where ostrich live

The ostrich ( Struthio camelus) is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa. They are the largest living bird species, and have the biggest eggs of all living birds. Ostriches do not fly, but can run faster than any other bird. [1]They are ratites, a useful grouping of medium to large flightless birds. Ostriches have the biggest eyes of all land animals.

Ostrich

"Ostrich From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Ostrich Male Masai Ostrich ( Struthio camelus massaicus)Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae Vigors, 1825Genus: Struthio Linnaeus, 1758Species: S. camelus Binomial name Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758The present-day distribution of Ostriches.

[2]Contents [ hide ]1 Appearance2 Habitat3 Food4 Behaviour4.1 Social behavior4.2 Reproduction4.3 Predators5 Evolution5.1 Unusual morphology6 Ostriches and humans6.1 Racing7 Gallery8 References Appearance [ change | change source]Ostriches have long legs and a long neck, but they have a small head. Male ostriches have black feathers and female ostriches have gray and brown feathers. Both males and females have white feathers on their wings and tails. Male ostriches can be 1.8 - 2.7 meters / 6 - 9 feet tall, while female ostriches are 1.7 - 2 meters / 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall. They can run with a speed of about 65 kilometers per hour/40 miles per hour. Habitat [ change | change source]Ostriches now only live in Africa. They live in open grassland called savannas in the Sahel, and in parts of East Africa and south-west Africa. Some ostriches live in areas of the Sahara desert. There used to be ostriches in Middle East in the 20th century and, further back, also in Asia. Humans hunted and ate the ostriches. They are now extinct in those areas. Food [ change | change source]Ostriches mainly eat plant matter, but they also eat insects. The plant matter consists of seeds, shrubs, grass, fruits and flowers while the insects they eat include locusts. Ostriches do not have teeth, and so cannot grind food as mammals do. Instead, they swallow pebbles. An adult ostrich carries about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of stones in its gizzard, a special sac just before the stomach. The pebbles grind the food, and help its digestion. When eating, their gullet is filled with food. After that, the food is passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a bolus. The bolus may be as much as 210 ml (7.1 US fl oz). Ostriches can live without drinking for several days. Behaviour [ change | change source]Social behavior [ change | change source]Pair ""dancing"". Ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods Ostriches live in nomadic groups of five to 50 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other grazing animals, such as zebras or antelopes. [3]With their acute eyesight and hearing, Ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph), [4] and can maintain a steady speed of 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph), which makes the Ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal. [5] When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear as a mound of earth from a distance. This even works for the males, as they hold their wings and tail low so that the heat haze of the hot, dry air that often occurs in their habitat aids in making them appear as a nondescript dark lump. Ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as 40 °C (72 °F) between night and day. Their temperature control mechanism relies on action by the bird, which uses its wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leaves these areas bare to release heat. Reproduction [ change | change source]Ostrich hen with chicks A female incubating eggs in a shallow nest on the ground in the Serengeti, Tanzania An Ostrich egg Ostriches become sexually mature when they are 2 to 4 years old; females mature about six months earlier than males. The mating process differs in different regions. Territorial males hiss and use other sounds to claim mating rights over a harem of two to seven hens. [6]Fights usually last just minutes, but they can easily cause death through slamming their heads into opponents. The successful male will then be allowed to breed with all the females in an area, but will only form a pair bond with the dominant female. The females lay their fertilized eggs in a single communal nest, a simple pit, 30 to 60 centimetres (12–24 in) deep and 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide, [7] scraped in the ground by the male. The dominant female lays her eggs first, and when it is time to cover them for incubation she discards extra eggs from the weaker females, leaving about 20 in most cases. [4]Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs (and by extension, the yolk is the largest single cell ), [8] though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird. [9] — on average they are 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long, 13 centimetres (5.1 in) wide, and weigh 1.4 kilograms (3.1 lb), over 20 times the weight of a chicken egg. The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. [6] This uses the colouration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest, as the drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night. [10] The incubation period is 35 to 45 days. Males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. The male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed. The survival rate is low for the hatchlings, with an average of one per nest surviving to adulthood. Predators [ change | change source]When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground, or will run away. If cornered, it can attack with a kick from its powerful legs. Common predators of nests and young ostriches include jackals, various birds of prey, mongoose and vultures. Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages include cheetahs, lions, leopards, african dogs, and spotted hyena. [4] [11] Ostriches can often outrun their predators in a pursuit and can even outpace cheetahs over long distances. [12] However, they may sometimes fight fiercely against predators, especially when chicks are being defended. They have sometimes killed lions in such fights. [1]Evolution [ change | change source]There is no doubt that the ratites are not a monophyletic group, because they are not descended from a single ancestor. [13] That means the taxonomy of the group is going to change, and they will not all be placed in the Order Struthioniformes as they have been. However, as ornothologists have not yet agreed on a new classification, for the time being the useful term 'ratites' is still used. Unusual morphology [ change | change source]Ostriches are likely to be placed alone in the order Struthioniformes. They have a number of peculiarities which suggest a separate evolution from the rest of the ratites. They lack a gallbladder. [14] They have three stomachs, and the caecum is 71 cm (28 in) long. Unlike all other living birds, the Ostrich secretes uric acid separately from faeces. [15] Unlike all other birds, who store the uric acid and faeces together, and excrete them together, ostriches store the faeces at the end of their rectum. [15] They also have unique pubic bones that are fused to hold their gut. Unlike most birds the males have a penis, which is retractable and 8 in (20 cm) long. Their palate (bone on the roof of the mouth) differs from other ratites. [4]Ostriches and humans [ change | change source]Ostriches are farmed in several countries. They used to be prized for their feathers, but are now farmed for their meat and eggs. Their skin can also be used to make leather. In South Africa, hunters can get one group of feathers from one wild ostrich. When they are farmed, every seven or eight months farmers can take groups of feathers from the ostriches. They will grow back and can be collected again a in seven or eight more months. [16]When threatened, Ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. [3] Their legs can only kick forward. [17]Ostriches reared entirely by humans may not direct their courtship behaviour at other Ostriches, but toward their human keepers. [18] Ostriches live 30 to 40 years on average. [3]It is sometimes said that ostriches will hide their heads in the ground when they are scared, but this is not true. Racing [ change | change source]A Jacksonville, Florida, man with an Ostrich-drawn cart, circa 1911In some countries, people race each other on the back of Ostriches. The practice is common in Africa [19] and is relatively unusual elsewhere. [20] The Ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. However, they are harder to manage than horses. [21]Gallery [ change | change source]A male (right) and a female (left). A female Ostrich. An Ostrich egg. References [ change | change source]Wikispecies has information on: Struthio camelus. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Struthio camelus.↑ 1.0 1.1 ""Ostrich - National Geographic"". animals.nationalgeographic.com. 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.↑ ""San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Ostrich"". sandiegozoo.org. 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011.↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Donegan, Keenan (2002). ""Struthio camelus"". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved Feb 17 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Davies S. J. J. F. 2003. Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia. vol 8 2nd ed, Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 99–101. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0↑ Desert USA (1996). ""Ostrich"". Digital West Media. Retrieved Feb 17 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)↑ 6.0 6.1 Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1903). ""Ostrich"". The New International Encyclopædia. XIII. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead. pp. 497–498. Retrieved Feb 17, 2011.↑ Harrison, C. & Greensmith A. 1993. In Bunting E. (ed) Birds of the World. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p39 ISBN 1-56458-295-7↑ Hyde, Kenneth (2004). Zoology: An inside view of animals (3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing. p. 475. ISBN 0757501702.↑ Amazing bird records trails.com↑ Nell, Leon (2003). The Garden Route and Little Karoo. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 164. ISBN 1-86872-856-0..↑ Animal Files theanimalfiles.com↑ Largest eyes wildwatch.com↑ Harshman, John; et al. (2008). ""Phylogenetic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds"" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (36): 13462–13467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814. Retrieved 2008-10-17.↑ Marshall, Alan John 1960. Biology and comparative physiology of birds. Academic Press. p446↑ 15.0 15.1 Skadhauge E. et al. 2003. Does the ostrich ( Struthio camelus) have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 134 (4): 749–755.↑ ""Africa—Cape of Good Hope, Ostrich Farm"". World Digital Library. 1910–1920. Retrieved 2013-05-30.↑ Halcombe, John Joseph, ed. (1872). Mission life. 3 Part 1. London: William Macintosh. p. 304.↑ BBC News (2003)↑ Bradley, John H. (2009)↑ Palosaari, Ben (2008)↑ Mechanix Illustrated (1929)Categories: Ratites Struthioniformes Meats "


t age can a widow collect social security

The earliest you can start collecting a widow or widower's benefit is age 60. But to get your maximum survivor's benefit, you must delay collecting until your own full retirement age, which in your cousin's case is 66 years old. At age 62, she can only receive 81% of her deceased husband's benefit.

Lynn Brenner's Family Finance

Can A Widow Collect Social Security While She Works? Q: My cousin is 63 years old. Her late husband was was collecting Social Security when he died at age 65 in January 2011. She has contacted the Social Security Administration about collecting on his Social Security until she turns 66, when she will be entitled to collect her own full benefit based on her work record. They told her she couldn't collect on his Social Security because she is still employed. Is this correct? I thought that she was entitled to collect a benefit on her deceased spouse's Social Security. --JO via email A: You're right. Your cousin was either misinformed or she misunderstood what she was told. Having a job doesn't disqualify her for a survivor's benefit; but depending on her annual salary, she may be unable to collect it until she turns 66. Before discussing her best course of action, let's recap the rules: A widow or a widower is entitled to a survivor's benefit based on her/his deceased spouse's work record. (Divorced people who were married for ten years or more and haven't remarried are also entitled to this survivor's benefit when their former spouses die. )You forfeit this benefit if you remarry before turning 60. If you remarry after 60, you can keep it. Your maximum survivor's benefit is 100% of what your deceased spouse would receive if he or she were still alive. In other words, if a man was getting a reduced benefit when he died because he filed for Social Security before his full retirement age, that reduced amount is the maximum his widow can get. And he was receiving a bigger benefit because he postponed taking Social Security until after his full retirement age, that's what she'll get.

Clear so far? Then let's move to your second assumption, which is that your cousin can collect her widow's benefit at 62, and then switch to her own benefit at her full retirement age. You're right about that, too! It's a wrinkle in the rules that even some Social Security staffers don't know about. If you apply for Social Security before reaching your full retirement age while your spouse is alive, your application automatically applies to both your own benefit and your spousal benefit -- and you get the larger of the two. You can't take one and postpone the other. But a widow or widower can do just that: At 62, your cousin can collect 81% of her late husband's benefit, and postpone taking her own benefit so that it keeps growing. Or she can decide to take her own reduced benefit now -- at 62, she'll get 75% of what she'd get at age 66 -- and switch to a 100% survivor's benefit when she turns 66. The best choice obviously depends on the relative dollar amounts involved. But despite all of the above, any application for Social Security can be affected by the amount you earn until you reach retirement age. Your cousin's job doesn't disqualify her for a survivor's benefit, but her salary might prevent her from collecting it. Here's why: Until your full retirement age, you can't collect Social Security if your earnings exceed an annual limit. In 2011, you forfeit $1 of benefit for each $2 you earn above $14,160. Let's say your cousin's survivor benefit is $1,000 a month, or $12,000 a year. If she earns $38,160 a year -- $14,160 plus $24,000 -- she forfeits the entire $12,000 benefit until she turns 66. In the year that you turn 66, you forfeit $1 of benefits for each $3 you earned above $37,680 prior to your birthday. Starting with your birthday month, you're home free. You can collect your full Social Security benefit regardless of how much you earn. If your cousin's salary doesn't bar her from collecting a survivor's benefit at this time, she should go back to the Social Security Administration and ask them to revise their answer. It wouldn't be the first time an applicant has been misinformed. (I've received letters from widows who were wrongly told they weren't entitled to more than a $250 'burial' payment! )If she's earning above the annual limit, she should consider an alternative strategy: She could postpone her application for the survivor's benefit until age 66, and switch to her own benefit at age 70. As I've explained in other posts, your own benefit grows 8% a year for each year you delay taking it between ages 66 and 70. At 70, your cousin's benefit based on her own work record will be one third bigger than it is when she's 66. Please send your questions to Lynn@Lynn Brenners Family Finance.com . I'm sorry I can't respond personally to every email. Questions are only addressed online. (c) Lynn Brenner, All Rights Reserved


precipe definition

age Duhaime's Law Dictionary Præcipe or Precipe Definition: Latin: an initiating document presented to a court clerk to be officially issued on behalf of the court or a the covering memo or letter from the lawyer (or plaintiff) which accompanies and formally asks for the writ to be issued by the court officer.

Duhaime's Law Dictionary

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Latin: used to refer to the actual writ that would be presented to a court clerk to be officially issued on behalf of the court but now mostly refers to a formal written request or notice to the Court Registry, as a form of covering letter, from the lawyer (or plaintiff) which accompanies and formally asks for the writ to be issued by the court officer, or asks the Registry to take some other filing or procedural action. The praecipe is often excluded from the court file. Some jurisdictions are eliminating legalese and this term is being replaced by a new heading more in keeping with its purpose and role: Requisition. Categories & Topics: Dictionary of Latin Law Terms Duhaime's Civil Litigation & Evidence Law Dictionary Always looking up definitions? Save time with our search provider (modern browsers only)If you find an error or omission in Duhaime's Law Dictionary, or if you have suggestion for a legal term, we'd love to hear from you!LAWimage Sort By: The template you are linking to has no template configured yet. Duhaime Lawisms Spousal abuse is one of the greatest tragedies in our society. Justice Lloyd Doggett, Supreme Court of Texas in Lewelling v Lewellin (1990)


how much will i receive on unemployment compensation pennsylvania

Amount and Duration of Unemployment Benefits in Pennsylvania Your weekly benefit amount will be about 50% of your average weekly wages, subject to a weekly maximum of $573. Benefits are available for up to 26 weeks.

Collecting Unemployment Benefits in Pennsylvania

"In Pennsylvania -- as in every other state -- employees who are temporarily out of work through no fault of their own may qualify for unemployment benefits. The eligibility rules, prior earnings requirements, benefit amounts, and other details vary from state to state. Here are the basic rules for collecting unemployment compensation in Pennsylvania. Related Products MORECreate Your Own Employee Handbook The Employer's Legal Handbook The Essential Guide to Workplace Investigations The Job Description Handbook Eligibility for Unemployment in Pennsylvania In Pennsylvania, the Department of Labor & Industry handles unemployment benefits and determines eligibility on a case-by-case basis. Applicants must meet the following three eligibility requirements in order to collect unemployment benefits in Pennsylvania:• Your past earnings must meet certain minimum thresholds.• You must be unemployed through no fault of your own, as defined by Pennsylvania law.• You must be able and available to work, and you must be actively seeking employment. Past Earnings Virtually all states look at your recent work history and earnings during a one-year ""base period"" to determine your eligibility for unemployment. (For more information, see Nolo's article, Unemployment Compensation: Understanding the Base Period ). In Pennsylvania, as in most states, the base period is the earliest four of the five complete calendar quarters before you filed your benefits claim. For example, if you filed your claim in October of 2013, the base period would be from June 1, 2012, through May 31, 2013. During the base period, you must meet all of the following requirements in order to be eligible for unemployment: You must have earned at least $116 per week during at least 18 weeks in the base period. You must have earned at least $1,688 during the highest quarter in your base period. You must have earned at least $3,391 in total wages during the base period. Reasons for Unemployment You must be out of work through no fault of your own to qualify for unemployment benefits. Layoffs. If you were laid off, lost your job in a reduction-in-force (RIF), or got ""downsized"" for economic reasons, you will still meet this requirement. Firing. If you were fired because you lacked the skills to perform the job or simply weren't a good fit, you won’t necessarily be barred from receiving benefits. However, if you engaged in “misconduct,” you will not be eligible to receive unemployment. In Pennsylvania, among other things, misconduct means an intentional violation of the employer’s rules, the failure to conform to standards which an employer can reasonably expect from an employee, or careless behavior that is so frequent or severe that it shows a disregard for the employer’s interests. For example, showing up to work under the influence of alcohol or drugs or having several unexcused absences after written warning would qualify as misconduct. Quitting. If you quit your job, you won't be eligible for unemployment benefits unless you had good cause for quitting. In general, the good cause requirement will be satisfied if you had a compelling reason for quitting, it left you no choice other than to quit, and you made every effort to keep your job. The following will qualify as good cause, among other things:if you left your job for health reasons, provided that you told your employer about your limitations and it wasn’t able to accommodate your restrictionsif you lost your method of transportation and had no other options for getting to work, despite trying to find alternative transportation, andif your spouse was relocated and it was not economically practical to maintain two residences. Availability to Work To maintain your eligibility for unemployment benefits, you must be able to work, available to accept a job, and looking for employment. (For more information, see Nolo's article, Collecting Unemployment: Are You Able, Available, and Actively Seeking Work?) If you’re offered a suitable position, you must accept it. For the initial unemployment period, whether a position is suitable depends on several factors, including the level of skill and training required, the similarity between the work and your previous employment, how much the position pays, and the distance between the job site and your residence. However, as time goes on, you will be expected to modify your standards and consider accepting work that requires less skill or that pays lower wages. You must conduct a reasonable search for work, which includes applying to at least two jobs and conducting at least one other work search activity per week. You should keep a record of your job search efforts, including the employers you have contacted, the dates you made contact, and the outcome. The Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry (DLI) may contact you or your employer contacts to verify your efforts.

Related Ads How to File a Claim for Unemployment Benefits in Pennsylvania You may file your claim for unemployment benefits online, by phone, by fax, or by mail. You can find online filing information and contact information at the DLI’s website. Once you file, you must continue to file weekly claims with the DLI for each week for which you are claiming benefits. Once it receives your application, the DLI will send you some documents, including a Notice of Financial Determination indicating your potential benefit amount and duration. How to Appeal a Denial of Unemployment Benefits in Pennsylvania If your claim for unemployment is denied, you have 15 days to appeal the decision. Your appeal must be in writing (letter format is fine) and mailed or emailed to the DLI to the address listed in the notice of denial. After receiving your appeal request, a hearing will be scheduled before an administrative official called a Referee. The Referee will receive evidence from both you and your employer and issue a written decision. If you disagree with the Referee’s decision, you may appeal to the Board of Review by the date stated in the Referee’s notice of decision. If you disagree with the Board’s decision, you have 30 days to appeal to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. The DLI provides additional information on the unemployment process at its website (select ""File an Initial Claim"" to apply for benefits online, find out current eligibility requirements and benefit amounts, learn about the appeals process, and much more). "


what willow herb is used to make the tea

Fireweed tea or Ivan Chai is a traditional fermented black tea, or tisane, made from fireweed or willow herb, a medicinal herb that grows throughout the northern hemisphere and from California to Alaska in the west, and as far south as North Carolina in eastern North America.

Make Fireweed Tea in 5 Easy Steps

Make Fireweed Tea in 5 Easy Steps By Joybilee Farm 5 Comments This post contains affiliate links. If you use these links to buy something we may earn a commission. Thanks. Tweet

While legend has it that tea was discovered in China and many histories have been written, black tea didn’t appear in Asia until the British demanded it in the late 18 th century. Previous to this Ivan Chai, a fermented black “tea” was imported to Britain from Russia. Ivan chai is made from the leaves of fireweed, known as Chamaenerion angustifolium in Europe or Epilobium angustifolium elsewhere. Russian fireweed tea promoted longevity and health, with a smooth, sweet, floral flavor that green Chinese tea lacked. Black tea, manufactured in India through the influence of the British East India Company, owed its oxidization and fermentation technology to Fireweed tea and the traditional fermentation method developed by the Russians, a thousand years ago. What is fireweed? Fireweed is a perennial member of the evening primrose family . It is also known as, willow herb, Rosebay willowherb, great willow herb, fireweed, Canadian willowherb™, and Koporye tea. Fireweed grows up to 6 feet in height. It reproduces by seed and by underground runners. You’ll find it in disturbed sites, after forest fires, and in logged clearings. Fireweed is a first colonizer plant that restores the soil and prepares the forest for regeneration, after a disturbance. It grows throughout the Northern Hemisphere in zones 2 to 7 (USDA). In North America it is native in the west from California to Alaska, and in the east as far south as North Carolina and Tennessee. Fireweed has been used safely as a tonic tea for hundreds of years in Siberia, Russia, and throughout Europe, both as a dried green leaf and as a fermented black tea beverage. It is listed in the European pharmacopeia as a traditional treatment for prostate problems. It is considered safe through centuries of traditional use. Fireweed tea For centuries in Europe Russian Tea or Ivan Chai was THE tea of commerce. Ivan chai is synonymous with fermented fireweed tea. The Russians claim to have invented the process of tea fermentation. Russian Tea offers several health benefits. Normalizes blood pressure Balances digestive health Improves concentration Improves energy levels Promotes relaxation Builds immunity Improves mood Strengthens circulation Supports the kidneys and urinary system Detoxifies the body Relieves migraines and tension headaches Prevents cavities Caffeine free and non-addicting At the time of the Czars, Ivan Tea was exported to the rest of Europe. It was Russia’s second highest export at its peak of popularity, second only to wheat. In the mid-1800s trade with England was disrupted by the Crimean and Napoleonic wars. Commercial production of Ivan Chai stopped entirely after the October Revolution of 1917. However, fireweed continued to be used as an herbal supplement in Russian homes. The 5 step DIY process to make Ivan tea from fireweed To make Ivan tea fireweed leaves are bruised and fermented, in the same way that black tea is fermented, through an aerobic process. After 2 or 3 days the fermentation is stopped with heat. And the tea leaves are dried. Tea fermentation is an aerobic enzymatic process rather than being dependent on microbes. It is the same oxidative process that causes apples to turn brown and avocadoes to darken. It changes both the flavor of the leaf and the color. The polyphenols in the tea leaves are transformed by polyphenol oxidases to turn the leaves brown to black, and change the flavor profile and aroma of the tea. The fermentation process removes the acidic, freshly cut grass aroma, replacing it with a floral, fruity fragrance that is pleasant and flavorful. This enzymatic oxidization and fermentation alters the mouth feel of the tea, as well, softening its astringency and bitterness, while improving the aftertaste. Step 1: Wild harvesting Fireweed leaves are harvested from plants either before flowering or during flowering, by plucking the leaves from the lower parts of the stock. If the stock is not harvested the plant will continue to flower providing food for bees and insects. However, the plants can also be removed from the ground. The rhizome will remain in the ground to reproduce. For more information about identifying fireweed in the wild see this post. Leaves are stripped from the stems at harvest. Once the leaves are harvested they should be sorted and any damaged or diseased leaves removed from the pile. Step 2: Wilting Place the leaves on a cotton sheet or in a shallow wicker basket to wilt. The wilting process takes from 12 to 18 hours depending on the temperature. The leaves are ready for rolling then they are dry enough to bend at the center vein without breaking. Test a leaf by folding it over on itself before proceeding with step 3. Step 3: Rolling The rolling process breaks the leaf tissues and mixes the polyphenols in the leaves with the polyphenol oxidase enzymes. Commercially large rollers are used to break the leaves. However, traditionally, each leaf was individually bruised by rolling between the palms. The rolled leaf holds its shape. You can roll 4 or 5 leaves together to speed up the process. Place the leaves in a bowl with an air tight lid to keep insects out during the fermentation. The bowl should be loosely filled to allow for adequate oxidization. Step 4: Oxidization and fermentation Tea leaves are fermented in an aerobic environment, but protected from off flavours and insect contamination for 24 to 72 hours, or longer. A ceramic bowl with a lid is ideal. Periodically stir the leaves during the oxidization process to evenly distribute the leaves in the bowl. If you want to introduce addition flavors to the tea leaves you can add them at this stage. Good candidates are aromatic jasmine flowers, fragrant rose petals, lemon verbena leaves, or peppermint or spearmint leaves. After 48 hours, check the fragrance and color of the leaves. Stop the fermentation when the leaves are aromatic and fragrant and the color is dark brown or black. Depending on your temperatures this can take 2 to 5 days. Just check them every 24 hours and stop the process when the leaves are at the stage of oxidization that you prefer. Be sure to make notes along the way. When you master the perfect combination of time and oxidization you’ll want to be able to repeat it. You can brew a cup of tea from the leaves to test the flavour and aroma. I find that the grassy scent is gone after 24 hours but other fragrances permeate the leaves some fruity and some floral. Move to the next step, when the leaves have the flavour and scent you prefer. Step 5: Drying Stop the oxidization when the fireweed leaves have the fragrance and color that you like. You can test the tea by brewing a cup of it after 48 hour and after 60 hours, etc. Generally a fermentation of 3 to 5 days is sufficient. Drying halts the enzymatic break down of the leaves arresting the fermentation. Remove the leaves from the bowl and sprinkled them over a baking sheet. Dry the Fireweed leaves in an oven at 90 to 120F to stop the fermentation process. Stir the leaves part way through the process to dry uniformly. You can leave the oven door ajar to prevent overheating. A dehydrator that maintains the temperature between 90°F and 120°F can also be used to stop the fermentation process. When the leaves are completely dry, bring the leaves to room temperature. Package in airtight boxes or jars, and store in a cool dry place, where the jars are protected from heat and light. Allow the tea to continue curing for 2 to 4 months before use, to mellow the flavor further. The tea can be used immediately but the flavor will improve further if the tea is allowed to cure for several months. How to brew fireweed tea Place 1 to 2 teaspoons of tea in a tea pot or tea strainer. Pour boiling water over the tea in the tea pot or place the strainer in a mug and pour boiling water over the strainer. Cover and allow the tea to steep for 15 minutes. Remove the strainer. Tea may be sweetened with sugar or honey. Fireweed tea is caffeine-free with a many health benefits. Check out the many health benefits of Fireweed as an herbal remedy here. Tweet Filed Under: Green Living, Herbal remedies and natural health,Lost Arts of Self Reliance,willow Tagged With: Fireweed tea, herbal remedies, Ivan Chai


aqsarniit meaning

m21There have been many legends about the Northern Lights. Some North American Inuit tribes call the aurora „aqsarniit“ (meaning “football players”) thinking it is the spirits of the dead playing football with a head of a walrus.nexttriptourism.com« 1 2 3 4 5 »

"Miscellaneous25 Interesting Facts About Northern Lights You Should Know Before You See Them Posted by Petr H., Updated on September 29, 2014Shares678203 475Officially known as Aurora Borealis, the Northern Lights are one of nature’s most spectacular visual phenomena. Appearing in many forms from patches or scattered clouds of light to streamers, arcs, curtains or shooting rays, the northern lights’ amazing light display can be observed in the sky of high latitude regions such as Norway or Canada. You might know the cause of this natural phenomenon (collision of solar wind and magnetospheric charged particles) but there are many more interesting facts about this unreal spectacle that are worth learning. Here are 25 of them, illustrated with some of the most amazing Northern Lights pictures you have ever seen.25 Interesting Facts About Northern Lights You Should Know Before You See Them Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 5:17Subscribe to List2525The most spectacular Northern Lights in recent recorded history are considered those from the ""Great geomagnetic storm"" on 28 August and 2 September 1859. Studies have shown that a solar storm of this magnitude occurring today would likely cause widespread problems for modern civilization.www.telegraph.co.uk24Astronauts on board the International Space Station are at the same altitude as the Northern Lights and see them from the side.www.dailymail.co.uk23The Southern Lights offer the same visual display as the Northern Lights but since the South Pole is even more inhospitable and inaccessible than the North Pole, it is more difficult to view the Southern Aurora. Therefore, the Northern Lights are more popular and get almost all the attention.www.express.co.uk22There are several towns famous for their great conditions for watching the Northern Lights. In North America, the aurora tourism capital is Yellowknife (Northwest Territories, Canada), while Tromso (Northern Norway) is the same for Europe.mybackyardtours.co

Lists Going Viral Right Now Sports & Entertainment25 Best Anime Of All Time That You Will Want To See Sports & Entertainment25 Best Movies Ever Made Geography & Travel25 Countries With The Highest Murder Rates In The World People & Politics25 Richest Celebrities With The Highest Net Worth Miscellaneous25 Extremely Easy Ways To Die That Will Make You Appreciate Life Animals25 Most Dangerous Dog Breeds People & Politics25 Of The Most Evil Serial Killers You Have Ever Known Bizarre25 Mind-boggling Examples Of The Mandela Effect Miscellaneous25 Of The Most Difficult Languages To Learn In The World Animals25 Of The World's Largest Dog Breeds20The colors of the Northern Lights depend on what gas is involved and how high in the ionosphere the reaction takes place. Blue and green lights form at lower altitudes while red color comes from the highest altitudes.www.accuweather.com19Auroras tend to be more frequent and spectacular during high solar sunspot activity, which cycles over approximately eleven years. The last climax was in 2013.www.telegraph.co.uk18In very Northern regions such as Alaska or Greenland, the Northern Lights may be visible most nights of the year. Actually, they can occur at any time of the day, but we can’t see them unless it’s dark.arkansasweather.blogspot.com17The very best moment for watching aurora is when the auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator and the magnetic pole is in between the observer and the Sun. This special time is called magnetic midnight.twoandahalfbackpacks.wordpress.com16There have been many famous and respected people trying to explain the phenomenon in history including Aristotle, Seneca, Descartes, Tycho de Brahe or Benjamin Franklin who theorized that the ""mystery of the Northern Lights"" was caused by a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions intensified by the snow and moisture.guardianlv.com15Several agencies, such as NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, monitor solar activity and issue aurora alerts accessible to public so that people eager to watch the Northern Lights know when and where they can expect this impressive shownordlysfoto.blogspot.com14Italian astronomer and philosopher Galileo Galilei was the first to describe the phenomenon as Aurora Borealis in 1619.www.sootoday.com cover.jp13Aurora Borealis have been a source of wonder for us for thousands of years. Drawings of the lights have even been found in ancient cave paintings in France dating back to 30,000 years ago.www.nathab.com12The Northern Lights have their southern counterpart, the Aurora Australis (or the Southern Lights) that can be seen from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, South America, New Zealand, and Australia.www.stuff.co.nz11Although missing a magnetic field, an aurora-like phenomenon has been also observed on Venus. Scientists suggest it can be caused by the reaction between the solar wind and the ions in the Venus´ ionosphere.spacefellowship.com10The further North you are the better the chances of seeing the Northern Lights you have. Therefore, the Arctic is the best spot for watching this phenomenon. In winter, you can see the lights from the Arctic even in the afternoon.www.snowaddiction.org9No two Northern Lights can ever be the same. They are always of different patterns and colors.globalnews.ca8The impressive light display that we see in the sky, seemingly just above our heads, is actually very far away – usually more than 60 miles above Earth. The most distant red lights take place at heights of over 400 miles up in the sky.www.dailymail.co.uk7Green is the most common color of all auroras. Then it is pink, a mixture of green and red, followed by pure red, yellow and finally, pure blue.www.flickr.com6During intense solar storms, the Northern Lights become more spectacular and can sometimes be visible as far south as Louisiana, Texas or even Mexico and Cuba.www.wunderground.com5Auroras occur on other planets as well. Similar to the Earth's aurora, they are visible close to the planet's magnetic poles. Astronomers have spotted the lights on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.en.wikipedia.org4Some Inuit tribes believed that the Northern Lights were the spirits of animals that they hunted - seals, salmons, deer and beluga whales.environment.nationalgeographic.com3The term Aurora Borealis was derived from Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas.www.downloadjpeg.com2The Earth’s magnetic field, which is responsible for the formation of the Northern Lights, extends tens of thousands of miles into space.calgary.ctvnews.ca1Apart from a spectacular visual display, the lights also produce faint sounds such as claps, crackles, and static sounds. However, the aurora noise is so rare that hearing it is probably possible only during times of maximum aurora activity, on windless nights away from other noise sources.www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca SEE ALSO: 25 Of The Most Difficult Languages To Learn In The World »NOW WATCH: 25 Amazing Facts About The Human Body You May Not Be Aware Of25 Amazing Facts About The Human Body You May Not Be Aware Of Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 5:24Subscribe to List25You Tube 2MShow Us Your Love Join Over 2 Million+ List25 Fans List25 Daily List25 Weekly "


espn streaming price

ESPN is changing up the way it streams content in a big way. The company announced on Tuesday that it has a price and a timetable for its standalone streaming service, which will launch along with a redesign of its various ESPN apps. Disney CEO Bob Iger said on CNBC Tuesday that ESPN’s standalone streaming package will cost $4.99 per month and will come with a variety of features not available on ESPN’s traditional cable networks. The network reported the price of the package as Disney announced its Q1 earnings.

Disney Announced The Monthly Price For ESPNâs Standalone Streaming Service

Getty Image

If you’re a cable subscriber, however, the biggest news is that some of the programming already available for streaming may not be there for you once the app relaunches later this spring.


is it improper to give gifts to your lawyer

2013How wonderful to hear of someone happy about their attorney and not complaining on this forum!Yes, a gift is appropriate, but never expected. You should also consider giving the great attorney favorable reviews on this forum, on google.com, yelp.com, yahoo.com etc.

Q&AAsked in San Francisco, CA | September 25, 2013 Save Is it appropriate and/or ethical to give your attorney a gift when he/she wins your case? Recently a great attorney took over a difficult case mid-stream and found a solution for me quickly. Of course I already paid my bill, but since the outcome was so fast and efficient I thought of sending a bottle of wine, maybe candy, tickets to a show or something along those lines. Would this type of gesture be appropriate and/or ethical? Would it be better to send something the entire law firm staff can enjoy rather than just the attorney assigned to my case? Legal malpractice and negligence Professional ethics Working with a lawyer Ask a lawyer - it's free! Browse related questions4 attorney answers Paula Brown Sinclair11 reviews Family Law Attorney | Twin Falls, IDReveal number Private message Posted on Sep 25, 2013All of your ideas are entirely appropriate and ethical-- and would be greatly appreciated. This answer is offered as a public service for general information only and may not be relied upon as legal advice. Ask a similar question1 found this answer helpful | 3 lawyers agree Mark as helpful 0 comments Joseph Jonathan Brophy6 reviews Ethics / Professional Responsibility Lawyer | White Plains, NYReveal number Private message Posted on Sep 26, 2013I remember well a dificult case in which I achieved a very good settlement for my client. She bitterly objected to the amount and I had to twist her arm to get her to sign a release. A few weeks later she sent me a voucher for a nice dinner for two with a note thanking me for my determination. Another client gave me a briefcase that I used for years until it fell apart. Such gifts are entirely proper and are much appreciated... More1 found this answer helpful | 2 lawyers agree Mark as helpful 0 comments Jonathan Craig Reed19 reviews Car Accident Lawyers | Las Vegas, NVReveal number Private message Posted on Sep 29,

Ask a similar question1 found this answer helpful | 1 lawyer agrees Mark as helpful 0 comments Jennifer L. Ellis4 reviews Ethics / Professional Responsibility Lawyer | King Of Prussia, PAPrivate message Posted on Oct 1, 2013I think it is wonderful that you want to show the attorney your appreciation. It is absolutely appropriate to provide a simple gift, such as the type you are suggesting. I bet your attorney will very much like the gesture you are planning on making. For a free consultation related to medical malpractice, personal injury, workers' compensation... More1 found this answer helpful Mark as helpful 0 comments More questions like this What should I do if my attorney is not giving attention to my case? Edison, NJ | 4 attorney answers I recently found out that the defendants attorney for my workers comp case is also a town judge.. My question is Tarrytown, NY | 2 attorney answers Would it be appropriate to ask an attorney specializing in Legal Malpractice to accept a case on a contingency? Phoenix, AZ | 1 attorney answer If I win a legal case, does the losing party pay my attorney San Diego, CA | 2 attorney answers I have recently found myself without a lawyer in a divorce case. Daphne, AL | 1 attorney answer See all advice on Lawsuits and disputes


what are mill rates

Mill Rates Mill Rates are set annually by the Borough Assembly, Municipalities and Service Areas Boards. A mill is simply a thousandth of a dollar (1/1000 of $1 and represents one dollar of tax for each 1,000 dollars of taxable assessed value. Properties are assigned a Tax Authority Group (TAG).

The TAG identifies those taxing authorities and their corresponding mill rates. Example: 123 Example Street – located in TAG 58Borough 4.5Central Emergency Services 2.72Central Hospital 0.01Road Maintenance 1.40TAG 58 Mill Rate 8.632017 Mill Rates Historical Mill Rates by TAG.pdf


wadi sirhan

m. Wadi Sirhan Wadi Sirhan is the name of a wadi (valley) that runs southeast from the ancient site of Al-Azrak in eastern Jordan that eventually crosses the border into Saudi Arabia and ends at the wells of Maybuu. It is about 140 kn/187 miles in length, and 5-18 kilometers (13-11) miles wide. ( Encyclopedia of Islam).

"In his translation of the Xiyu juan, or ""Chapter on the Western Regions"" from the Hou Han shu, John Hill proposes in his notes (nos. 12.21 and 12.24) that a trade route used to exist between Petra and Wadi Sirhan to the east. Such a trade route would cross the desert to link Petra directly with Jauf, and subsequently to the trade routes that ran east from there to Gerrha or to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf. This proposed trade route would have provided a direct link between Gerrha and the more northern ports such as Charax Spasinu on the Persian Gulf, and Gaza and Rhinocorura (modern al-'Arish) on the Mediterranean Sea. Hill's reason for proposing this new trade route is based on his interpretation of an ancient Chinese manuscript. Throughout Chinese history, Chinese explorers, ambassadors, and merchants made occasional trips to the western world. Many of their reports were written down, and preserved. The Chinese text that John Hill is referring to is one known as the Wei lue (or 'Short Account of the Wei Dynasty') composed by Yu Huan between 239 and 265 CE. It provides much additional material on Parthia and Da Qin or the Roman Empire than was included in the earlier account of these regions in the Hou Han shu which were based on the reports of the Chinese envoy Gan Ying who reached the Persian Gulf in 97 CE and presented in an address to the Chinese Emperor circa 125 CE. The new material in the Wei lue appears to date from the late 2nd or early 3rd century CE and seems to be based on accounts from Arab, perhaps Nabataean, sources. According to John Hill, the ancient Chinese text claims that "" (from Qielan (Wadi Sirhan) you again travel due west 600 li (250 km) to the kingdom of Sifu (Petra). "" Hill is currently working on a revised edition of his annotated translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions from the Hou Han shu, which should be available in a few months. He also hopes to make available a draft edition of his annotated translation of the Wei lue later this year on the Internet. The basic units of measurement employed in the Hou Han shu, the li and the chi, have varied considerably through the ages and, at times, from district to district. Fortunately, however, they remained stable over the Qin and Han periods and a bronze standard measure, dated 9 AD, has been preserved at the Imperial Palace in Beijing. This has allowed accurate conversions to modern measurements, and the li is calculated to be 415.8 meters in length. Other ancient measurements were the Greek stadium (201.5 meters), the Roman stadium (185 meters), and the Roman mile (1,482 meters. )There are several problems with the trade route the John Hill has suggested. First, this route does not appear on any maps of ancient trade routes in the Arabian Desert. Such a route would cross a wide desert expanse between Jafr in Jordan and Wadi Sirhan in Saudi Arabia. Secondly, the Chinese text suggests that there was a wang or 'king' of Wadi Sirhan, and as far as we know, Wadi Sirhan has never been a kingdo

Musil called it a ' sandy, marshy lowland, surrounded by low hillocks. ' King Esarhaddon (699-680 BC) undertook a campaign against the Bazu and the Khazu (the Buz and Hazo of the Bible, Genesis 22:21-2, Job 32:2, and Jeremiah 25:13,) who were living along Wadi Sirhan. In 634 AD the area was conquered by the Muslim armies after the battle of Yarmuk and the area became the much contested frontier between the Beni 'l Kayn and the Beni Kalb sub-tribes of the Kadu'a. (Bedouin tribes) Today the Beni Ruwala tribe inhabits it. However, Nabataea.net researchers couldn't find any history between these two dates. In 1926 the local sheik signed the Treaty of Hadda, and the area became part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As far as we could tell, any reference to a "" king "" of this area by the Chinese explorer must have referred to a local sheik. Hill explains it this way: ""The Chinese word, "" wang "", usually translated as "" king ,"" is employed for everyone ranging from tribal chiefs to emperors - so there is no difficulty assuming it is used here for "" sheik ."" After the Roman takeover of Nabataea, (106 AD) Roman Forces used to patrol Wadi Sirhan. (Bowersock, Roman Arabia, pp. 155-159, 178; Millar, The Roman Near East pp. 138, 185). Trade Routes From our experience, trade routes can be funny things. Most westerners think in terms of major nations trading with other major nations through established and well-known routes. The eastern mindset is different. The Bedouin think in terms of being middlemen, conducting trade between two centers. This is significantly different. Camel caravans were making profit by bringing goods from one place to another, but they were not the official representatives of either center. The governments of these centers made money by taxing the caravans. The caravan owners made better profits when they avoided taxes. So trade routes were in constant flux as the caravans tried to avoid taxation centers. There were, and are, many ways to cross the desert. Each route has its positive and negative points. First, any caravan passing through a settled area would have to pay something to the sheik who controlled that area. Settled areas, however, were usually located around water spots, and caravans needed water. The Nabataeans grew in wealth and power, because they developed secret water collection systems in the desert, so that their caravans did not need to pass through areas where they might be taxed. Second, as civilizations developed and expanded, they started to build forts and taxation centers at various places where caravans might pass. Thus a cat and mouse game developed between caravan owners and those with the power to tax caravans passing through their region. This constant flux makes it difficult for historians to accurately plot ancient trade routes. While major routes did occur, other routes that bypassed certain centers were used whenever it was profitable. A New Trade Route As we mentioned above, based on Chinese records, John Hill has suggested that a trade route existed between Petra in the west and Gerrha in the East. The part of the route that ran east from Petra to Ail, and then to Ma'an and finally to Jafr is quite acceptable, and follows a natural course of travel between these centers. There is also enough water along this route for major camel caravans to pass. The problem with the suggested route was getting a caravan from Jafr to a spot with water in Wadi Sirhan. Since camels require about 80 - 100 liters of water each, a small caravan of 100 camels would require 8000 - 10,000 liters of water. There had to be a watering point between Jafr and Wadi Sirhan with a minimum of 10,000 liters and, preferably, much more. A well would not usually provide this kind of water, unless it was located in an area with close surface water. Such an area would have been an oasis, such as was found in Ma'an. If the caravans were to water in the desert, the watering spot would need to use a water collection system that fed into a large cistern. It became obvious that if we wanted to confirm the existence of a trade route along this path, we needed to locate a major source of water about half way between Jafr and Wadi Sirhan. We began our search by visiting the Jordanian village of Abu Lissan where the Dirawsha Bedouin tribe lives. They originally herded camels south of the Jafr area, before being settled by the Jordanian government around the well at Abu Lissan. After much discussion and thought, the old men of the village told us about a large ancient water cistern located in the desert east of Jafr. However, this is an area that is very hard to get to, so we couldn't just drive on out to look for it. Then a few days later, while digging around in the basement of ACOR (American Center for Oriental Research) in Amman, we came across a map that actually showed the location of this large cistern. (Transcribed onto a map below)From the map above you can see that the water source is located almost exactly half way between Jafr and Al Isawiyah in Wadi Sirhan. So, it is very possible that there was a caravan route that went directly from Petra to Wadi Sirhan, and then south to Jauf. Imagine finding it via China!Recently a Nabataea.net reader Antonia Willis kindly sent us pictures of a huge well/cistern in the exact area where the ""Roman Pools"" or ""Ancient cistern"" is marked on old maps. The pictures are below. "


define podiatry

ri)uncountable noun Podiatry is the professional care and treatment of people's feet. Podiatry is a more modern term for chiropody and also deals with correcting foot problems relating to the way people stand and walk . COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary.

Definition of 'podiatry'

Definition of 'podiatry'Learner: podiatry English: podiatry American: podiatry Trendspodiatry ( pəd aɪ ət

Copyright © Harper Collins Publisherspodiatryin British ( pɒˈdaiətrɪ)nounanother word for chiropody Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © Harper Collins Publishers Derived formspodiatric ( ˌpəʊdɪˈætrɪk) adjectivepodiatrist ( poˈdiatrist) noun Word origin of 'podiatry' C20: from Greek pous footpodiatryin American ( poʊˈdaɪətri; pōdīˈətrē; pəˈdaɪətri; pədīˈətrē)USnounthe profession dealing with the specialized care of the feet and, esp., with the treatment and prevention of foot disorders Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Derived formspodiatrist ( poˈdiatrist) nounpodiatric ( ˌpoʊdiˈætrɪk; pōˌdēaˈtrik) adjective Word origin of 'podiatry' < Gr pous (gen. podos ), foot + -iatry Trends of 'podiatry'Used Rarely. podiatry is in the lower 50% of commonly used words in the Collins dictionary View usage for: Years Frequency:1928 01929193019311932193319341935193619371938 01939 019401941194219431944 0.011945194619471948194919501951195219531954 0.01195519561957195819591960196119621963 01964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976 0.011977 0.031978 01979 01980 0198119821983 01984 0.011985 01986 01987 01988 01989 0.011990 0.011991 0.011992 01993 0.011994 01995 0.011996 0.031997 0.011998 0.021999 0.022000 0.022001 0.032002 0.032003 0.042004 0.032005 0.052006 0.042007 0.032008 0.03Nearby words of 'podiatry'podiapodialpodiatristpodiatrypoditepoditicpodium All ENGLISH words that begin with 'P'Source Definition of podiatry from the Collins English Dictionary


what is a nrti backbone

nce). After failure of a first-line regimen of ABC or TDF + 3TC (or FTC), the preferred NRTI backbone option for secondline ART is AZT + 3TC (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).

Summary of new recommendations

Summary of new recommendations Consolidated ARV guidelines, June 2013Second-line ART: what ARV regimen to switch to Topic and population: What ARV regimen to switch to in adults and adolescents (includes pregnant and breastfeeding women)Recommendations: Second-line ART for adults should consist of two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI). The following sequence of second-line NRTI options is recommended: After failure on a TDF + 3TC (or FTC) -based first-line regimen, use AZT + 3TC as the NRTI backbone in second-line regimens. After failure on an AZT or d4T + 3TC-based first-line regimen, use TDF + 3TC (or FTC) as the NRTI backbone in second-line regimens. Use of NRTI backbones as a fixed-dose combination is recommended as the preferred approach (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Heat-stable fixed-dose combinations ATV/r and LPV/r are the preferred boosted PI options for second-line ART (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Topic and population: What ARV regimen to switch to in children (including adolescents)Recommendations: After failure of a first-line NNRTI-based regimen, a boosted PI plus two NRTIs are recommended for second-line ART; LPV/r is the preferred boosted PI (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). After failure of a first-line LPV/r-based regimen, children younger than 3 years should remain on their first-line regimen, and measures to improve adherence should be undertaken (conditional recommendation, very-low-quality evidence). After failure of a first-line LPV/r-based regimen, children 3 years or older should switch to a second-line regimen containing an NNRTI plus two NRTIs; EFV is the preferred NNRTI (conditional recommendation, low-quality evide

After failure of a first-line regimen containing AZT or d4T + 3TC (or FTC) the preferred NRTI backbone option for second-line ART is ABC or TDF + 3TC (or FTC) (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).« Previous page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 Next page »


what does forming mean

oun)the act or process of giving form or shape to anything; as, in shipbuilding, the exact shaping of partially shaped timbers The Standard Electrical Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Forming

Definitions &Translations

Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Formingof Form Forming (n

The process of producing secondary battery plates from lead plates by alternately passing a charging current through the cell and then allowing it to discharge itself and repeating the operation. (See Battery, Secondary, Planté's. )Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of Forming in Chaldean Numerology is: 3Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of Forming in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1Sample Sentences & Example Usage Don Marquis: There is nothing so habit-forming as money. Walter Stoeppelwerth: There is a line forming, everybody wants a lower cost of capital. Petro Poroshenko: We hope that the process (of forming a government) will begin this week. Internal Security Minister Gilad Erdan: The assessment forming is that this was a nationalistic terrorist attack. Duan Yi: What we are seeing is the forming of China's labor movement in a real sense. Images & Illustrations of Forming


what is a transit visa

A transit visa is a temporary short period visa during your journey. Some countries require that you have a stop over of minimum of 24 hours to grant you a transit visa. But Singapore provides a transit visa for a stop over as small as 4 hours.

Non-USA Transit Visa If your final destination is the United States or Canada, you may come to the U. S./Canada either through Atlantic or Pacific route. For the Atlantic route, you may have a stop over in London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam etc. For the Pacific route, you may have a stop over in Singapore, Hong Kong etc. During your intermediate international stop over, if you have sufficient time and you want to tour the city and/or country, you may apply for transit visa at the appropriate counter at the airport.

They even have airport transportation available at no charge for a passenger tour. Recently, several countries have started to require a transit visa for persons transiting their countries even if they do not want to go out of the airport. However, most people who are going to or coming from with a valid visa do not require a transit visa. There has been a lot of confusion in this regard among people and many times even airline staff does not have correct information. Detailed requirements for Indian citizens Provides country by country and multiple airlines information. UK (United Kingdom or Britain or England)Direct Airside Transit Visa Airlines such as United Airlines, Air India, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Emirates (not a complete list), you may have a stopover in London Heathrow. If you are one of the passport holders listed below and will transit the UK airside (i.e. Mumbai-London Heathrow London Heathrow-New York, and not Mumbai-London Heathrow and then London Gatwick-New York destination, staying in the UK less than 24 hours), you require a Direct Airside Transit Visa to transit the United Kingdom. This is the case even if you only intend to remain airside and will not pass through UK Immigration. AFGHANISTAN, ALBANIA, ALGERIA, ANGOLA, BANGLADESH, BELARUS, BURMA (MYANMAR), BURUNDI, CAMEROON, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA, COLOMBIA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE), ECUADOR, ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, GAMBIA, GHANA, INDIA, IRAN, IRAQ, IVORY COAST, KENYA, LEBANON, LIBERIA, MACEDONIA, MOLDOVA, NEPAL, NIGERIA, PAKISTAN, PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY, RWANDA, SENEGAL, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO, SIERRA LEONE, SOMALIA, SRI LANKA, SUDAN, TANZANIA, TURKEY, TRNC, UGANDA, VIETNAM, YUGOSLAVIA, ZAIRE (FORMERLY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO), ZIMBABWE. Please note however that if you are transiting en route to the Republic of Ireland, and you are a national of one of the countries above, you will require a visit visa and the exemptions below do not apply. Exemptions: You are exempt from this requirement if: You hold a valid US or Canadian visa and your ticketing includes a visit to the U. S. or Canada. You are in possession of an onward ticket for travel by air via the UK when leaving the U. S. or Canada within 6 months of your last date of entry to the U. S. or Canada with a valid US/Canadian visa. You hold a USA Permanent Resident Card issued on or after 21 April 1998. To calculate this, subtract ten years from the expiration date on your Alien Registration Card. You hold a Canadian Permanent Resident Card issued on or after 28 June 2002. You hold a valid Category D visa (normally printed on a red/pink sticker, green stickers do not qualify) issued by EU/EEA member states, which are valid for more than 3 months. You hold a valid EU residence permit. You hold a diplomatic or service passport issued by the Peoples Republic of China. You hold a diplomatic or official passport issued by the Government of India. You hold a diplomatic or official passport issued by the Government of Vietnam. If you do not qualify from one of the above exemptions you should apply online and submit the following documents to your nearest entry clearance issuing post. If you intend to change airports in the United Kingdom you will require a Visit Visa. Application Following original documents are required: Original passport with ample validity. One passport size photograph. Evidence of your Immigration Status in the USA. Please submit the original document. Copies will only delay your application. Alien Registration Card (Green card)H1-B Visa Advance Parole Document Employment Authorization Card Valid IAP66/DS 2019Valid I20, signed on the reverse by designated school official Valid I-94Additional Documents for B1/B2 Visitors Confirmed Flight Reservation (Do NOT purchase the ticket before the Visa is issued). Visa Fees Online application Any dependants under 16 years old, included on your passport, can be included on the same form, but those older will need to complete separate forms. Application in India can apply at New Delhi, Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), or Mumbai (Bombay). Schengen Countries Comprehensive information about airport transit visa is found in the section for Schengen Visa. Lufthansa: Germany Air France, Air India: France Alitalia: Italy KLM, Northwest: Netherlands Switzerland Airlines such as Swiss Air have a stop over in Zurich. For Indian citizens, if you have a stop over in Switzerland, and if you are not getting out of the airport, you do NOT require a transit visa if you are coming to the U. S. with a valid U. S. visa. Other Transit visa for Russia Singapore


what is the best shovel to dig palms

Being one of the smallest tri-fold shovels in the market, this shovel is deemed to be one of the best multi-functional tools that break mold on the market. The Cold Steel shovel is made from 5/64 – inch carbon steel shovel head which is 2mm thick that is big enough to handle anything that comes its way.

10 Best Shovels for Digging

10 Best Shovels for Digging Image source A shovel is a handy tool with a broad flat blade and typically upturned sides used for digging holes, lifting, and moving bulky materials such as coal, gravel, sand, ore, soil or snow. There are several reasons why you should get a good shovel. First and foremost, shovels make gardening life easier, simply because they are invaluable when it comes to digging holes, turning the soil, lifting bulky material, digging a ditch, transplanting some shrubs as well as, cutting nice clean edges to create a flowerbed you can take pride in. To add to that, shovels are multitaskers, they come in a variety of types each of them designed to adapt to different tasks and environments to deliver outstanding results. Table of Contents [ show]10 Best Shovels - Reviews10. Fiskars Long Handle Digging Shovel – 9668Editor's Rating: (4.6 / 5)Fiskars is a prominent and leading company when it comes to manufacturing durable and industrial-quality equipment that people can’t help but rave about. This sturdy steel –handled shovel is undoubtedly a remarkable piece of equipment that adds to their fame and glory. Being one of the best shovels in the market, the 9668 model features a welded 14-gauge hardened steel blade with a closed back design. This sharpened blade is designed to easily break up any hardened dirt clouds as well as penetrate toughened soil. Designed for durability, the handle on the shovel is made of an 18-gauge steel shaft with a tear drop design for maximum reliability. As you would expect, the steel is quite firm and won’t flex or break like fiberglass. As for the weight, the shovel comes in at 6.3 pounds which are fairly heavy but about average for a steel-handled shovel. The handle is 57.5 inches, speaking of which, it is designed for ergonomic control which eliminates any chances of getting any back injuries guaranteeing you safety at all times. Get It on Amazon.com Now!9. Bosse Tools Ergonomic Square Point Shovel Editor's Rating: (4.7 / 5)While you may enjoy the fruits of your labor after a hard work of shoveling, the entire process of digging, scraping and leveling hard ground or even moving materials is not fun. Thankfully, Bosse Tools manufacturers understand this and thus took it upon them to design an incredible piece of equipment that allows you to work smarter and not harder. First look, at the Ergonomic Square Point shovel for the first time, you will notice its ground-breaking rotating center, equipped with a full 360-degree locking mechanism. This Handle it Technology is designed to help you use less energy and strength while working for the same amount of work you would with a traditional shovel. The D-handle offers a comfortable rubber hand grip plus it is outstandingly resistant to heat impacts and UV. This 51 – inch handle shovel is made from professional grade strong aluminum housing but a lightweight yet strong fiberglass shaft and a sturdy steel head construction to provide maximum strength when handling this tool. The Bosse Tools Ergonomic Square Point shovel weighs 5.5 pounds – fairly lightweight for a tool made of such durable materials. Get It on Amazon.com Now!8. AAA 4004 Aluminum Sports Utility Shovel Editor's Rating: (4.3 / 5)AAA 40004 Shovel was designed to suit the needs of persons who like to carry their gardening equipment’s with them wherever they go. Most shovels are far too heavy and large to throw in your car but not the AAA 40004 Red Aluminum shovel. Made from durable high-quality aluminum and weighing only 1.3 pounds, this shovel is practical and easy to carry around. This shovel is also adjustable in length from 25-inch to a whopping 32-inch. This nice feature is designed to give you a little more length if you are taller hence providing you with more flexibility. This unique design also helps in reducing common workplace injuries such as back injuries since you don’t have to hunch over while you use it. Last but not least, is the s piece construction design which is human-friendly as it enhances performance as well as allowing quick and easy disassembly which makes packing and storage of this equipment quite convenient. Get It on Amazon.com Now!7. Bond LH015 Mini D-Handle Shovel Editor's Rating: (4.6 / 5)This small and lightweight yet strong and sturdy shovel is truly a gift to anyone who loves gardening. The Bond LH015 Mini Shovel is designed for efficiently lifting and moving bulky materials. First off, this shovel offers a comfortable soft non – slip grip, strong and lightweight steel handle that is very good and solid designed to handle extreme working conditions. When it comes to durability, this metal shovel is coated with a rust resistant powdered coat designed to add more life to it so that it can offer maximum service for a very long time while still looking in good condition at all times. In addition, the fiberglass arm and plastic grips as well as the durable heat - treated heads incorporated into this shovel are perfect for any waterproof occasion. Hanging The Bond Mini D shovel in your garage or store when it’s not in use is made pretty easy with the metal ring embedded in this tool. All of these features are squeezed into a lightweight tool weighing only 1.8 pounds that can easily be carried around. Get It on Amazon.com Now!6. True Temper Forged Square Point Shovel – 2585500Editor's Rating: (4.1 / 5)This shovel has to be on our list due to its great power and affordable price. This shovel will prove to be an invaluable partner in any landscaping and gardening jobs. The most notable feature in this exceptional shovel is its aggressive blade design which makes this shovel a powerful choice for any type of ground. The shovel has a Square point forged steel blade. Designed to offer increased agility and practicality, this 47-inch fiberglass handle offers a solid and sturdy strength plus a comfortable step for secure foot placement to dig through the toughest of terrain and rocky soil. Coming in at only pounds, the True Temper 2585500 shovel is a lightweight shovel with a cushioned end grip placed at the end of the handle to offer the user maximum control and comfort while at work. Last but not least, you will be pleased to know that the True Temper 2585500 offers an exceptional value given that it is a heavy duty tool with a great design made from quality and durable materials. Get It on Amazon.com Now!5. Ames 163118800 Thumb D-Handle Round Point Mini Shovel Editor's Rating: (4.9 / 5)Ames Companies have been around for a very long time. They take pride in producing durable, quality and valuable equipment in the market highly valued by their customers. This Mini Round Point Mini shovel is an ideal utility tool fit for many everyday tasks. This particular shovel is built for digging in tight spaces. Seeing that it only weighs 1.6 pounds, making this a very lightweight shovel with a great toughness of a much bigger and heavier tool, the Ames 163118800 makes a great companion when it comes to gardening and landscaping a tough terrain. Don’t let its small size deceive you, this shovel is packed with the power of a much bigger shovel and is able to take on just about any kind of work thrown at it. To prove it can, the Ames 163118800 is designed with a steel D style handle with a green thumb joined tightly to the wooden handle ensuring that you won’t face any problems of the blade coming loose over time. In addition, its small nature makes it an appropriate and practical emergency trunk shovel for use in a campsite or in the garden. Get It on Amazon.com Now!4. True Temper Round Point Shovel – 1564400Editor's Rating: (4.3 / 5)There is nothing not to love when it comes to the True Temper Round Point 1564400. Many who have had the chance to use in the past rave about its goodness and ease of use when shoveling. As a start, the True Temper 1564400 is endowed with a D-Shaped wooden handle which is an ideal shape as it lends you a hand when you are using it on heavy duty. The Round point tempered steel blade featured on this shovel also adds to its goodness. Not only does it make it durable but also makes this shovel easy to use while tending your gardening or for your landscaping needs. You will also be pleased to know that this shovel comes equipped with a forward-turned step for secure foot placement especially on rocky soil or tough terrain. Moreover, this helpful design prevents back injuries by offering optimum support to the user while at use. Being 30 inches long and weighing 3.7 pounds, this shovel is relatively heavy which works to the user's advantage by offering more balance while in use. In addition, the 8.5-inch blade is designed with the perfect balance of a large surface area and sharpened edge to dig through any kind of ground. Last but not least, you will be happy to learn that the Ames companies offer a 100% money-back guarantee in case you are not happy with what the shovel has to offer. Get It on Amazon.com Now!3. Cold Steel Special Forces Shovel with Hardwood Handle Editor's Rating: (4.6 / 5)The Cold Steel Special Forces Shovel is simply designed to impress.

Courtesy of the carbon steel head, this shovel can withstand any type of ground without breaking or flexing. Unlike other shovels, the Cold Steel Special Forces, broad and flat head is sharpened 3 sides to be able to perform all kinds of chores that you can imagine including digging and chopping. In case it goes blunt over time due to constant usage, it is easy to sharpen the blade to the sharpness of an axe or a knife with little effort. With its wide blade, the Cold Steel Hardwood Handle performs exemplary well in terms of its speed and efforts to carry and move a lot of materials. The hardwood handle made from wood provides a comfortable and strong grip while working. With this feature, the shovels prove to be quite human-friendly and perform astonishingly great. Looking at its modest price and versatility, there is certainly no reason as not to have one. Get It on Amazon.com Now!2. Spear Head Spade Shovel Editor's Rating: (4.8 / 5)The Spear Head Spade features an innovative advanced engineering technology and a heavy-duty to create a durable shovel that performs a tough job. For this reason, the Spear Head Spade is an award winning shovel named the world’s best shovel. The much-deserved appraisal is due to the fact that the Spear Head Spade makes the toughest digging jobs easier while requiring less energy and effort. First of all, the Spear Head Spade is a multi-patented hybrid garden spade as well as a shovel. Great for compacted rocky soils and a tough terrain as the blades are made of manganese steel which makes them thicker and harder than normal shovels. Moreover, this shovel holds its edge pretty well with the powder coated blades with an epoxy resin designed to make them last for a very long time. When it comes to cleaning, is pretty easy since the powder coating on the blades is low maintenance, non-conductive and weather resistant. Weighing less than 5 pounds, this shovel is pretty light weight making this shovel easy to lift and use. It is also worth noting that this shovel is specially reinforced with a pultruded fiberglass handle which is much stronger than any other kind of shovel in the market. Lastly, the blade's edge is sharpened from tip to tail thus making this shovel a great tool for using in rocky areas with less effort. Get It on Amazon.com Now!1. Root Assassin Shovel Editor's Rating: (4.2 / 5)For a shovel that is perfect for clearing out your garden, The Root Assassin shovel takes up a high tier. This gardening equipment offers a unique twist to the normal shovel with the shovel/saw combination aimed to make the gardening job easier and faster. The 16 double serrated edges on both sides of this shovel are designed to do multiple jobs at once. First off, this shovel can dig holes on the ground at a much faster rate that a normal shovel while the serrated edges are great for penetrating and cutting through the roots. Speaking of edges, each of the serrated teeth take up an angle like a saw, this helps the teeth keep clear of collecting dirt as they work hence work more efficiently. Weighing only 4 pounds, this 48-inch long shovel is light enough to be carried around. The blade features a heavy-duty solid steel 14-gauge which is finished with a protective coating and a forward-turned step for secure foot placement. In addition, the Comfort D-grip handle is designed for added leverage and control. Get It on Amazon.com Now!Conclusion From design, functionality to ease of use, the shovel is truly a quintessential piece of gardening equipment. Gardeners who use any of the above shovels, will be pleased at what these shovels can do. We hope that you are now more informed and the picture in your head about shovels is much clearer, and now you can make a wise choice.


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Dula Bhaya Kag Dula Bhaya Kag (November 25, 1902 - February 2, 1977) was renowned poet, social reformer and freedom fighter. He was born in Majadar village near Mahuva in Gujarat. He hailed from Charan caste. The subject of his poems was mainly spiritual and devotional, he also wrote eulogical poems for Mahatama Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave.

His poems are published in eight volumes known as Kagvani. In year 1962, he ... Read more at Wikipedia Date of Birth: 25-Nov- 1902Place of Birth: Gujarat, India Date of Death: 02-Feb-1977Nationality: India Zodiac Sign: Sagittarius You may also like to visit: United States Famous People's Birthday Today United Kingdom Famous People's Birthday Today Canada Famous People's Birthday Today Australia Famous People's Birthday Today