has many medicinal benefits that you can read about on different Argan oil reviews. Skin Score!It is rare that you come across a skincare product that harnesses nature’s raw power and helps to repair so many different skin and body issues. While Argan oil may not be a fix for every single skin condition out there, it is a powerful remedy for many conditions. The only concerns we have with it is it’s ability to work on reducing signs of aging rapidly as most users haven’t been able to see results as fast as they would like. Try to think of it more as a supplemental treatment method which you can use in combination with a more powerful cream. Still, it certainly is a nice, cheap little way of improving your skin’s elasticity and overall firmness. Our official rating: 83%Click Here To Check Out Our List of the Top Anti Aging Treatments Tweet


weather in malaga spain in april

The average sea tempeature is 15 °C (59 °F). The average temperature in Malaga, Costa Del Sol in April is very mild at 15.7 °C (60.26 °F). Afternoons can be warm with average high temperatures reaching 20 °C (68 °F). Overnight temperatures are generally quite mild with an average low of 12 °C (53.6 °F).

Countries A-Z: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | ZBright Future Dir. Climate & Temperature > Spain > Malaga, Costa Del Sol Climate > April Temperatures Precipitation Sun/ Daylight Humidity Graphs Map Comparisons Forecast Hotels January February March April May June July August September October November December Weather in April in Malaga, Costa Del Sol< April >Normal Max/ High Temperature 20°C (68°F)Average Temperature 16°C (60°F)Min/ Low Temperature 12°C (54°F)Average Sea or Water Temp 15°C (59°F)Normal Precipitation 40mm (1.6in)Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day) 6 (20%)Average Sunlight per day 07:36Average Daylight per day 13:06Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours 59% (41%)Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.65.3°

The range/ variation of diurnal average temperatures in April is 8 °C (14.4 °F). The weather in April is dry with periodic rain. A mere 39.5mm (1.6in) of fluid is released during an average of 6 days. The skies in Malaga, Costa Del Sol are slightly sunny having on balance a welcome 7:36 of resplendent sunshine daily. The shortest day is 12:32 long and the longest day is 13:38 long with an average length of 13:06. There are approximately 5:19 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register. It is sunny approximately 58.8% of daylight hours and cloudy 41.2% of daylight hours. Check the distance to and compare the Malaga, Costa del Sol April averages with somewhere beginning with: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All Weather Trend Graph for April in Malaga, Costa del Sol, Spain Navigate to April Weather in Locations Surrounding Malaga, Costa Del Sol: Badajoz, Spain - 320 kms (198.9 miles) NWBeja, Portugal - 333.5 kms (207.3 miles) WNWCordoba, Spain - 133.5 kms (83 miles) NNWSeville, Spain - 149.3 kms (92.8 miles) WNWFaro, Portugal - 311.6 kms (193.6 miles) WJerez De La Frontera, Spain - 139.8 kms (86.9 miles) WCadiz, Spain - 162.3 kms (100.9 miles) WGibraltar, Gibraltar - 96.7 kms (60.1 miles) SWTangier, Morocco - 165.2 kms (102.7 miles) SWKenitra, Morocco - 325.8 kms (202.4 miles) SWFes-Sais, Morocco - 308.3 kms (191.6 miles) SMeknes, Morocco - 324.6 kms (201.7 miles) SSWCiudad Real, Spain - 262 kms (162.8 miles) NAlbacete/ Los Llanos, Spain - 342.4 kms (212.8 miles) NEMurcia/ San Javier, Spain - 349 kms (216.9 miles) ENEAlmeria, Costa Del Sol, Spain - 191 kms (118.7 miles) EMelilla, Spain (Canary Islands - 208 kms (129.3 miles) SEOujoa, Morocco - 312.4 kms (194.1 miles) SETaza, Morocco - 277.2 kms (172.2 miles) SCountries A-Z: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | ZBright Future Dir. Go up


when wa american blues originated

The best blues is visceral, cathartic, and starkly emotional. From unbridled joy to deep sadness, no form of music communicates more genuine emotion. The blues has deep roots in American history, particularly African-American history. The blues originated on Southern plantations in the 19th Century. Its inventors were slaves, ex-slaves and the descendants of slaves—African-American sharecroppers who sang as they toiled in the cotton and vegetable fields.

A Brief History of the Blues

1,240recommend A Brief History of the Blues By ED KOPPAugust 16, 2005Sign in to view read count View All 1 2 Next »When you think of the blues, you think about misfortune, betrayal and regret. You lose your job, you get the blues. Your mate falls out of love with you, you get the blues. Your dog dies, you get the blues. While blues lyrics often deal with personal adversity, the music itself goes far beyond self-pity. The blues is also about overcoming hard luck, saying what you feel, ridding yourself of frustration, letting your hair down, and simply having fun.

It's generally accepted that the music evolved from African spirituals, African chants, work songs, field hollers, rural fife and drum music, revivalist hymns, and country dance music. The blues grew up in the Mississippi Delta just upriver from New Orleans, the birthplace of jazz. Blues and jazz have always influenced each other, and they still interact in countless ways today. Unlike jazz, the blues didn't spread out significantly from the South to the Midwest until the 1930s and '4

0s. Once the Delta blues made their way up the Mississippi to urban areas, the music evolved into electrified Chicago blues, other regional blues styles, and various jazz-blues hybrids. A decade or so later the blues gave birth to rhythm 'n blues and rock 'n roll. No single person invented the blues, but many people claimed to have discovered the genre. For instance, minstrel show bandleader W. C. Handy insisted that the blues were revealed to him in 1903 by an itinerant street guitarist at a train station in Tutwiler, Mississippi.

During the middle to late 1800s, the Deep South was home to hundreds of seminal bluesmen who helped to shape the music. Unfortunately, much of this original music followed these sharecroppers to their graves. But the legacy of these earliest blues pioneers can still be heard in 1920s and '30s recordings from Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Georgia and other Southern states. This music is not very far removed from the field hollers and work songs of the slaves and sharecroppers.

Many of the earliest blues musicians incorporated the blues into a wider repertoire that included traditional folk songs, vaudeville music, and minstrel tunes. Without getting too technical, most blues music is comprised of 12 bars (or measures). A specific series of notes is also utilized in the blues.

The individual parts of this scale are known as the blue notes. Well-known blues pioneers from the 1920s such as Son House, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Leadbelly, Charlie Patton and Robert Johnson usually performed solo with just a guitar. Occasionally they teamed up with one or more fellow bluesmen to perform in the plantation camps, rural juke joints, and rambling shacks of the Deep South. Blues bands may have evolved from early jazz bands, gospel choirs and jug bands. Jug band music was popular in the South until the 1930s.

Early jug bands variously featured jugs, guitars, mandolins, banjos, kazoos, stringed basses, harmonicas, fiddles, washboards and other everyday appliances converted into crude instruments. When the country blues moved to the cities and other locales, it took on various regional characteristics.

Hence the St. Louis blues, the Memphis blues, the Louisiana blues, etc. Chicago bluesmen such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters were the first to electrify the blues and add drums and piano in the late 1940s.

Today there are many different shades of the blues. Forms include: Traditional county blues: A general term that describes the rural blues of the Mississippi Delta, the Piedmont and other rural locales; Jump blues: A danceable amalgam of swing and blues and a precursor to R&B.

Jump blues was pioneered by Louis Jordan; Boogie-woogie: A piano-based blues popularized by Meade Lux Lewis, Albert Ammons and Pete Johnson, and derived from barrelhouse and ragtime; Chicago blues: Delta blues electrified; Cool blues: A sophisticated piano-based form that owes much to jazz; West Coast blues: Popularized mainly by Texas musicians who moved to California. West Coast blues is heavily influenced by the swing beat.

The Texas blues, Memphis blues, and St. Louis blues consist of a wide variety of subgenres. Louisiana blues is characterized by a swampy guitar or harmonica sound with lots of echo, while Kansas City blues is jazz oriented—think Count Basie. There is also the British blues, a rock-blues hybrid pioneered by John Mayall, Peter Green and Eric Clapton.

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dogs that are good with kids

You may be surprised by who's on that list: Fierce-looking Boxers are considered good with children, as are American Staffordshire Terriers (aka pit bulls). Small, delicate, and potentially snappy dogs such as Chihuahuas aren't so family-friendly.

Incredibly Kid Friendly Dogs

Incredibly Kid Friendly Dogs Being gentle with children, sturdy enough to handle the heavy-handed pets and hugs they can dish out, and having a blasé attitude toward running, screaming children are all traits that make a kid-friendly dog.

**All dogs are individuals. Our ratings are generalizations, and they're not a guarantee of how any breed or individual dog will behave. Dogs from any breed can be good with children based on their past experiences, training on how to get along with kids, and personality. No matter what the breed or breed type, all dogs have strong jaws, sharp pointy teeth, and may bite in stressful circumstances. Young children and dogs of any breed should always be supervised by an adult and never left alone together, period. See Dogs Not Kid Friendly List of Breeds: Afghan Hound Airedale Terrier American Bulldog American English Coonhound American Eskimo Dog American Foxhound American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier American Water Spaniel Appenzeller Sennenhunde Australian Shepherd Barbet Basenji Basset Hound Beagle Bearded Collie Bedlington Terrier Belgian Malinois Belgian Sheepdog Berger Picard Bernedoodle Bernese Mountain Dog Bichon Frise Black and Tan Coonhound Black Mouth Cur Black Russian Terrier Bloodhound Bluetick Coonhound Boerboel Bolognese Border Collie Border Terrier Boston Terrier Bouvier des Flandres Boxer Boykin Spaniel Briard Brittany Bull Terrier Bulldog Bullmastiff Cairn Terrier Cardigan Welsh Corgi Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Chihuahua Chinese Crested Chinook Cockapoo Collie Coton de Tulear Curly-Coated Retriever Dachshund Dalmatian Dandie Dinmont Terrier Dogue de Bordeaux Dutch Shepherd English Cocker Spaniel English Foxhound English Setter English Springer Spaniel Entlebucher Mountain Dog Field Spaniel Finnish Lapphund Finnish Spitz Flat-Coated Retriever Fox Terrier French Bulldog German Shepherd Dog German Shorthaired Pointer Glen of Imaal Terrier Goldador Golden Retriever Goldendoodle Great Dane Great Pyrenees Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Greyhound Harrier Havanese Ibizan Hound Icelandic Sheepdog Irish Red and White Setter Irish Setter Irish Terrier Irish Water Spaniel Irish Wolfhound Italian Greyhound Jack Russell Terrier Keeshond Kerry Blue Terrier Labradoodle Labrador Retriever Lakeland Terrier Leonberger Lhasa Apso Lowchen Maltipoo Mastiff Neapolitan Mastiff Newfoundland Norfolk Terrier Norwegian Buhund Norwegian Elkhound Norwegian Lundehund Norwich Terrier Nova Scotia Duck Trolling Retriever Old English Sheepdog Otterhound Peekapoo Pembroke Welsh Corgi Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen Pharaoh Hound Pocket Beagle Pointer Polish Lowland Sheepdog Poodle Portuguese Water Dog Pug Puggle Puli Pyrenean Shepherd Rat Terrier Redbone Coonhound Rhodesian Ridgeback Rottweiler Saint Bernard Saluki Samoyed Schipperke Schnoodle Scottish Deerhound Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Shetland Sheepdog Shih Tzu Siberian Husky Skye Terrier Sloughi Small Munsterlander Pointer Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier Stabyhoun Staffordshire Bull Terrier Standard Schnauzer Sussex Spaniel Swedish Vallhund Tibetan Mastiff Tibetan Spaniel Tibetan Terrier Toy Fox Terrier Treeing Tennessee Brindle Treeing Walker Coonhound Vizsla Weimaraner Welsh Springer Spaniel Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Whippet Wirehaired Pointing Griffon Yorkipoo


what is quillaia

What is Quillaia? Quillaia is a plant. The inner bark is used as medicine. Despite safety concerns, people take quillaia for cough, bronchitis, and other breathing problems. Some people apply quillaia extract directly to the skin to treat skin sores, athlete's foot, and itchy scalp.

Quillaia

What other names is Quillaia known by? What is Quillaia? How does Quillaia work? Are there safety concerns? Are there any interactions with medications? Dosing considerations for Quillaia. What other names is Quillaia known by? Arbre à Savon, Bois de Panama, China Bark, Murillo Bark, Panama Bark, Quillaja, Quillaja saponaria, Quillay, Savonnier, Soap Tree, Soap Tree Bark, Soapbark.

It is sometimes included in shampoos for dandruff, in hair tonic preparations for thinning hair, and in douches for vaginal discharges. In foods, quillaia is used in frozen dairy desserts, candy, baked goods, gelatins, and puddings. It is also used in beverages and cocktails and as a foaming agent in root beer. In manufacturing, quillaia extracts are used in skin creams. Quillaia is also used as a foaming agent in fire extinguishers. In South America, quillaia bark is used to wash clothes. Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for... TAKEN BY MOUTHCough. Bronchitis. Breathing problems. Other conditions. APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE AFFECTED AREASkin sores. Athlete's foot. Itchy scalp. Dandruff. Vaginal discharge. Other conditions. More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of quillaia for these uses. Amazing Vitamin D Slideshow Pictures Take the Vitamins and Supplements Quiz!Quick Guide Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? How does Quillaia work? Quillaia contains high concentrations of tannins. Astringent chemicals, such as tannins, can thin mucous to make it easier to cough up. Quillaia also contains a chemical that may help stimulate the immune system. Are there safety concerns? Quillaia seems to be safe when taken in food amounts. But it might be UNSAFE when taken by mouth in medicinal doses. Plants such as quillaia that contain high amounts of tannins can cause stomach and intestinal disturbances, and kidney and liver damage. Quillaia also contains chemicals called oxalates that can lower blood calcium levels and cause kidney stones. Quillaia use can also cause diarrhea, stomach pain, serious breathing problems, convulsions, coma, red blood cell destruction, and kidney failure. Quillaia can also irritate and damage the lining of the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. It is not known if quillaia is safe when put on the skin or in the vagina. If inhaled, the powder can cause sneezing . Special Precautions & Warnings: While quillaia isn't safe for anyone, some people are at even greater risk for serious side effects. Be especially careful not to take quillaia if you have any of the following conditions: Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Quillaia might be UNSAFE for both mother and infant. Avoid use. Stomach and intestinal (gastrointestinal, GI) problems: Quillaia can irritate the GI tract. Don't use it if you have a stomach or intestinal disorder. Kidney disease: The oxalate in quillaia can cause kidney stones. Don't use it if you have kidney disease or a history of kidney stones. Are there any interactions with medications? Medications taken by mouth (Oral drugs) Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Talk with your health provider. Quillaia contains a large amount of chemicals called tannins. Tannins absorb substances in the stomach and intestines. Taking quillaia along with medications taken by mouth can decrease how much medicine your body absorbs, and decrease the effectiveness of your medicine. To prevent this interaction, take quillaia at least one hour after medications you take by mouth. Metformin ( Glucophage) Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Talk with your health provider. Metformin (Glucophage) is used to help decrease blood sugar. Quillaia might decrease how much metformin (Glucophage) the body absorbs. Taking quillaia along with metformin (Glucophage) might decrease the effectiveness of metformin (Glucophage) for lowering blood sugar. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your metformin (Glucophage) might need to be changed. Dosing considerations for Quillaia. The appropriate dose of quillaia depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for quillaia. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings). From Tips to Better Manage Your Migraine Start Now Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA Med Watch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Last Editorial Review: 3/29/2011Popular Collections Beware of Deadly Bug Bites & Stings Recognize These Common Eye Conditions Natural Cold & Flu Remedies Managing Blood Sugar Swings Cholesterol: What the Numbers Mean Omega-3 Foods for a Stronger Heart Low-T and Erectile Dysfunction Joint Friendly Exercises The Most Effective Birth Control Lung Cancer Stages & Treatments Migraine Triggers You Can Avoid Why Heart Attacks Happen Foods to Help You Concentrate Your Cancer Questions Answered Stop Wrecking Your Teeth The Dangers of Blood Clots Learn More About Eating Disorders Surgery or Medication for Crohn's? Featured Slideshows Protect Your Eyesight Warning Signs of Common Eye Conditions Migraine or Headache What's the Difference? Psoriasis See What It Looks Like and How to Treat It


where is crestwood village, nj

5Welcome to www. Crestwood Village One.com Crestwood Village One is a 55+ adult community located in Whiting NJ. This website is to serve as an information source for both current residents and prospective residents alike. Click here to learn a little bit more about our community.

"Crestwood Village One Established 196

Trustees Office 732 350-1818 (9am - 4pm)Maintenence Dept 732 350-2202 (8am - 4pm)VILLAGE NOTICES/EVENTSNotice to all: The Board has noticed that too many people are putting out Bulk Garbage at the wrong time. Therefore, if any Bulk Garbage is put out other the the day before or the day of a scheduled pick up, our Maintenence Dept will pick it up and you will be charged a minimum of $25.00. Please make sure your Bulk Garbage is out by 7am on pick up day. HOPA FORMS: Every two years we all have to complete updated HOPA forms to prove that our residential status is within the guidelines to be considered an adult community. If you have not done so this year, please complete a form at the Trustees Office. IMPORTANT NOTICEPLEASE MAKE SURE ALL PAYMENTS FOR MONTHLY FEES OR REPAIR BILLS ARE GIVEN DIRECTLY TO THE TRUSTEE'S OFFICE LOCATED IN THE CLUBHOUSE OR DROPPED IN PAYMENT BOX IN FRONT OF THE CLUBHOUSE TO AVOID UNNECESSARY LATE FEESRemember: A current copy of your Homeowners insurance must be filed annually with the Trustee's office. You will be assessed a fine of $50.00 per month for not providing a current Declarations Page of your Insurance. PLEASE DO NOT PULL IN TO THE MAINTENANCE PARKING LOT. There is limited space for the trucks and buses pulling in and out of that lot. REAL ESTATE TAX 2017EDGEWOOD I $ 456.00EDGEWOOD II 492.00WESTWOOD 540.00OAKWOOD I 732.00OAKWOOD II 960.00SHERWOOD 1,404.00LAKEWOOD 1,512.00Upcoming Events March 3 - CLUBHOUSE CLOSED FOR CARPET CLEANING - PLEASE DO NOT ENTERMarch 11 - Daylight Savings Time Begins - clocks ahead one hour March 9 - Karoke - 6pm - 9pm March 12 - Residents Club Meeting - 6:30pm March 15 - Golf Club Meeting - 12:30pm March 20 - Womens Club Meeting - 1:00pm March 20 - First Day of Spring March 20 - Township leaf pickup March 22 - Open/Reps Meeting - 10:00am March 24 - Golf ""Dogs and Drafts"" - 12pm - 4pm March 26 - Movie Night - Wild Oats 6:30pm March 30 - Good Friday - Office Closed April 1 - Easter Sunday April 9 - Residents Club Meeting - 6:30pm April 13 - Karoke - 6pm - 9pm April 14 - Flea Market April 17 - Womens Club Meeting - 1:00pm April 19 - Golf Meeting - 12:30pm April 23 - Movie Night April 26 - Open/Reps Meeting - 10:00am May 5 - Golf - Derby Party May 10 - Travel Club trip to Resorts Casino May 11 - Karoke - 6pm - 9pm May 14 - Residents Club - 6:30pm May 17 - Golf Meeting 12:30pm May 19 - Golf Outing May 24 - Open/Reps Meeting - 10am Manchester Office of Emergency Management will give a presentation May 28 - Memorial Day - Office Closed "


can you use denture tablets to clean a brace

Soak)Although you can still use any of the normal retainer and denture cleansers since they are more convenient, your best option is still to use a diluted bleach solution once a day for your mouthguards and nightguards just like you would with any clear plastic retainers.

The Best Way to Care For & Clean Orthodontic Retainers By Dr. Scott Frey Most of the retainer cleansers available on the market are based on cleansers originally developed for cleaning dentures. There are some big differences between orthodontic retainers and dentures, and traditional denture cleansers are not always the best way to clean your retainers, or your nightguards and mouthguards either. Let’s go through step by step the best way to care for your orthodontic retainers as well as mouthguards and nightguards. First off, no matter what type of retainer you have you should always remember to clean it once a day. Traditional Hawley Type Retainers Recommended Cleanser: Any traditional persulfate cleanser used as directed (i.e. Retainer Brite, Sonic Brite, Efferdent, Polident, etc.) or non-persulfate cleanser (i.e Denta Soak) Best at Home Alternative: Mixture of 1 part Bleach : 10 parts water for 5-10 minutes Traditional Hawley type retainers are simply acrylic and a stainless steel wire adapted to fit your teeth and hold them in place. Pretty much any typical retainer cleanser or denture cleanser used daily will keep your retainers clean and fresh. Normally you will get a packet of retainer cleanser when you first get your retainers, and you can easily order more on Amazon. Retainer Brite is the most popular retainer cleanser and is listed as certified Kosher. If you are wondering about the ingredients in Retainer Brite here they are: Potassium Persulfate Compound, Sodium Perborate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Sulfate, Citric Acid, Soda Ash Dense, Sodium Tripolyphosphate, Sorbitol, Sodium Lauryl Sulfoacetate, PEG 8000, Mint Flavor, Magnesium Stearate, Tetrasodium EDTA, FD & C Blue #2If you are looking for an at home alternative that you can make yourself, filling a denture bath with some diluted bleach makes soaking your retainers easy. It is easiest to just drop your retainers in the bath while you are brushing your teeth and getting ready for bed. The bleach solution should last you a week before you’ll need to fill the denture bath with a fresh batch. Since the metal parts are made of stainless steel and not a base metal like with many dentures, there shouldn’t be much of a risk of the retainer wire corroding and turning black from the bleach, especially if the bleach is diluted and soaked for less than 10 minutes. You can use an ultrasonic retainer bath to better remove stuck on gunk off than effervescent cleansers alone. Since your retainers aren’t worn full time (at least not after the first few months after braces), stuck on stains and plaque are not usually a problem if they are regularly cleaned, but it is never a bad idea to get an ultrasonic bath just in case. Also make sure the retainer bath you buy is an ultrasonic cleaner and not just a sonic cleaner. Most of the cheaper models that come with your retainer cleaners are only sonic. Hawley Metal Acrylic Retainers with Solder Joints Recommended Cleanser: Denta Soak Sometimes soldered attachments are necessary to hold your retainers and your teeth in the right place. Persulfate based cleansers are notorious for corroding solder joints on orthodontic retainers. To avoid corroding your retainer with daily cleaning it is best to use a non-persulfate retainer cleanser like Denta Soak, since it’s cleaning action is based on benzoic acid instead. Just mix up a solution of Denta Soak in a Retainer bath to last you the whole week, and follow the directions for use. For everyone curious about the ingredients in Denta Soak here is the best information I could find (though they might have tweaked the formula a bit): Sodium benzoate, citric acid, disodium phospate, glycerin, water, FD and C blue No. 1, FD and C yellow No. 5, sodium saccharin, and flavoring. Essix, Vivera, Clear Aligners, & Clear Plastic Retainers Recommended Cleanser: Mixture of 1 part Bleach : 10 parts water for 5-10 minutes Best Alternative: Any traditional persulfate cleanser used as directed (i.e. Retainer Brite, Sonic Brite, Efferdent, Polident, etc.) or non-persulfate cleanser (i.e. Denta Soak)The sodium hypochlorite in bleach removes stains and kills bacteria better than any of the cleansing tablets you can buy. Since there are no metal parts to worry about corroding with clear retainers like Essix and Vivera, bleach is the best way to clean these type of retainers. If you buy a denture/retainer bath, it make it easy to mix up some diluted bleach for the week and let you retainers soak each night while you are brushing your teeth and getting ready for bed. Mouthguards & Nightguards Recommended Cleanser: Mixture of 1 part Bleach : 10 parts water for 5-10 minutes Best Alternative: Any traditional persulfate cleanser used as directed (i.e. Retainer Brite, Sonic Brite, Efferdent, Polident, etc.) or non-persulfate cleanser (i.e. Denta

Persulfate Allergies Persulfate is a known allergen, so if you are allergic to persulfates or have a condition like atopy you should use a non-persulfate cleanser. Things Not to Do There is a lot of wrong information floating around on the internet, mostly on “ content farms ,” so don’t be too trusting of some of the information that you might find first on the search results. Here is a list of what not to do when cleaning retainers which is ironically posted as good advice on many other sites: Avoid scrubbing your retainers with toothpastes. You can easily roughen the surfaces of the acrylic or your clear retainers this way, and create more surface area for bacteria to attach and hide. Creating more irregularities and porosities on your retainers will also make it harder for cleansers to do their job. Be careful not to over-soak metal and acrylic retainers, especially those with soldered joints. You are more likely to corrode the metal if you over-soak your retainers beyond the time needed to clean them. Vinegar is a pretty terrible at home cleansing alternative. Retainers are not like your coffee maker. Acylic is pretty porous and the vinegar can not only leave your retainers smelling awful, but it may increase the porosity of the acrylic and can corrode retainer wiring if used long-term. Avoid exposing your retainers to excessive heat. That means don’t leave them on the dashboard of your car in the summer, no microwaving, no boiling them, don’t put them in the dishwasher, and definitely don’t let them find their way into the washer and dryer by not emptying your pockets. If you are going to soak your retainers in a retainer bath, do not shake the box with your retainers inside. Shaking them in the retainer bath does nothing extra and it might damage little arms that stick out on some retainer designs. Do not put your retainers in a place where your pets can get a hold of them. Avoid soaking Hawley type retainers in mouthwashes containing alcohol. Alcohol will alter the physical properties of the acrylic portions of your retainers over the long term. Last but not least, never forget to bring your retainers to retainer check appointments. I'd like to thank Dolphin Management Software for letting me use some of their images, to show you all what different types of retainers look like. Sorry, the browser you are using is not currently supported. Disqus actively supports the following browsers: Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11+Safari