average lifespan of crocodiles in captivity

Bearing these inaccuracies in mind, it can be safely said that all crocodile species have an average lifespan of at least 30–40 years, and in the case of larger species an average of 60–70 years. The oldest crocodiles appear to be the largest species.

Crocodile

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Crocodile (disambiguation). Crocodiles Temporal range: Eocene – Holocene, 55–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg NNile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus)Saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus)Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Crocodilia Family: Crocodylidae Subfamily: Crocodylinae Cuvier, 1807Type species Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768Genera Crocodylus Osteolaemus Mecistops (proposed)† Voay

Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered true crocodiles, is classified as a biological subfamily.

A broader sense of the term crocodile, Crocodylidae that includes Tomistoma, is not used in this article. The term crocodile here applies to only the species within the subfamily of Crocodylinae. The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae ), the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae ), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha. Although they appear similar, crocodiles, alligators and the gharial belong to separate biological families. The gharial, with its narrow snout, is easier to distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in crocodiles and alligators. The most obvious external differences are visible in the head, with crocodiles having narrower and longer heads, with a more V-shaped than a U-shaped snout compared to alligators and caimans. Another obvious trait is that the upper and lower jaws of the crocodiles are the same width, and the teeth in the lower jaw fall along the edge or outside the upper jaw when the mouth is closed; therefore, all teeth are visible, unlike an alligator, which possesses in the upper jaw small depressions into which the lower teeth fit. Also, when the crocodile's mouth is closed, the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into a constriction in the upper jaw. For hard-to-distinguish specimens, the protruding tooth is the most reliable feature to define the species ' family. [1] Crocodiles have more webbing on the toes of the hind feet and can better tolerate saltwater due to specialized salt glands for filtering out salt, which are present, but non-functioning, in alligators. Another trait that separates crocodiles from other crocodilians is their much higher levels of aggression. [2]Crocodile size, morphology, behaviour and ecology differ somewhat among species.

However, they have many similarities in these areas as well. All crocodiles are semiaquatic and tend to congregate in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water and saltwater.

They are carnivorous animals, feeding mostly on vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, and sometimes on invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans, depending on species and age. All crocodiles are tropical species that, unlike alligators, are very sensitive to cold. They separated from other crocodilians during the Eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago. [3] Many species are at the risk of extinction, some being classified as critically endangered. Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 Species3 Characteristics3.1 Size3.2 Teeth4 Biology and behaviour4.1 Senses4.1.1 Vision4.1.2 Olfaction4.1.3 Hearing4.1.4 Touch4.2 Hunting and diet4.2.1 Bite4.3 Locomotion4.4 Longevity4.5 Social behaviour and vocalization4.6 Reproduction4.7 Cognition5 Taxonomy and phylogeny5.1 Phylogeny6 Relationship with humans6.1 Danger to humans6.2 Crocodile products6.3 In religion6.4 Crocodile tears6.5 The Surabaya Shark and Crocodile6.6 Crocodile (walking)7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External links Etymology The word ""crocodile"" comes from the Ancient Greek κροκόδιλος ( crocodilos ), ""lizard"", used in the phrase ho krokódilos tou potamoú, ""the lizard of the ( Nile) river"". There are several variant Greek forms of the word attested, including the later form κροκόδειλος ( crocodeilos) [4] found cited in many English reference works. [5] In the Koine Greek of Roman times, crocodilos and crocodeilos would have been pronounced identically, and either or both may be the source of the Latinized form crocodīlus used by the ancient Romans. Crocodilos or crocodeilos is a compound of krokè (""pebbles""), and drilos/dreilos (""worm""), although drilos is only attested as a colloquial term for ""penis"". [5] It is ascribed to Herodotus, and supposedly describes the basking habits of the Egyptian crocodile. [6]The form crocodrillus is attested in Medieval Latin. [5] It is not clear whether this is a medieval corruption or derives from alternative Greco-Latin forms (late Greek corcodrillos and corcodrillion are attested). A (further) corrupted form cocodrille is found in Old French and was borrowed into Middle English as cocodril (le). The Modern English form crocodile was adapted directly from the Classical Latin crocodīlus in the 16th century, replacing the earlier form. The use of -y- in the scientific name Crocodylus (and forms derived from it) is a corruption introduced by Laurenti (1768). Species Distribution of crocodiles A total of 14 extant species have been recognized. Further genetic study is needed for the confirmation of proposed species under the genus Osteolaemus, which is currently monotypic. Species name Image Distribution Description/Comments American crocodile ( Crocodylus acutus) Throughout the Caribbean Basin, including many of the Caribbean islands and South Florida. A larger sized species, with a greyish colour and a prominent V-shaped snout. Prefers brackish water, but also inhabits lower stretches of rivers and true marine environments. This is one of the rare species that exhibits regular sea-going behaviour, which explains the great distribution throughout the Caribbean. It is also found in hypersaline lakes such as Lago Enriquillo, in the Dominican Republic, which has one of the largest populations of this species. [7] Diet consists mostly of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Classified as Vulnerable, but certain local populations under greater threat. Slender-snouted crocodile ( Crocodylus cataphractus) Central and Western Africa A medium sized species with a narrow and elongated snout. Lives in freshwater habitats within tropical forests of the continent. Feeds mostly on fish but also other small to medium sized vertebrates. Possibly belongs to its own monotypicgenus, Mecistops. [8] Insufficient data on conservation. Orinoco crocodile ( Crocodylus intermedius) Colombia and Venezuela This is a large species with a relatively elongated snout and a pale tan coloration with scattered dark brown markings. Lives primarily in the Orinoco Basin. Despite having a rather narrow snout, preys on a wide variety of vertebrates, including large mammals. It is a Critically Endangered species. Freshwater crocodile ( Crocodylus johnsoni) Northern Australia A smaller species with a narrow and elongated snout. It has light brown coloration with darker bands on body and tail. Lives in rivers with considerable distance from the sea, to avoid confrontations with saltwater crocodiles. Feeds mostly on fish and other small vertebrates. Philippine crocodile ( Crocodylus mindorensis) Endemic to the Philippines This is a relatively small species with a rather broader snout. It has heavy dorsal armour and a golden-brown colour that darkens as the animal matures. Prefers freshwater habitats and feeds on a variety of small to medium sized vertebrates. This species is Critically Endangered and the most severely threatened species of crocodile. [9]Morelet's crocodile ( Crocodylus moreletii) Atlantic regions of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala A small to medium sized crocodile with a rather broad snout. It has a dark greyish-brown colour and is found in mostly various freshwater habitats. Feeds on mammals, birds and reptiles. It is listed as Least Concern. Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus) Sub-saharan Africa A large and aggressive species with a broad snout, especially in older animals. It has a dark bronze coloration and darkens as the animal matures. Lives in a variety of freshwater habitats but is also found in brackish water. It is an apex predator that is capable of taking a wide array of African vertebrates, including large ungulates and other predators. [10] This species is listed as Least Concern. New Guinea crocodile ( Crocodylus novaeguineae)The island of New Guinea A smaller species of crocodile with a grey-brown colour and dark brown to black markings on the tail. The young have a narrower V-shaped snout that becomes wider as the animal matures. Prefers freshwater habitats, even though is tolerant to salt water, in order to avoid competition and predation by the saltwater crocodile. This species feeds on small to mid-sized vertebrates. Mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris) The Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries This is a modest sized crocodile with a very broad snout and an alligator-like appearance. It has dark-grey to brown coloration with enlarged scutes around the neck, making it a considerably heavy armoured species. Prefers slow moving rivers, swamps and lakes. It can also be found in coastal swamps but avoids areas populated by saltwater crocodiles. [11] Feeds on a wide array of vertebrates. Saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus) Throughout Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and surrounding waters The largest living reptile and most aggressive of all crocodiles. It is a big-headed species and has a relatively broad snout, especially when older. The coloration is pale yellow with black stripes when young but dark greenish-drab coloured as adults. Lives in brackish and marine environments as well as lower stretches of rivers. This species has the greatest distribution of all crocodiles. Tagged specimens showed long-distance marine travelling behaviour. It is the apex predator throughout its range and preys on virtually any animal within its reach. It is classified as Least Concern with several populations under greater risk. [12]Cuban crocodile ( Crocodylus rhombifer) Found only in the Zapata Swamp and Isle of Youth of Cuba It is a small but extremely aggressive species of crocodile that prefers freshwater swamps. [13] The coloration is vibrant even as adults and the scales have a ""pebbled"" appearance. It is a relatively terrestrial species with agile locomotion on land, sometimes displays terrestrial hunting. The snout is broad with a thick upper-jaw and large teeth. The unique characteristics and fossil record indicates a rather specialized diet in the past, preying on megafauna such as the giant sloth. This species sometimes displays pack-hunting behaviour, which might have been the key to hunting large species in the past, despite its small size. [14] Today most prey are small to medium sized vertebrates. It is Critically Endangered, and the remaining wild population is under threat of hybridization. [15]Siamese crocodile ( Crocodylus siamensis) Indonesia, Brunei, East Malaysia and southern Indochina A fairly small crocodile that prefers freshwater habitats. It has a relatively broad snout and olive-green to dark green coloration. It feeds on a variety of small to mid-sized vertebrates. Listed as Critically Endangered, but might be already extinct in the wild; status is unknown. [16]West African crocodile ( Crocodylus suchus) Western and Central Africa Recent studies revealed that this is distinct species from the larger Nile crocodile. [17] [18] It has a slightly narrower snout and is much smaller compared to its larger cousin. Dwarf crocodile ( Osteolaemus tetraspis) Western Africa It is the smallest of all living crocodiles. It belongs to its own monotypic genus; however, new studies indicate there might be two or even three distinct species. [19] It is a heavily armoured species with uniform black coloration in adults, while juveniles have a lighter brown banding. Lives in the tropical forests of Western Africa. Feeds on small vertebrates and large aquatic invertebrates. It is a fairly terrestrial species and exhibits terrestrial hunting, especially at night. This species is classified as Vulnerable. For information on Tomistoma or false gharial, that is recently not considered as a true crocodile, see False gharial. Characteristics Crocodiles are similar to alligators and caimans; for their common characteristics and differences among them, see Crocodilia. Crocodiles, like dinosaurs, have the abdominal ribs modified into gastralia. A crocodile’s physical traits allow it to be a successful predator. Its external morphology is a sign of its aquatic and predatory lifestyle. Its streamlined body enables it to swim swiftly; it also tucks its feet to the side while swimming, making it faster by decreasing water resistance. Crocodiles have webbed feet which, though not used to propel them through the water, allow them to make fast turns and sudden moves in the water or initiate swimming. Webbed feet are an advantage in shallower water where the animals sometimes move around by walking. Crocodiles have a palatal flap, a rigid tissue at the back of the mouth that blocks the entry of water. The palate has a special path from the nostril to the glottis that bypasses the mouth. The nostrils are closed during submergence. Like other archosaurs, crocodilians are diapsid, although their post-temporal fenestrae are reduced. The walls of the braincase are bony but lack supratemporal and postfrontal bones. [20] Their tongues are not free, but held in place by a membrane that limits movement; as a result, crocodiles are unable to stick out their tongues. [21] Crocodiles have smooth skin on their bellies and sides, while their dorsal surfaces are armoured with large osteoderms. The armoured skin has scales and is thick and rugged, providing some protection. They are still able to absorb heat through this armour, as a network of small capillaries allows blood through the scales to absorb heat. Crocodilian scales have pores believed to be sensory in function, analogous to the lateral line in fishes. They are particularly seen on their upper and lower jaws. Another possibility is that they are secretory, as they produce an oily substance which appears to flush mud off. [20]Size A saltwater crocodile in captivity Size greatly varies among species, from the dwarf crocodile to the saltwater crocodile. Species of Osteolaemus grow to an adult size of just 1.5 to 1.9 m (4.9 to 6.2 ft), [22] whereas the saltwater crocodile can grow to sizes over 7 m (23 ft) and weigh 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). [23] Several other large species can reach over 5.2 m (17 ft) long and weigh over 900 kg (2,000 lb). Crocodilians show pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males growing much larger and more rapidly than females. [20] Despite their large adult sizes, crocodiles start their lives at around 20 cm (7.9 in) long. The largest species of crocodile is the saltwater crocodile, found in eastern India, northern Australia, throughout South-east Asia, and in the surrounding waters. The largest crocodile ever held in captivity is an estuarine–Siamese hybrid named Yai ( Thai: ใหญ่, meaning big) (born 10 June 1972) at the Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Thailand. This animal measures 6 m (20 ft) in length and weighs 1,114 kg (2,456 lb). [24]The longest crocodile captured alive is Lolong, which was measured at 6.17 m (20.2 ft) and weighed at 1,075 kg (2,370 lb) by a National Geographic team in Agusan del Sur Province, Philippines. [25] [26] [27]Teeth Crocodiles are polyphyodonts; they are able to replace each of their 80 teeth up to 50 times in their 35- to 75-year lifespan. [28] [29] Next to each full-grown tooth, there is a small replacement tooth and an odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina in standby that can be activated if required. [30]Biology and behaviour Crocodiles are similar to alligators and caimans; for their common biology and differences between them, see Crocodilia. Crocodilians are more closely related to birds and dinosaurs than to most animals classified as reptiles, the three families being included in the group Archosauria ('ruling reptiles'). Despite their prehistoric look, crocodiles are among the more biologically complex reptiles. Unlike other reptiles, a crocodile has a cerebral cortex and a four-chambered heart. Crocodilians also have the functional equivalent of a diaphragm by incorporating muscles used for aquatic locomotion into respiration. [31] Salt glands are present in the tongues of crocodiles and they have a pore opening on the surface of the tongue, a trait that separates them from alligators. Salt glands are dysfunctional in Alligatoridae. [20] Their function appears to be similar to that of salt glands in marine turtles. Crocodiles do not have sweat glands and release heat through their mouths. They often sleep with their mouths open and may pant like a dog. [32] Four species of freshwater crocodile climb trees to bask in areas lacking a shoreline. [33]Senses Crocodile eye Crocodiles have acute senses, an evolutionary advantage that makes them successful predators. The eyes, ears and nostrils are located on top of the head, allowing the crocodile to lie low in the water, almost totally submerged and hidden from prey. Vision Crocodiles have very good night vision, and are mostly nocturnal hunters. They use the disadvantage of most prey animals' poor nocturnal vision to their advantage. The light receptors in crocodilians’ eyes include cones and numerous rods, so it is assumed all crocodilians can see colours. [34] Crocodiles have vertical-slit shaped pupils, similar to those of domestic cats. One explanation for the evolution of slit pupils is that they exclude light more effectively than a circular pupil, helping to protect the eyes during daylight. [35] On the rear wall of the eye is a tapetum lucidum, which reflects incoming light back onto the retina, thus utilizing the small amount of light available at night to best advantage. In addition to the protection of the upper and lower eyelids, crocodiles have a nictitating membrane (sometimes called a ""third eye-lid"") that can be drawn over the eye from the inner corner while the lids are open. The eyeball surface is thus protected under the water while a certain degree of vision is still possible. [36]Olfaction Crocodilian sense of smell is also very well developed, aiding them to detect prey or animal carcasses that are either on land or in water, from far away. It is possible that crocodiles use olfaction in the egg prior to hatching. [36]Chemoreception in crocodiles is especially interesting because they hunt in both terrestrial and aquatic surroundings. Crocodiles have only one olfactory chamber and the vomeronasal organ is absent in the adults [37] indicating all olfactory perception is limited to the olfactory system. Behavioural and olfactometer experiments indicate that crocodiles detect both air-borne and water-soluble chemicals and use their olfactory system for hunting. When above water, crocodiles enhance their ability to detect volatile odorants by gular pumping, a rhythmic movement of the floor of the pharynx. [38] [39] Crocodiles close their nostrils when submerged, so olfaction underwater is unlikely. Underwater food detection is presumably gustatory and tactile. [40]Hearing Crocodiles can hear well; their tympanic membranes are concealed by flat flaps that may be raised or lowered by muscles. [20]Touch Caudal: The upper and lower jaws are covered with sensory pits, visible as small, black speckles on the skin, the crocodilian version of the lateral line organs seen in fish and many amphibians, though arising from a completely different origin. These pigmented nodules encase bundles of nerve fibers innervated beneath by branches of the trigeminal nerve. They respond to the slightest disturbance in surface water, detecting vibrations and small pressure changes as small as a single drop. [41] This makes it possible for crocodiles to detect prey, danger and intruders, even in total darkness. These sense organs are known as domed pressure receptors (DPRs). [42]Post-Caudal: While alligators and caimans have DPRs only on their jaws, crocodiles have similar organs on almost every scale on their bodies. The function of the DPRs on the jaws is clear; to catch prey, but it is still not clear what the function is of the organs on the rest of the body. The receptors flatten when exposed to increased osmotic pressure, such as that experienced when swimming in sea water hyperosmotic to the body fluids. When contact between the integument and the surrounding sea water solution is blocked, crocodiles are found to lose their ability to discriminate salinities. It has been proposed that the flattening of the sensory organ in hyperosmotic sea water is sensed by the animal as “touch”, but interpreted as chemical information about its surroundings. [42] This might be why in alligators they are absent on the rest of the body. [43]Hunting and diet Nile crocodile attacking wildebeest Even a cruising crocodile is difficult to locate Crocodiles are ambush predators, waiting for fish or land animals to come close, then rushing out to attack. Crocodiles mostly eat fish, amphibians, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles, and mammals, and they occasionally cannibalize smaller crocodiles. What a crocodile eats varies greatly with species, size and age. From the mostly fish-eating species, like the slender-snouted and freshwater crocodiles, to the larger species like the Nile crocodile and the saltwater crocodile that prey on large mammals, such as buffalo, deer and wild boar, diet shows great diversity. Diet is also greatly affected by the size and age of the individual within the same species. All young crocodiles hunt mostly invertebrates and small fish, gradually moving on to larger prey. Being ectothermic (cold-blooded) predators, they have a very slow metabolism, so they can survive long periods without food. Despite their appearance of being slow, crocodiles have a very fast strike and are top predators in their environment, and various species have been observed attacking and killing other predators such as sharks and big cats. [44] [45] As opportunistic predators, crocodiles would also prey upon young and dying elephants and hippos when given the chance. [46] [47] [48] Crocodiles are also known to be aggressive scavengers who feed upon carrion and steal from other predators. [49] Evidence suggests that crocodiles also feed upon fruits, based on the discovery of seeds in stools and stomachs from many subjects as well as accounts of them feeding. [50] [51]Crocodiles have the most acidic stomach of any vertebrate. They can easily digest bones, hooves and horns. The BBC TV [52] reported that a Nile crocodile that has lurked a long time underwater to catch prey builds up a large oxygen debt. When it has caught and eaten that prey, it closes its right aortic arch and uses its left aortic arch to flush blood loaded with carbon dioxide from its muscles directly to its stomach; the resulting excess acidity in its blood supply makes it much easier for the stomach lining to secrete more stomach acid to quickly dissolve bulks of swallowed prey flesh and bone. Many large crocodilians swallow stones (called gastroliths or stomach stones), which may act as ballast to balance their bodies or assist in crushing food, [20] similar to grit ingested by birds. Herodotus claimed that Nile crocodiles had a symbiotic relationship with certain birds, such as the Egyptian plover, which enter the crocodile's mouth and pick leeches feeding on the crocodile's blood; with no evidence of this interaction actually occurring in any crocodile species, it is most likely mythical or allegorical fiction. [53]Bite Specimen of skull (upper view) prepared by the bone maceration technique. Since they feed by grabbing and holding onto their prey, they have evolved sharp teeth for piercing and holding onto flesh, and powerful muscles to close the jaws and hold them shut. The teeth are not well-suited to tearing flesh off of large prey items as are the dentition and claws of many mammalian carnivores, the hooked bills and talons of raptorial birds, or the serrated teeth of sharks. However, this is an advantage rather than a disadvantage to the crocodile since the properties of the teeth allow it to hold onto prey with the least possibility of the prey animal to escape. Otherwise combined with the exceptionally high bite force, the flesh would easily cut through; thus creating an escape opportunity for the prey item. The jaws can bite down with immense force, by far the strongest bite of any animal. The force of a large crocodile's bite is more than 5,000 lbf (22,000 N), which was measured in a 5.5 m (18 ft) Nile crocodile, on the field, [54] compared to just 335 lbf (1,490 N) for a Rottweiler, 670 lbf (3,000 N) for a great white shark, 800 lbf (3,600 N) for a hyena, or 2,200 lbf (9,800 N) for an American alligator. [55] [ not in citation given] A 5.2 m (17 ft) long saltwater crocodile has been confirmed as having the strongest bite force ever recorded for an animal in a laboratory setting. It was able to apply a bite force value of 3,700 lbf (16,000 N), and thus surpassed the previous record of 2,125 lbf (9,450 N) made by a 3.9 m (13 ft) long American alligator. [56] [57] Taking the measurements of several 5.2 m (17 ft) crocodiles as reference, the bite forces of 6-m individuals were estimated at 7,700 lbf (34,000 N). [58] The study, led by Dr. Gregory M. Erickson, also shed light to the larger, extinct species of crocodilians. Since crocodile anatomy has changed only slightly for the last 80 million years, current data on modern crocodilians can be used to estimate the bite force of extinct species. An 11 to 12 metres (36–39 ft) long Deinosuchus would apply a force of 23,100 lbf (103,000 N), twice that of the latest, higher bite force estimations of Tyrannosaurus. [7] The extraordinary bite of crocodilians is a result of their anatomy. The space for the jaw muscle in the skull is very large, which is easily visible from the outside as a bulge at each side. The nature of the muscle is so stiff, it is almost as hard as bone to touch, as if it were the continuum of the skull. Another trait is that most of the muscle in a crocodile's jaw is arranged for clamping down. Despite the strong muscles to close the jaw, crocodiles have extremely small and weak muscles to open the jaw. Crocodiles can thus be subdued for study or transport by taping their jaws or holding their jaws shut with large rubber bands cut from automobile inner tubes. Locomotion A crocodile, in a farm, gaping to thermoregulate Crocodiles can move quickly over short distances, even out of water. The land speed record for a crocodile is 17 km/h (11 mph) measured in a galloping Australian freshwater crocodile. [59] Maximum speed varies between species. Some species can gallop, including Cuban crocodiles, Johnston's crocodiles, New Guinea crocodiles, African dwarf crocodiles, and even small Nile crocodiles. The fastest means by which most species can move is a ""belly run"", in which the body moves in a snake-like (sinusoidal) fashion, limbs splayed out to either side paddling away frantically while the tail whips to and fro. Crocodiles can reach speeds of 10–11 km/h (6–7 mph) when they ""belly run"", and often faster if slipping down muddy riverbanks. When a crocodile walks quickly, it holds its legs in a straighter and more upright position under its body, which is called the ""high walk"". This walk allows a speed of up to 5 km/h. [60]Crocodiles may possess a homing instinct. In northern Australia, three rogue saltwater crocodiles were relocated 400 km (249 mi) by helicopter, but returned to their original locations within three weeks, based on data obtained from tracking devices attached to them. [61]Longevity Measuring crocodile age is unreliable, although several techniques are used to derive a reasonable guess. The most common method is to measure lamellar growth rings in bones and teeth—each ring corresponds to a change in growth rate which typically occurs once a year between dry and wet seasons. [62]

C. porosus is estimated to live around 70 years on average, with limited evidence of some individuals exceeding 100 years. [63]In captivity, some individuals are claimed to have lived for over a century. A male crocodile lived to an estimated age of 110–115 years in a Russian zoo in Yekaterinburg. [64] Named Kolya, he joined the zoo around 1913 to 1915, fully grown, after touring in an animal show, and lived until 1995. [64] A male freshwater crocodile lived to an estimated age of 120–140 years at the Australia Zoo. [65] Known affectionately as “Mr. Freshie”, he was rescued around 1970 by Bob Irwin and Steve Irwin, after being shot twice by hunters and losing an eye as a result, and lived until 2010. [65] Crocworld Conservation Centre, in Scottburgh, South Africa, claims to have a male Nile crocodile that was born in 1900. Named Henry, the crocodile is said to have lived in Botswana along the Okavango River, according to centre director Martin Rodrigues. [66] [67]Social behaviour and vocalization Captive crocodiles resting together with open jaws. Crocodiles are the most social of reptiles. Even though they do not form social groups, many species congregate in certain sections of rivers, tolerating each other at times of feeding and basking. Most species are not highly territorial, with the exception of the saltwater crocodile, which is a highly territorial and aggressive species. A mature male will not tolerate any other males at any time of the year. Most other species are more flexible. There is a certain form of hierarchy in crocodiles: the largest and heaviest males are at the top, having access to the best basking site, while females are priority during a group feeding of a big kill or carcass. A good example of the hierarchy in crocodiles would be the case of the Nile crocodile. This species clearly displays all of these behaviours. Studies in this area are not thorough, however, and many species are yet to be studied in greater detail. [68]Mugger crocodiles are also known to show toleration in group feedings and tend to congregate in certain areas. However, males of all species are aggressive towards each other during mating season, to gain access to females. Crocodiles are also the most vocal of all reptiles, producing a wide variety of sounds during various situations and conditions, depending on species, age, size and sex. Depending on the context, some species can communicate over 20 different messages through vocalizations alone. [69] Some of these vocalizations are made during social communication, especially during territorial displays towards the same sex and courtship with the opposite sex; the common concern being reproduction. Therefore most conspecific vocalization is made during the breeding season, with the exception being year-round territorial behaviour in some species and quarrels during feeding. Crocodiles also produce different distress calls and in aggressive displays to their own kind and other animals; notably other predators during interspecific predatory confrontations over carcasses and terrestrial kills. Specific vocalisations include —Chirp: When about to hatch, the young make a “peeping” noise, which encourages the female to excavate the nest. The female then gathers the hatchlings in her mouth and transports them to the water, where they remain in a group for several months, protected by the female [70]Distress call: A high-pitched call used mostly by younger animals to alert other crocodiles to imminent danger or an animal being attacked. Threat call: A hissing sound that has also been described as a coughing noise. Hatching call: Emitted by a female when breeding to alert other crocodiles that she has laid eggs in her nest. Bellowing: Male crocodiles are especially vociferous. Bellowing choruses occur most often in the spring when breeding groups congregate, but can occur at any time of year. To bellow, males noticeably inflate as they raise the tail and head out of water, slowly waving the tail back and forth. They then puff out the throat and with a closed mouth, begin to vibrate air. Just before bellowing, males project an infrasonic signal at about 10 Hz through the water, which vibrates the ground and nearby objects. These low-frequency vibrations travel great distances through both air and water to advertise the male's presence and are so powerful they result in the water's appearing to ""dance"". [71]Reproduction Crocodile eggs Crocodiles lay eggs, which are laid in either holes or mound nests, depending on species. A hole nest is usually excavated in sand and a mound nest is usually constructed out of vegetation. Nesting periods range from a few weeks up to six months. Courtship takes place in a series of behavioural interactions that include a variety of snout rubbing and submissive display that can take a long time. Mating always takes place in water, where the pair can be observed mating several times. Females can build or dig several trial nests which appear incomplete and abandoned later. Egg-laying usually takes place at night and about 30–40 minutes. [72] Females are highly protective of their nests and young. The egg are hard shelled, but translucent at the time of egg-laying. Depending on the species of crocodile, 7 to 95 eggs are laid. Crocodile embryos do not have sex chromosomes, and unlike humans, sex is not determined genetically. Sex is determined by temperature, where at 30 °C (86 °F) or less most hatchlings are females and at 31 °C (88 °F), offspring are of both sexes. A temperature of 32 to 33 °C (90 to 91 °F) gives mostly males whereas above 33 °C (91 °F) in some species continues to give males, but in other species resulting in females, which are sometimes called high-temperature females. [73] Temperature also affects growth and survival rate of the young, which may explain the sexual dimorphism in crocodiles. The average incubation period is around 80 days, and also is dependent on temperature and species that usually ranges from 65 to 95 days. [74] The eggshell structure is very conservative through evolution but there are enough changes to tell different species apart by their eggshell microstructure. [75]At the time of hatching, the young start calling within the eggs. They have an egg-tooth at the tip of their snouts, which is developed from the skin, and that helps them pierce out of the shell. Hearing the calls, the female usually excavates the nest and sometimes takes the unhatched eggs in her mouth, slowly rolling the eggs to help the process. The young is usually carried to the water in the mouth. She would then introduce her hatchlings to the water and even feed them. [76] The mother would then take care of her young for over a year before the next mating season. In the absence of the mother crocodile, the father would act in her place to take care of the young. [77] However, even with a sophisticated parental nurturing, young crocodiles have a very high mortality rate due to their vulnerability to predation. [78] A group of hatchlings is called a pod or crèche and may be protected for months. [72]Cognition Crocodiles possess some advanced cognitive abilities. [79] [80] [81] They can observe and use patterns of prey behaviour, such as when prey come to the river to drink at the same time each day. Vladimir Dinets of the University of Tennessee, observed that crocodiles use twigs as bait for birds looking for nesting material. [82] They place sticks on their snouts and partly submerge themselves. When the birds swooped in to get the sticks, the crocodiles then catch the birds. Crocodiles only do this in spring nesting seasons of the birds, when there is high demand for sticks to be used for building nests. Vladimir also discovered other similar observations from various scientists, some dating back to the 19th century. [79] [81] Aside from using sticks, crocodiles are also capable of cooperative hunting. [81] [83] Large numbers of crocodiles swim in circles to trap fish and take turns snatching them. In hunting larger prey, crocodiles swarm in, with one holding the prey down as the others rip it apart. Taxonomy and phylogeny Most species are grouped into the genus Crocodylus. The other extant genus, Osteolaemus, is monotypic (as is Mecistops, if recognized). Crocodile farming in Australia Crocodiles in Costa Rica American crocodile at La Manzanilla, Jalisco, Mexico A skull of the extinct Voay robustus Subfamily Crocodylinae Genus Crocodylus Crocodylus acutus, American crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus, slender-snouted crocodile (studies in DNA and morphology suggest this species may be more basal than Crocodylus, so belongs in its own genus, Mecistops ). [84]Crocodylus intermedius, Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus johnsoni, freshwater crocodile, or Johnstone's crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis, Philippine crocodile Crocodylus moreletii, Morelet's crocodile or Mexican crocodile Crocodylus niloticus, Nile crocodile or African crocodile (the subspecies found in Madagascar is sometimes called the black crocodile)Crocodylus novaeguineae, New Guinea crocodile Crocodylus palustris, mugger, marsh or Indian crocodile Crocodylus porosus, saltwater crocodile or estuarine crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer, Cuban crocodile Crocodylus siamensis, Siamese crocodile (may be extinct in the wild)Crocodylus suchus, West African crocodile, desert or sacred crocodile Genus Osteolaemus Osteolaemus tetraspis, dwarf crocodile (There has been controversy as to whether or not this is actually two species; recent (2010) DNA analysis indicate three distinct species: O. tetraspis, O. osborni and a third, currently unnamed. )Genus † Euthecodon Genus † Rimasuchus (formerly Crocodylus lloydi)Genus † Voay Brochu, 2007 (formerly Crocodylus robustus)Phylogeny The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis of morphological traits by Christopher A. Brochu and Glenn W. Storrs. [85] Many extinct species of Crocodylus might represent different genera. ""Crocodylus"" pigotti, for example, was placed in the newly erected genus Brochuchus in 2013. [86] C. suchus was not included because its morphological codings were identical to those of C. niloticus. However, the authors suggested that the lack of differences was due to limited specimen sampling, and considered the two species to be distinct. This analysis found weak support for the clade Osteolaeminae. [85] Brochu named Osteolaeminae in 2003 as a subfamily of Crocodylidae separate from Crocodylinae, but the group has since been classified within Crocodylinae. It includes the living genus Osteolaemus as well as the extinct species Voay robustus and Rimasuchus lloydi. Crocodylinae† ""Crocodylus"" pigotti† ""Crocodylus"" gariepensis† Euthecodon arambourgii† Euthecodon brumpti Osteolaeminae† Rimasuchus lloydi† Voay robustus Osteolaemus osborni Osteolaemus tetraspis Mecistops cataphractus Crocodylus† C. checchiai† C. palaeindicus† C. anthropophagus† C. thorbjarnarsoni C. niloticus C. siamensis C. palustris C. porosus C. johnsoni C. mindorensis C. novaeguineae C. raninus C. acutus C. intermedius C. rhombifer C. moreletii A 2013 analysis by Jack L. Conrad, Kirsten Jenkins, Thomas Lehmann, and others did not support Osteolaeminae as a true clade but rather a paraphyletic group consisting of two smaller clades. They informally called these clades ""osteolaemins"" and ""mecistopins"". ""Osteolaemins"" include Osteolaemus, Voay, Rimasuchus, and Brochuchus and ""mecistopins"" include Mecistops and Euthecodon. [86]Relationship with humans Danger to humans Main article: Crocodile attacks Crocodile warning sign, Trinity Beach, Queensland, Australia The larger species of crocodiles are very dangerous to humans, mainly because of their ability to strike before the person can react. [87] The saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile are the most dangerous, killing hundreds of people each year in parts of Southeast Asia and Africa. The mugger crocodile and American crocodile are also dangerous to humans. Crocodile products Main article: Crocodile farm Crocodile leather wallets from a Bangkok crocodile farm Crocodiles are protected in many parts of the world, but they also are farmed commercially. Their hides are tanned and used to make leather goods such as shoes and handbags; crocodile meat is also considered a delicacy. [88] The most commonly farmed species are the saltwater and Nile crocodiles, while a hybrid of the saltwater and the rare Siamese crocodile is also bred in Asian farms. Farming has resulted in an increase in the saltwater crocodile population in Australia, as eggs are usually harvested from the wild, so landowners have an incentive to conserve their habitat. Crocodile leather can be made into goods such as wallets, briefcases, purses, handbags, belts, hats, and shoes. Crocodile oil has been used for various purposes. [89] Crocodiles were eaten by Vietnamese while they were taboo and off limits for Chinese. Vietnamese women who married Chinese men adopted the Chinese taboo. [90] Crocodile meat is occasionally eaten as an ""exotic"" delicacy in the western world. [91]In religion Statue of Sobek from the mortuary temple of Amenemhat III. circa 1810 BC. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Brooklyn Museum - Plaque with Crocodile Deity, ca. 700–900.,33.448.12Crocodiles have appeared in various forms in religions across the world. Ancient Egypt had Sobek, the crocodile-headed god, with his cult-city Crocodilopolis, as well as Taweret, the goddess of childbirth and fertility, with the back and tail of a crocodile. [92] The Jukun shrine in the Wukari Federation, Nigeria is dedicated to crocodiles in thanks for their aid during migration. [93]Crocodiles appear in different forms in Hinduism. Varuna, a Vedic and Hindu god, rides a part-crocodile makara; his consort Varuni rides a crocodile. [83] Similarly the goddess personifications of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers are often depicted as riding crocodiles. [94] [95] [96] Also in India, in Goa, crocodile worship is practised, including the annual Mannge Thapnee ceremony. [97]In Latin America, Cipactli was the giant earth crocodile of the Aztec and other Nahua peoples. [98]Crocodile tears Main article: Crocodile tears The term "" Crocodile tears "" (and equivalents in other languages) refers to a false, insincere display of emotion, such as a hypocrite crying fake tears of grief. It is derived from an ancient anecdote that crocodiles weep in order to lure their prey, or that they cry for the victims they are eating, first told in the Bibliotheca by Photios I of Constantinople. [99] The story is repeated in bestiaries such as De bestiis et aliis rebus. This tale was first spread widely in English in the stories of the Travels of Sir John Mandeville in the 14th century, and appears in several of Shakespeare 's plays. [100] In fact, crocodiles can and do generate tears, but they do not actually cry. [101]The Surabaya Shark and Crocodile Fighting shark and crocodile, the emblem of Surabaya city applied since colonial times, derived from local folk etymology The name of Surabaya, Indonesia, is locally believed to be derived from the words "" suro"" ( shark) and "" boyo"" (crocodile), two creatures which, in a local myth, fought each other in order to gain the title of ""the strongest and most powerful animal"" in the area. It was said that the two powerful animals agreed for a truce and set boundaries; that the shark's domain would be in the sea while the crocodile's domain would be on the land. However one day the shark swam into the river estuary to hunt, this angered the crocodile, who declared it his territory. The Shark argued that the river was a water-realm which meant that it was shark territory, while the crocodile argued that the river flowed deep inland, so it was therefore crocodile territory. A ferocious fight resumed as the two animals bit each other. Finally the shark was badly bitten and fled to the open sea, and the crocodile finally ruled the estuarine area that today is the city. [102]Another source alludes to a Jayabaya prophecy — a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom — as he foresaw a fight between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area, which is sometimes interpreted as a foretelling of the Mongol invasion of Java, a major conflict between the forces of the Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya 's Majapahit in 1293. [103] The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo (see photo on the Surabaya page). Crocodile (walking)In the UK, a row of schoolchildren walking in pairs, or two by two is known as 'crocodile'. [104] [105]See also Amphibians and reptiles portal Alligator meat The Crocodile Hunter Crocodilian armor Game (hunting)Sewer alligator Sobek – an ancient Egyptian deity associated with the Nile crocodile References^ ""Crocodilian Biology Database - FAQ - What's the difference between a crocodile and an alligator"". Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 5 April 2009.^ Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195. ISBN 0-7153-5272-5.^ Buchanan, L. A. (2009). ""Kambara taraina sp. nov (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea), a new Eocene mekosuchine from Queensland, Australia, and a revision of the genus"". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 473–486. doi: 10.1671/039.029.0220.^ http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/vor?lookup=krokodeilos&lang=greek^ a b c ""Crocodile | Define Crocodile at Dictionary.com"". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ ""Online Etymology Dictionary"". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.^ a b ""American Crocodiles, American Crocodile Pictures, American Crocodile Facts - National Geographic"". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.^ Mc Aliley, Willis, Ray, White, Brochu & Densmore (2006). Are crocodiles really monophyletic?—Evidence for subdivisions from sequence and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 16–32.^ (2011-09-06). ""Pictures: Biggest Crocodile Ever Caught?"". National Geographic Daily News.^ ""IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.^ [1]. Crocodile Species List. Retrieved on 2013-04-13.^ Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). "" Crocodylus porosus "". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 1996: e. T5668A11503588. doi: 10.2305/IUCN. UK.1996. RLTS. T5668A11503588.en. Retrieved 23 December 2017.^ ""Mark O'Shea - The Official Website"".^ Alexander, Marc (1 January 2006). ""Last of the Cuban crocodile?"". Americas (English Edition). Organization of American States. ISSN 0379-0940. Retrieved 9 July 2010.^ ""Hybrid Cuban-American Crocodiles on the Rise"". 26 June 2011.^ Simpson, Boyd; Bezuijen (2010). ""Siamese Crocodile Crocodylus Siamensis"" (PDF). Crocodiles. Third Edition. Retrieved 13 January 2018.^ Nile crocodile is two species, Nature.com^ Schmitz, A.; Mausfeld, P.; Hekkala, E.; Shine, T.; Nickel, H.; Amato, G. & Böhme, W. (2003). ""Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1786)"". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (8): 703–12. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002.^ Eaton, Mitchell J.; Andrew Martin; John Thorbjarnarson; George Amato (March 2009). ""Species-level diversification of African dwarf crocodiles (Genus Osteolaemus): A geographic and phylogenetic perspective"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 50 (3): 496–506. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.009. PMID 19056500.^ a b c d e f Grigg, Gordon and Gans, Carl (1993) Morphology And Physiology Of The Crocodylia Archived 20 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine ., in Fauna of Australia Vol 2A Amphibia and Reptilia, chapter 40, pp. 326–336. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.^ Huchzermeyer, Fritz (2003). Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry and Diseases. CABI Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85199-656-1.^ [2]. Crocodilian Species List. Retrieved on 2012-04-14^ Guinness Book of World Records. Retrieved on 2013-04-08.^ The Guinness Book of Records. Largest Captive Crocodile, Worldcrocodile.com^ Britton, Adam. ""Lolong officially the world's largest crocodile in captivity"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 12 July 2012.^ ""Displaced Species"". Phil Star. Retrieved 12 July 2012.^ GMA News with Ben Serrano & Paterno Esmaquel. ""Nat Geo team confirms Lolong the croc is world's longest"". GMA News Online Top Stories. GMA Network Inc. Retrieved 15 November 2011.^ Nuwer, Rachel. ""Solving an Alligator Mystery May Help Humans Regrow Lost Teeth"".^ Wu, Ping; Wu, Xiaoshan; Jiang, Ting-Xin; Elsey, Ruth M.; Temple, Bradley L.; Divers, Stephen J.; Glenn, Travis C.; Yuan, Kuo; Chen, Min-Huey; Widelitz, Randall B.; Chuong, Cheng-Ming (28 May 2013). ""Specialized stem cell niche enables repetitive renewal of alligator teeth"". PNAS. 110 (22): E2009–E2018. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110E2009W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1213202110. PMC 3670376. PMID 23671090 – via www.pnas.org.^ Specialized stem cell niche enables repetitive renewal of alligator teeth Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.^ Uriona TJ, Farmer CG (2008). ""Recruitment of the diaphragmaticus, ischiopubis and other respiratory muscles to control pitch and roll in the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis )"". Journal of Experimental Biology. 211 (Pt 7): 1141–1147. doi: 10.1242/jeb.015339. PMID 18344489.^ Anitai, Stefan. ""14 Amazing Facts About Crocodiles – Living dinosaurs"". Softpedia. Retrieved 1 April 2008.^ Dinets, Vladimir; Britton, Adam; Shirley, Matthew (2013). ""Climbing behaviour in extant crocodilians"" (PDF). Herpetology Notes. 7: 3–7.^ evergreen. ""Reptiles"". Retrieved 29 April 2013.^ Land, M. F. (2006). ""Visual optics: the shapes of pupils"". Current Biology. 16 (5): R167–R168. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.046. PMID 16527734.^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica. ""Crocodile"". Retrieved 29 April 2013.^ Hansen, A (2007). ""Olfactory and solitary chemosensory cells: two different chemosensory systems in the nasal cavity of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis"". BMC Neuroscience. 8: 64. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-64.^ Gans, C.; Clark, B. (1976). ""Studies on ventilation of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodilia: Reptilia)"". Respir. Physiol. 26 (3): 285–301. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687 (76)90001-3. PMID 951534.^ Putterill, J. F.; Soley, J. T. (2006). ""Morphology of the gular valve of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768)"". J. Morphol. 267 (8): 924–939. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10448.^ Schwenk, K. (2008). Comparative anatomy and physiology of chemical senses in nonavian aquatic reptiles. In, Sensory Evolution on the Threshold: Adaptations in Secondarily Aquatic Vertebrates. J. G. M Thewissen and S. Nummels (Eds). University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 65–81^ CBCnews (2002). ""Alligators detect silent ripples when hunting"". CBC News. Retrieved 29 April 2013.^ a b Jackson, K.; Brooks, D. R. (2007). ""Do crocodiles co-opt their sense of ""touch"" to ""taste""? A possible new type of vertebrate sensory organ"" (PDF). Amphibia-Reptilia. 28 (2): 277–285. doi: 10.1163/156853807780202486.^ ""Crocodilian Biology Database - Integumentary Sense Organs"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ ""Saltwater Crocodile, Saltwater Crocodile Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News – National Geographic"". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.^ ""Crocodilian Species - Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ Damien Gayle. ""When two tribes go to war: Incredible moment legion of hippos turn and flee after stand-off with more than 100 crocodiles in epic Zambian river battle"". Daily Mail. April 16, 2014^ Darren Naish. ""Crocodiles attack elephants"". Scientific American. February 4, 2013^ Simon Tomlinson. ""Tragic hippo tot is tossed around by crocodile after young animal is snatched while its mother had her back turned"". Daily Mail. August 5, 2014^ ""Saltwater Crocodile Profile"". Australian Animal.^ Jon Tennant. ""ARE CROCODILES SECRET FRUIT-LOVERS?"". Popular Science. November 13, 2013^ Charles Q. Choi. ""Crikey! Crocodiles and Alligators Snack on Fruit"". Live Science. August 27, 2013^ BBC channel 1 program Inside The Perfect Predator, Thursday 25 March 2010^ Adam Britton (6 September 2009). ""Croc Blog: Crocodile myths #1 – the curious trochilus"". Crocodilian.blogspot.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ National Geographic documentary; ""Bite Force"", Brady Barr.^ ""National Geographic's Dr. Brady Barr's Bite Pressure Tests | Dog Facts"". Dogfacts.wordpress.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ Erickson, Gregory M.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A. (2003). ""The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)"" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 260 (3): 317–327. doi: 10.1017/S0952836903003819.^ ""Australian saltwater crocodiles are world's most powerful biters"". Sciencedaily.com. 16 March 2012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ ""Crocodiles Have Strongest Bite Ever Measured, Hands-on Tests Show"". News.nationalgeographic.com. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ Britton, Adam. ""Crocodilian Biology Database FAQ, ""How fast can a crocodile run? "" "". Retrieved 2 February 2008.^ Walters, Martin; Johnson, Jinny. Encyclopedia of Animals. Marks and Spencer p.l.c. p. 145. ISBN 1-84273-964-6.^ Read M. A.; Grigg G. C.; Irwin S. R.; Shanahan D.; Franklin C. E. (2007). Lusseau, David, ed. ""Satellite Tracking Reveals Long Distance Coastal Travel and Homing by Translocated Estuarine Crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus "". PLo S ONE. 2 (9): e949. Bibcode: 2007PLo SO...2..949R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000949. PMC 1978533. PMID 17895990.^ ""Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. ""How long do crocodiles live for? "" "". Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ ""Crocodilian Biology Database - FAQ - How long do crocodiles live for?"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ a b Associated Press (16 February 1995). ""Crocodile at Russian zoo dies; on display since czars"". The News–Journal. 70 (47). Daytona Beach, Florida: News–Journal Corporation.^ a b Campbell, Kieran (24 March 2010). ""Freshie the croc dies at age 140"". Sunshine Coast Daily.^ ""Johannesburg: World's oldest crocodile turns 114"". IBN Live. December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2014.^ ""Celebran cumpleaños del cocodrilo más longevo del mundo"". El Nuevo Día. December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2014.^ ""Crocodilian Species List"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ ""Crocodilian Communication"". Crocodilian.com. Retrieved 29 April 2013.^ Arkive. ""Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus )"". Retrieved 29 April 2013.^ Hays, J. (2008). ""Crocodiles: Their history, characteristics and behavior"". Retrieved 31 May 2013.^ a b K. Richardson; G. Webb; C. Manolis (2000). Crocodiles: Inside and Out.^ G. Webb; C. Manolis (1989). Crocodiles of Australia.^ Sfetcu, Nicolae (10 January 2011). Reptiles: Crocodiles, Alligators, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781470933203.^ Marzola, M.; Russo, J.; Mateus, O. (2015). ""Identification and comparison of modern and fossil crocodilian eggs and eggshell structures"". Historical Biology. 27 (1): 115–133. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2013.871009.^ Darren Naish. ""Do crocodilians (sometimes) feed their young?"". Science Blogs. November 8, 2008^ ""10 Delightful Baby Animals that Grow up to Be Fatal Predators"". Odd Stuff. February 3, 2012^ Jasey Kelly. ""THE LIFE CYCLE OF ALLIGATORS AND CROCODILES"". Demand Media.^ a b Amina Khan. ""Scary smart! Clever crocodiles, alligators use sticks to lure prey"". Los Angeles Times. December 06, 2013^ Jason G. Goldman. ""Crocodiles and their ilk may be smarter than they look"". Washington Post. December 9, 2013^ a b c ""Scary smart! Clever crocodiles, alligators use sticks to lure prey"". Phys Org. October 13, 2014^ ""Crocodiles are cleverer than previously thought: Some crocodiles use lures to hunt their prey"". Science Daily. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.^ a b ""The Crocodile Files"". One World Magazine.^ Mc Aliley, Willis, Ray, White, Brochu & Densmore (2006). Are crocodiles really monophyletic?—Evidence for subdivisions from sequence and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:16–32.^ a b Brochu, C. A.; Storrs, G. W. (2012). ""A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of Crocodylus in Africa"". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 587–602. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2012.652324.^ a b Conrad, J. L.; Jenkins, K.; Lehmann, T.; Manthi, F. K.; Peppe, D. J.; Nightingale, S.; Cossette, A.; Dunsworth, H. M.; Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H.; Mc Nulty, K. P. (2013). ""New specimens of ""Crocodylus"" pigotti (Crocodylidae) from Rusinga Island, Kenya, and generic reallocation of the species"". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 629–646. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2013.743404.^ ""Crocodilian Attacks"". IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group (iucncsg.org). Retrieved 3 February 2013.^ Lyman, Rick (30 November 1998). ""Anahuac Journal; Alligator Farmer Feeds Demand for All the Parts"". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2013.^ Elisabeth Janos (2004). Country Folk Medicine: Tales of Skunk Oil, Sassafras Tea and Other Old-Time Remedies. Globe Pequot Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-59228-178-7.^ Erica J. Peters (2012). Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: Food and Drink in the Long Nineteenth Century. Rowman Altamira. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-0-7591-2075-4.^ Armstrong, Hilary (8 April 2009). ""Best exotic restaurants in London"". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 September 2016.^ Catherine C. Harris. ""Egypt: The Crocodile God, Sobek"". Tour Egypt.^ Fidelis Mac-Leva. ""Nigeria: How Giant Crocodiles Guided Jukun to Kwararafa"". All Africa. June 24, 2009^ ""Holy Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans"". Heart of Hinduism. ISKCON Educational Services. 2004. Most rivers are considered female and are personified as goddesses. Ganga, who features in the Mahabharata, is usually shown riding on a crocodile (see right).^ Kumar, Nitin (August 2003). ""Ganga The River Goddess - Tales in Art and Mythology"". The second distinguishing aspect of Ganga's iconography is her animal mount, which is often shown serving as a pedestal for her. This is the makara, a hybrid creature having the body of a crocodile and the tail of a fish. The makara in Hindu thought corresponds to the star sign of Capricorn in western astrology. The crocodile is a unique animal in that it can live on both land and sea. It thus denotes the wisdom of both the earth and waters.^ ""Hindu gods and their holy mounts"". Sri. Venkateswara Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. The river goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, were appropriately mounted on a tortoise and a crocodile respectively.^ ""The Crocodile is God in Goa"" (PDF). Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. 14 (1): 8. January–March 1995.^ John Black. ""Cipactli and Aztec Creation"". Ancient Origins. May 19, 2013^ PHOTIUS (1977). Bibliothèque. Tome VIII : Codices 257–280 (in French and Ancient Greek). Texte établi et traduit par R. Henry. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. p. 93. ISBN 978-2-251-32227-8.^ John Ashton (2009). Curious creatures in zoology. ISBN 978-1-4092-3184-4.^ Britton, Adam (n.d.). Do crocodiles cry 'crocodile tears'? Crocodilian Biology Database. Retrieved March 13, 2006 from the Crocodile Specialist Group, Crocodile Species List, FAQ.^ Irwan Rouf; Shenia Ananda (2013). Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia: Dari Sabang Sampai Merauke. Anak Kita. p. 60. ISBN 978-602-9003-82-6.^ ""Welcome to Surabaya City, East Java"". Surabaya Tourism, East Java.com. Retrieved 17 November 2014.^ Martin H. Manser, Turton and Nigel D. Turton Advanced Learner's Dictionary, p. 164, at Google Books^ Angela Brazil The Nicest Girl in the School, p. 50, at Google Books Further reading Iskandar, DT (2000). Turtles and Crocodiles of Insular Southeast Asia and New Guinea. ITB, Bandung. Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. FLMNH.ufl.edu, ""How long do crocodiles live for?"" [ sic] Adam Britton. Crocodilian Biology Database, FAQ. FLMNH.ufl.edu, ""How fast can a crocodile run?"" Adam Britton. External links Look up crocodile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikispecies has information related to Crocodilia Wikiversity has learning resources about Crocodile Media related to Crocodilia at Wikimedia Commons Crocodilian Online Crocodilian Biology Database Crocodile Attacks in Australia BBC news finds powerful agent in crocodile blood World’s most expensive handbag sells in Hong Kong for over US$377,000 – a Hermès white crocodile (31 May 2017), South China Morning Post [ show]v t e Extant Crocodilian species [ show]v t e Related articles on alligators, caimans, crocodiles and gharials [ show]v t e Meat Taxon identifiers Wd: Q2535664 Eo L: 42334959 Fossilworks: 63119Authority control BNF: cb11964877v (data)Categories: Crocodilians Crocodylidae Reptiles of Asia Reptiles of Africa Reptiles of Australia Reptiles of North America Reptiles of South America Extant Ypresian first appearances "


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The Canadian assets of Safeway are fully owned and operated by Sobeys Inc. President of Sobeys Inc. Western Canada: Jason Potter. Safeway employs over 28,000 Canadians. Safeway’s head office is located in Calgary, Alberta, with regional offices located in Vancouver, Edmonton and Winnipeg.

Celebrating Over 85 Years at Safeway

Celebrating Over 85 Years at Safeway Founded in 1929 in Manitoba, Safeway has over 85 years of history serving communities across Western Canada. Now with 183 Safeway stores from Vancouver, British Columbia to Thunder Bay, Ontario. Safeway has been serving Western Canadians since 1929. In 2013, the assets of Canada Safeway Limited were acquired by Sobeys Inc.

1929Safeway opens its first five Canadian stores in Manitoba Grocery stores were typically 1,000 square feet, and customers bought only several days’ worth of food at a time because quick-melting ice blocks were the standard source of home refrigeration. Customers would provide a grocery list to clerks behind the counter. The clerks would select the items and bag them. The cashier would then ring up the items and give the customer a carbon-copy bill.1930's Safeway acquires Piggy Wiggly, Mac Donald’s Consolidated and Empress Manufacturing Safeway was one of Canada’s first grocery innovators. The automobile age compelled management to augment its stores with free parking spaces, with most lots accommodating up to 100 cars. Patrons were provided with shopping carts, home delivery and weigh scales to help them buy produce by the pound. By breaking the front counter barrier, Safeway ushered in a new age of grocery shopping, namely, the self-serve concept. Other firsts included merchandising events, supporting local farm and livestock producers and a guaranteed meat-trim program.1950's - Safeway Expands Safeway expanded to include 6,000 items in 20,000-square-foot stores.1952 - Safeway’s Iconic Red “S” Introduced Safeway’s iconic red “S” was first introduced with a money-back satisfaction guarantee.1970's Introduction of “Food for Less” stores The 1970's witnessed a retailing revolution whose fallout is still keenly felt throughout the industry: the concept of food barns or mega-stores. By offering lower prices and case-lot purchasing to customers, Canada responded with the customer-friendly “Food for Less” stores, an ideal blend of Safeway’s traditional services and the spaciousness and larger selection of food barns.1940's - Introduction of Open-Top Refrigerated Display Cases Safeway introduces open-top, refrigerated display cases, which made frozen products more accessible to shoppers. Just as Safeway adapted to the realities of the Great Depression, Safeway cashiers clearly announced every price as they rang goods into the cash register.1947 - New Distribution Philosophy After World War Two, a “distribution without waste” philosophy was implemented, which is now of paramount importance throughout the food retail sector today. Provisions were made for distribution and plant facilities to better serve new stores that were opening across the country.1960's1966 - Safeway acquired Jasper Dairy Company Safeway acquired Edmonton-based Jasper Dairy Company, which supplied the stores with a complete line of milk and dairy products and assured the company of a complete in-house supply of food brands.1980's Safeway Introduced In-Store Pharmacies & Floral Departments The average grocery store was 50,000 square feet. Safeway introduced in-store pharmacies and in-house floral departments.1990's Loyalty Programs Introduced to Safeway Customers The 1990's brought two new loyalty programs to Safeway customers: Safeway Club Card AIR MILES collector card The Safeway Club Card offered customers a new way to save money on their grocery purchases. Safeway was one of the first Sponsors when Air Miles launched in Canada, and was the exclusive grocery retailer to offer Air Miles reward miles to customers in Western Canada. Over 20 years later Safeway is still a proud Sponsor of the AIR MILES Reward Program!2000's2004 - “Ingredients for Life” Slogan Introduced Safeway introduces the new slogan “Ingredients for Life” and in four brief years renovates over 180 Canadian stores to reflect the new Lifestyle design. Stores have grown to feature healthier options, Starbucks Kiosks, a variety of organic and natural options, as well as a large offering of Asian, ethnic and sustainable choices.2010Tim Hortons Joins the Safeway Family Expanding on its Starbucks coffee offering, Safeway introduces Tim Horton's into the Safeway family. Pharmacy services have also grown exponentially to include in-store consultation rooms and immunization programs.2013A New Beginning: Sobeys Inc. Purchases Canada Safeway In 2013, a new and exciting chapter in a great story has begun to unfold for the company and all its employees with the Sobeys Inc. acquisition of Canada Safeway. We are now proudly part of a Canadian company that is over 108 years old — poised for growth and together we are embarking upon a quest to be the best food retailer in Canada!


most career hits mlb

Below is the list of the 284 Major League Baseball players who have reached the 2,000 hit milestone during their career in MLB. Pete Rose holds the Major League record for most career hits, with 4,256. Rose and Ty Cobb are the only players with 4,000 career hits. George Davis was the first switch hitter to collect 2,000 hits, doing so during the 1902 season. [1]Ichiro Suzuki is the current active leader.

"List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search

Contents [ hide ]1 Players with 2,000 or more hits2 See also3 Notes4 References5 External links Players with 2,000 or more hits [ edit]Bold denotes active player [a]Current season total amount of hits in parentheses† denotes player has been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame Stats are updated as of April 10, 2018. Rank Player Hits1 Pete Rose 4,2562 Ty Cobb † [b] 4,1913 Hank Aaron † 3,7714 Stan Musial † 3,6305 Tris Speaker † 3,5146 Derek Jeter 3,4657 Honus Wagner † 3,4308 Carl Yastrzemski † 3,4199 Paul Molitor † 3,31910 Eddie Collins † 3,31411 Willie Mays † 3,28312 Eddie Murray † 3,25513 Nap Lajoie † 3,25214 Cal Ripken, Jr. † 3,18415 George Brett † 3,15416 Paul Waner † 3,15217 Robin Yount † 3,14218 Tony Gwynn † 3,14119 Alex Rodriguez 3,11520 Dave Winfield † 3,11021 Ichiro Suzuki (5) 3,08522 Cap Anson † [c] 3,08123 Adrián Beltré (14) 3,06224 Craig Biggio † 3,06025 Rickey Henderson † 3,05526 Rod Carew † 3,05327 Lou Brock † 3,02328 Rafael Palmeiro 3,02029 Wade Boggs † 3,01030 Al Kaline † 3,00731 Roberto Clemente † 3,00032 Sam Rice † 2,98733 Albert Pujols (15) 2,98334 Sam Crawford † 2,96135 Frank Robinson † 2,94336 Barry Bonds 2,93537 Willie Keeler † 2,93238 Jake Beckley † 2,930Rogers Hornsby † 2,93040 Al Simmons † 2,92741 Zack Wheat † 2,88442 Frankie Frisch † 2,88043 Omar Vizquel 2,87744 Mel Ott † 2,87645 Babe Ruth † 2,87346 Harold Baines 2,86647 Jesse Burkett † 2,85048 Brooks Robinson † 2,84849 Iván Rodríguez † 2,84450 Charlie Gehringer † 2,83951 George Sisler † 2,81252 Ken Griffey Jr. † 2,78153 Andre Dawson † 2,77454 Johnny Damon 2,76955 Vada Pinson 2,75756 Luke Appling † 2,74957 Al Oliver 2,74358 Goose Goslin † 2,73559 Tony Pérez † 2,73260 Chipper Jones † 2,72661 Carlos Beltrán 2,72562 Roberto Alomar † 2,72463 Lou Gehrig † 2,72164 Rusty Staub 2,71665 Bill Buckner 2,71566 Dave Parker 2,71267 Billy Williams † 2,71168 Doc Cramer 2,70569 Gary Sheffield 2,68970 Luis Aparicio † 2,67771 Fred Clarke † 2,672Rank Player Hits72 Max Carey † 2,66573 Nellie Fox † 2,66374 George Davis † 2,660Harry Heilmann † 2,66076 Ted Williams † 2,65477 Jimmie Foxx † 2,64678 Lave Cross 2,645Miguel Cabrera (9) 2,64580 Rabbit Maranville † 2,605Tim Raines † 2,60582 Steve Garvey 2,59983 Ed Delahanty † 2,59684 Luis González 2,59185 Vladimir Guerrero † 2,59086 Julio Franco 2,58687 Reggie Jackson † 2,58488 Ernie Banks † 2,58389 Richie Ashburn † 2,574Manny Ramirez 2,57491 Willie Davis 2,56192 Steve Finley 2,54893 George Van Haltren 2,53994 Garret Anderson 2,52995 Heinie Manush † 2,52496 Todd Helton 2,51997 Joe Morgan † 2,51798 Buddy Bell 2,51499 Jimmy Ryan 2,512100 Mickey Vernon 2,495101 Fred Mc Griff 2,490102 David Ortiz 2,472Ted Simmons 2,472104 Joe Medwick † 2,471105 Bobby Abreu 2,470106 Frank Thomas † 2,468107 Roger Connor † 2,467108 Harry Hooper † 2,466109 Jeff Kent 2,461110 Ozzie Smith † 2,460111 Lloyd Waner † 2,459112 Bill Dahlen 2,457113 Jimmy Rollins 2,455114 Jim Rice † 2,452Torii Hunter 2,452116 Red Schoendienst † 2,449117 Dwight Evans 2,446118 Mark Grace 2,445119 Kenny Lofton 2,428120 Pie Traynor † 2,416121 Mickey Mantle † 2,415122 Sammy Sosa 2,408123 Miguel Tejada 2,407124 Stuffy Mc Innis 2,405125 Robinson Canó (13) 2,389126 Ryne Sandberg † 2,386127 Enos Slaughter † 2,383128 Chili Davis 2,380129 Edd Roush † 2,376130 Brett Butler 2,375Michael Young 2,375132 Lou Whitaker 2,369133 Alan Trammell † 2,365134 Carlton Fisk † 2,356135 Joe Judge 2,352136 Orlando Cepeda † 2,351137 Billy Herman † 2,345138 Joe Torre † 2,342139 Paul Konerko 2,340Barry Larkin † 2,340141 Bernie Williams 2,336142 Andrés Galarraga 2,333Rank Player Hits143 Jim Thome † 2,328144 Édgar Rentería 2,327145 Dave Concepción 2,326Jake Daubert 2,326B. J. Surhoff 2,326148 Eddie Mathews † 2,315149 Jeff Bagwell † 2,314150 Jim Bottomley † 2,313151 Bobby Wallace † 2,309152 Jim O'Rourke † 2,304153 Kirby Puckett † 2,304154 Aramis Ramírez 2,303155 Charlie Grimm 2,299Kiki Cuyler † 2,299157 Dan Brouthers † 2,296158 Hugh Duffy † 2,292159 Joe Cronin † 2,285160 Gary Gaetti 2,280161 Tony Fernández 2,276162 Carlos Lee 2,273163 Jimmy Dykes 2,256164 Willie Mc Gee 2,254Ron Santo † 2,254166 Patsy Donovan 2,253167 Tommy Corcoran 2,252168 José Cruz 2,251Marquis Grissom 2,251170 Bid Mc Phee † 2,250171 Bert Campaneris 2,249172 Edgar Martínez 2,247173 John Olerud 2,239174 Mike Schmidt † 2,234175 Willie Stargell † 2,232176 Fred Tenney 2,231177 Joe Sewell † 2,226178 Graig Nettles 2,225179 Darrell Evans 2,223180 Joe Kelley † 2,220181 Juan Pierre 2,217182 Joe Di Maggio † 2,214183 Joe Kuhel 2,212184 Willie Mc Covey † 2,211185 Willie Randolph 2,210186 Willie Wilson 2,207187 Jason Kendall 2,195188 Stan Hack 2,193Bill Terry † 2,193190 Cecil Cooper 2,192191 Larry Bowa 2,191192 Joe Carter 2,184193 Keith Hernández 2,182194 Will Clark 2,176195 Pee Wee Reese † 2,170196 Sherry Magee 2,167197 Dick Bartell 2,165198 Larry Walker 2,160199 Billy Hamilton † 2,159200 Hal Chase 2,158201 Magglio Ordóñez 2,156202 Don Mattingly 2,153203 Rubén Sierra 2,152204 Yogi Berra † 2,150Ed Konetchy 2,150206 Ken Boyer 2,143Ken Griffey, Sr. 2,143Tommy Leach 2,143209 Plácido Polanco 2,142210 Dick Groat 2,138Wally Moses 2,138212 Don Baylor 2,135213 Moisés Alou 2,134Rank Player Hits Maury Wills 2,134215 Buddy Myer 2,131216 Herman Long 2,128217 Mike Piazza † 2,127218 Tommy Davis 2,121219 Duke Snider † 2,116220 Dale Murphy 2,111221 Chris Chambliss 2,109222 Ellis Burks 2,107223 Paul O'Neill 2,105224 John Montgomery Ward † 2,104225 Arky Vaughan † 2,103226 Felipe Alou 2,101227 Clyde Milan 2,100228 Brian Downing 2,099229 Garry Templeton 2,096230 José Reyes (0) 2,095Alfonso Soriano 2,095232 Gary Carter † 2,092Harvey Kuenn 2,092234 Hal Mc Rae 2,091235 Alvin Dark 2,089236 César Cedeño 2,087237 Harmon Killebrew † 2,086238 Tim Wallach 2,085239 Jimmy Sheckard 2,084240 Ed Mc Kean 2,083241 Matt Holliday (0) 2,081242 Scott Rolen 2,077George J. Burns 2,077244 Chuck Klein † 2,076245 Carney Lansford 2,074246 Nick Markakis (13) 2,065247 Dixie Walker 2,064248 Del Ennis 2,063Bobby Veach 2,063250 Bob Elliott 2,061251 Wally Joyner 2,060252 Orlando Cabrera 2,055253 Ray Durham 2,054George Kell † 2,054255 Indian Bob Johnson 2,051256 Johnny Bench 2,048257 Dummy Hoy 2,045258 Víctor Martínez (7) 2,043A. J. Pierzynski 2,043259 Bobby Doerr † 2,042261 Mark Grudzielanek 2,040Jack Glasscock 2,040263 Carlos Delgado 2,038264 Raúl Ibañez 2,034265 Lee May 2,031266 Ken Singleton 2,029267 Brandon Phillips (0) 2,026268 Tony Phillips 2,023269 Amos Otis 2,020Reggie Smith 2,020271 Earl Averill † 2,019272 George H. Burns 2,018273 Adrian Gonzalez (7) 2,017274 Bill Mazeroski † 2,016275 Gary Matthews 2,011Johnny Mize † 2,011277 Bobby Bonilla 2,010Jason Giambi 2,010279 Bill Madlock 2,008280 Tony Taylor 2,007281 Frank White 2,006282 Dave Bancroft † 2,004Todd Zeile 2,004284 Shawn Green 2,003Through April 11, 2018, these active players have at least 1,800 hits: Joe Mauer 11 in 2018 (1,997)Chase Utley 6 in 2018 (1,856)Ian Kinsler 1 in 2018 (1,827)Dustin Pedroia 0 in 2018 (1,802)See also [ edit]Baseball portal Baseball statistics3,000 hit club List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders Top 15, and List of active MLB players in the Top 50 in Strikeouts List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders List of Nippon Professional Baseball career hits leaders List of KBO Career Hits leaders Notes [ edit]^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season.^ Major League Baseball lists Cobb's hit total at 4,191, although some independent baseball historians have revised the total to 4,189 because of double-counting a 2-hit day.^ Cap Anson's hit amounts are different depending on source and what hits are included in various leagues he played in. His total varies from 2995 to 3435. MLB.com credits him with 3,011. Major League Baseball credits him with 3,081 hits, which is verified by Elias Sports Bureau. References [ edit]General""Career Leaders & Records for Hits"". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012. Specific^ Pellowski, Michael J. (2007). The Little Giant Book of Baseball Facts. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. p. 21. ISBN 1402742738. Retrieved 22 August 2012. External links [ edit]MLB official list Baseball Reference Retrosheet - Ty Cobb [ hide]v t e Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics (types of records)General Record holders Single-game records Single-season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On-base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At-bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBISeason Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBIGame Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On-base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERAGame No-hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts C 1B 2B SS 3B OFLF CF RFPErrors C 1B 2B SS 3B OFLFAssists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20–20–20 club 30–30 club 40–40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Categories: Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics "


what is purpose of sim card

The SIM card is used to authenticate you to your GSM carrier. This means you can remove your SIM card from your cell phone and place it into another GSM phone and use it. Conversely, if you travel overseas, you might pop in a SIM card for another carrier serving that country into your phone.

Benefits of SIM Cards

Benefits of SIM Cards Last Updated on 14-Feb-2015 by Anne Hennegar If you’re a cell phone user whose carrier uses the GSM standard such as T-Mobile, AT&T, Vodafone and others, your phone includes a tiny electronic card that offers a lot of value. The card is called a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card and it can maintain your preferences. Just as important, this removable smart card can secure your data, which makes it much easier to move from one phone carrier to another. Part of the problem with cell phones is that they are complicated compared to a regular land line phone. As a result, few people take advantage of all the features. One area people overlook is using the SIM card. I’ve known friends who have recycled or sold cell phones without removing these cards.

All GSM phones need a SIM card to run. Some of the newer phones that use a 4G LTE network also need the card even though they are on a CDMA system. A SIM card is a tiny printed circuit board that identifies you to the phone network. Each carrier has their own SIM cards and they can vary in size based on the phone.

Your cell phone may come with one or you can buy them from retailers. The picture below shows an example of a card I bought years ago from the old Cingular network. The red circled area is the actual SIM card that you punch out. What Data do SIM Cards Hold SIM cards vary in the amount of data they can hold. Current cards hold between 16 and 64K. In comparison with a SD card that may not sound like much, but it is enough to hold your:cell phone numberrate plan LAI (Location Area Identity)Service features and preferences Text messages Address book (info for about 250 contacts)PIN lock Portability and SIM Locking As you can see from the list, it is not your cell phone that knows your cell number, but your SIM card.

While SIM cards are designed to be portable, there are situations where a SIM card won’t work in another GSM phone. More to the point, the cell carrier won’t accept the card because of SIM locking. This is a practice carriers use when they subsidize the purchase of your phone. As example, Carrier A offers you a $600 Smartphone for $200 with a 2 year contract. If you were to place your existing SIM card from Carrier B into the phone you might see a message such as Enter Subsidy Password or Enter Special Code. A common example in the US is the locked ATT i Phone. The practice of SIM locking is more common in the United States. Each country and carrier has their own rules. Some carriers will unlock the phone for you after a set period. This restrictive practice has led many buyers to choose unlocked cell phones which sell for a premium. Protecting Your Data with a PIN Lock Most GSM phones offer the option for people to save contact information to the phone or to the SIM card. Saving your addresses to the card has advantages. The first is that if you stay with the same carrier, you don’t have to re-key your contact phone numbers. Even if you change carriers, you can get a SIM card reader and software that allows you to manage the data. Another advantage to saving contact information to the SIM card is you can protect your data using a PIN lock. Many phones have a setting for a phone lock. A phone lock simply protects someone from using the phone. But, if your phone was lost or stolen, someone could remove the SIM card and use it unless it is locked. This is an added layer of protection. Each SIM card comes with a default PIN that is set by the carrier or manufacturer. Sometimes the default PIN is in the documentation or is set during the activation process. If you have enabled the SIM Lock feature and don’t know the PIN, don’t guess. Most cards allow three mistakes and then require you to enter a PUK code. Until you enter the PUK (personal unblocking key) code, the phone is inoperable. Your carrier can tell you the correct PUK code to unlock your card after they’ve verified you’re the account holder. Changing the PIN on your SIM card If you know your PIN code, you can change it using this string,**04*old PIN*new PIN* new PIN #For example, if my old PIN was 12345 and I wanted to change it to 56345, I would type:**04*12345*56345*56345#Recording your IMEI Number Another precaution you might take is to record your IMEI number. This is the 15 digit International Mobile Equipment Identity number for your phone. This is a number assigned to each phone that you can report to your carrier if the phone is lost. This would prevent the phone from using the network. The number is usually stamped underneath the battery area. Most phones also allow you to get the number by entering this string on your phone: *#06#Some phones will show your IMEI number in the settings panel. This is usually easier than trying to find the number on the phone as it may require you to remove the battery. Alternatively, if you have an Android phone, you can find your number online. Log into your Google settings page Scroll down to the Android section Click the small triangle to the left of the green Android icon The panel should expand and show you your phone details. The IMEI number is listed as MEID. The rules vary about unlocking phones so they can be used with any GSM carrier, but it’s illegal to change a phone’s IMEI number. You can enter this number to find out details of your phone such as brand and model. This can be useful information if you’re buying a used phone and the brand and model display as something different. Although SIM cards are tiny, you can see they offer some big features in terms of portability and security. Instead of worrying about your data if your phone gets lost, it may make sense to protect your investment now. And if you plan on selling or recycling your phone, make sure you remove the SIM card. Filed Under: Cell, Quick Tips