how soon together for epidural injections

It may be necessary to have several epidural injections in a series over a period of a few weeks. This is because the relief from the epidural injection usually decreases with time. It is not uncommon to have three lumbar epidural injections, each about ten days apart.

"Print Version Spinal Injections Introduction

In many cases of chronic back pain, your doctor may recommend a spinal injection. A spinal injection may be done to find out what is causing your pain. It may also be used to treat your pain. Doctors refer to these two separate uses of spinal injections as diagnostic and therapeutic.

If an injection provides pain relief in the area that is injected, it is likely that this particular area is the source of the problem. Injections are also therapeutic in that they can provide temporary relief from pain. Medications With most spinal injections, a local anesthetic (numbing medication) called lidocaine (also known as Xylocaine) is injected into a specific area of your spine. Lidocaine is a fast-acting drug, but the effects wear off within about two hours. That is why lidocaine is used more often as a diagnostic tool rather than a long-lasting pain reliever. Bupivacaine (also known as Marcaine) is another type of anesthetic that can be used. It is slower to take effect, but it lasts longer, giving you more relief from pain. Cortisone is a strong anti-inflammatory steroid medication. It is commonly injected along with a local anesthetic in order to reduce inflammation in the affected areas. Cortisone is long lasting and can be slow releasing in order to give the best possible benefits of pain relief. Cortisone may not begin working for several days following the injection, but the effects can last for months. Sometimes a narcotic medication such as morphine or fentanyl is mixed with cortisone and the anesthetic to provide increased pain relief. There are several different types of spinal injections your doctor may recommend depending upon the nature and location of your pain. Preparations You will probably be asked to arrive early to fill out paperwork and answer some questions. Your doctor will want to verify that you are ready for the procedure. You may be asked to come in ""NPO"". This means you should not have anything to eat or drink for at least six hours before the procedure. This reduces the risk of vomiting food or liquids if you should become nauseated or have a reaction to the medications. Nausea is unpleasant, but it can also cause serious complications if you accidentally inhale (aspirate) food or liquid into your lungs while you are groggy. Not having anything in your stomach during this procedure is an extra precaution highly recommended by most doctors. You will probably be asked to change into a hospital gown. You will then be connected to a device that monitors your heart rate (pulse) and blood pressure. An intravenous (IV) line may be started in your arm. You may be asked to sit on a stretcher or lie on your side for the procedure. The area of your back will be prepared with an antiseptic. Lidocaine may be injected to numb your skin around area where the injection will be given.

Epidural Steroid Injection (ESI)An ESI is a common type of injection that is given to provide relief from certain types of low back and neck pain. The ""epidural space"" is the space between the covering of your spinal cord (dura mater) and the inside of the bony spinal canal. It runs the entire length of your spine.

When injected into this area the medication moves freely up and down your spine to coat the nerve roots and the outside lining of your facet joints near the area of the injection.

For example, if the injection is given in your lumbar spine, the medication will usually affect the entire lower portion of your spine. Epidural injections are used to treat radicular pain caused by nerve irritation. This type of pain is usually caused by herniated discs or spinal stenosis.

A herniated disc occurs when pressure or degeneration produces a tear in the disc's outer ring (the annulus), and the nucleus ruptures out of its normal space. If it rips near the spinal canal, the bulging disc can push out of its space and into the spinal canal, placing inappropriate pressure on your spinal cord and nerve roots. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can cause pressure on your spinal cord and spinal nerves. Epidural injections are also helpful when your main problem is arthritis of the facet joints in multiple areas of your spine. The medication coats the outside of the problem joints and absorbs into the joints of your spine. This type of injection reduces the inflammation in the joint. The injection is sometimes aimed at the small nerves that supply the joints.

During the ESI procedure, an epidural needle is inserted into your back and into the epidural space. Your doctor will then place a small amount of lidocaine into the epidural space and wait to see whether you feel warmth and numbness in your legs. If so, the needle is most likely in the correct position. The remainder of the medication is injected and the needle is withdrawn. There are three different ways to perform an epidural injection : Caudal Block A caudal block is an ESI placed through the sacral gap (a space below your lumbar spine near your sacrum). The injection is placed into the epidural space. This type of block usually affects the spinal nerves at the end of your spinal canal near the sacrum. This collection of nerves is called the cauda equina. One of the benefits of this type of injection is less chance of puncturing the dura. Translumbar The translumbar approach is the most common way of performing an ESI. This type of injection is performed by placing a needle between two vertebrae from your back. The needle is inserted between the spinous processes of two vertebrae. You can actually feel the bumps that make up the spinous process by feeling along the back of your spine. Transforaminal The transforaminal approach is a very selective type of ESI around a specific nerve root. The foraminae are small openings between your vertebrae through which the nerve roots exit your spinal canal and enter your body. By injecting medication around a specific nerve root, your doctor can determine whether this nerve root is causing your problem. This type of ESI is used most often for diagnostic purposes, and it is commonly used in the neck. Facet Joint Injection A facet joint injection is used to localize and treat low back pain caused by problems with your facet joints . These joints are located on each side of the vertebrae in your spine. They join the vertebrae together and allow your spine to move with flexibility. A facet joint injection is perhaps the best way to diagnose facet joint syndrome. Joints that look abnormal on an X-ray may in fact be painless, while joints that look fine may actually be a source of pain. This is a rather simple procedure with little risk. If the facet joint injection blocks the pain, your doctor is able to confirm that the problem is with the facet joint that was injected. The medication used also decreases inflammation that occurs in the joint from arthritis and joint degeneration. When performing a facet joint injection, it is important to make sure that the injection goes directly into the facet joint. Your doctor may use fluoroscopy to confirm that the needle is in the right position before any medication is injected. A fluoroscope uses X-rays to show a TV image. You doctor can watch on the screen as the needle is placed into your joint and magnify the image to increase accuracy. There are two types of facet joint injections. Interarticular — injected directly into the joint to block the pain and reduce inflammation. Nerve block — to help determine whether the joint is indeed a source of pain by blocking the small nerves that connect with the joint. Hardware Injections If you had spinal surgery that included the use of metal hardware such as screws or rods and you are now experiencing spinal pain, your doctor may need to determine whether the metal hardware that was used during surgery could be causing your discomfort. A hardware injection is performed by injecting lidocaine alongside the spinal hardware that was placed in your spine during surgery. If the pain is temporarily relieved by the injection, it may indicate that the hardware is causing your pain. SI Joint Injections Sacroiliac (SI) joint pain is easily confused with back pain from the spine. Your SI joint is located between your sacrum and pelvic bones. Sometimes injecting the SI joint with lidocaine may help your doctor determine whether your SI joint is the source of your pain. If the joint is injected and your pain does not go away, your pain is probably coming from somewhere else. But if your pain goes away immediately, this indicates your SI joint is the problem. In that case, your doctor may also inject cortisone into the joint before removing the needle. Cortisone is added to treat inflammation from SI joint arthritis. The injection usually gives temporary relief for several weeks or months. SI joint injections can be used both to treat pain and to determine the source of the pain. This injection usually requires the use of fluoroscopic guidance or a CT scan in order to make sure the needle is placed correctly in the joint. Differential Lower Extremity Injections Various types of injections into certain areas of your lower extremities can help your doctor find the cause of your pain. Pain that comes from problems with your back and your spinal nerves can mimic many other conditions. Sometimes it is impossible to tell whether the pain you are experiencing is due to a back condition or a problem in your hip, knee, or foot. To help determine whether a joint of your lower limb, such as your knee or hip, is causing you pain, your doctor may suggest injecting medication, such as lidocaine, into the joint to numb the area. Once the medication is injected, if the pain goes away immediately, that joint is more likely to be the source of the pain than your back. Your doctor can then focus on finding the problem in the joint. Risks Associated with Spinal Injections General In general, when certain medical conditions are present, your doctor may decide it is unsafe to perform a spinal injection. Your doctor will discuss any concerns with you before making a final decision. If you have a tendency to heavy bleeding or are on anti-coagulant therapy (medication that prevents blood clotting), you are not a good candidate for spinal injections. Your doctor might ask you to stop all medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen five days before the injection. These medications can decrease the ability of your blood to clot and may lead to problems. Make sure your doctor has a list of your medications well ahead of your scheduled procedure. If you have a local or systemic (whole body) infection, a spinal injection may put you at greater risk for spreading the infection into your spine, causing meningitis (inflammation in the covering that surrounds your spinal cord). Make sure to tell your doctor if you have any infected wounds, boils, or rashes anywhere on your body. Spinal injections are usually an elective procedure offered to patients without life-threatening conditions. A medically unstable patient should have his or her medical condition treated before any elective injections are given. ESI-specific Risks Your doctor may recommend you not have an ESI if you have abnormalities in the epidural space of your spine. Such abnormalities could be congenital (present at birth) or from a previous surgery that has left scarring. Your doctor may also recommend against an ESI if you have an infection. Injecting steroids, such as cortisone, anywhere in your body allows for absorption of the medication into your bloodstream and can lower your body's ability to fight infections. Cortisone should not be used if there is any type of serious infection in your body. Absorption of the medication may also cause a systemic corticosteroid effect such as fluid retention or interference with blood glucose control. An epidural might not be appropriate for patients with diabetes or congestive heart failure. General Precautions Consider these basic warnings before choosing to have a spinal injection: If you regularly take a platelet-inhibiting drug, such as aspirin or NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), you have an increased risk of bleeding and might not be a candidate for a spinal injection. If you are hypersensitive or have certain allergies to medications, you may have a negative reaction to the drugs used in the injection. Make sure to give your doctor a list of all your allergies. If you have an accompanying medical illness, you should discuss the risks of spinal injections with your doctor. For instance, patients with diabetes mellitus might experience an increase in blood sugar after an injection with cortisone. Patients with congestive heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, or a significant cardiac disease may have problems due to the effects of fluid retention several days after an injection. Print Version "


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com Contact Paychex Paychex resides at 911 Panorama Trail South Rochester, NY 14625, United States provides here all the necessory details like contact number +1 585-385-6666, Fax: 585-383-3428 by which customers can reach to Paychex Go to www.paychex.com and get more information from there.

Contact Address For Paychex911 Panorama Trail South Rochester, NY 14625, United States You can visit Paychex on the address mentioned above and ask your queries or register your complaints. (Please call before visit Paychex)Email address to send mail to Paychex Send mail to Paychex using the email address mentioned above and Paychex may not be reply back. Call Paychex Phone Numbers for Help:+1 585-385-6666, Fax: 585-383-3428Call to Paychex for any help. You can visit Paychex Website for more information:www.paychex.

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what county is belvidere in il

Belvidere ( /bɛlvɨdɪər/) is a city in Boone County, Illinois, United States. The population was 25,585 as of the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Boone County. Belvidere is part of the Rockford, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Belvidere is located at 42°15′17″N 88°50′39″W / 42.25472°N 88.84417°W / 42.25472; -88.84417 (42.254758, -88.844093), and sits at an altitude that is approximately 800 feet (240 m) above sea level.

Belvidere, IL

Belvidere, ILNearby Directions

Located in north central Illinois, Belvidere is approximately 75 miles (121 km) northwest of the downtown of Chicago, and approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of Rockford. Belvidere is divided by the Kishwaukee River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.1 square miles (23.6 km²), of which, 9.1 square miles (23.5 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.1 km²) of it (0.55%) is water. Belvidere is located in north central Illinois and is 75 miles from downtown Chicago on Routes 20, 76 and the Northern Illinois Toll road, with the Kishwaukee River dividing the town. We have an industrial community surrounded by prosperous farms. It is the County Seat with an estimated 2006 county population of over 52,000. Our altitude is 800 feet above sea level, average temperatures are: 73 degrees F in the summer; 24 degrees F in the winter, and the average rainfall is 33.3 inches.


how long is the chinese wall

The Great Wall of China is an enormous 13,000 miles - or 21,000km - long. It is located in northern China, and the most famous section is Great Wall-Badaling. The wall is now a famous UN World Heritage Site which has been visited by more than 300 heads of state, including Barack Obama and David Cameron.

How long is the Great Wall of China, why was it built and how long did it take to build? Hereâs all you need to know

MADE IN CHINAHow long is the Great Wall of China, why was it built and how long did it take to build? Here’s all you need to know It's the longest wall in the world - and construction began in 770 BCBy JOSIE GRIFFITHS26th January 2017, 1:00 pm Updated: 26th January 2017, 1:00 pm NOT only is it the longest wall in the world, it's also a spectacular show of architecture which draws in more than 10 million visitors every year. In the past, Donald Trump has attempted to silence critics to his 1,900-mile proposed Mexico Wall, calling it 'peanuts' in comparison to the Great Wall of China. Alamy The Great Wall of China has 10 million visitors every year This is everything you need to know about China 's famous landmark, and why it was built. How long is the Great Wall of China and where is it?

This video is either unavailable or not supported in this browser Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_SRC_NOT_SUPPORTEDTechnical details : No compatible source was found for this media. Session ID: 2018-04-12:12456e94cc6dbc5de6a532e3 Player ID: 5573620269001_5067014667001OKWhy was the Great Wall of China built? China's border walls were first built during the Zhou Dynasty, back in 770 BC. Then, in 221-207 BC, the First Emperor of Qin commissioned an extension of the wall - to protect his territory from invasion by northern states. During Han Wudi's reign, in 206 BC, the wall was lengthened into western China, to protect the Silk Road trade. It was extended into the Yumen Pass and beyond, and this portion of the project took more than 400 years to complete. Alamy The winding wall snakes across northern China Alamy It is an enormous 13,000 miles long How long did the Great Wall of China take to build?

In total, the Great Wall of China took more than 2,000 years to build - between 770 BC and 1633 AD. However, its construction was completed in stages - spanning over several dynasties and leaderships. The most recent portion was built during The Ming Dynasty.

In 1368, Hero General Qi Jiguang ordered for the Great Wall to be rebuilt around the country's capital of Beijing. The project was finally completed in 1644. READ MOREWhat is The Wall, how can Donald Trump make Mexico pay for it, how long will the border be and how much will it cost? Start your tour in Beijing then walk through the ages up to the Great Wall of China Donald Trump decree calls for ‘immediate construction’ of Mexico wall, probe into sanctuary cities and 5,000 more border guards Central Park, Niagara Falls… and the Harry Potter Studio Tour: This is every country’s top attraction, according to Tripadvisor President Enrique Pena Nieto says Mexico will NOT pay for the border wall after Donald Trump insisted country will fork out ‘100 per cent’Comments Topics Explainers China Comments


can liquid calcium help you grow taller

To grow taller you need plenty of calcium (milk), protein and zinc and a deficiency can stunt your growth. A deficiency of calcium can stunt your growth. At 15 you can expect to grow another 3 inches in the next 3 years to peak at 18 as males usually stop growing at 18.

Does Calcium Help People get Taller?

Health Diet & Fitness Does Calcium Help People get Taller? I Know that Calcium helps people have strong bones and helps people grow when they have a growth spurt, But does it Help people grow taller just by taking it? (and Ive asked questions on here about this already, I KNOW, you dont have to tell me..... Im just tryin to find out more about Health and stuff)...and if so,... show more Follow Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: yes, IF you are not getting enough Calcium in your normal diet, but if you are eating right it probbly won't help. Best source is milk as i know it is helping me to get even taller, but the other reason is supplements can be dangerous, it is possble to bult up to much calcium in the blood stream and can be life threating. I know cause my aunt is a nurse and told me about I guy that happened too. Stick with food for calcium intake. Anonymous · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Does Calcium Make You Taller Source (s):https://shrinke.im/a0rc9huang · 1 year ago0 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: Does Calcium Help People get Taller? I Know that Calcium helps people have strong bones and helps people grow when they have a growth spurt, But does it Help people grow taller just by taking it? (and Ive asked questions on here about this already, I KNOW, you dont have to tell me..... Im just tryin to find out more about Health and... Source (s):calcium people taller: https://tr.im/JMygp Anonymous · 3 years ago0 0 Comment Seems have a big turn in a person's life. The external form of a person is ideal in the eyes of the planet when every feature is assembled in flawlessness or very nearly there. Of all of them, height represents an important role. Height is not just lots is one of the critical standards in plenty of areas: sports, being a part of the security force, wooing someone, obtaining a work or just bolstering one's assurance therefore, if you want to be slightly taller you just have to use this program https://tinyurl.im/a H5SE , grow taller 4 Idiots. The combination of proteins with growth hormones, could certainly lead to a taller stature and this really is what you would study on this book, how you can set this mixture used because this system really work for nearly all people. Constance · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Appears have a large turn in a person's life. The external kind of a person is ideal in the eyes of the planet when every function is assembled in flawlessness or very nearly there. Of them all, height represents a substantial role. Height is not just lots is one of many essential conditions in a lot of areas: sports, being a part of the defense force, wooing someone, obtaining a job or simply bolstering one's assurance therefore, if you want to be a bit taller you have to make use of this plan https://tr.im/Se Wt E , grow taller 4 Idiots. The mix of amino acids with growth hormones, might indeed lead to a taller stature and this is often what you would learn from this book, the way to set that mix used since this system actually benefit nearly all people.marnie · 2 years ago0 0 Comment If you are still within the growing age then perhaps you can add a few inches by eating a balanced diet and leading an active life. A nutritious diet that includes fruits and vegetables, dairy, cereals, meat, and plenty of water will aid the natural process for enhancing height. A good and proper night’s sleep is also essential for the growth process. Taking part in active sports along with some stretching exercises can have a cumulative effect on human growth. There is not much we can do to grow taller after puberty. There are many products in the market today that claim to increase height of adults, but they are all scams without sufficient scientific evidence. Surgical options, though available, are EXTREMELY RISKY and of course expensive. This leaves us with basically two options. 1. Stretching Exercises: - These exercises will help you improve your posture. You’ll be surprised that how much of “Height” is hidden behind your slouched back. You can, at any age, add an inch or two of height by simply improving your posture. Follow the link below for information on specific height enhancing exercises: http://walktallshoes.com/grow-taller-exe... 2. Second, you can create a “Taller” effect by following some smart fashion techniques. You can easily add another inch or two of “illusionary height” by improving your dress coordination. 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Good luck John M · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentactually, once you have reached about 18, you are pretty much done growing. the only thing that calcium would maybe do is make your bones stronger. that's it. i have been drinking milk ever since i was a child. i recently found out that, from my dentist, i have very long roots on my teeth. that is from calcium. if ever i would have to have my teeth pulled, it's going to be more painful for me then a normal person. i don't think calcium effect everyone the same. and you know, you can create calcium deposits, which are painful. be careful with vitamins and suppliments. you get a majority of your beneficial vitamins from your food. as long as you eat a well balanced diet, you should't need to take anything until you get older, like around 35-40 years old. if you are about that old, then i would suggest a daily vitamin, like sentrum. best of luck. 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If you are deficient in calcium you might stop growing at 15. Besides dairy products there is also plenty of calcium in tinned fish (such as tinned sardines and tinned salmon) as well as almonds, hazelnuts and sesame seeds Cheryl · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Only if you stand on a box of calcium pills. . Wise@ss · 1 decade ago2 2 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Learn the Effects of COPD Glucose Monitoring Devices Get an MBA while working Try online nursing courses?


what's an impact drill

An impact drill is a conventional hand tool equipped with an additional impact mechanism that allows for efficient drilling of masonry and concrete. The impact mechanism typically employs a cam arrangement to repeatedly move the chuck forward against spring pressure when the drill rotates.

What is an Impact Drill?

Drill bits used with the impact function of these drills are dedicated masonry or concrete bits with flattened, tungsten carbide tips. An impact drill may be used to drill into a variety of hard, aggregate materials such as brickwork, cement, and concrete. These drill types are available in a wide range of power ratings and include both AC (alternating current) and rechargeable battery models. An impact drill is specifically designed for masonry and concrete as it combines a concussive, chiseling action in addition to the rotary motion of the drill bit. This hammer or impact action is typically achieved with a pair of cammed discs and a movable, spring loaded chuck. One disc is attached to the chuck shaft and the other to an actuator switch. When the drill is set on impact or hammer action, the two discs are pressed together. As the chuck rotates, the cammed surface of the discs force it forward and backward against spring pressure, thus supplying the hammer action. Ad The masonry drill bits used in an impact drill differ from conventional bits in several ways. They feature a flattened, tungsten carbide tip section which is generally slightly wider than the drill shaft. This tip acts as a chisel and responds to the concussive impact by chipping away the material rather than cutting it as a conventional bit does. The dust and chips are then carried out of the hole by the spiral drill shaft. Impact drills are available in a wide range of sizes and designs suitable for most domestic and industrial applications. They may feature motor ratings as low as 250 watts and as high as 2,000 watts. Impact drill chucks are capable of accepting drill bits of up to 1 inch or more in diameter. Most impact drills are designed to run on AC power although rechargeable cordless models are also common. Many impact drill designs include multi-speed settings which allow for better control of the drill particularly when starting a hole. The impact drill is only suitable for use on masonry surfaces; it should never be used with conventional drill bits. Due to the percussive forces involved and the inherently brittle nature of the materials drilled, this type of drill generates large amounts of dust and fine chips. For this reason, eye protection should be used at all times when operating an impact drill. Masonry drill bits should also be regularly inspected for excessive wear or damage to prevent injuries. Ad You might also Like Recommended Related wise GEEK Articles What is a Drill Socket? What is a Masonry Drill? What is a Drill Chuck? What is a Drill Press? What are the Different Types of Hand Drills? Ad Discuss this Article Book Whisk Post 1The difference between a regular drill and an impact driver cannot be understated. You can use a impact driver for drilling holes, but it is for driving (and removing) screws & nuts where they really shine. The jarring action that the impact driver inflicts on a screw allows the user to drive with ease. Regular drills, on the other hand, only provide a constant force. Drills are fine for small screws or small jobs, but if you are doing any serious driving you will never regret getting a cordless impact driver. Post your comments Post Anonymously Loginusernamepasswordforgot password? Registerusernamepasswordconfirmemail


what is beverly hills md

om About Beverly Hills MDBeverly Hills MD is a line of cosmoceuticals that are claimed to treat and prevent some of the most difficult skin problems, and to provide real, accessible solutions that can help you look and feel your very best.

Beverly Hills MD Reviews

"Beverly Hills MD Reviews371 Consumer Reviews Beverly Hills MD products claim to contain a variety of proprietary ingredients that can reduce the appearance of lines and wrinkles and other signs of aging. Write a Review Category: Health & Beauty Review Topic: Anti-Aging, Skincare Website: www.beverlyhills-md.c

In fact, by including “revolutionary, clinically-proven ingredients,” Beverly Hills MD claims that their products have “broken new ground in anti-aging technology.”Beverly Hills MD Anti-Aging Products Founded by two plastic surgeons Drs. John Layke & Dr. Payman Danielpour, Beverly Hills MD’s anti-aging products are claimed to be safe and effective, and to contain only the highest quality ingredients that are free of harsh chemicals and irritants. In addition, Beverly Hills MD claims that none of their products are tested on animals. These include: Venox Anti-Aging Serum – Contains SYN®-AKE, a synthetic peptide that inhibits muscle contractions and promotes collagen production for firmer, younger-looking skin, and the reduced appearance of fine lines and deep wrinkles. Also includes palmitoyl peptides, ginkgo biloba extracts, and aloe leaf extract. Scar Recovery Restoration Serum – Claims to be an intense, rapid treatment that reduces the appearance of all types of scarring. Contains APT-GPF, a red marine algae, Actipone green papaya, Lanablue (another form of algae), Erasyl, Fiflow BTX, Abyssine, oat extract and oat beta glucan. Wrinkle Repair Night Treatment – Claims to be “formulated with Nobel Prize-winning ingredients,” including Grant-X, epidermal growth factor (EGF), Invisa Skin Matrix Rebuilder-O, and hyaluronic acid to stimulate collagen production, soften fine lines and wrinkles, and rebuild skin from the inside out. Lash Enhancing Serum – a non-prescription eyelash treatment that claims to use Myristol Pentapeptide-17 and hyaluronic acid to help your eyelashes grow “dramatically longer, thicker, denser, and darker,” while also helping them become healthier and stronger. Dark Spot Corrector – Claims to use Kakadu plum, Dermal Rx, daisy flower extract, and niacinamide (Vitamin B3) to help break up excessive pigment, diminish the look of dark marks, and prevent them from recurring. Lift + Firm Sculpting Cream – Claims to contain Progeline, caviar extract, Liftessence, Idealift, Sculptessence, and silk peptides to help enhance your skin’s internal support structure, thereby lifting it and giving a firmer, tighter look. According to the Beverly Hills MD website, their products should be used 1-4 times per day, depending on the type of product you’re using and the desired effect you’re looking to achieve. Because of this, be sure to read all included instructions before applying. Beverly Hills MD Product Pricing & Refund Policy Dark Spot Corrector - $129.95Lift + Firm Sculpting Cream - $120.00Wrinkle Repair Night Treatment - $88.00Dark Circle Corrector - $99.00Lash Enhancing Serum - $85.00Line Smoothing Serum - $149.00Emergency Under-Eye Fix - $65.00Anti-Aging Lip Enhancer - $31.99Derma Repair Complex - $58.00Crepe Correcting Body Complex - $99.990Deep Regenerating Stem Cell Moisturizer - $150.00Body Smooth Exfoliator - $58.00Repair + Reverse Daily Serum - $125.00Rose Stem Cell Daily Cleanser - $70.00Each product also comes with the ability to save more money by purchasing multiple bottles per order. Beverly Hills MD anti-aging products come with a 60-day refund policy, less S&H charges. In order to initiate the process, you’ll need to contact customer service at 877-828-5528. Can Beverly Hills MD Products Really Help You Look Younger? Despite their extremely high price, can you realistically expect Beverly Hills MD’s anti-aging products to help reduce lines and wrinkles and other signs of aging? Perhaps, but keep the following in mind: What Do Other Consumers Have to Say About Beverly Hills MD? Although the Beverly Hills MD website was first registered in January 2014, other than bloggers who were given free products in exchange for reviews, there are essentially no online reviews for their products. However, we were able to locate some reviews for their Dark Spot Corrector on Makeup Alley, most of which were positive. However, the only negative review featured there claimed that the others were fake, based on their history and the time/date posted. Speaking of which, it’s interesting to note that every review posted on the Beverly Hills MD website is between 4 and 5 stars, although there isn’t a review submission form located anywhere. This leads us to wonder where these reviews originally came from, as well as how trustworthy they are. Advertisement Beverly Hills MD Product Ingredients Breakdown Beverly Hills MD products contain a number of proprietary ingredients from third-party manufacturers, as well as some that we’ve never seen included in an anti-aging product before, so let’s take a closer look at each. Venox Anti-Aging Serum SYN®-AKE is a product of Pentapharm, and is claimed to mimic the activity of Temple Viper venom by relax facial muscles for decreased appearance of lines and wrinkles. The company claims that clinical trials show SYN®-AKE to be effective, although the results are not available through third-party websites. Palmitoyl peptides may help trick your skin’s cells into creating more collagen, thereby enhancing its appearance. However, it’s important to note that there are numerous types of peptides, and we’re not informed which ones are present in Venox. Ginkgo biloba and aloe leaf extract contain high levels of antioxidants, which can help your skin prevent damage caused by free radicals. However, whether or not Venox Anti-Aging Serum contains enough of these ingredients to make any difference in your skin is unclear. Scar Recovery Restoration Serum APT-GPF, is a product of Centerchem, and is derived from red marine algae to “increase cell turnover, firmness, elasticity and smoothness and bring about fine line reduction.” However, neither Centerchem nor any third-party websites provide copies of the trial’s results. There isn’t much information available online about Actipone green papaya, although it appears to provide antioxidant properties. Lanablue, created by Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, claims to be extracted from blue-green algae from the Cascadia region, and to smooth skin and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. However, clinical trials are not available online. Erasyl appears to be focused on boosting collagen production, although very little information is available about this ingredient online. Created by The Innovation Company, Fiflow BTX is claimed to instantly relax muscles and fill in facial lines and wrinkles. No clinical trials were available online at the time of our research. Another Lucas Meyer product, Abyssine claims to be an exopolysaccharide harvested from extremophil living near deep sea vents that can reduce “the expression of ICAM-1 (a skin stress marker involved in skin reactivity).” This document provides an outline of what was found during clinical trials, although there are no copies of these trials available online. Oat extract and oat beta glucan are included for their moisturizing properties. Wrinkle Repair Night Treatment Grant-X is claimed to be clinically proven to “gently improve the appearance of facial fine line and wrinkles by over 50%.” However, there is no third-party verification of this clinical study available online. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a “growth factor that stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation” and may help reduce the signs of aging. Created by Grant Industries, Invisa Skin Matrix Rebuilder-O claims to be an “anti-aging skin care complex combining the activity of Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-14 and plant derived glycoconjugates (Goji berry extract) for a maximum synergistic effect rebuilding skin's extra cellular matrix.” However, copies of clinical trials were not available online. Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient found in almost all anti-aging products, although Web MD states that there is insufficient evidence showing that it can prevent the effects of aging. Lash Enhancing Serum Myristoyl Pentapeptide-17 is a peptide found in many eyelash products and has been shown to help some individuals lengthen and strengthen their lashes. However, this effect is often minimal, and there are some serious side effects related to its use, so you should speak with your physician before using. Dark Spot Corrector Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) is a flowering plant containing high levels of Vitamin C, which can act as an antioxidant and shield your skin from free radical damage. Dermal Rx, a Bio Cogent product, is claimed to provide a variety of anti-aging benefits. However, it’s important to note that there are 5 different Dermal Rx formulations, although we’re not advised which one is included here. As with most of these other formulations, there is no clinical evidence provided to support these claims. Daisy flower extract is a common ingredient in lightening creams and serums, although there is no clinical evidence available showing its efficacy. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) has a vast number of benefits, although Web MD claims that there is insufficient evidence showing it can provide any anti-aging benefits. Lift + Firm Sculpting Cream Beverly Hills MD Lift + Firm Sculpting Cream Review | High Ya Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 8:40For more product tests: Click here to subscribe to High Ya’s You Tube channel The third Lucas Meyer Cosmetics ingredient used in Beverly Hills MD products, Progeline is a biomimetic peptide derived from Elafin that claims to reduce signs of aging, specifically sagging and wrinkles located around the jaw line. No clinical trials could be confirmed, however. Caviar extract is a relatively recent ingredient in anti-aging products, and any clinical trials conducted are property of the respective manufacturers. However, this Future Derm article claims, “But it’s difficult to know exactly what you’re getting under the name “caviar extract,” particularly because it seems to be a catch-all for ingredients that come from fish eggs in general.”Two more Lucas Meyer products, Liftessence and Sculptessence, are claimed to decrease wrinkles and volume along the jaw line, with no clinical studies available to back up these claims. Idealift is claimed to support tissue structure and stimulate elastin synthesis. As with the other peptides present in Beverly Hills MD products, silk peptides are claimed to reduce the signs of aging due to their natural water solubility. Who Is Dr. John Layke & Dr. Payman Danielpour? Dr. John Layke & Dr. Payman Danielpour are co-owners of Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery Group based out of Beverly Hills, CA. Overall, looking at websites such as Yelp.com, Vitals.com, and Health Grades.com, the doctors and their practice appear to have a mostly customer positive reputation. Before co-founding Beverly Hills MD, Dr. Layke attended medical school at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, FL, trained in General Surgery at the University of Illinois Metropolitan Group Hospitals, and concluded his surgical training at the prestigious Long Island Plastic Surgical Group. Dr. Layke is board certified by the American Board of Surgery and the American Board of Plastic Surgery, and is affiliated with the top-ranked Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. In addition to his integral role at Beverly Hills MD, where he focuses on using natural, “cutting edge” ingredients to “reclaim lost youth,” Dr. John Layke is a frequent guest on radio programs and TV shows, as well as the author of several published articles in reputable medical and surgical journals. Arbitration Agreement Finally, keep in mind that by placing an order to the Beverly Hills MD website, you’ll be required to adhere to an arbitration agreement, which means that you won’t be able to litigate against the company as a plaintiff or as part of a class action lawsuit. Bottom Line As part of an industry that’s constantly evolving and trying to outdo the competition in one way or another, Beverly Hills MD’s anti-aging products include a lot of proprietary, third-party ingredients that sound really cool and are made to appear effective, although verifiable clinical trials for these products appear to be scarce. This, in combination with the products’ high prices and lack of customer reviews would lead us to suggest speaking with your dermatologist about whether or not Beverly Hills MD products are right for you. More on Skincare: Learning To Read Your Cosmetics Label Can Save You Cash Tired of Battling Cosmetic Concerns? Doctors Share Which Treatments Fix Your Skin & Scars for Good How to Test Your Next Beauty Product to See If it Really Makes a Difference Advertisement Sign Up for High Ya Newsletter Sign up for High Ya newsletter and get our best content delivered in your inbox as well as 3 free e Books to help you save money and shop smarter. Enter your email below to get started!371 Consumer Reviews for Beverly Hills MDWrite a Review Average Consumer Rating: 4.2Rating Snapshot: 5 star: 2534 star: 533 star: 32 star: 121 star: 50Bottom Line: 83% would recommend it to a friend Showing 1-11 of 371Sort reviews by: Newest1 out 1 people found this review helpful Always love Lift and Firm, and works great with new serum!By Dodi, Covina, CA, Mar 30, 2018Verified Reviewer Lift and Firm has been a great product that I've used for about a year now. It is non-greasy and fast absorbing. I use it twice a day as recommended, works well as a foundation primer. Combined with the new Brighten & Tighten moisturizing facial oil, my skin has smoothed and many comments on how young I look, and my husband noticed the difference first! Thank you for making such effective affordable products!Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)0 out 1 people found this review helpful Lift and Firm really works!By Deborah Jameson, Elberton, GA, Mar 25, 2018Verified Reviewer I’ve been using Lift and Firm for over a year. The very first time I used it, I noticed that the lines around my mouth and lips were nearly gone. The cream just plumped up my skin and made me look younger! The same thing happened on my forehead where I have a few lines, and around my eyes with those crows feet! I also have a little bit of loose skin under my jawbone, and that was also lifted and firm!Just like the name of the product, my skin on my face and neck was all lifted and firm! I love the way it feels, you don’t feel anything! Lift and Firm is unlike other products I’ve tried where your skin feels tight. A couple of months ago I went to visit family in another state. I hadn’t seen them in a little over a year. They wanted to know what I was doing. One comment was, “I’m looking older, and you look like you’re going backward. You’re older than me, and you’re looking younger!” That really made me feel good! So, of course, I told them what I was using and how it worked and how good I felt when I looked in the mirror. Their comments just confirmed what I saw in the mirror. Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)Advertisement Thrilled!By J'Ulene Montklai La Que, Minneapolis, MN, Mar 21, 2018Verified Reviewer I am truly ""in love"" with this product because I saw a difference in my skin from the very first application and with subsequent use for the last two weeks!It is light, easily absorbed, with a pleasant texture and ""feel."" Makeup glides on very easily soon after application and looks better as a result. I would recommend this product without reservations!Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)5 out 5 people found this review helpful Awful product, avoid. By Kyle Taylor, Coventry, England, Mar 20, 2018Verified Reviewer It made my lines bigger, circles darker, and eyes puffier. An absolute scam! And when you smile, every crease is increased! Rubbish. I do not recommend. These same products similar to this have been around for many, many years. All the same, your face is tight, and you are afraid to move a muscle as it all stands out! So why do they advertise it as a miracle? You would definitely have to wear makeup to cover up any problems, and will still be tight and wrinkles bigger. These companies need to be more truthful. All are just a money maker with terrible results. Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)Advertisement2 out 2 people found this review helpful Excellent results By Cathi Muzaffer, Denver, CO, Mar 7, 2018Verified Reviewer The Lift & Firm Sculpting cream was my initiation into the miracles of the Beverly Hills MD products. The results were overwhelming satisfying and has lead me to a world of all there other amazing products. This is the first face cream I’ve ever purchased that actually did what it claimed it would! Please keep up the good works BMD!Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)12 out 12 people found this review helpful Didn't erase crepe. By Claudia Hicks, Richmond, VA, Mar 1, 2018Verified Reviewer I bought three jars of Crepe Correcting Body Complex last year to use on my arms before my son's wedding. I followed the directions religiously, using all three jars. I saw no change whatsoever. I am 64, and according to friends generally look 10 years younger and very healthy. There is no reason this did not work at all other than the product makes claims it cannot back up. I was just going to order another filler product until I realized it is from the same company, and I no longer trust anything they have to say. Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (2)Mar 2, 2018Samantha , Customer Service Director Hi Claudia! I'm Sam from Beverly Hills MD. I am so sorry to hear that you did not experience the results you had expected while using the Crepe Correcting Body Complex. We do understand that everybody is different, so our products may or may not work for everybody. We wholeheartedly stand by our products, so we do offer a 60-Day Money Back Guarantee if you are even slightly unsatisfied with your experience. Just email me at sam@beverlyhillsmd.com, and I can begin the refund process right away! Again, I truly apologize for the experience you had but I hope I can make this right by you. I look forward to hearing from you!Apr 7, 2018REBECCAI had similar lack of results as Claudia had from Richmond, VA. I've used two jars on my face, chest, and forearms with no noticeable improvement. I've become increasingly skeptical of ""experts"" who swear their products are ""miracles,"" including the famous Dr. Oz who endorses them all and is getting mega-rich, as his followers are getting heartbroken and disappointed. Heartless scam artists!A2Becky Do you have an account? Log In before commenting. (If you don’t have an account – don’t worry, you can create it after)* Name Email* Your Comment2 out 3 people found this review helpful Love By Bridget Malin, Warren, NJ, Feb 21, 2018Verified Reviewer I love it! I’ve seen a difference in a very short period of time in my neck and chest areas. I will definitely be recommending it to all my ladies. I know they will be so happy, and I’ll be buying more!Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (1)4 out 4 people found this review helpful Works wonderfully firming and rejuvenating your skin. By Craig Hilborn, Lakewood, CO, Feb 8, 2018Verified Reviewer I have used it in the past and just got away from using it and noticed the difference in my appearance and didn't like it. I'm 62 years old and the people I work with comment on my facial skin and appearance and how youthful it looks. They think I'm in my mid fifty's. Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)21 out 22 people found this review helpful You’ll never get your money back if you are not satisfied By Barbara Nassaur, Georgia, Jan 22, 2018Verified Reviewer I used their product faithfully for 30 days. I stopped using it because I felt there was not a teensy bit of improvement, then emailed asking for a refund. Crickets! I asked a second time. Still crickets! They got my money, and I got a bunch of large, useless capsules! Don’t waste your time or money!Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (4)View all 4 comments Feb 20, 2018Samantha , Customer Service Director Hi Carrie, I'm Sam from Beverly Hills MD. Thank you so much for reaching out. I am so sorry to hear that you did not experience all of the results you had expected when using our product. While a majority of our customers love the ""Deep Wrinkle Filler,"" we do understand that everybody's skin is different and it may not work for everyone. I would be more than happy to issue you a full refund, just for giving our product a try. Please email me directly at Sam@beverlyhillsmd.com and I can begin the refund process right away. I look forward to hearing from you and making this right!Mar 5, 2018Deana Wells I was just thinking about ordering the new Deep Wrinkle Filler. It's pretty pricey I think, so after reading the reviews on it, I've changed my mind. Kudos to the reviews on this product! I appreciate it. Do you have an account? Log In before commenting. (If you don’t have an account – don’t worry, you can create it after)* Name Email* Your Comment5 out 5 people found this review helpful An amazing difference By Rende Coward, Cedar Hill, TX, Jan 14, 2018Verified Reviewer When the Lift and Firm Sculpting cream first went on sale three years ago, I bought five jars at once. I used them and saw amazing results. I am 58 and starting to get loose skin around the jowl line and under my chin, making me look and feel at least 15 years older than my age. Two years ago, I was diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer that required six months of very strong chemo which dried my skin out terribly. I used the last of my wonderful creams, but with all the medical bills piling up, I could not justify the expense, so I went to L'Oreal and Roc products. Over time, the sagginess returned, and I noticed that the skin under my chin actually moved from side to side when I walked. Fortunately, another sale came up, and I was able to purchase another jar, and within two weeks my skin tightened back to where I no longer had that loose lizard-skin under my chin. Just looking better has helped me regain my confidence, and at this stage in my life, that is priceless. Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)3 out 4 people found this review helpful This is one of the many skin products I have tried that I can see works. By Susan Vasco, Laguna Woods, CA, Jan 13, 2018Verified Reviewer At 70 years old with good genetics, my face is wrinkle-free with the exception of some minor laugh lines. However, I have noticed my wrinkle-free face dropping downward, especially around the joules. This product has corrected that situation enough that I can notice it. I have tried all and every kind of skin products, and this is the only one I re-order. Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful?yes no Comments (0)Page 1 of 341 2 3Showing 1-11 of 371Write a Review for Beverly Hills MD!Share your experience to help others shop smarter & discover great products. Write a Reviewrelated content: Newa1 review Essencia Revitalizing Moisturizer18 reviews Kra'sa Anti-Aging2 reviews How to Avoid Sunburn on Your Vacation Best Cellulite Creams That Can Potentially Diminish Dimpling Appearance Sign Up for High Ya Newsletter Get our free how-to guides and tips that will help you become an informed consumer, save money, and shop smarter. "


types of mongooses animals

nge The small Asian mongoose ( Herpestes javanicus) is a species of mongoose found in the wild in South and Southeast Asia.

Small Asian mongoose

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Small Asian mongoose Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1) [1]Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Herpestidae Genus: Herpestes Species: H. javanicus Binomial name Herpestes javanicus ( É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)Subspecies H. j. javanicus H. j. auropunctatus H. j. exilis H. j. orientalis H. j. pallipes H. j. palustris H. j. peninsulae H. j. perakensis H. j. rafflesii H. j. rubifrons H. j. siamensis H. j. tjerapai Small Asian mongoose ra

It has also been introduced to Hawaii, the Bahamas, Cuba, Croatia, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles, Belize, Honduras, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana and Mafia Island. [2] The western subspecies group is sometimes treated as a separate species, the Indian mongoose or small Indian mongoose ( Herpestes palustris ). Contents [ hide ]1 Description2 Distribution and habitat3 Diet4 Behavior and reproduction5 Introduction to Hawaii6 Introduction to Caribbean7 Introduction to Okinawa8 Invasive species9 References10 External links11 Further reading Description [ edit]This species of mongoose is sympatric with Herpestes edwardsii in much of its native range and can be readily distinguished from the latter species by its much smaller size. The body is slender and the head is elongated with a pointed snout. The lengths of the head and body is 509-671mm. The ears are short. They have five toed feet with long claws. Genders differ in size with males having a wider head and bigger bodies. [3]They use about 12 different vocalizations. [4]Distribution and habitat [ edit]This species occurs naturally throughout most of southern mainland Asia, from Iraq to China, as well as on the island of Java, at altitudes up to 2200 m. It has also been introduced to dozens of islands in the Pacific and Caribbean (including Saint Lucia, Jamaica and Puerto Rico), as well as a few in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean, as well as to mainland Venezuela. It is capable of living among fairly dense human populations. Mongooses live in scrublands and dry forest. On Pacific Islands they live in rainforests as well. Diet [ edit]These mongoose mostly eat insects but are opportunistic feeders and will eat crabs, frogs, spiders, scorpions, snakes, small mammals, birds and eggs. Behavior and reproduction [ edit]Mongooses are mostly solitary although males will sometimes form social groups and share burrows. Pregnancy duration is up to 49 days. A litter can consist of 2–5 young. Introduction to Hawaii [ edit]The 1800s was a huge century for sugar cane, and plantations shot up on many tropical islands including Hawaii, Fiji and Jamaica. With sugar cane came rats, attracted to the sweet plant, which ended up causing crop destruction and loss. Attempts were made to introduce the species in Trinidad in 1870 but this failed. [5] A subsequent trial with four males and five females from Calcutta however established in Jamaica in 1872. A paper published by W. B. Espeut that praised the results intrigued Hawaiian plantation owners who, in 1883, brought 72 mongooses from Jamaica to the Hamakua Coast on the Big Island. These were raised and their offspring were shipped to plantations on other islands. [6] Populations that have been introduced to these islands show larger range sizes than in their native ranges. [7] They also show genetic diversification due to drift and population isolation. [8]Only the islands of Lana'i and Kaua'i are thought to be free of mongooses. There are two conflicting stories of why Kaua'i was spared. The first is that the residents of Kaua'i were opposed to having the animals on the island and when the ship carrying the offspring reached Kaua'i, the animals were thrown overboard and drowned. A second story tells that on arriving on Kaua'i one of the mongooses bit a dockworker who, in a fit of anger, threw the caged animals into the harbor to drown. [9]Introduction to Caribbean [ edit]Starting in 1870, the small Asian mongoose was introduced to Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, St. Croix (1884), also to prey upon black rats ( Rattus rattus) that were ravaging the sugarcane industry. While very successful in reducing sugarcane damage from rats, the introduction had a negative impact on reptiles and other animals. For instance, the solenodons were almost made extinct. green iguana ( Iguana iguana) has been greatly reduced in number and the St. Croix ground lizard ( Ameiva polops) was eliminated from the island of St. Croix (but not from Protestant Cay, Green Cay, Ruth Cay, and Buck Island) before 1962. Ground nesting birds have also been greatly affected. Mongooses have even preyed upon fawns of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ). Because of the negative effect on other animals, the United States and other countries in the Americas banned importing live mongoose. [10] [11]Introduction to Okinawa [ edit]The mongoose was introduced onto Okinawa Island in 1910 and Amami Ōshima Island in 1979 in an attempt to control the population of Habu ( Trimeresurus flavoviridis, 波布) and other pests; an invasive species, they have since become pests themselves. [12] [13] The efficacy of the mongoose against the habu population was quite limited however since the mongoose is a diurnal creature and the habu is nocturnal. As such they didn't encounter each other as often as had been desired. [14]Invasive species [ edit]Most reports claim that the mongoose introduction did not have the desired effect of rat control, either in Hawaii or St. Croix. (This may be because rats are nocturnal and mongooses aren't.) The mongoose hunted birds and bird eggs, threatening many local island species. The mongooses bred prolifically with males becoming sexually mature at 4 months and females producing litters of 2–5 pups a year. On Okinawa, the mongoose is known to carry antimicrobial-resistant strains of E. coli. [15]Mongooses can carry leptospirosis, [16] and are a major rabies vector in Puerto Rico. [17]In 2016, the European Commission put the mongoose on the list of invasive alien species in the EU. [18]References [ edit]^ Wozencraft, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Choudury, A.; Muddapa, D.; Yonzon, P.; Kanchanasaka, B.; Jennings A. & Veron, G. (2008). "" Herpestes javanicus "". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.^ LONG JL 2003. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence (Cabi Publishing) by John L. Long ( ISBN 9780851997483)^ Nellis, D. W (1989) Herpestes auropunctatus. Mammalian species 342:1–6 PDF^ Mulligan, B E and D W Nellis (1973) Sounds of the Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 (1):320-320^ Hoagland, D. B., G. R. Horst, and C. W. Kilpatrick (1989) Biogeography and population biology of the mongoose in the West Indies. Pages 611–634 in C. A. Woods, editor. Biogeography of the West Indies. Sand Hill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA.^ Espeut, W. B. 1882. On the acclimatization of the Indian mongoose in Jamaica. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882:712–714.^ Simberloff, D.; T. Dayan; C. Jones & Go Ogura (2000). ""Character displacement and release in the small Indian mongoose, Herpestes javanicus "" (PDF). Ecology. 81 (8): 2086–2099. doi: 10.2307/177098.^ Carl-Gustaf Thulin; Daniel Simberloff; Arijana Barun; Gary Mc Cracken; Michel Pascal & M. Anwarul Islam (2006). ""Genetic divergence in the small Indian mongoose ( Herpestes auropunctatus ), a widely distributed invasive species"" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 15 (13): 3947–3956. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03084.x. PMID 17054495.^ ""Hawaiian Creatures - Small Asian Mongoose"". www.instanthawaii.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.^ Ley, Willy (December 1964). ""The Rarest Animals"". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 94–103.^ George A. Seaman & John E. Randall (1962). ""The Mongoose as a Predator in the Virgin Islands"". Journal of Mammalogy. American Society of Mammalogists. 43 (4): 544–546. doi: 10.2307/1376922. JSTOR 1376922.^ ""The Small Asian Mongoose introduced to the Island of Okinawa and Amami-Oshima: The Impact and Control Measure."" Science Links Japan. Accessed 15 Feb 2009.^ Fisher, Cindy. Marines defend Camp Gonsalves from encroaching mongoose 9 July 2006. Stars and Stripes. Accessed 15 Feb 2009.^ okinawanaturephotography.com^ Nakamura, Ichiro; Obi, Takeshi; Sakemi, Yoko (August 2011). ""The Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Two Species of Invasive Alien Mammals in Japan"". JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE. 73 (8): 1067–1070. doi: 10.1292/jvms.10-0525. PMID 21467758.^ Ishibashi Osamu ; Ahagon Ayako ; Nakamura Masaji ; Morine Nobuya ; Taira Katsuya ; Ogura Go ; Nakachi Manabu ; Kawashima Yoshitsugu ; Nakada Tadashi (2006) Distribution of Leptospira Spp. on the Small Asian Mongoose and the Roof Rat Inhabiting the Northern Part of Okinawa Island. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 11 (1):35–41^ ""Distribution of major rabies virus variants among mesocarnivores in the United States and Puerto Rico, 2008 to 2015"".^ ""Adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council"" (PDF). External links [ edit]Wikispecies has information related to Herpestes javanicus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herpestes javanicus. Small Indian mongoose photos Invasive species database Further reading [ edit]Tseng, Zhijie; Flynn, John (January 2015). ""Convergence analysis of a finite element skull model of Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora, Mammalia): Implications for robust comparative inferences of biomechanical function"". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 365: 112–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.002. PMID 25445190. [ show]v t e Extant Carnivora species Taxon identifiers Wd: Q600530 ADW: Herpestes_javanicus Eo L: 311956 EPPO: HRPSJA GBIF: 2434271i Naturalist: 41901 ITIS: 552467 IUCN: 70203940 MSW: 14000608 NCBI: 140016 Species+: 6973Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species Herpestes Mammals of Pakistan Mammals of Nepal Mammals of Bangladesh Mammals of India Mammals of the Middle East Mammals of Southeast Asia Mammals of Puerto Rico Mammals of Cuba Mammals of Jamaica Mammals of the Caribbean Mammals of the Dominican Republic Mammals of Haiti Mammals of the Bahamas Mammals of Barbados Mammals of Grenada Mammals of Saint Kitts and Nevis Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago Mammals of Belize Mammals of Honduras Mammals of Panama Mammals of Guyana Mammals of Suriname Mammals of Colombia Mammals of South America Mammals of Venezuela Carnivorans of Malaysia Mammals of Central America Introduced animals of Hawaii "


what does a fingernail consist of

A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in most primates and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin. This protein is also found in the hooves and horns of different animals.

Nail (anatomy)

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Fingernail bed)navigation search For the nail on a bird's beak, see Nail (beak). ""Toenail"" redirects here. For the construction technique, see Toenailing. Nail A gorilla 's fingernails Details Identifiers Latin unguis Me SH D009262TA A16.0.01.001TH H3.12.00.3.02001FMA 54326Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]

Contents1 Structure1.1 Parts of the nail2 Function2.1 Growth2.2 Permeability3 Clinical significance3.1 Health and care3.2 Effect of nutrition4 Society and culture4.1 Fashion4.2 Length records5 Evolution in primates6 See also7 References Structure [ edit]Human nails Fingernails Toenails A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. hyponychium; H. free margin. The bed part of the nail after its removal The nail consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. [1]Parts of the nail [ edit]The matrix, sometimes called [2] the matrix unguis, keratogenous membrane, nail matrix, or onychostroma, is the tissue (or germinal matrix) which the nail protects. [3] It is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. [4] [ unreliable source?] The matrix produces cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip itself shows if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. [5] [ unreliable source?] The matrix will continue to produces cells as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. [6] As new nail plate cells are made, they push older nail plate cells forward; and in this way older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color. [7] [ unreliable source? ]The lunula (""small moon"") is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. [8] The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger. The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. [8] [ unreliable source?] Like all skin, it is made of two types of tissues: the deeper dermis, the living tissue which includes capillaries and glands, [9] [ unreliable source?] and the epidermis, the layer just beneath the nail plate, which moves toward the finger tip with the plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal ""grooves"" [5] called matrix crests ( cristae matricis unguis ). [3] [9] In old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. [5]The nail sinus ( sinus unguis) is where the nail root is; [3] i.e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix. [4]The nail plate ( corpus unguis) [3] is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be strong but flexible. [5] Its (transverse) shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. [5] In common usage, the word nail often refers to this part only. The free margin ( margo liber) or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. [3] The hyponychium (informally known as the ""quick"") [10] is the epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. [4] The onychodermal band is the seal between the nail plate and the hyponychium. It is just under the free edge, in that portion of the nail where the nail bed ends and can be recognized in fair-skinned people by its glassy, greyish colour. It is not visible in some individuals while it is highly prominent on others. [5]Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle is the semi-circular layer of non-living, almost invisible dead skin cells that ""ride out on"" and cover the back of the visible nail plate while the eponychium is the fold of skin cells that produces the cuticle. They are continuous, and some references view them as one entity; in this classification, the names eponychium, cuticle, and perionychium are synonymous. [11] It is the cuticle (nonliving part) that is removed during a manicure, but the eponychium (living part) should not be touched due to risk of infection. [7] The eponychium is a small band of living cells ( epithelium) that extends from the posterior nail wall onto the base of the nail. [3] The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. [ contradictory] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula. [3]The nail wall ( vallum unguis) is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail. The lateral margin ( margo lateralis) lies beneath the nail wall on the sides of the nail, and the nail groove or fold ( sulcus matricis unguis) are the cutaneous slits into which the lateral margins are embedded. [3]The paronychium is the soft tissue border around the nail, [12] and paronychia is an infection in this area. Function [ edit]A healthy fingernail has the function of protecting the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger. [1] The nail then acts as a counter-force when the end of the finger touches an object, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip, [13] though the nail itself has no nerve endings. Finally, the nail functions as a tool, enabling for instance a so-called ""extended precision grip"" (e.g. pulling out a splinter in one's finger), and certain cutting or scraping actions. Growth [ edit]The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end under the epidermis, which is the only living part of a nail. In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails. [14]In humans, nails grow at an average rate of 3 mm (0.12 in) a month. [15] [16] Fingernails require three to six months to regrow completely, and toenails require twelve to eighteen months. Actual growth rate is dependent upon age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors. [17] The longest female nails to ever exist measure a total of 601.9 cm. [18] Contrary to popular belief, nails do not continue to grow after death; the skin dehydrates and tightens, making the nails (and hair) appear to grow. [19]Permeability [ edit]The nail is often considered an impermeable barrier, but this is not true. In fact, it is much more permeable than the skin, [20] and the composition of the nail includes 7–12% water. This permeability has implications for penetration by harmful and medicinal substances; in particular cosmetics applied to the nails can pose a risk. Water can penetrate the nail as can many other substances including paraquat, a fast acting herbicide that is harmful to humans, urea which is often an ingredient in creams and lotions meant for use on hands and fingers, and several fungicidal agents such as salicylic acid, miconazole branded Monistat, natamycin; and sodium hypochlorite which is the active ingredient in common household bleach (but usually only in 2–3% concentration). [20]Clinical significance [ edit]Main article: Nail disease Thumbnail of the right hand with cuticle (left) and hangnail (top)Healthcare and pre-hospital-care providers ( EMTs or paramedics) often use the fingernail beds as a cursory indicator of distal tissue perfusion of individuals who may be dehydrated or in shock. [21] However, this test is not considered reliable in adults. [22] This is known as the CRT or blanch test. The fingernail bed is briefly depressed to turn the nail-bed white. When the pressure is released, the normal pink colour should be restored within a second or two. Delayed return to pink color can be an indicator of certain shock states such as hypovolemia. [23] [24]Nail growth record can show the history of recent health and physiological imbalances, and has been used as a diagnostic tool since ancient times. [25] Deep, horizontally transverse grooves known as "" Beau's lines "" may form across the nails (horizontal, not along the nail from cuticle to tip). These lines are usually a natural consequence of aging, although they may result from disease. Discoloration, thinning, thickening, brittleness, splitting, grooves, Mees' lines, small white spots, receded lunula, clubbing (convex), flatness, and spooning (concave) can indicate illness in other areas of the body, nutrient deficiencies, drug reaction or poisoning, or merely local injury. Nails can also become thickened ( onychogryphosis ), loosened ( onycholysis ), infected with fungus ( onychomycosis ), or degenerate ( onychodystrophy ). A common nail disorder is an ingrowing toenail ( onychocryptosis ). DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic scientists on hair, fingernails, toenails, etc. Health and care [ edit]A set of professional nail care tools The best way to care for nails is to trim them regularly. Filing is also recommended, as to keep nails from becoming too rough and to remove any small bumps or ridges that may cause the nail to get tangled up in materials such as cloth. [26]Bluish or purple fingernail beds may be a symptom of peripheral cyanosis, which indicates oxygen deprivation. Nails can dry out, just like skin. They can also peel, break, and be infected. Toe infections, for instance, can be caused or exacerbated by dirty socks, specific types of aggressive exercise ( long-distance running ), tight footwear, and walking unprotected in an unclean environment. [ citation needed] Common organisms causing nail infections include yeasts and molds (particularly dermatophytes ). [27]Nail tools used by different people may transmit infections. Standard hygiene and sanitation procedures avoid transmission. In some cases, gel and cream cuticle removers can be used instead of cuticle scissors. Nail disease can be very subtle and should be evaluated by a dermatologist with a focus in this particular area of medicine. However, most times it is a nail technician who will note a subtle change in nail disease. Inherited accessory nail of the fifth toe occurs where the toenail of the smallest toe is separated, forming a smaller ""sixth toenail"" in the outer corner of the nail. [ citation needed] Like any other nail, it can be cut using a nail clipper. Effect of nutrition [ edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Vitamin A is an essential micro-nutrient for vision, reproduction, cell and tissue differentiation, and immune function. Vitamin D and calcium work together in cases of maintaining homeostasis, creating muscle contraction, transmission of nerve pulses, blood clotting, and membrane structure. A lack of vitamin A, vitamin D, or calcium can cause dryness and brittleness. Insufficient vitamin B12 can lead to excessive dryness, darkened nails, and rounded or curved nail ends. Insufficient intake of both vitamin A and B results in fragile nails with horizontal and vertical ridges. Some over-the-counter vitamin supplements such as certain multivitamins and biotin may help in growth of strong nails, although this is quite subjective. [28]Protein is a building material for new nails; therefore, low dietary protein intake may cause anemia and the resultant reduced hemoglobin in the blood filling the capillaries of the nail bed reflects varying amounts of light incident on the nail matrix resulting in lighter shades of pink ultimately resulting in white nail beds when the hemoglobin is very low. When hemoglobin is close to 15 or 16 grams, most of the spectrum of light is absorbed and only the pink color is reflected back and the nails look pink. Essential fatty acids play a large role in healthy skin as well as nails. Splitting and flaking of nails may be due to a lack of linoleic acid. Iron-deficiency anemia can lead to a pale color along with a thin, brittle, ridged texture. Iron deficiency in general may cause the nails to become flat or concave, rather than convex. Heme iron is absorbed fairly easily in comparison to non-heme iron; however, both types provide the necessary bodily functions. [29]Society and culture [ edit]Fashion [ edit]Main articles: manicure and pedicure Toenails painted magenta for aesthetic effect Manicures (for the hands) and pedicures (for the feet) are health and cosmetic procedures to groom, trim, and paint the nails and manage calluses. They require various tools such as cuticle scissors, nail scissors, nail clippers, and nail files. Artificial nails can also be fixed onto real nails for cosmetic purposes. A person whose occupation is to cut, shape and care for nails as well as to apply overlays such as acrylic and UV gel is sometimes called a nail technician. The place where a nail technician works may be a nail salon or nail shop or nail bar. Nail art Painting the nails with coloured nail polish (also called nail lacquer and nail varnish) to improve the appearance is a common practice dating back to at least 3000 B. C. With the rise of smartphones, some analysts have noted a trend of the nelfie (nail selfie), wherein people share their nail art online. [30]Length records [ edit]Guinness World Records began tracking record fingernail lengths in 1955, when a Chinese priest was listed as having fingernails 1 foot 10.75 inches (57.79 cm) long. The current record-holder for men, according to Guinness, is Shridhar Chillal from India who set the record in 1998 with a total of 20 feet 2.25 inches (615.32 cm) of nails on his left hand. His longest nail, on his thumb, was 4 feet 9.6 inches (146.3 cm) long. The record-holder for women is Lee Redmond of the U. S., who set the record in 2001 and as of 2008 had nails with a total length on both hands of 28 feet (850 cm), with the longest nail on her right thumb at 2 feet 11 inches (89 cm). [31]Evolution in primates [ edit]Nails are a distinguishing feature of the primate order. The nail is an unguis, meaning a keratin structure at the end of a digit. Other examples of ungues include the claw, hoof and talon. The nails of primates and the hooves of running mammals evolved from the claws of earlier animals. [32]In contrast to nails, claws are typically curved ventrally (downwards in animals) and compressed sideways. They serve a multitude of functions—including climbing, digging, and fighting—and have undergone numerous adaptive changes in different animal taxa. Claws are pointed at their ends and are composed of two layers: a thick, deep layer and a superficial, hardened layer which serves a protective function. The underlying bone is a virtual mold of the overlying horny structure and therefore has the same shape as the claw or nail. Compared to claws, nails are flat, less curved, and do not extend far beyond the tip of the digits. The ends of the nails usually consist only of the ""superficial"", hardened layer and are not pointed like claws. [32]With only a few exceptions, primates retain plesiomorphic (original, ""primitive"") hands with five digits, each equipped with either a nail or a claw. For example, nearly all living strepsirrhine primates have nails on all digits except the second toe which is equipped with a grooming claw. Tarsiers have a grooming claw on second and third toes. Less commonly known, a grooming claw is also found on the second pedal digit of owl monkeys ( Aotus ), titis ( Callicebus ), and possibly other New World monkeys. [33] The needle-clawed bushbaby ( Euoticus) has keeled nails (the thumb and the first and the second toes have claws) featuring a central ridge that ends in a needle-like tip. In tree shrews, all digits have claws and, unlike most primates, the digits of their feet are positioned close together, and therefore, the thumb cannot be brought into opposition (another usually distinguishing feature of primates ). [32]A study of the fingertip morphology of four small-bodied New World monkey species indicated a correlation between increasing small-branch foraging and:expanded apical pads (fingertips),developed epidermal ridges ( fingerprints ),broadened distal parts of distal phalanges (fingertip bones), andreduced flexor and extensor tubercles (attachments areas for finger muscles on bones). This suggests that whereas claws are useful on large-diameter branches, wide fingertips with nails and epidermal ridges were required for habitual locomotion on small-diameter branches. It also indicates keel-shaped nails of Callitrichines (a family of New World monkeys) is a derived postural adaptation rather than retained ancestral condition. [34]See also [ edit]This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nails. List of cutaneous conditions Nail disease Nail fetish Onychogryphosis, overgrown, claw-like nails References [ edit]^ a b Onumah, Neh; Scher, Richard K (May 2009). ""Nail Surgery"". e Medicine. Retrieved 10 March 2010.^ ""Nail matrix"". Biology Online. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2010.^ a b c d e f g h Feneis, Heinz (2000). Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy (4th ed.). Thieme. pp. 392–95. ISBN 3-13-511204-7.^ a b c ""Glossary of Nail Technology Terminology"". 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2010.^ a b c d e f ""Understanding Your Natural Nails"". 2000. Retrieved February 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)^ D. Schoon, Dougles (2005). Nail Structure and Products Chemistry. Milady. p. 6.^ a b Lellipop (August 2006). ""Anatomy of the nail"". Salon Geek. Retrieved 10 March 2010.^ a b ""Nail Anatomy"". Nail Doctors. 2005. Retrieved February 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)^ a b ""Glossary of Nail Conditions"". The Achilles Foot Health Centre.^ Crouch, James Ensign (1985). Functional human anatomy. Lea & Febiger. p. 80. ISBN 9780812109306.^ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.^ Jordan, Christopher; Mirzabeigi, Edwin (2000-04-01). Atlas of orthopaedic surgical exposures. Thieme. p. 101. ISBN 0-86577-776-4.^ Wang, Quincy C; Johnson, Brett A (May 2001). ""Fingertip Injuries"". American Family Physician. Retrieved 10 March 2010.^ Cartmill, Matt; Lemelin, Pierre; Schmitt, Daniel (2007). ""Primate Gaits and Primate Origins"". In Ravosa, Matthew J.; Dagosto, Marian. Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution. pp. 403–35. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-33507-0_12. ISBN 978-0-387-30335-2.^ Bean, W. B (1980). ""Nail growth. Thirty-five years of observation"". Archives of Internal Medicine. 140 (1): 73–6. doi: 10.1001/archinte.140.1.73. PMID 7352807.^http://jclahr.com/science/earth_science/thumbnail/ [ full citation needed]^ Hunter, J. A. A., Savin, J., & Dahl, M. V. (2002). Clinical dermatology. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science. p. 173. ISBN 0-632-05916-8^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. The Jim Pattison Group. p. 051. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.^ Vreeman, R. C; Carroll, A. E (2007). ""Medical myths"". BMJ. 335 (7633): 1288–9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25. PMC 2151163. PMID 18156231.^ a b K. A. Walters and G. L. Flynn, Permeability characteristics of the human nail plate, International Journal of Cosmetic Science 5, 231–46 (1983)^ Monterey County EMS Manual. Chapter XI, Patient assessment.^ Schriger DL, Baraff LJ (Jun 1991). ""Capillary refill – is it a useful predictor of hypovolemic states?"". Ann Emerg Med. 20 (6): 601–15. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644 (05)82375-3. PMID 2039096.^ Medline Plus Encyclopedia Capillary nail refill test^ St. Luke's Hospital. Capillary nail refill test.^ American Academy of Dermatology – Nail Health^ Cohen, Philip R.; Scher, Richard K. (1992-04-01). ""Geriatric nail disorders: Diagnosis and treatment"". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 26 (4): 521–531. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622 (92)70075-Q. ISSN 0190-9622.^ Denning, DW; Evans, EG; Kibbler, CC; Richardson, MD; Roberts, MM; Rogers, TR; Warnock, DW; Warren, RE (November 11, 1995). ""Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice (report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology)"". British Medical Journal. 311 (7015): 1277–81. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7015.1277. PMC 2551187. PMID 7496239.^ Zempleni, J; R. B. Rucker; D. B. Mc Cormick; J. W. Suttie (2007). Handbook of vitamins (4th ed. ).^ Cashman MW, Sloan SB (2010). ""Nutrition and nail disease"". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (4): 420–25. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.037. PMID 20620759.^ https://nypost.com/2017/04/18/muslim-women-are-showing-off-their-insane-nail-art-in-nelfies/ [ full citation needed]^ ""Crash breaks woman's record-length fingernails"". NBCNews. December 2009.^ a b c Ankel-Simons, Friderun (2007). Primate anatomy: an introduction (3rd ed.). pp. 342–44. ISBN 0-12-372576-3.^ Maiolino, S.; Boyer, D. M.; Rosenberger, A. (2011). ""Morphological Correlates of the Grooming Claw in Distal Phalanges of Platyrrhines and Other Primates: A Preliminary Study"". The Anatomical Record. 294 (12): 1975–90. doi: 10.1002/ar.21498. PMID 22042603.^ Hamrick, Mark W. (1998). ""Functional and adaptive significance of primate pads and claws: Evidence from New World anthropoids"". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Wiley-Liss. 106 (2): 113–27. doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1096-8644 (199806)106:2<113:: AID-AJPA2>3.0. CO;2-R. PMID 9637179.v t e Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands: Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle's layer Huxley's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Authority control LCCN: sh85089542 GND: 4210067-7 BNF: cb11965400d (data) NDL: 00573517Categories: Nails (anatomy) "


current fad diet

According to the US News and World Report, there are a few fad weight loss diets that rise above the rest. As we ring in the new year, new fad diets emerge and others fade away. Topping the list of fad diets of 2015 is Weight Watchers, which is currently the most widely-adopted weight loss diet in the country. Aside from the big WW, here are the top fad diets of 2015.

Top 5 Fad Diets of 2015

"Top 5 Fad Diets of 2015Whether you're interested in counting carbs or drinking herbal tea to lose weight, there is likely a fad diet plan out there that fits your particular inclinations. The real question is: Do they work? And do you have to keep following them forever to keep weight off?

1. Biggest Loser Diet This plan has been proven by the contestants on the popular TV show, and emphasizes filling foods from sources like fruits, vegetables, lean protein, whole grains. Portion control, food journaling, and jumping up off that sofa are key components of this top fad diet as well. This plan uses a special food pyramid and includes suggestions for exercising and lists the calories you would burn doing them. There are an abundance of weight loss recipes, and you can enjoy Mexican, Italian, or Asian cuisines-as long as you don't go overboard.2. Spark Solution This plan brings the community of Sparkpeople into a fad diet. Spark Solution includes a playbook containing meal plans and daily guidance on food and exercise decisions, and employs the basic building blocks of a weight loss diet - healthy eating and exercise. Sparkpeople includes success stories, exercise videos, and mobile apps to help you stay on track and be a part of one of the largest online health communities on the web.3. Volumetrics As the name implies, volume is the name of the game in this top fad diet. This plan emphasizes filling your plate with high volume, low calorie foods such as salad greens, apples, oranges, pears, peaches, broccoli, carrots, squash, zucchini, and lean proteins like yogurt, soy, chicken, tuna, and lean pork. The theory is that if you fill your plate with more volume, you'll feel full on fewer calories. This plan discourages calorie bombs such as cheese, nuts, seeds, and recommends you go light on oils.4. Engine 2 Diet While not incredibly easy to follow, this fad diet plan is excellent for both short-term and long-term weight loss. The focus of this diet is 'plant-strong' and created by firefighter and former professional athlete Rip Esselstyn. This is essentially a vegan diet minus the plant oils, under the premise that you will miss out on the rest of the nutrition in the plant when you isolate the oils alone. This fad diet is high in fiber and low in calorie-rich foods like animal fat and plant oils, which is a proven way to help you lose weight.5. Paleo Diet Traveling back to our caveman roots, this top five fad diet is based on consuming only what a caveman would have eaten - which means no more grains, legumes, or refined sugar. Cave dwellers preceded the development of agriculture, so none of those foods would have been available to them. Foods that they would have consumed aplenty include meats, fish, poultry, fruits, leafy veggies, and tubers or roots. If you'd like to try on the hunter-gatherer lifestyle for a while, be sure to keep tally on your calories, and eat fewer than your recommended amount. Each of the top five fad diets of 2015 brings something different to the table. They all have certain key elements in common, such as moving more and decreasing calories to lose weight. Anyone who begins to incorporate those kinds of lifestyle changes will feel the benefits quite rapidly. These fad diets also agree on consuming lots of vegetables and lean proteins from vegetarian or non-vegetarian sources, and avoiding lots of processed foods and sugars. Bistro MD meals provide fresh vegetables and delicious, lean proteins at every meal. Other top fad diets include the Supercharged Hormone Diet, which involves removing gluten, dairy, corn, potatoes, caffeine, sugar and alcohol from your diet, as these could be allergenic and inflammatory foods. After three weeks, you slowly add food back in, and watch for symptoms like tummy bloat, fatigue, or sleeplessness. Another fad diet called simply ""The Fast Diet"" employs intermittent fasting for 2 days during the week, where you only consume 600 calories for two days out of the week, while eating normally the rest of the week. There are very few rules to keep track of, and Michael Mosley, the creator of the diet, suggests consuming high proteins foods like fish or chicken to curb your hunger on your 'fast days'. Fad diets may come and go, but a core program based upon sound science, and one that incorporates delicious meal choices is always bound to stay. "


what is the top selling pampered chef item

Number 2 is the Mix N Chop. This is my top value item. It is a very popular item in part for the price and almost anyone who knows of Pampered Chef knows about and would recommend this product. This is also a consistent top seller for all the consultants interviewed for this article.

What Are the Best Pampered Chef Products? By Michael A Hammond Jr | Submitted On August 15, 20121 1 3 2 2If you are looking to start your own Pampered Chef Products Collection or add to your current collection then here is my list of the top pampered chef products. This list was created by searching all the online forums and websites discussing everyone's favorite pampered chef products. I took all that information and added it to the data gathered from actual pampered chef consultants on their favorite and top selling items and compiled this list and then added my opinion and a brief description of each. My number ten pick is the classic Ice Cream Scoop. Not much explanation is needed for this item. I have always loved this pampered chef product and seems to only get better with each update. This was actually my very first pampered chef product and I am still using it today. Number nine would be The Measure-All® Cup. This adjustable measuring cup is just what it says. You adjust it to the amount you would like, fill it, the pour it. The good thing about it is when using it for solid ingredients, you can use the adjustable piece to push the ingredients into your recipe. I have just recently started using this item and it works very well but personally I prefer the easy read measuring cups. For number eight I picked the Pizza Cutter. This oversized stainless cutting wheel is beveled on both sides, so it glides right through them all. I've had no problems with this product so far. It is made from high quality materials so it is great for someone like me who love pizza of all types. If not, then just your average pizza cutter would be best for you. Next at number seven is the Smooth-Edge Can Opener. It has an intuitive easy-guide system that automatically aligns on cans to open them without leaving sharp edges. I usually don't use this type of can opener because they are complicated to use and hard to attach to the can. However, this one is very user friendly compared to any I have bought at the local stores. At number six are the Adjustable Measuring Spoons. These are a good product for someone who likes things organized with little clutter. They eliminate the need for multiple spoons with a slider to adjust the portions. They are good for solids and liquids. If you're not worried about space then your typical measuring spoons will work just fine for a lower price. Now the top five. Number 5, Quikut Paring Knives. I love to be able to cut through items effortlessly in the kitchen and I fell in love with these knives the first time I used them. They come in a set of 3 and the price is great too. I highly recommend the Quikut Paring Knives. In the number four spot is the Classic Batter Bowl. You can mix, store, reheat and even bake in this heavy-duty tempered glass bowl. Good quality but for me a bowl is a bowl. Enough said. The third choice is the Food Chopper Pampered Chef calls this their most popular kitchen tool and it is great for someone with limited time trying to prepare a meal from scratch. It works great, but for me I'd prefer the knives.

You can use it to efficiently chop and crumble foods for even cooking and seasoning. Honestly, much better than trying to use a spoon or a spatula. Finally...#1: Stoneware - This was by far the top recommended product by users of Pampered Chef Products. Including the Bar Pan, Pizza Stone and the Rectangle Stone just to name the top mentioned items. So, if you are looking for the most recommended Pampered Chef Products, then here they are. Hope they help and enjoy. I know I will. Thank you for reading my article. If you would like more info about Pampered Chef Products including new products or for recipes from the pampered chef please visit my Pampered Chef Products Blog [http://bestpamperedchefproducts.michaelahammondjr.biz]Article Source: http://Ezine Articles.com/expert/Michael_A_Hammond_Jr/1382766


synonyms of ignorant

ionignorant1 benighted, blind to, inexperienced, innocent, in the dark about, oblivious, unaware, unconscious, unenlightened, uninformed, uninitiated, unknowing, unschooled, unwitting2 as green as grass, green, illiterate, naive, unaware, uncultivated, uneducated, unknowledgeable, unlearned, unlettered, unread, untaught, untrained, untutored, wet behind the ears (informal)

ignorant synonym, ignorant definition | Thesaurus

Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation/definit

3 crass, crude, gross, half-baked (informal) insensitive, rude, shallow, superficial, uncomprehending, unscholarly Antonymsastute, aware, brilliant, conscious, cultured, educated, informed, knowledgeable, learned, literate, sagacious, sophisticated, wise English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurusignorant1 adj If you describe someone as ignorant, you mean that they do not know things they should know. If someone is ignorantof a fact, they do not know it.oft ADJ of/about n People don't like to ask questions for fear of appearing ignorant...2 adj People are sometimes described as ignorant when they do something that is not polite or kind. Some people think that it is not correct to use ignorant with this meaning. Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also:ignorance, ignore, ignoramus, intolerant Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurusderp n. an undefined reply when an ignorant comment or acti...