what is the meaning of the constant e

Euler's number e, also known as the exponential growth constant, appears in many areas of mathematics, and one possible definition of it is the value of the following expression:

Mathematical constant

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Constant (mathematics). A mathematical constant is a special number that is ""significantly interesting in some way"". [1] Constants arise in many areas of mathematics, with constants such as e and π occurring in such diverse contexts as geometry, number theory, and calculus. What it means for a constant to arise ""naturally"", and what makes a constant ""interesting"", is ultimately a matter of taste, and some mathematical constants are notable more for historical reasons than for their intrinsic mathematical interest. The more popular constants have been studied throughout the ages and computed to many decimal places. All mathematical constants are definable numbers and usually are also computable numbers ( Chaitin's constant being a significant exception). Contents [ hide ]1 Common mathematical constants1.1 Archimedes' constant π1.2 Euler's number e1.3 Pythagoras' constant √ 21.4 The imaginary unit i2 Constants in advanced mathematics2.1 The Feigenbaum constants α and δ2.2 Apéry's constant ζ (3)2.3 The golden ratio φ2.4 The Euler–Mascheroni constant γ2.5 Conway's constant λ2.6 Khinchin's constant K2.7 The Glaisher–Kinkelin constant A3 Mathematical curiosities and unspecified constants3.1 Simple representatives of sets of numbers3.2 Chaitin's constant Ω3.3 Unspecified constants3.3.1 In integrals3.3.2 In differential equations4 Notation4.1 Representing constants4.2 Symbolizing and naming of constants5 Table of selected mathematical constants6 See also7 Notes8 External links Common mathematical constants [ edit]These are constants which one is likely to encounter during pre-college education in many countries. Archimedes' constant π [ edit]Main article: Pi The circumference of a circle with diameter 1 is π.

The constant π (pi) has a natural definition in Euclidean geometry (the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle), but may be found in many places in mathematics: for example, the Gaussian integral in complex analysis, the roots of unity in number theory, and Cauchy distributions in probability.

However, its ubiquity is not limited to pure mathematics. It appears in many formulas in physics, and several physical constants are most naturally defined with π or its reciprocal factored out. It is debatable, however, if such appearances are fundamental in any sense. For example, the textbook nonrelativistic ground state wave function of the hydrogen atom iswhere is the Bohr radius. This formula contains a π, but it is unclear if that is fundamental in a physical sense, or if it just reflects the π in the expression for the surface area of a sphere with radius. Furthermore, this formula gives only an approximate description of physical reality, as it omits spin, relativity, and the quantal nature of the electromagnetic field itself. Likewise, the appearance of π in the formula for Coulomb's law in SI units is dependent on that choice of units, and a historical accident having to do with how the so-called permittivity of free space was introduced into the practice of electromagnetism by Giovanni Giorgi in 1901. It is true that once various constants are chosen in one relation, the appearance of π in other relationships is unavoidable, but that appearance is always for a mathematical reason as in the example of the hydrogen atom wave function above, and not a physical one. The numeric value of π is approximately 3.1415926535 (sequence A000796 in the OEIS ). Memorizing increasingly precise digits of π is a world record pursuit. Euler's number e [ edit]Main article: e (mathematical constant)Exponential growth (green) describes many physical phenomena.

For example, the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli discovered that e arises in compound interest: An account that starts at $1, and yields interest at annual rate R with continuous compounding, will accumulate to e R dollars at the end of one year. The constant e also has applications to probability theory, where it arises in a way not obviously related to exponential growth. Suppose a slot machine with a one in n probability of winning is played n times. Then, for large n (such as one million) the probability that nothing will be won is approximately 1/ e and tends to this value as n tends to infinity. Another application of e, discovered in part by Jacob Bernoulli along with French mathematician Pierre Raymond de Montmort, is in the problem of derangements, also known as the hat check problem. [2] Here n guests are invited to a party, and at the door each guest checks his hat with the butler who then places them into labelled boxes. The butler does not know the name of the guests, and so must put them into boxes selected at random. The problem of de Montmort is: what is the probability that none of the hats gets put into the right box. The answer isand as n tends to infinity, p n approaches 1/ e. The numeric value of e is approximately 2.7182818284 (sequence A001113 in the OEIS ). Pythagoras' constant √ 2 [ edit]Main article: Square root of 2The square root of 2 is equal to the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with legs of length 1. The square root of 2, often known as root 2, radical 2, or Pythagoras's constant, and written as √ 2, is the positive algebraic number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 2. It is more precisely called the principal square root of 2, to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property. Geometrically the square root of 2 is the length of a diagonal across a square with sides of one unit of length; this follows from the Pythagorean theorem. It was probably the first number known to be irrational. Its numerical value truncated to 65 decimal places is:1.41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807 85696 71875 37694 80731 76679 73799... (sequence A002193 in the OEIS ). The square root of 2. The quick approximation 99/70 (≈ 1.41429) for the square root of two is frequently used. Despite having a denominator of only 70, it differs from the correct value by less than 1/10,000 (approx. 7.2 × 10 −5 ). The imaginary unit i [ edit]Main article: Imaginary uniti in the complex or cartesian plane. Real numbers lie on the horizontal axis, and imaginary numbers lie on the vertical axis The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number, denoted as i, is a mathematical concept which extends the real number system ℝ to the complex number system ℂ, which in turn provides at least one root for every polynomial P ( x) (see algebraic closure and fundamental theorem of algebra ). The imaginary unit's core property is that i 2= −1. The term "" imaginary "" is used because there is no real number having a negative square. There are in fact two complex square roots of −1, namely i and − i, just as there are two complex square roots of every other real number, except zero, which has one double square root. In contexts where i is ambiguous or problematic, j or the Greek ι (see alternative notations) is sometimes used. In the disciplines of electrical engineering and control systems engineering, the imaginary unit is often denoted by j instead of i, because i is commonly used to denote electric current in these disciplines. Constants in advanced mathematics [ edit]These are constants which are encountered frequently in higher mathematics. The Feigenbaum constants α and δ [ edit]Main article: Feigenbaum constants Bifurcation diagram of the logistic map. Iterations of continuous maps serve as the simplest examples of models for dynamical systems. [3] Named after mathematical physicist Mitchell Feigenbaum, the two Feigenbaum constants appear in such iterative processes: they are mathematical invariants of logistic maps with quadratic maximum points [4] and their bifurcation diagrams. The logistic map is a polynomial mapping, often cited as an archetypal example of how chaotic behaviour can arise from very simple non-linear dynamical equations. The map was popularized in a seminal 1976 paper by the Australian biologist Robert May, [5] in part as a discrete-time demographic model analogous to the logistic equation first created by Pierre François Verhulst. The difference equation is intended to capture the two effects of reproduction and starvation. The numeric value of α is approximately 2.5029. The numeric value of δ is approximately 4.6692. Apéry's constant ζ (3) [ edit]Main article: Apéry's constant Despite being a special value of the Riemann zeta function, Apéry's constant arises naturally in a number of physical problems, including in the second- and third-order terms of the electron 's gyromagnetic ratio, computed using quantum electrodynamics. [6] The numeric value of ζ (3) is approximately 1.2020569. The golden ratio φ [ edit]Main article: Golden ratio Golden rectangles in an icosahedron An explicit formula for the n th Fibonacci number involving the golden ratio φ. The number φ, also called the golden ratio, turns up frequently in geometry, particularly in figures with pentagonal symmetry. Indeed, the length of a regular pentagon 's diagonal is φ times its side. The vertices of a regular icosahedron are those of three mutually orthogonal golden rectangles. Also, it appears in the Fibonacci sequence, related to growth by recursion. [7] Kepler proved that it is the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers. [8] The golden ratio has the slowest convergence of any irrational number. [9] It is, for that reason, one of the worst cases of Lagrange's approximation theorem and it is an extremal case of the Hurwitz inequality for Diophantine approximations. This may be why angles close to the golden ratio often show up in phyllotaxis (the growth of plants). [10] It is approximately equal to 1.6180339887498948482, or, more precisely 2sin (54°) =The Euler–Mascheroni constant γ [ edit]Main article: Euler–Mascheroni constant The area between the two curves (red) tends to a limit. The Euler–Mascheroni constant is a recurring constant in number theory. The Belgian mathematician Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin proved in 1898 that when taking any positive integer n and dividing it by each positive integer m less than n, the average fraction by which the quotient n/m falls short of the next integer tends to (rather than 0.5) as n tends to infinity. The Euler–Mascheroni constant also appears in Merten's third theorem and has relations to the gamma function, the zeta function and many different integrals and series. The definition of the Euler–Mascheroni constant exhibits a close link between the discrete and the continuous (see curves on the left). The numeric value of is approximately 0.57721. Conway's constant λ [ edit]Main article: Conway's constant111211211111221312211Conway 's look-and-say sequence Conway's constant is the invariant growth rate of all derived strings similar to the look-and-say sequence (except for one trivial one). [11]It is given by the unique positive real root of a polynomial of degree 71 with integer coefficients. [11]The value of λ is approximately 1.30357. Khinchin's constant K [ edit]Main article: Khinchin's constant If a real number r is written as a simple continued fraction:where a k are natural numbers for all kthen, as the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Khinchin proved in 1934, the limit as n tends to infinity of the geometric mean: ( a 1 a 2 ... a n) 1/ n exists and is a constant, Khinchin's constant, except for a set of measure 0. [12]The numeric value of K is approximately 2.6854520010. The Glaisher–Kinkelin constant A [ edit]Main article: Glaisher–Kinkelin constant The Glaisher–Kinkelin constant is defined as the limit: It is an important constant which appears in many expressions for the derivative of the Riemann zeta function. It has a numerical value of approximately 1.2824271291. Mathematical curiosities and unspecified constants [ edit]Simple representatives of sets of numbers [ edit]This Babylonian clay tablet gives an approximation of the square root of 2 in four sexagesimal figures: 1; 24, 51, 10, which is accurate to about six decimal figures. [13]Liouville's constant is a simple example of a transcendental number. Some constants, such as the square root of 2, Liouville's constant and Champernowne constant:are not important mathematical invariants but retain interest being simple representatives of special sets of numbers, the irrational numbers, [14] the transcendental numbers [15] and the normal numbers (in base 10) [16] respectively. The discovery of the irrational numbers is usually attributed to the Pythagorean Hippasus of Metapontum who proved, most likely geometrically, the irrationality of the square root of 2. As for Liouville's constant, named after French mathematician Joseph Liouville, it was the first number to be proven transcendental. [17]Chaitin's constant Ω [ edit]In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, Chaitin's constant is the real number representing the probability that a randomly chosen Turing machine will halt, formed from a construction due to Argentine - American mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's constant, though not being computable, has been proven to be transcendental and normal. Chaitin's constant is not universal, depending heavily on the numerical encoding used for Turing machines; however, its interesting properties are independent of the encoding. Unspecified constants [ edit]When unspecified, constants indicate classes of similar objects, commonly functions, all equal up to a constant—technically speaking, this is may be viewed as 'similarity up to a constant'. Such constants appear frequently when dealing with integrals and differential equations. Though unspecified, they have a specific value, which often is not important. Solutions with different constants of integration of. In integrals [ edit]Indefinite integrals are called indefinite because their solutions are only unique up to a constant. For example, when working over the field of real numberswhere C, the constant of integration, is an arbitrary fixed real number. [18] In other words, whatever the value of C, differentiating sin x + C with respect to x always yields cos x. In differential equations [ edit]In a similar fashion, constants appear in the solutions to differential equations where not enough initial values or boundary conditions are given. For example, the ordinary differential equation y = y ( x) has solution Ce x where C is an arbitrary constant. When dealing with partial differential equations, the constants may be functions, constant with respect to some variables (but not necessarily all of them). For example, the PDEhas solutions f ( x, y ) = C ( y ), where C ( y) is an arbitrary function in the variable y. Notation [ edit]Representing constants [ edit]It is common to express the numerical value of a constant by giving its decimal representation (or just the first few digits of it). For two reasons this representation may cause problems. First, even though rational numbers all have a finite or ever-repeating decimal expansion, irrational numbers don't have such an expression making them impossible to completely describe in this manner. Also, the decimal expansion of a number is not necessarily unique. For example, the two representations 0.999... and 1 are equivalent [19] [20] in the sense that they represent the same number. Calculating digits of the decimal expansion of constants has been a common enterprise for many centuries. For example, German mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen of the 16th century spent a major part of his life calculating the first 35 digits of pi. [21] Using computers and supercomputers, some of the mathematical constants, including π, e, and the square root of 2, have been computed to more than one hundred billion digits. Fast algorithms have been developed, some of which — as for Apéry's constant — are unexpectedly fast.333 3 }Graham's number defined using Knuth's up-arrow notation. Some constants differ so much from the usual kind that a new notation has been invented to represent them reasonably. Graham's number illustrates this as Knuth's up-arrow notation is used. [22] [23]It may be of interest to represent them using continued fractions to perform various studies, including statistical analysis. Many mathematical constants have an analytic form, that is they can be constructed using well-known operations that lend themselves readily to calculation. Not all constants have known analytic forms, though; Grossman's constant [24] and Foias' constant [25] are examples. Symbolizing and naming of constants [ edit]Symbolizing constants with letters is a frequent means of making the notation more concise. A standard convention, instigated by Leonhard Euler in the 18th century, is to use lower case letters from the beginning of the Latin alphabet or the Greek alphabet when dealing with constants in general. Erdős–Borwein constant Embree–Trefethen constant Brun's constant for twin prime Champernowne constantscardinal number aleph naught Examples of different kinds of notation for constants. However, for more important constants, the symbols may be more complex and have an extra letter, an asterisk, a number, a lemniscate or use different alphabets such as Hebrew, Cyrillic or Gothic. [23]Sometimes, the symbol representing a constant is a whole word. For example, American mathematician Edward Kasner 's 9-year-old nephew coined the names googol and googolplex. [23] [26]The universal parabolic constant is the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment (red) formed by the latus rectum (blue) to the focal parameter (green). The names are either related to the meaning of the constant ( universal parabolic constant, twin prime constant, ...) or to a specific person ( Sierpiński's constant, Josephson constant, ...). Table of selected mathematical constants [ edit]Main article: List of mathematical constants Abbreviations used: R – Rational number, I – Irrational number (may be algebraic or transcendental), A – Algebraic number (irrational), T – Transcendental number (irrational)Gen – General, Nu T – Number theory, Ch T – Chaos theory, Com – Combinatorics, Inf – Information theory, Ana – Mathematical analysis Symbol Value Name Field NFirst described # of known digits0 = 0 Zero Gen R by c. 500 BC N/A1 = 1 One, Unity Gen R N/Ai= √ –1Imaginary unit, unit imaginary number Gen, Ana Aby c. 1500 N/Aπ≈ 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288Pi, Archimedes ' constant or Ludolph 's number Gen, Ana Tby c. 2600 BC 12,100,000,000,000 [27]e≈ 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249e, Napier's constant, or Euler's number Gen, Ana T1618 100,000,000,000√ 2≈ 1.41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807Pythagoras ' constant, square root of 2Gen Aby c. 800 BC 137,438,953,444√ 3≈ 1.73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236Theodorus ' constant, square root of 3Gen Aby c. 800 BC√ 5≈ 2.23606 79774 99789 69640 91736 68731 27623square root of 5 Gen Aby c. 800 BC≈ 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 65120 90082 40243Euler–Mascheroni constant Gen, Nu T1735 14,922,244,771≈ 1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811Golden ratio Gen Aby c. 200 BC 100,000,000,000≥ –1.1 • 10 −12 de Bruijn–Newman constant Nu T1950 ? none M 1≈ 0.26149 72128 47642 78375 54268 38608 69585Meissel–Mertens constant Nu T1866 1874 8,010≈ 0.28016 94990 23869 13303Bernstein's constant [28] Ana≈ 0.30366 30028 98732 65859 74481 21901 55623Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing constant Com1974 385≈ 0.35323 63718 54995 98454 35165 50432 68201Hafner–Sarnak–Mc Curley constant Nu T1993L ≈ 0.5 Landau's constant Ana 1Ω≈ 0.56714 32904 09783 87299 99686 62210 35554Omega constant Ana T,≈ 0.62432 99885 43550 87099 29363 83100 83724Golomb–Dickman constant Com, Nu T1930 1964≈ 0.64341 05462 Cahen's constant T 1891 4000C 2≈ 0.66016 18158 46869 57392 78121 10014 55577Twin prime constant Nu T5,020≈ 0.66274 34193 49181 58097 47420 97109 25290Laplace limit*≈ 0.70258 Embree–Trefethen constant Nu TK≈ 0.76422 36535 89220 66299 06987 31250 09232Landau–Ramanujan constant Nu T30,010≈ 0.80939 40205 Alladi–Grinstead constant [29] Nu TB 4≈ 0.87058 838 Brun's constant for prime quadruplets Nu T8K≈ 0.91596 55941 77219 01505 46035 14932 38411Catalan's constant Com15,510,000,000B´ L= 1 Legendre's constant Nu T R N/A≈ 1.09868 58055 Lengyel's constant [30] Com 1992K ≈ 1.13198 824 Viswanath's constant Nu T 8≈ 1.20205 69031 59594 28539 97381 61511 44999Apéry's constant I1979 15,510,000,000≈ 1.30357 72690 34296 39125 70991 12152 55189Conway's constant Nu T A≈ 1.30637 78838 63080 69046 86144 92602 60571Mills' constant Nu T1947 6850≈ 1.32471 79572 44746 02596 09088 54478 09734Plastic constant Nu T A1928≈ 1.45136 92348 83381 05028 39684 85892 02744Ramanujan–Soldner constant Nu T I75,500≈ 1.45607 49485 82689 67139 95953 51116 54356Backhouse's constant [31]≈ 1.46707 80794 Porter's constant [32] Nu T 1975≈ 1.53960 07178 Lieb's square ice constant [33] Com A1967E B≈ 1.60669 51524 15291 76378 33015 23190 92458Erdős–Borwein constant Nu T I≈ 1.70521 11401 05367 76428 85514 53434 50816Niven's constant Nu T1969B 2≈ 1.90216 05831 04 Brun's constant for twin primes Nu T1919 12P 2≈ 2.29558 71493 92638 07403 42980 49189 49039Universal parabolic constant Gen T≈ 2.50290 78750 95892 82228 39028 73218 21578Feigenbaum constant Ch TK≈ 2.58498 17595 79253 21706 58935 87383 17116Sierpiński's constant≈ 2.68545 20010 65306 44530 97148 35481 79569Khinchin's constant Nu T1934 7350F≈ 2.80777 02420 28519 36522 15011 86557 77293Fransén–Robinson constant Ana≈ 3.27582 29187 21811 15978 76818 82453 84386Lévy's constant Nu T≈ 3.35988 56662 43177 55317 20113 02918 92717Reciprocal Fibonacci constant [34] I≈ 4.66920 16091 02990 67185 32038 20466 20161Feigenbaum constant Ch T1975See also [ edit]Invariant (mathematics)List of numbers Physical constant Notes [ edit]^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Constant"". Math World. Retrieved April 13, 2011.^ Grinstead, C. M.; Snell, J. L. ""Introduction to probability theory"". p. 85. Retrieved 2007-12-09.^ Collet & Eckmann (1980). Iterated maps on the inerval as dynamical systems. Birkhauser. ISBN 3-7643-3026-0.^ Finch, Steven (2003). Mathematical constants. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-521-81805-2.^ May, Robert (1976). Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. Blackwell Scientific Publishers. ISBN 0-632-00768-0.^ Steven Finch. ""Apéry's constant"". Math World.^ Livio, Mario (2002). The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, The World's Most Astonishing Number. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-0815-5.^ Tatersall, James (2005). Elementary number theory in nine chapters (2nd ed.^ ""The Secret Life of Continued Fractions""^ Fibonacci Numbers and Nature - Part 2 : Why is the Golden section the ""best"" arrangement?, from Dr. Ron Knott's Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Section, retrieved 2012-11-29.^ a b Steven Finch. ""Conway's Constant"". Math World.^ Steven Finch. ""Khinchin's Constant"". Math World.^ Fowler, David; Eleanor Robson (November 1998). ""Square Root Approximations in Old Babylonian Mathematics: YBC 7289 in Context"" (PDF). Historia Mathematica. 25 (4): 368. doi: 10.1006/hmat.1998.2209. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-12-09. Photograph, illustration, and description of the root (2) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection High resolution photographs, descriptions, and analysis of the root (2) tablet (YBC 7289) from the Yale Babylonian Collection^ Bogomolny, Alexander. ""Square root of 2 is irrational"".^ Aubrey J. Kempner (Oct 1916). ""On Transcendental Numbers"". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 17, No. 4. 17 (4): 476–482. doi: 10.2307/1988833. JSTOR 1988833.^ Champernowne, David (1933). ""The Construction of Decimals Normal in the Scale of Ten"". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. 8 (4): 254–260. doi: 10.1112/jlms/s1-8.4.254.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Liouville's Constant"". Math World.^ Edwards, Henry; David Penney (1994). Calculus with analytic geometry (4e ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 269. ISBN 0-13-300575-5.^ Rudin, Walter (1976) [1953]. Principles of mathematical analysis (3e ed.). Mc Graw-Hill. p.61 theorem 3.26. ISBN 0-07-054235-X.^ Stewart, James (1999). Calculus: Early transcendentals (4e ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 706. ISBN 0-534-36298-2.^ Ludolph van Ceulen – biography at the Mac Tutor History of Mathematics archive.^ Knuth, Donald (1976). ""Mathematics and Computer Science: Coping with Finiteness. Advances in Our Ability to Compute are Bringing Us Substantially Closer to Ultimate Limitations"". Science. 194 (4271): 1235–1242. doi: 10.1126/science.194.4271.1235. PMID 17797067.^ a b c ""mathematical constants"". Retrieved 2007-11-27.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Grossman's constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Foias' constant"". Math World.^ Edward Kasner and James R. Newman (1989). Mathematics and the Imagination. Microsoft Press. p. 23.^ Pi Computation Record^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Bernstein's Constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Alladi–Grinstead Constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Lengyel's Constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Backhouse's Constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Porter's Constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Lieb's Square Ice Constant"". Math World.^ Weisstein, Eric W. ""Reciprocal Fibonacci Constant"". Math World. External links [ edit]Constants – from Wolfram Math World Inverse symbolic calculator (CECM, ISC) (tells you how a given number can be constructed from mathematical constants)On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS)Simon Plouffe's inverter Steven Finch's page of mathematical constants (BROKEN LINK)Steven R. Finch, "" Mathematical Constants ,"" Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications, Cambridge University Press (2003). Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah's page of numbers, mathematical constants and algorithms Categories: Mathematical constants Mathematical tables Nullary operations "


what is process control equipment

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Extrusion Control Systems

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This medication is a combination of two antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections (such as middle ear, urine, respiratory, and intestinal infections). It is also used to prevent and treat a certain type of pneumonia (pneumocystis-type). This medication should not be used in children less than 2 months of age due to the risk of serious side effects. This medication treats only certain types of infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as flu).

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Posted: December 31, 2008 | Report This |Q. What conditions does Bactrim DS treat? Follow Question Answers From Experts & Organizations (1)First Data Bank, Inc Medical Reference A.

Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness. This answer should not be considered medical advice... Posted: December 31, 2008 | Report This Was this helpful? Yes No43 of 57 found this helpful Read the Original Article: More on Bactrim DSView Sources1 Answer


are there bad side effects of htp

t. Side Effects of 5 HTAlthough 5 HTP has very few side effects on its own, the side effects of 5 HT can be ascribed to it since 5 HTP is directly converted to 5 HT. Most of the side effects of 5 HTP are gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. Serotonin is naturally produced in the body at the needed levels. As with most processes in the body, the production, secretion, action, metabolism and excretion of naturally produced 5 HT is efficiently regulated in the body.

Side Effects of 5 HTP

Side Effects of 5 HTPIn This Article1 What is 5 HT?2 5 HT Receptors3 Effects of 5 HT4 Side Effects of 5 HT4.1 Neurological Side Effects4.2 Gastrointestinal Side Effects4.3 Sexual Dysfunction4.4 Serotonin Syndrome Pin it5 HTP is a common over-the-counter dietary supplement used to increase serotonin levels in the body. Even supplements do have side effects. Read on to find out the side effects of 5 HTP. What is 5 HT?5 HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) is also known as serotonin. It is a neurotransmitter synthesized in the body from the amino acid, tryptophan which is then converted to 5 HTP or 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Serotonin is mostly found in the gut, platelets and central nervous system.90% of the serotonin produced in the body is found in a group of cells occupying the gastrointestinal tract called enterochromaffin cells. In the gut, serotonin controls the movement of the intestines. Some of the serotonin secreted from these specialized gastrointestinal cells move into the blood and is stored in platelets. When platelets bind to clots, they release serotonin which then constricts blood vessels promoting clotting and healing. The rest of the serotonin naturally secreted in the body is found in serotonergic neurons of the central nervous system where it acts as a neurotransmitter for regulating mood, sleep and appetite as well as contributing to memory and learning.5 HT Receptors5 HT receptors refers to a family of 7 related receptors each with subtypes. They are all found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Except for 5 HT3, all the serotonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that produce their effects by increasing or decreasing the levels of c AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) in cells.5 HT3 is a ligand gated sodium/potassium ions channel that produces its effect by depolarization of the plasma membrane. Five of the 5 HT receptors produce excitatory responses while two produce inhibitory responses.5 HT Receptors5 HT1 – Reduces c AMP levels to cause inhibitory responses5 HT2 – Increases the levels of inositol triphosphate and diglyceride to produce excitatory responses5 HT3 – Depolarizes plasma membrane to cause excitatory responses5 HT4 – Increases c AMP levels to produce excitatory responses5 HT5 – Decreases c AMP levels to produce inhibitory responses5 HT6 – Increases c AMP levels to produce excitatory responses5 HT7 - Increases c AMP levels to produce excitatory responses These serotonin receptors control the release of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, dopamine and acetylcholine. The receptors also control the release of hormones such as cortisol, vasopressin, oxytocin, prolactin and substance P. Effects of 5 HTSince 5 HTP is the direct precursor of 5 HT, all the effects of 5 HT are the same as 5 HTP. The enterochromaffin cells in the gut release serotonin in response to food. This causes the contraction of the intestinal muscles. When the food contains irritant, these cells increases the secretion of serotonin and cause gut movement to increase. This series of actions leads to diarrhea as the body tries to eliminate the irritant. Normally the platelets in the veins lining the walls of the gut remove excess 5 HT. However, when the release of serotonin becomes too much for the platelets, a subset of serotonin receptors called 5 HT3 are activated and these cause vomiting. Therefore, drugs that block the 5 HT3 receptors are used to prevent nausea and vomiting. The kind of food we eat affect the levels of 5 HT in the gut. This is because the production of serotonin is dependent on the amount of amino acids available. Those foods that contain more tryptophan than leucine and phenylalanine increase the levels of serotonin because tryptophan is used for synthesizing 5 HT. Therefore, papaya and banana increase serotonin levels but rye bread and whole wheat reduce its production. In the brain, serotonin binds to another subclass of 5 HT receptors in cells that secrete dopamine. It counters the effects of dopamine which results in the suppression of appetite. Serotonin also has a significant effect on bone metabolism. Although increased levels of 5 HT reduce bone density, serotonin is actually produced in bone cells although in very small amounts. The 5 HT produced in these cells affect bone mass by interacting with 3 receptors (negatively with one and positively with two).5 HT also indirectly control blood sugar levels and growth by regulating the secretion and release of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). Serotonin also directly serve as a growth factor. For example, the body tries to repair liver damage by increasing the numbers of serotonin receptors such as 5 HT2A and 5 HT2B so that the blood serotonin can promote the required cellular repair in the liver. The ability of 5 HT to promote tissue repair is also important in the cardiovascular system where it can serve as a growth factor. However, this effect can be both positive and negative. While serotonin stored in platelets can help stop bleeding and promote healing of damaged vessels, it can also cause the development of excess fibrous connective tissues in any organ of the body. In the heart, 5 HT as a growth factor may cause cardiac fibrosis. This effect of serotonin is the reason some medications that act as 5 HT receptor agonist have been withdrawn from the marke

However, when the regulation of 5 HT becomes inefficient, it can easily cause some side effects. Therefore, most side effects of serotonin are caused by drugs that either supply serotonin to the body, increase its normal production in the body or prolong its action. For example, SSRI or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and MAOI or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (these stop the enzymes that break down monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin) prolong the action of 5 HT in the central nervous system and, therefore, can cause serotonin side effects. Another group of drugs that can cause serotonin side effects are 5 HT receptor agonists. Although 5 HT receptor agonists are not serotonin, they are structurally similar and produce the same effects when they bind to serotonin receptors. In summary, the drugs that can cause serotonin side effects are those that: Promote the release of 5 HT from nerve endings Prolong the action of 5 HT at nerve endings by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter Mimic 5 HT by binding to serotonin receptors and eliciting similar pharmacological responses Most of the medications that produce these effects are antidepressants, appetite suppressants and psychedelic drugs. Neurological Side Effects The neurological side effects of serotonin are caused by the action of serotonin on the central nervous system. All the subclass of 5 HT receptors are found in the central nervous system where they control different neurological outcomes from mood and appetite to learning and memory. The neurological side effects of 5 HT include headache, lethargy, fatigue, insomnia and restlessness. The set of side effects experienced vary between individuals and also depends on the type of serotonin drugs taken. For example, when too much serotonin binds to most 5 HT receptors, it results in anxiety, nervousness and restless but on the serotonin receptors known as 5 HT5A, too much serotonin cause insomnia and restlessness. Gastrointestinal Side Effects Although the effects of serotonin on the central nervous system is the most profound, there is actually more serotonin released from the gastrointestinal tract than in the brain. Therefore, the side effects of too much 5 HT in the gut include diarrhea, constipation and vomiting reflexes. However, even from the central nervous system, serotonin can produce gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and changes in appetite which may lead to weight gain or weight loss. Sexual Dysfunction Drugs that increase the levels and activities of serotonin have also been known to cause sexual dysfunctions. This is especially true of SSRIs. Side effects grouped under sexual dysfunction include reduced sex drive, difficulty reaching orgasm and difficulty getting and maintain erection in men. Serotonin Syndrome Serotonin syndrome is an adverse drug reaction that results from the hyperactivity of serotonin receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is potentially lethal and usually caused by drugs that increase the levels of serotonin or its activity at these receptors. Serotonin syndrome is more accurately described as serotonin toxicity. Although serotonin syndrome has a known set of symptoms, it is still commonly mistaken for other medical conditions because there are no laboratory tests to guide its diagnosis. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome range from mild ones such as sweating to serious ones such as seizures. They usually set in rapidly and may need urgent medical attention. Classification of Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms Somatic – Twitching, tremor and overactive reflexes Cognitive – Headache, confusion, hallucination, mania and coma Autonomic – Hypertension, high body temperature, sweating, nausea and diarrhea Serotonin syndrome can be caused by a number of drugs including medicinal herbs. The syndrome can be triggered by high doses of these medications or a combination of two or more such medications. Examples of medications that cause serotonin syndrome are antidepressants (including tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs), opioids (such as tramadol, oxycodone and fentanyl), psychedelics (such as LSD), central nervous system stimulants (like cocaine), 5 HT1 receptor agonists, herbs (including St. John’s Wort, nutmeg and panax ginseng) as well as other drugs such as levodopa, lithium, chlorpheniramine and dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome can be treated by withdrawing the drugs causing the set of symptoms; by administering serotonin antagonists such as cyproheptadine; by preventing the serotonin drug absorption in the gastrointestinal with activated charcoal; and by treating the urgent and serious symptoms of the syndrome. Sourceshttp://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Antidepressant-drugs/Pages/Side-effects.aspxhttp://www.mayoclinic.com/print/ssris/MH00066/http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/brainstorm/br5812.htm [+] Show All


is cerebral palsy a birth injury

A cerebral palsy birth injury is caused by the general nature of the birthing process. In most births, the head is the first part to enter the birth canal and experiences much of the pressure during the delivery. Swelling and bruising are usually not serious and resolve within a few days.

Birth Injury and Cerebral Palsy

Home About Cp Birth Injury Birth Injury and Cerebral Palsy Tweet About Cp ADD And Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Treatments And Therapy Cerebral Palsy In Adults Aging And Cerebral Palsy Gait Analysis For Cerebral Palsy Assessing Children With Cerebral Palsy Assistive Technology And Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Linked To Behavioral Problems Birth Injury And Cerebral Palsy Bone Density And Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Botox Brain Injury Causes Cerebral Palsy Caring For Children With Severe Cerebral Palsy Causes Of Cerebral Palsy Brain Injury Cerebral Palsy In Children Communication Difficulties For Cerebral Palsy Patients Computed Tomography CT For Cerebral Palsy Dental Care Issues From Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis Dysarthria And Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Facts Famous People With Cerebral Palsy History Of Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Information Life Expectancy For Adults With Cerebral Palsy Incidence Of Malnutrition In Individuals With Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Medical Problems Movement Disorders Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI For Cerebral Palsy Muscular Impairments And Cerebral Palsy Neurological Exams For Cerebral Palsy Neuromuscular Impairments Of Cerebral Palsy Nutrition And Cerebral Palsy Orthopedic Impairment And Cerebral Palsy Pictures Of Cerebral Palsy Patients Prenatal And Neonatal Care And Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Risks In Pregnancy Prevent Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors For Cerebral Palsy Seizure Disorders And Cerebral Palsy What Is Shoulder Dystocia Signs Of Cerebral Palsy Skeletal Problems Cerebral Palsy Social Problems With Cerebral Palsy Strabismus And Cerebral Palsy Symptoms Of Cerebral Palsy Ultrasound And Predicting Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy is a condition that is the result of brain damage caused before, during, or after the birthing process. Cerebral palsy caused by birth injury is damage sustained during the birthing process, usually occurring during passing through the birth canal. Cerebral palsy from birth injury usually occurs during a difficult delivery. A difficult delivery, with the risk of injury to the fetus, may occur if the birth canal is too small or the fetus is too large. This sometimes occurs when the mother has diabetes. Birth injury chances increase if the fetus is in an abnormal position prior to birth. While the rate of cerebral palsy diagnosis due to birth injury is much lower now than in previous decades, it is still a concern.

Cephalohematoma is a bleeding injury in which a soft lump forms over the surface of one of the skull bones but below its thick fibrous covering. A cephalohematoma will not cause cerebral palsy, does not need treatment, and disappears over a few weeks to months. A cerebral palsy birth injury can sometimes take the form of a nerve injury, but nerve injuries don't occur often. Pressure to the facial nerves caused by forceps can result in weakness of the muscles on one side of the face. This birth injury is evident when the newborn cries and the face has an asymmetric appearance. No treatment is needed, and the newborn usually recovers within a few weeks. Cerebral palsy birth injury is most likely during a difficult delivery of a large infant. Some of the larger nerves to one or both of the newborn's arms can be stretched and injured. Weakness of the newborn's arm or hand is usually the result of this birth injury. Occasionally during the birth injury, the nerves going to the diaphragm are damaged, resulting in paralysis of the diaphragm on the same side. This birth injury causes the newborn to have difficulty breathing. Birth injury of the nerves to the newborn's arm and diaphragm can result in brachial plexus (Erb's palsy). Extreme movements at the shoulder should be avoided to allow the nerves to heal as much as possible. The arm and possibly the diaphragm remain weak after several months. In this case, surgery may be needed to reattach torn nerves. Most of the time Erb's Palsy occurs during the birth delivery process. Many infants that suffer this birth injury are large at birth. Birth injury causes stem from a number of situations including untreated umbilical cord compression, unrecognized or untreated signs of fetal distress from pressure on the umbilical cord, the baby being stuck in the birth canal because of its size or the position of its descent down the birth canal, or the placenta being prematurely sheared by the birth process. If your child suffered a birth injury from any of these conditions, you may be entitled to a settlement for medical malpractice. Due to the complicated nature of these claims, only an experienced attorney can evaluate your birth injury case. Contact us to be connected to our an experienced birth injury lawyer through our affiliated network of attorneys to evaluate your case today.


is milk ok for cats

ll. Milk Is Bad for Most Cats Most cats are lactose intolerant, like many humans. This means that they don’t have the enzymes needed to digest the lactose in milk. Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk. When cats drink cow’s milk, they can end up with painful stomach cramps and diarrhea. This is because undigested lactose will stay in their intestines, rather than passing into the bloodstream, and end up fermenting because of bacteria.

Why Milk Is Bad For Cats

Why Milk Is Bad For Cats By Stephanie Dube Dwilson Cats Love Milk Myth Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:35You may be surprised to learn that milk is bad for your cat. Sure, we’ve all seen the photos and videos of cats happily lapping up milk. But the truth is, most cats can’t digest milk at a

This leads to a whole array of stomach problems that often appear within 8 to 12 hours of drinking the milk. Not all cats are lactose intolerant, but most are. And there’s no way to tell if your cat’s intolerant or not without giving her milk and risking her getting sick. So to be on the safe side, stay away from milk. Why Is the Myth That Cats Like Milk So Popular? (Photo Credit: Shutterstock)Cats love cream. When milk was gotten straight from the cow at home, the fattier cream rose to the top. Cats absolutely loved it. Now, most milk doesn’t have that much fat for cats to enjoy anyway. But even cats that lap up fatty cream still have to deal with upset stomachs afterward. It’s best to keep cats away from cow milk in general. When Kittens Can Drink Milk Kittens can typically digest milk until they’ve been weaned. Around eight weeks of age, kittens lose the lactase enzyme that digests lactose in milk. But even before that, cow’s milk isn’t a great option for a kitten. This is especially true if you’re raising a kitten that hasn’t been weaned yet! Instead of using milk, purchase a mother’s milk replacer or kitten formula from your pet store, which has all the nutrients a kitten needs. Alternatives to Milk As “boring” as it may sound, water is really the best alternative to milk. Cats typically don’t get enough water in their diet anyway, since they don’t always get thirsty when they should. If you want to make the water a little more “fun,” consider buying a drinking fountain for your cat. These miniature fountains are simple to set up – you typically just plug them in. Then they provide moving water for your cat to drink, which she may actually prefer. If you really want to provide a liquid treat, you can buy lactose-free milk at the pet store or even your local grocery store. This milk has the lactose removed by adding lactase enzymes that break the sugar down. This means that lactose-free milk is safe for lactose-intolerant cats and humans to drink.


is weak dollar good?

rk. Yet, while a weaker dollar is seen helping American exporters to compete abroad, it may undermine the greenback’s status as the world’s top reserve currency and fan concerns about a protectionist trade agenda espoused by U. S. President Donald Trump, who is set to speak in Davos on Friday.

A Weak Dollar 'Good' For The U.S.? It's Complicated

Off The Wire A Weak Dollar 'Good' For The U. S.? It's Complicated Reuters Wednesday January 24, 2018 17:31Kitco News Share this article: Richard Leong NEW YORK (Reuters) - A dollar rout intensified on Wednesday after U. S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said a lower greenback was “good for us” - though a weaker U. S. currency may not prove a long-term economic boost. It was a highly unusual remark for a Treasury secretary, as it is seen as a break from previous White House administrations’ public stance for a stronger U. S. currency, even as they wrangled with trade partners to open up their local markets to U. S. companies.“Treasury secretaries in the past have always spoken in favor of a stronger dollar, not a weaker dollar,” said Sireen Harajli, currency strategist at Mizuho in New Yo

On Tuesday, Trump signed into law a steep tariff on import solar panels and washing machines to counter lower-cost products from China and other Asian producers. A weaker dollar could also have repercussions on stocks, corporate bonds and other risky investments.“If the dollar slide were to accelerate, then foreign capital flows could decline rapidly, which would cause a sudden rise in interest rates which could shock markets and lead to unintended declines in risk assets like stocks which could damage growth,” said Guggenheimer Partners’ global chief investment officer Scott Minerd in New York. In another unusual move, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross later attempted to dial back Mnuchin’s remark, telling CNBC television that the Treasury secretary was “not advocating for a weaker dollar.”But Ross failed to push back dollar bears. On Wednesday, the index that tracks the dollar against a basket of currencies on a trade-weighted basis =USD fell 0.8 percent to 89.153, the lowest since December 2014. The euro EUR= advanced to a three-year high of $1.2415 per euro on Wednesday, Reuters data showed. The currency of the world's biggest economy also tumbled to a four-month low of 108.97 Japanese yen JPY= and a two-plus year trough CNY= at 6.3646 Chinese yuan per dollar. SKITTISH DOLLARPrior to Mnuchin’s comment in Davos, the dollar had fallen on speculation about overseas central banks moving away from the extraordinary measures they adopted to combat the global credit crisis in 2008 and the global recession that followed. Futures markets signaled speculators last week built the most bearish positioning against the dollar since mid-October. Analysts in a Reuters poll published on Jan. 5 anticipated a tough 2018 for the dollar coming off its worst annual performance in 14 years when it lost 10 percent. On Tuesday, the Bank of Japan signaled it would stick with its easy policy stance as inflation remains below its 2-percent goal. European Central Bank policy-makers will meet on Thursday where traders will look for clues on whether the ECB will pave the way to not renew its 2.55 trillion euro ($3.16 trillion) bond purchase program when it expires in September. The euro’s year-long rise, some analysts say, would offer ECB officials a reason not to change its course.“The strength of the euro is not something the ECB wants to exacerbate with the euro knocking on $1.24,” said Omer Esiner, chief market strategist with Commonwealth Foreign Exchange in Washington. Some analysts said the dollar selloff is overdone as the economy remains firm footing and the Federal Reserve is expected to raise rates further in 2018. Moreover, U. S. yields remain low enough that the greenback remains an attractive currency to fund “carry trades,” or bets on buying higher returning assets such as emerging market bonds with money raised by selling dollars. DOLLAR‘S STATUSIn addition to anxiety about trade friction, Mnuchin’s dollar remark fueled further questions about the dollar’s status among foreign central banks and sovereign wealth funds as the world’s top reserve currency. A severe deterioration in the greenback can end up hurting the U. S. economy by ballooning the trade deficit as a result of higher import costs. It might also spur foreigners to pull money out of the country if a further weakness in the dollar sours investing in the United States. In November, China and Japan, the two largest foreign U. S. creditors, scaled back their holdings of U. S. Treasuries. Last month, the International Monetary Fund said the dollar’s share of global currency reserves shrank in the third quarter of 2017 to 63.5 percent, its smallest since mid-2014. Despite these developments and possibly more protectionist rhetoric from the White House, the dollar should remain on its perch as the No. 1 reserve currency.“I don’t think this will deteriorate the view of the dollar as a reserve currency of that world. That will be radical change,” said Lennon Sweeting, chief market strategist at XE in Toronto. Additional reporting by Karen Brettell, Saqib Iqbal Ahmed, Jennifer Ablan; editing by Diane Craft Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the author and may not reflect those of Kitco Metals Inc. The author has made every effort to ensure accuracy of information provided; however, neither Kitco Metals Inc. nor the author can guarantee such accuracy. This article is strictly for informational purposes only. It is not a solicitation to make any exchange in commodities, securities or other financial instruments. Kitco Metals Inc. and the author of this article do not accept culpability for losses and/ or damages arising from the use of this publication.


what is a u on a credit report

U – Undesignated – The account has not yet been designated Next to the ECOA code is a column that says “whose.” On a joint credit report this designates who the primary borrower is on the account.

Reading a Credit Report

You are here: Home / News / Reading a Credit Report Reading a Credit Report December 28, 2017 By Mindy Leisure Manager of Rescoring Services Credit reports can be very confusing to read at times. There is a lot of information to decipher, codes that may not always make sense, etc. There are some basic things to know that may help when you are looking at a credit report. While there are several different scoring models available for each bureau, we use only the ones that are accepted by Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mac (FMAC) and those are: Trans Union – FICO Classic 04Equifax – Beacon 5.0Experian – Fair Isaac Version 2When trying to understand scores the most important things to look at are the score factors that are listed under each score. Those are in order of importance and each one carries a different point valuation. The numbers that you see next to each score factor are not the number of points that particular factor has. They are just internal numbers assigned by the bureaus for that factor. When looking at each individual account the ECOA code (Equal Credit Opportunity Act) needs to be looked at to determine the borrower’s relationship to that account: A – Authorized user – the borrower is not responsible for the account B – Borrower C- Co-borrower I – Individual account J – Joint Account M – Maker – the borrower is primarily responsible having a co-signed with no spousal relationship S – Signer or Co-Maker – borrower is a co-signed, no spousal relationship P- Participant – borrower is joint on the account but the contractual liability can not be determined T – Terminated – borrower is no longer associated with this account X – Deceased – the borrower has been reported as deceased

B: The repositories have this under the borrower’s name C: The repositories have this under the co borrower’s name J: The repositories have this under two borrower’s names. This could be the two borrowers that are on the credit report together or it could be one of the borrowers and someone who is not on this credit report Each account on the credit report also contains certain information: Creditor: Name of the creditor as reported to the repositories Date Reported: The last date the account was reported by the creditor Date Opened: The date the account was originally opened DLA: Date of last activity – the last time any activity took place on the account High Credit: The highest amount borrowed on the account or highest amount available if revolving Balance: What is currently owed Terms: The first number indicates the # of months and the second number is the monthly amount Past Due Amount: any amount that is past due on the account MOS REV: The number of months the account has been reviewed30/60/90: The number of times the account has been 30/60/90 days past due Each account will also list what type of account it is: MTG: Mortgage INST: Installment loan AUTO: Auto Loan CHARGE: Charge card (not revolving)COLL: Collection account REV: Revolving account OPEN: Open account EDU: Education loan COSI: Co – signed account LEAS: Leased account The accounts will also include the status of the account: AS AGREED – current/paid as agreed CUR was 30, 60, 90 or 120 – the acct is now current but was past due CUR WAS COLL – the acct is now current but was in a collection status CUR WAS REPO- the acct is now current but was a repossession CUR WAS FORE – the acct is now current but was a foreclosure INACTIVE – account is inactive PAID – acct is paid off (not necessarily closed)CLOSED – closed account TRANSFERRED – the account was transferred PD WAS 30, 60, 90 or 120+ – the acct is paid off now but was late DELINQ 30, 60, 90 or 120+ – the account is currently late more than xx days COLLECTION – placed for collection PD COLL – Paid collection CHARGE OFF – charged off account BANKRUPTCY – account was included in a bankruptcy PAY PLAN – account is being paid under a payment plan REPOSESS – acct is repossession FORECLOS – Foreclosure SETTLED – settled VOL SUR – voluntary surrender PD WAS REPO – paid was repossession PD CHG OFF – paid charge off PD FORECO- Paid Foreclosure Share Filed Under: News Tagged With: Credit Report, ECOA Code, Fannie Mae, Freddit Mac, Scoring models


is drifting faster

After receiving some instructions on how to drift from a pro drifter, Adam and Jamie each made timed runs on a 90-degree turn, a 180-degree turn, and a full course to see if drifting was faster than plain old driving. Hollywood sure makes it look that way.

What We Learned from the MYTHBUSTERS Drifting Special Posted by Kyle Hill on February 15, 2015Share: Twitter Facebook Google+ Reddit Email Science How did Adam and Jamie wrap up this short new season of Myth Busters? By getting fast and curious about drifting!Warning, I am going to spoil the results of these myths. You’ve been warned!The Myths Is drifting faster than regular race driving?

Can you drift into a parallel park? The flashiest way to park your car is to throw it between to cars with handbrake in hand. But can it reliably be done? The Results BUSTEDAs it turns out, drifting is just as fast if not slower than regular turning. But why? Think of the car as a vector, that is to say, a point with some speed and direction. When drifting around a corner, is the car’s speed increasing, or is the vector pointing in pretty much the same direction at the same speed? Add this to the fact that you have to get that flicked car tail under control after a drift and you have a similarly fast if not slower technique. PLAUSIBLEThis is all about precision. Though Adam was unable to fling the limo into the space, their experienced racing driver did it on his first try. I hope he took his kids to prom like that. What We Learned Kinetic Friction: In physics, there are two kinds of friction: static and kinetic. Static friction is the force that tells you how much of a fight a surface will put up if you try to push a non-moving object over it. Kinetic friction tells you how much resistance to motion a surface will give to a moving object. Thoughts This episode marks the end of the first season since Tory, Kari, and Grant’s departure. I hate to keep bringing that fact up, but it seems to be always on the fan’s mind. That might tell us something. The new direction of Myth Busters is gorgeous. It looks great, the production values have gone up, and the science gets featured much more in each episode. I can’t help but think that the budget to make those changes came from the build team’s salaries. Even so, each episode of this new season was consistently entertaining, even if it lacked a bit of the heart and levity that the old team brought to the show. They may have taken a different path, but I’ll still follow the duo. Myth Busters is still nothing less than the best science show currently on TV.—READ MORE: What We Learned From the MYTHBUSTERS SIMPSONS Special What We Learned From The MYTHBUSTERS A-TEAM Special What We Learned From the MYTHBUSTERS INDIANA JONES Special What We Learned From The MYTHBUSTERS Videogame Special What We Learned from the MYTHBUSTERS Transformers Special IMAGES: Copyright Discovery Communications; Screenshots and video used for the purposes of education, considered fair use. Tagsadam savage, drifting, Jamie Hyneman, mythbusters, Science Related Posts What's New What's Trending A Nuclear Blast Simulatorarticle Zapping Micron Steel Wool in a Microwave Looks Gorgeousarticle This Squirrel Walks with a Prosthetic Wheelarticle0 Comment s Sign In to Post


why was what rosa parks did important

Rosa Parks is considered a very important figure in American history because of her contribution as a civil rights activist.

Why is Rosa Parks important?

Why is Rosa Parks important? June 7, 2012 , erwin , Leave a comment

Â Born as an African-American in 1913, Parks was among the many blacks across America who longed for equal rights with the predominantly white population. Â During her time, racial segregation was still the common practice in various states across the U. S. Â And with Rosa Parks’ actions and contributions to promote equal rights among blacks and whites in America, she became an important figure. Specifically, Rosa Parks influenced the staging of the so-called Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama during her life. Â Back in 1955, Rosa Parks was on board one bus in Montgomery, and she was asked to give up her seat up front for some white passengers. Â This was the usual practice back then, but Parks refused what she was asked to do and instead sat on her seat up front. Â This incident created much buzz and controversy in Alabama which led to her eventual arrest. Â Although it wasn’t the first time that an African-American refused to give up his or her seat on the bus, the incident involving Rosa Parks eventually led to a mass boycott among African-Americans on public buses in Montgomery. Â For one year, the blacks in Montgomery did not ride public buses and instead transported each other by means of private vehicles. This incident also led to Rosa Parks’ major involvement in the promotion of civil rights across the U. S. along with another famous activist, Martin Luther King, Jr. who actually led the bus boycott. Â With the help of other civil rights activists, Parks and King, Jr. were able to bring their concern to a nationwide scale and reach all parts of the U. S. Â Upon Parks’ death, she was honored with several medals for her contribution to the promotion of civil rights in the U. S. Author: erwin Facebook Comments Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Share Help us improve. Please rate this article: (No Ratings Yet)Next Post →Why is Michael Jordan famous?← Previous Post Why is gas so expensive? Related Posts Similarities Between Humans and Chimpanzees January 6, 2018, Dr. Howard Fields, No Comment Similarities Between Humans and Animals December 28, 2017, Jecinta Morgan, No Comment Similarities between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication November 30, 2017, Dr. Howard Fields, No Comment


definition of azimuth

. ]Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Azimuth An azimuth is an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. The vector from an observer to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane; the angle between the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane is called the azimuth.

Definitions &Translations

"Vocabulary What does AZIMUTH mean? Definitions for AZIMUTH ˈæz ə məθHere are all the possible meanings and translations of the word AZIMUTH. Princeton's Word Net (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:azimuth, AZ (noun)the azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:azimuth (Noun)An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as, the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying.azimuth (Noun)The quadrant of an azimuth circle. Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Azimuth (noun)the quadrant of an azimuth circle Azimuth (noun)an arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as, the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying Origin: [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr. Ar. as-sumt, pl. of as-samt a way, or perh., a point of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith, as being the Arabic article: cf. It. azzimutto, Pg. azimuth, and Ar. samt-al-r's the vertex of the heaven. Cf. Zenith

An example of an azimuth is the measurement of the position of a star in the sky. The star is the point of interest, the reference plane is the horizon or the surface of the sea, and the reference vector points to the north. The azimuth is the angle between the north vector and the perpendicular projection of the star down onto the horizon. Azimuth is usually measured in degrees. The concept is used in many practical applications including navigation, astronomy, engineering, mapping, mining and artillery. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Azimuthaz′im-uth, n. the arc of the horizon between the meridian of a place and a vertical circle passing through any celestial body.— adj. Az′imuthal, pertaining to the azimuth. [Ar. as-sumūt, as = al, the, sūmut, samt, direction. See Zenith . ]The Standard Electrical Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Azimuth The angle between the plane of the meridian and the plane of an azimuth circle, q. v. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (5.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition:azimuth Quantities may be expressed in positive quantities increasing in a clockwise direction, or in X, Y coordinates where south and west are negative. They may be referenced to true north or magnetic north depending on the particular weapon system used. Suggested Resources (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:azimuth Song lyrics by azimuth -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by azimuth on the Lyrics.com website. Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of AZIMUTH in Chaldean Numerology is: 1Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of AZIMUTH in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8Sample Sentences & Example Usage Geoffrey Carter: The infrared looks for a flash from a gunshot and the acoustics listens for the bang, so we get the flash and the bang, and then we cue the operator. The accoustics get us very accurate azimuth, or bearing, to the threat. The combination of knowing the speed of light and the speed of sound, we’re able to get the distance in the time of arrival to the threat. Images & Illustrations of AZIMUTHTranslations for AZIMUTHFrom our Multilingual Translation Dictionaryسمت, السمت Arabicазимут Bulgarianazimut Catalan, Valencianazimut Czech Azimut Germanαζιμούθιο, α Greekazimut, acimut Spanishazimut Frenchazimut Indonesianazimut Italian方位角 Japanese방위각, 方位角 Koreanazimuth Norwegianazymut Polishazimute Portugueseазимут Russian角方位, góc phương vị Vietnamese Get even more translations for AZIMUTH »Translation Find a translation for the AZIMUTH definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these AZIMUTH definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Please enter your email address: Subscribe Citation Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: Style: MLA Chicago APA""AZIMUTH."" Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. 3 Apr. 2018. < https://www.definitions.net/definition/AZIMUTH >. Are we missing a good definition for AZIMUTH? Don't keep it to yourself... Submit Definition "


what county is elkhart texas in

ave!Great town to take break!Elkhart, Texas is located ten miles south between Palestine, Texas, the county seat of Anderson and thirteen miles north of Grapeland which is in Houston County and its county seat is Crockett. Weather Forecast

The City of Elkhart, Texas P. O. Box 944 110 West Parker Elkhart, Texas 75839Telephone Number: 903.764.5657Fax Number: 903.764.2059Email: Elkhart_1@yahoo.com Hours of operation: 8:00am - 4:30pm To call for Water or Sewer Problems Telephone (903).764.5657Elected Officials City Hall downtown Elkhart, Texas. Mayor Mike Gordon City Council• Beverly Anderson • Chris Sheridan • Rhonda Brewer •• Billy Jack Wright • Chris Bice •Other serving City of Elkhart City Secretary Accounts Payable - Billing Carla Sheridan Courtney White Code Enforcement William (BJ) Perry Public Utility Employees Supervisor William (BJ) Perry Municipal Court Judge Gary Thomas Want to find that all American small Texas town? You h

Elkhart Volunteer Fire Department Fire Chief Jim Bob Parker Thanks for visiting Elk Country!Above photograph April 29, 2011 is of sign and the new Elkhart High School.


who founded general electric company

ly.1-877-477-7278At one time General Electric was the largest appliance manufacturer in the world. They're still one of the longest running companies, having been founded by Thomas Edison among others in New York State in 1892. More importantly today, their reputation for quality has led a leading building trades industry publication to conclude that homeowners pick GE more than any other appliance brand.

General Electric Parts

"Customer Support 7 days a week Call 1-877-477-7278About Us Repair Forum Shop for Parts Get Repair Help Dishwasher Parts Dryer Parts Microwave Parts Range & Oven Parts Refrigerator Parts Washer Parts All Appliance Parts Find Your Parts GE Parts - Help me find my model number GE Parts General Electric Parts Need Help? Get Questions Answered Instant

The company produces a wide range of both small and large appliances from its Louisville, Kentucky plant, from trash compactors and microwaves to refrigerators, ranges, washers, and dryers. When your GE appliance is in need of repair -- no matter how small or large -- we can help you find the right part to get it working properly again. 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nauticus hours

Nauticus Hours: Memorial Day – Labor Day: Open Daily, 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. Rest of the year: Closed Mondays, Open Tuesday – Saturday, 10 a.m. – 5 p.m.; Sunday, Noon – 5 p.m. Nauticus and the Battleship Wisconsin are closed Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. Please call for other holiday hours. Closing procedures for the Battleship Wisconsin begin 15 minutes before close and the ship will be closed in the event of inclement weather.

Nauticus Hours:

PLEASE NOTE: Nauticus admission now includes access to selected interior areas of the Battleship Wisconsin (see Basic Ticket below) as well as the new exhibit For All Those in Uniform Who Have Served . Admission fees help preserve and maintain the battleship for future generations. GOLD TICKET – BEST VALUE!Members: $20 Adults: $35.95 Children (Ages 4-12): $31.50 Children (Ages 3 and under): Free (Children must be 8 years old for interior tours of the Battleship Wisconsin .) Military Adults (Active Duty with ID): $32.95Includes: Nauticus Admission Guided Interior Battleship Wisconsin Tour Self-Guided Battleship Wisconsin Tour3D Movies BASIC TICKETMembers: FREE Adults: $15.95 Children (Ages 4-12): $11.50 Children (Ages 3 and under): Free Seniors (Age 55 and up) and AAA Adults: $14.95 Military Adults (Active Duty with ID): $12.95Includes Nauticus Admission Self-Guided Battleship Wisconsin Tour3D Movies Packages Nauticus/Victory Rover Combo Enjoy a day of maritime fun with admission to Nauticus and a two hour Naval Base cruise aboard the Victory Rover. Available March through December. For dates and more information, contact Victory Rover at (757) 627-7406 or visit navalbasecruises.com. Tickets may be purchased at the Victory Rover Ticket Window at Nauticus. A variety of Packages are available for groups. For more information on hotel packages, visit the Norfolk Convention and Visitors Bureau. Directions to Nauticus Parking Dining Other Amenities Accessibility Wheelchair accessibility throughout the building and on board the main deck of the Battleship Wisconsin Five on-site handicapped-reserved parking spaces (Handicapped parking is available on a first come, first served basis. Handicapped parking is unavailable on cruise ship days. )Wheelchairs for guests available on a first-come, first-served basis2 elevators with second and third floor access Handicapped-reserved spaces in the Nauticus Theater. Exhibit and movie scripts are available upon request. (check out at the admissions desk)Assisted listening devices available upon request in Nauticus theater. (Please let the theater staff know prior to show starting that you will require the ALD. )Sign Language interpreters can be provided with a minimum of two-weeks notice. Please call The Director of Visitor Operations a 757-664-1019 to place a request or the Group Sales Manager at 757-664-1034 for a group visit of 15 or more people. TTY phone available for use at the Admissions desk Closed-captioned exhibits throughout the building Mission Statement NAUTICUS inspires and educates with engaging & interactive experiences that celebrate our connections with today's maritime world. Nauticus is a contemporary museum that uses the natural setting of Norfolk's harbor to showcase global maritime commerce and the world's largest Navy.


what is the standard pd for a woman

Before you want to buy a pair of eyeglasses, you need to know the pupillary distance of you. If you have bought the eyeglasses from the store, you could have the data of your pupillary distance. Usually the adult female common pd is 56 mm to 62 mm. However different people owns different situation. You should go to the store to have a eye check to get this information.

What is average pupillary distance for women?

Answers (3)walkidiot Well, generally speaking, it is annoying to have dry eyes. And dry eyes can just make your eyes become more sensitive. So your eyes may suffer from eye infection easily. To get your eyes moist, you can use the artificial eye drops to keep your eyes moist. For example, some brands like Visine, Refresh, Soothe and Systane can be perfect to keep your eyes are moist. Also, the ordinary OTC eye drops for dry eyes are good to keep your eyes hydrated. So you can just have a try.04/15/2013good (0 ) Report Abuse Faith cook

Then you could buy the eyeglasses online.04/15/2013good (0 ) Report Abusegarcia Generally speaking, the average pupillary distance of adult females is from 58mm to 62mm. There are three kinds of pupillary distance and all of them have to be measured, including the distance PD, near PD. Whether you are nearsighted or farsighted, you should have your pupillary distance measured when you are buying eyeglasses for vision correction. If your pupillary distance is wrongly measured, then you will feel your eyes very uncomfortable and your eyesight even worse in spite of good eye glasses with accurate prescription. When you are buying eyeglasses, the doctor will measure your pupillary distance for you, and you do not have to do it yourself. But if you would like to measure it by yourself first, you can refer to the following website to have a test. But you had better go to the standard shop or hospital to make sure to get a accurate pupillary distance. Besides, the another website in the below is also for you if you want to have a look at the eyeglasses of different kinds.04/17/2013good (0 ) Report Abuse Answer the question: You must log in/register to answer this question.


what to expect with alcohol withdrawal

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can occur as early as two hours after your last drink. Typically, symptoms will peak within the first 24 to 48 hours. This is when you may experience the most uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia, rapid heartbeat, changes in blood pressure, sweating, tremors and fever.

Alcohol Withdrawal

During the first several days after you quit drinking, you may experience withdrawal symptoms. Over time, your body becomes dependent on your drinking frequency and patterns. However, when you abruptly stop drinking, your body requires time to figure out what chemicals it’s missing. This phase is what produces the painful side effects. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome can occur when you quit drinking and may trigger life-threatening health complications. Whether you’ve been drinking for weeks, months or years, it’s possible to experience alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Professional care from a specialized alcohol rehab facility is highly recommended for those who are ready to stop drinking altogether. Cause of Alcohol Withdrawal There are numerous factors that go into what causes an alcohol withdrawal. When you drink, alcohol is broken down by an enzyme in your liver. This process helps rid alcohol from your system through urine. Any alcohol that’s not metabolized is absorbed by other parts of your body, like your brain. When alcohol impacts your brain, you may experience feelings of happiness and relaxation. An excessive amount of alcohol around the brain can lead to symptoms of drunkenness – slurred speech, difficulty walking and memory lapses. However, because chronic drinking affects your tolerance, your body will crave more alcohol in order to produce the same feelings. Alcohol suppresses certain neurotransmitters in your brain which cause you to feel at ease after drinking. When you quit drinking, the neurotransmitters are no longer inhibited by alcohol. This results in hyperexcitability – the reason why withdrawal symptoms affect you differently from alcohol consumption. Alcohol withdrawal side effects vary in each person. Many people are hesitant to quit drinking because of the thought of uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. However, alcohol addiction treatment specialists can provide you with prescription medications to help relieve pain. By reducing withdrawal symptoms, you will be able to focus on getting better. Don’t let the fear of possible withdrawal symptoms prevent you from getting the help you deserve. Learn more about treating alcoholism and support options by calling us today. Alcohol Withdrawal Timeline of Symptoms

While some people experience very few withdrawal symptoms, others may suffer from more serious side effects. For example, delirium tremens is one of the most severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It can surface within the first 48 hours after your last drink and involves confusion, shaking, hallucinations and high blood pressure. Although delirium tremens is uncommon, it can be life-threatening. Heavy drinkers who suddenly stop drinking may experience any of a range of dangerous symptoms, so it’s important to be treated by a medical professional during detox. The timeline for common withdrawal symptoms is: Six to 12 hours post-ingestion Agitation Anxiety Headaches Shaking Nausea and vomiting12 to 24 hours post-ingestion Disorientation Hand tremors Seizures48 hours post-ingestion Seizures Insomnia High blood pressure Tactile, auditory and visual hallucinations High fever and excessive sweating Delirium tremens Alcohol withdrawal symptoms are impacted by several factors including frequency of drinking, amount consumed during drinking, length of time drinking, medical history and co-occurring health conditions. A person is more likely to experience severe withdrawal symptoms if they’ve abused alcohol and drugs. Get help for alcoholism Take your life back by getting started in a treatment program today. Learn more about treatment Acute Alcohol Withdrawal

An acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome occurs when you experience sudden and severe withdrawal symptoms. This frequently happens within the first couple of weeks after you quit drinking. During this time, you’re most at risk of temporarily losing consciousness, developing delirium tremens or having seizures.

Because of the life-threatening health complications that can arise during acute alcohol withdrawal, it is recommended that you stay at a hospital or a specialized rehab facility for treatment. A medical professional will assess your mental and physical health frequently throughout the day to make sure symptoms do not escalate. There are many facilities that have experience in treating acute alcohol withdrawal. These programs have a team of specialists that will help minimize your withdrawal symptoms, prevent complications and focus on your well-being. Contact us to find the right alcohol treatment facility for you. Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS)After the initial alcohol withdrawal symptoms have subsided, some people may experience prolonged side effects. This is known as Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS). PAWS involves withdrawal symptoms that occur after an acute withdrawal and can make post-rehab life challenging for some individuals. Depending on the severity of your alcohol abuse, PAWS can last anywhere from a few weeks to a year. Common symptoms of PAWS include: Irritability and emotional outbursts Anxiety Low energy Trouble sleeping Memory problems Dizziness Increased accident proneness Delayed reflexes The brain has tremendous capacity to heal, but it doesn’t heal quickly. In general, PAWS symptoms peak around four to eight weeks after quitting. Most addicts know about PAWS from their experience of quitting and then relapsing because they felt terrible, they just don’t have a name for it. Dr. David Sack CEO, Promises Treatment Centers and Elements Behavioral Health (pulled from The Huffington Post)How to Safely Treat Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can shift quickly and violently – you can experience minor symptoms to extremely severe side effects in a matter of hours. There are many alcohol treatment programs that focus on helping individuals overcome drinking problems, no matter how minor or how serious. Specialized rehab facilities offer many benefits to those struggling with alcohol addiction. For example, treatment specialists will be able to alleviate some of your painful withdrawal symptoms, as well as provide guidance through your entire recovery process. The types of therapy and services provided in rehab are based on your history with alcohol abuse, such as frequency and amount consumed. Since there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to treating alcohol abuse, recovery programs usually consist of: Inpatient treatment Inpatient rehab facilities offer a safe, supervised environment for patients struggling with alcohol addiction. With 24-hour care, this is the most intensive form of treatment and typically entails 30, 60 or 90-day programs. Outpatient treatment Outpatient rehab allows patients to attend to their daily responsibilities while in recovery. This option is best suited for those with less severe forms of alcohol abuse since individuals will be around drinking triggers and other influences. Medication-assisted therapy To help relieve uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms, many treatment programs offer medication-assisted therapy. Certain prescribed medications can treat alcohol withdrawal, allowing patients to focus on other aspects of recovery. Individual counseling Alcohol rehab counselors provide support during the highs and lows of alcohol withdrawal. Counselors also look to see if there are underlying factors that may have influenced an alcohol addiction and coach patients on how to work through various matters. Support groups Recovery continues long after rehab. Support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon, offer an outlet to discuss treatment goals and challenges with other people who are in alcohol recovery. This will provide you with motivation to maintain your sobriety. After the alcohol withdrawal stage, you will transition into other treatment therapies, activities and programs. These will provide you with the tools and resources to prevent triggers, continue on-going recovery and live a well-balanced life after rehab. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome affects nearly two million Americans each year. Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome can surface as early as two hours after a person’s last drink. Alcohol addiction rehabs offer a safe, secure and comfortable environment during the withdrawal phase. Don’t Let Fear Keep You from Getting Help Although alcohol withdrawal can be a dangerous and painful process, it is a necessary step on the road to recovery. When conducted under the supervision of medical professionals, alcohol withdrawal is a much safer and easier process. Contact a treatment expert today to find out what options are available to you. Author — Last Edited: February 7, 2018Sources