who needs dialysis

Most people (about 93% of those who apply) qualify for Medicare when they need dialysis or a transplant, even if they are under age 65. Medicare pays for 80% of treatment costs of kidney disease when kidney function has dropped to 10 – 15%, or when your doctor justifies it.

What Is Dialysis and When Do I Start?

What Is Dialysis and When Do I Start? What is dialysis? Dialysis is a treatment that removes wastes and excess fluid from your blood. If I have kidney disease, will I need dialys

is? In the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), you do not need dialysis. The stages of chronic kidney disease can last for many years. But if your kidneys fail, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep you alive.

How Does Dialysis Work? Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:18When should I start dialysis? National Kidney Foundation guidelines recommend you start dialysis when your kidney function drops to 15% or less — or if you have severe symptoms caused by your kidney disease, such as: shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle cramps, nausea or vomiting. Your doctor will help you decide when to start dialysis, based on results of lab tests that measure how much kidney function you have left and on your symptoms. Private insurance generally covers treatment for kidney failure whenever your doctor says it is needed. If you don’t have private insurance, you may be able to get coverage through federal or state funded health care programs, such as Medicare or Medicaid.

If you are not having symptoms, you may be able to wait a bit longer before you begin dialysis. However, some doctors believe that starting dialysis as soon as Medicare or insurance covers it is wise, since it can take a long time to recover if you let yourself get very ill. Since chronic kidney failure often happens slowly, sometimes people do not even know how bad they feel, until they start dialysis and begin to feel much better. It is important to start getting ready for dialysis or a transplant well in advance — when your kidney disease reaches Stage 4 (severe, with glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, less than 30 m L/min). Learning about the types of dialysis and transplant options will help you make a choice that is best for you. Any type of dialysis will require surgery — usually outpatient — to allow access for your treatments, and this should be done well in advance to allow time for healing. Who pays for dialysis? Dialysis is paid for with your health insurance and Medicare (even if you are under age 65). If you have an employer group health plan, it will pay first for 30 – 33 months, and Medicare will be secondary (paying some or all of the balance your insurance doesn’t cover). After 30 – 33 months, Medicare pays first and your health plan is secondary. Ask your dialysis or transplant center to help you figure out what your insurance will pay and how much you will be expected to pay out-of-pocket. You can also call Da Vita Guest Services at 1-800-244-0680 from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (PT). Once I am on dialysis, will my kidneys get better? The chances that your kidneys will get better depend on what caused your kidney failure. Kidney failure is divided into two general categories, acute and chronic. Acute (or sudden) kidney failure is often temporary. In chronic kidney failure, the kidneys normally do not heal. In acute kidney failure, when kidneys stop functioning due to a sudden stress, kidney function may recover. But when the damage to your kidneys has been continuous and progressive over a number of years, as it is in chronic kidney disease (CKD), then the kidneys usually do not get better. When CKD has progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD), it is considered irreversible. Typical causes of acute (sudden) kidney failure are: Insufficient blood supply to the kidneys Obstructed urine flow Reactions to allergens, toxic substances, or an acute autoimmune attack on the kidneys Typical causes of chronic (gradual) kidney failure are: Type I and Type II diabetes High blood pressure Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny clusters of blood vessels that filter your blood)Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)Long-term autoimmune attack on the kidneys Prolonged urinary tract obstruction If your chronic kidney disease was not diagnosed until you were at the point of needing dialysis or a transplant, then it may seem sudden to you. However, the gradual injuries to your kidneys that occurred over a number of years caused permanent damage. If you have acute kidney failure, you may need dialysis for only a few days or weeks while your kidneys recover. If your kidneys are too badly damaged to recover their function, then you will need long-term dialysis or a kidney transplant to live. If it seems that your kidneys are recovering, talk to your doctor to learn whether it could be true. Tests can be done to determine whether your kidney function has improved. Related articles on Da Vita.com Choosing a Dialysis Center Dialysis: Questions and Answers How Do I Get Dialysis? More Articles in The Basics The History of Dialysis The history of dialysis Dr. Willem Kolff is considered the father of dialysis. This young Dutch physician constructed the first dialyzer (artificial kidney) in 1943. Learn More »10 Ways to Prepare for Dialysis It’s good to go in with a game plan when it’s time for dialysis, whether it’s your first treatment day or your 50 th. We’ve come up with 10 ways to help you prepare and maintain your quality of life on dialysis. Learn More »Is My Blood Getting Cleaned During Dialysis? Are you wondering how well your blood is being cleaned during your dialysis treatments? One way to find out is through the urea reduction ratio (URR). If you meet the URR goal after each treatment, you’re on the right track. But if you’re not meeting it, your blood may not be as clean as it could be. Learn more about how to get blood thoroughly clean during dialysis. Learn More »View More Articles ›Tools and Resources Kidney Smart® Classes Get access to kidney disease education – at no cost to you. GFR Calculator Measure kidney function by calculating a glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Find a Dialysis Center Locate and request treatment at a dialysis center. Recent Discussions on my Da Vita.comwondering about all this, and scared Questions about MRs. Dash products Newly diagnosed Does anyone have problems with uncaring techs? Question about PD (starting to get a little desperate)See all discussions »


to what extent is exclusion ethical according to the nasw code of ethics?

The current NASW Code of Ethics reflects social workers' increased understanding of ethical issues in the profession and the need for comprehensive ethical standards. By themselves, ethical standards in social work cannot guarantee ethical behavior.

The Current NASW Code of Ethics

"Updated to include the standards of the NASW Code of Ethics 2008. Updated on 03 Sep 2013. The previous version of this content can be found here . Abstract and Keywords Ethical standards in social work have matured significantly in recent years. As in most professions, social work's principal code of ethics has evolved from a brief, broadly worded document to a detailed, comprehensive guide to ethical practice. This article summarizes the diverse purposes and functions of professional codes of ethics and the historical trends and changes in social work's codes of ethics. The key components of the NASW Code of Ethics—the code's preamble, broad ethical principles, and more specific ethical standards—are described. Keywords: Code of Ethics, ethical principles, ethical standards, NASW, National Association of Social Workers, social work ethics, social work values One of the hallmarks of a profession is its willingness to establish ethical standards to guide practitioners' conduct (Greenwood, 1957; Hall, 1968; Lindeman, 1947 ). Ethical standards are created to address ethical issues in practice and to provide guidelines for determining what ethically acceptable or unacceptable behavior is. Professions typically publicize their ethical standards in the forms of codes of ethics (Bayles, 1986; Banks & Gallagher, 2009; Kultgen, 1982; Reamer, 2006 ). According to Jamal and Bowie ( 1995 ), codes of ethics are designed to address three major issues. First, codes address problems of moral hazard, or instances when a profession's self-interest may conflict with the public's interest (for example, whether accountants should be obligated to disclose confidential information concerning serious financial crimes that their clients have committed, or whether dentists should be permitted to refuse to treat people who have a serious immune disease, such as HIV-AIDS). Second, codes address issues of professional courtesy––that is, rules that govern how professionals should behave to enhance and maintain a profession's integrity (for example, whether lawyers should be permitted to advertise and solicit clients, whether physicians should accept gifts and free trips from pharmaceutical company representatives, or whether psychoterapists should be permitted to engage in sexual relationships with former patients). Finally, codes address issues that concern professionals' duty to serve the public interest (for example, the extent of nurses' or social workers' obligation to assist when faced with a public emergency or to provide low-income people with pro bono services). Like other professions such as medicine, nursing, law, psychology, counseling, and engineering, social work has developed a comprehensive set of ethical standards. These standards have evolved over time, reflecting significant changes in the broader culture and in social work's mission, methods, and priorities. They address a wide range of issues, including, for example, social workers' handling of confidential information and electronic communications, dual relationships and boundary issues, conflicts of interest, informed consent, termination of services, administration, supervision, education and training, research, and political action. Ethical standards in social work appear in various forms. The NASW Code of Ethics (NASW, 2008) is the most visible compilation of the profession's ethical standards. Ethical standards can also be found in codes of ethics developed by other social work organizations (for example, the National Association of Black Social Workers [NABSW] and the Clinical Social Work Association [CSWA]), regulations promulgated by state legislatures and licensing boards, and codes of conduct adopted by social service organizations and other employers. In addition, social work literature contains many discussions on ethical norms in the profession (Banks, 2012; Barsky, 2010; Dolgoff, Harrington, & Loewenberg, 2012; Reamer, 2006, 2013 ). The Profession's Early Years During the earliest years of social work's history, few formal ethical standards existed. The earliest known attempt to formulate a code was an experimental draft code of ethics printed in the 1920s and attributed to Mary Richmond (Pumphrey, 1959 ). Although several other social work organizations formulated draft codes during the profession's early years (for example, the American Association for Organizing Family Social Work and several chapters of the American Association of Social Workers [AASW]), it was not until 1947 that the AASW, the largest organization of social workers of that era, adopted a formal code (Johnson, 1955 ). In 1960 NASW adopted its first code of ethics, five years after the association was formed. Over time, the NASW Code of Ethics has been recognized as the most visible and influential code of ethics in the United States. In 1960 the NASW Code of Ethics consisted of 14 proclamations concerning, for example, every social worker's duty to give precedence to professional responsibility over personal interests; to respect the privacy of clients; to give appropriate professional service in public emergencies; and to contribute knowledge, skills, and support to human welfare programs. First-person statements (that is, “I give precedence to my professional responsibility over my professional interests” and “I respect the privacy of the people I serve” [p. 1]) were preceded by a preamble that set forth social workers' responsibility to uphold humanitarian ideals, maintain and improve social work service, and develop the philosophy and skills of the profession. In 1967 a 15th principle pledging nondiscrimination was added to the proclamations. Soon after the adoption of the code, however, NASW members began to express concern about its level of abstraction, its scope and usefulness for resolving ethical conflicts, and its provisions for handling ethics complaints about practitioners and agencies (Mc Cann & Cutler, 1979 ). In 1977 NASW established a task force to revise the code and enhance its relevance to practice; the result was a new code adopted by NASW in 1979. The 1979 code included six sections of brief, unannotated principles with a preamble setting forth the code's general purpose and stating that the code's principles provided standards for the enforcement of ethical practices among social workers. The code included major sections concerning social workers' general conduct and comportment and ethical responsibilities to clients, colleagues, employers, employing organizations, the social work profession, and society. The code's principles were both prescriptive (“The social worker should act to prevent the unauthorized and unqualified practice of social work” [principle V. M.3]) and proscriptive (“The social worker should not exploit relationships with clients for personal advantage” [principle II. F.2]). Several of the code's principles were concrete and specific (“The social worker should under no circumstances engage in sexual activities with clients” and “The social worker should respect confidences shared by colleagues in the course of their professional relationships and transactions” [principle III. J.2]), whereas others were more abstract, asserting ethical ideals (“The social worker should promote the general welfare of society” [principle VI. P] and “The social worker should uphold and advance the values, ethics, knowledge, and mission of the profession” [principle V. M]). The 1979 code was revised twice (NASW 1990, 1993 ), eventually including 70 principles. In 1990 several principles related to solicitation of clients and fee splitting were modified following an inquiry into NASW policies by the U. S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), begun in 1986, concerning possible restraint of trade. As a result of the FTC inquiry, principles in the code were revised to remove prohibitions concerning solicitation of clients from colleagues of one's agency and to modify wording related to accepting compensation for making a referral. NASW also entered into a consent agreement with the FTC concerning issues raised by the inquiry. In 1993 the NASW Delegate Assembly voted to further amend the code of ethics to include five new principles, three related to the problem of social worker impairment and two related to the challenge of dual and multiple relationships. The first three principles addressed instances when social workers' own problems and impairment interfere with their professional functioning, and the latter two addressed the need to avoid social, business, and other nonprofessional relationships with clients because of the possibility of conflicts of interest (NASW, 1993 ). The 1993 Delegate Assembly also passed a resolution to establish a task force to draft an entirely new code of ethics for submission to the 1996 Delegate Assembly. The task force was established in an effort to develop a new code of ethics that would be far more comprehensive in scope and relevant to contemporary practice. Since the adoption of the 1979 code, social workers had developed a keener grasp of a wide range of ethical issues facing practitioners, many of which were not addressed in the NASW code. The broader field of professional ethics (also called practical ethics), which had emerged in the early 1970s, had matured considerably, resulting in the identification and greater understanding of novel and challenging ethical issues not addressed in the 1979 code. Especially during the 1980s, scholarly analyses of ethical issues in the professions generally, and social work in particular, burgeoned. (For discussion of this development and the factors that accounted for it, see the entry “Ethics and Values” elsewhere in this encyclopedia). The Current NASW Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics Revision Committee was appointed in 1994 and spent two years drafting a new code. The committee, which was chaired by this author and included a professional ethicist and social workers from a variety of practice and educational settings, carried out its work in three phases. The committee first reviewed literature on social work ethics and professional ethics generally to identify key concepts and issues that might be addressed in the new code. The committee also reviewed the 1979 code to identify content that should be retained or deleted and areas where content might be added. The committee then discussed possible ways of organizing the new code to enhance its relevance and use in practice. During the second phase, which overlapped with phase one activities, the committee issued formal invitations to all NASW members and to members of various social work organizations to suggest issues that might be addressed in the new code. The committee then reviewed its list of relevant content areas drawn from the literature and from public comment and developed a number of rough drafts, the last of which was shared with a small group of ethics experts in social work and other professions for their comments. In the third phase, the committee made a number of revisions based on the feedback it received from the experts who reviewed the document, published a copy of the draft code in the January 1996 issue of the NASW News, and invited NASW members to submit comments to be considered by the committee as it prepared the final draft for submission to the 1996 Delegate Assembly. In addition, during this last phase, members of the committee met with each of the NASW Delegate Assembly regional coalitions to discuss the code's development and receive delegates' comments and feedback. The code was then presented to and ratified by the Delegate Assembly in August 1996 and implemented in January 1997. Several modest changes have been made to the current code since its ratification. In 1999 a clause was deleted from one standard (1.07 [c]) because of concern about possible misinterpretation and risk to clients. The problematic clause stated that social workers are obligated to disclose confidential information without clients' permission when laws or regulations require disclosure. Some social workers were concerned that this statement might require members of the profession to disclose the identity of, and sensitive information about, undocumented immigrants, contrary to social workers' commitment to clients. In 2008, the NASW Delegate Assembly approved adding the phrase ""gender identity or expression"" to standards pertaining to cultural competence and social diversity; respect for colleagues; discrimination; and social and political action. This added language supplemented references in the code to insensitivity and discrimination related to individuals' race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability. The code, which contains the most comprehensive statement of ethical standards in social work, includes four major sections. The first section, “Preamble,” summarizes social work's mission and core values. This is the first time in NASW's history that its code of ethics has contained a formally sanctioned mission statement and an explicit summary of the profession's core values. The mission statement emphasizes social work's historic and enduring commitment to enhancing human well-being and helping meet the basic needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. The mission statement clearly reflects social work's unique concern about vulnerable populations and the profession's simultaneous focus on individual well-being and the environmental forces that create, contribute to, and address problems in living. The preamble also highlights social workers' determination to promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients. The preamble also identifies six core values on which social work's mission is based: service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. The Code of Ethics Revision Committee settled on these core values after systematically reviewing the literature on the subject. The second section, “Purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics,” provides an overview of the code's main functions and a brief guide for dealing with ethical issues or dilemmas in social work practice. This section alerts social workers to the code's various purposes:• to set forth broad ethical principles that reflect the profession's core values and establish ethical standards to guide social work practice;• to help social workers identify relevant considerations when professional obligations, conflicts, or ethical uncertainties arise;• to familiarize practitioners new to the field to social work's mission, values, and ethical standards;• to provide ethical standards to which the general public can hold the social work profession accountable, and• to articulate standards that the profession itself (and other bodies that choose to adopt the code, such as licensing and regulatory boards, professional liability insurance providers, courts of law, agency boards of directors, and government agencies) can use to assess whether social workers have engaged in unethical conduct. This section's brief guide for dealing with ethical issues highlights various resources social workers should consider when faced with difficult ethical decisions. Such resources include ethical theory and decision making, social work practice theory and research, laws, regulations, agency policies, and other relevant codes of ethics. Social workers are encouraged to obtain ethics consultation when appropriate, perhaps from an agency-based or social work organization's ethics committee, regulatory bodies (for example, a state licensing board), knowledgeable colleagues, supervisors, or legal counsel. One of the key features of this section of the code is its explicit acknowledgement that instances sometimes arise in social work in which the code's values, principles, and standards conflict. The code does not provide a formula for resolving such conflicts and “does not specify which values, principles, and standards are most important and ought to outweigh others in instances when they conflict” (NASW, 2008, p. 3). The code states that “reasonable differences of opinion can and do exist among social workers with respect to the ways in which values, ethical principles, and ethical standards should be rank-ordered when they conflict. Ethical decision making in a given situation must apply the informed judgment of the individual social worker and should also consider how the issues would be judged in a peer review process where the ethical standards of the profession would be applied…. Social workers' decisions and actions should be consistent with the spirit as well as the letter of this "" Code ” (NASW, 2008, p. 3). The code's third section, “Ethical Principles,” presents six broad ethical principles that inform social work practice, one for each of the six core values cited in the preamble. The principles are presented at a fairly high level of abstraction to provide a conceptual base for the profession's more specific ethical standards. The code also includes a brief annotation for each of the principles. For example, the ethical principle associated with the value “importance of human relationships” states that “social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships” (p. 6). The annotation states that “social workers understand that relationships between and among people are an important vehicle for change. Social workers engage people as partners in the helping process. Social workers seek to strengthen relationships among people in a purposeful effort to promote, restore, maintain, and enhance the well-being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, and communities” (p. 6). The code's final section, “Ethical Standards,” includes 155 specific ethical standards to guide social workers' conduct and provide a basis for adjudication of ethics complaints filed against NASW members. The standards fall into six categories concerning social workers' ethical responsibilities to clients, to colleagues, in practice settings, as professionals, to the profession, and to society at large. The introduction to this section of the code states explicitly that some of the standards are enforceable guidelines for professional conduct and some are standards to which social workers should aspire. Furthermore, the code states, “the extent to which each standard is enforceable is a matter of professional judgment to be exercised by those responsible for reviewing alleged violations of ethical standards” (p. 7). In general, the code's standards concern three kinds of issues (Reamer, 2003, 2009, 2013 ). The first includes what can be described as “mistakes” social workers might make that have ethical implications. Examples include leaving confidential documents displayed in public areas in such a way that they can be read by unauthorized persons or forgetting to include important details in a client's informed consent document. The second category includes issues associated with difficult ethical decisions—for example, whether to disclose confidential information to protect a third party from harm, barter with low-income clients who want to exchange goods for social work services, or terminate services to a noncompliant client. The final category includes issues pertaining to social worker misconduct, such as exploitation of clients, boundary violations, or fraudulent billing for services rendered. Ethical Responsibilities to Clients The first section of the code's ethical standards is the most detailed. It addresses a wide range of issues involved in the delivery of services to individuals, families, couples, and small groups of clients. In particular, this section focuses on social workers' commitment to clients, clients' right to self-determination, informed consent, professional competence, cultural competence and social diversity, conflicts of interest, privacy and confidentiality, client access to records, sexual relationships and physical contact with clients, sexual harassment, the use of derogatory language, payment for services, clients who lack decision-making capacity, interruption of services, and termination of services. Unlike the 1960 and 1979 codes, the current NASW Code of Ethics acknowledges that although social workers' primary responsibility is to clients, instances can arise when “social workers responsibility to the larger society or specific legal obligations may on limited occasions supersede the loyalty owed clients” (standard 1.01, p. 7). Examples include when a social worker is required by law to report that a client has abused a child or has threatened to harm self or others. In a similar vein, the code also acknowledges that clients' right to self-determination, which social workers ordinarily respect, may be limited when clients' actions or potential actions pose a serious, foreseeable, and imminent risk to themselves or others. Standards on informed consent were added to the current code specifying the elements that should be included when social workers obtain consent from clients or potential clients for the delivery of services; the use of electronic media such as computers, telephone, radio, and television, to provide services; audio- or videotaping of clients; third-party observation of clients who are receiving services; and release of information. Another section added to the current code pertains to the subject of cultural competence and social diversity. In recent years social workers have enhanced their understanding of the relevance of cultural and social diversity in their work with clients, in communities, and in organizations. The code requires that social workers take reasonable steps to understand and be sensitive to clients' cultures and social diversity with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, and mental or physical disability. Unlike earlier versions of the code of ethics, the current code pays substantial attention to the topics of conflicts of interest and problematic dual or multiple relationships, for example, involving social workers' social relationships with former clients or when social workers provide services to two or more persons who have a relationship with each other. The current code substantially expands the profession's standards on privacy and confidentiality. Noteworthy are details concerning social workers' obligation to disclose confidential information to protect third parties from serious harm; confidentiality guidelines when working with families, couples, or groups; disclosure of confidential information to third-party payers; discussion of confidential information in public and semipublic areas; disclosure of confidential information during legal proceedings (privileged information); protection of clients' written and electronic records; the use of case material in teaching and training; and protection of the confidentiality of deceased clients. The code requires social workers to discuss confidentiality policies and guidelines as soon as possible in the social worker–client relationship and as needed throughout the course of the relationship. The current code has also expanded standards related to social workers' sexual relationships with current and former clients, clients' relatives, and other individuals with whom clients maintain a close, personal relationship. Also included is a standard concerning appropriate and inappropriate physical contact with clients. An unprecedented section of the code focuses on social workers' use of barter—that is, accepting goods or services from clients as payment for professional service. After considerable discussion, the Code of Ethics Revision Committee decided to stop short of banning bartering outright, recognizing that in some communities bartering is a widely accepted form of payment. However, the code advises social workers to avoid bartering because of the potential for conflicts of interest, exploitation, and inappropriate boundaries in social workers' relationships with clients. The code also includes extensive guidelines concerning social workers' termination of services to clients. The code focuses primarily on termination of services when clients no longer need services, when clients have not paid an overdue balance, and when social workers leave an employment setting. Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues This section of the code addresses issues concerning social workers' relationships with professional colleagues. These include respect for colleagues; proper treatment of confidential information shared by colleagues; interdisciplinary collaboration and disputes among colleagues; consultation with colleagues; referral for services; and sexual relationships with and sexual harassment of colleagues. The current code particularly strengthens ethical standards pertaining to impaired, incompetent, and unethical colleagues. Social workers who have direct knowledge of a social work colleague's impairment (which may be caused by personal problems, psychosocial distress, substance abuse, or mental health difficulties, and which interferes with practice effectiveness), incompetence, or unethical conduct, are required to consult with that colleague when feasible; assist the colleague in taking remedial action; and if these measures do not address the problem satisfactorily, take action through appropriate channels established by employers, agencies, NASW, licensing bodies, and other professional organizations. Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings This section of the code addresses a wide range of issues pertaining to social work supervision; consultation; education and training; performance evaluation; client records; billing for services; client transfer; agency administration; continuing education and staff development; commitments to employers; and labor-management disputes. Standards in this section state that social work supervisors, consultants, educators, and trainers should avoid engaging in any dual or multiple relationships when there is a risk of exploitation or potential harm. Another standard requires that social workers who function as educators or field instructors for students should take reasonable steps to ensure that clients are routinely informed when services are being provided by students. Several standards pertain to client records. The current code enhances documentation standards to which social workers are held. In particular, the code requires that records include sufficient, accurate, and timely documentation to facilitate the delivery of services and ensure continuity of services provided to clients in the future. Documentation should avoid gratuitous detail and include only information that is directly relevant to the delivery of services. The code also spells out expectations concerning protection of clients' privacy, record storage and retention, and accurate billing for services. The code urges social workers to be particularly careful when an individual who is receiving services from another agency or colleague contacts a social worker for services. Several standards are designed to protect clients from exploitation and to avoid conflicts of interest. The code requires social workers to discuss with potential clients the nature of their current relationship with other service providers and the implications, including possible benefits and risks, of entering into a relationship with a new service provider. If a new client has been served by another agency or colleague, social workers should discuss with the client whether consultation with the previous service provider is in the client's best interest. The code greatly expands coverage of ethical standards related to agency administration. Key issues involve social work administrators' obligation to advocate for resources to meet clients' needs; provide adequate staff supervision; allocate resources fairly; ensure a working environment consistent with code standards; and arrange for appropriate continuing education and staff development. The code also includes a number of ethical standards for social work employees, for example, related to unethical personnel practices and misappropriation of agency funds. Especially important are standards concerning social workers' obligation to address employing organizations' policies, procedures, regulation, or administrative orders that interfere with the ethical practice of social work. A novel feature of the code is the acknowledgement of ethical issues social workers sometimes face as a result of labor–management disputes. Although the code does not prescribe how social workers should handle dilemmas related to going on strike, it does permit social workers to engage in organized labor-related actions to improve services to clients and working conditions. Ethical Responsibilities as Professionals This section of the code focuses on issues primarily related to social workers' professional integrity. In addition to emphasizing social workers' obligation to be proficient, the code exhorts social workers to routinely review and critique the professional literature; participate in continuing education; and base their work on recognized knowledge, including empirically based knowledge, relevant to social work practice and ethics. Several standards address social workers' values and personal conduct. The code states that social workers should not practice, condone, facilitate, or collaborate with any form of discrimination and should not permit their private conduct to interfere with their ability to fulfill their professional responsibilities. The code further obligates social workers to make clear distinctions between statements and actions engaged in as a private individual and those engaged in as a social worker. A prominent theme in the code concerns social workers' obligation to be honest in their relationships with all parties, including accurately representing their professional qualifications, credentials, education, competence, and affiliations. Also, social workers are obligated to take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed and to which they have contributed. In addition, the code requires that social workers not engage in uninvited solicitation of potential clients who, because of their circumstances, are vulnerable to undue influence, manipulation, or coercion. One of the most important standards in the code concerns social workers' personal impairment. The code mandates that social workers must not allow their personal problems, psychosocial distress, legal problems, substance abuse, or mental health difficulties to interfere with their professional judgment and performance or jeopardize others for whom they have a professional responsibility. In instances where social workers find that their personal difficulties interfere with their professional judgment and performance, they are obligated to seek professional help, make adjustments in their workload, terminate their practice, or take other steps necessary to protect clients and others. Ethical Responsibilities to the Profession Social workers' ethical responsibilities are not limited to clients, colleagues, and the public at large; they also include the social work profession itself. Standards in this section of the code focus on the profession's integrity and social work evaluation and research. The principal theme concerning the profession's integrity pertains to social workers' obligation to maintain and promote high standards of practice by engaging in appropriate study and research, teaching, publication, presentations at professional conferences, consultation, service to the community and professional organizations, and legislative testimony. The code also includes a substantial series of standards concerning evaluation and research. The standards emphasize social workers' obligation to monitor and evaluate policies, implementation of programs, and practice interventions. In addition, the code requires social workers to critically examine and keep current with emerging knowledge and to use evaluation and research evidence in their professional practice. The code requires social workers involved in evaluation and research to follow widely accepted guidelines concerning the protection of evaluation and research participants. Standards focus specifically on the role of informed consent procedures in evaluation and research; the need to ensure that evaluation and research participants have access to appropriate supportive services; the confidentiality and anonymity of information obtained during the course of evaluation and research; the obligation to report results accurately; and the handling of potential or real conflicts of interest and dual relationships involving evaluation and research participants. Ethical Responsibilities to Society at Large The social work profession has always been committed to social justice. This commitment is clearly reflected in the code's preamble and in the final section of the code's standards. The standards explicitly highlight social workers' obligation to engage in activities that promote social justice and the general welfare of society, including local, national, and international efforts. These activities may include facilitating public discussion of social policy issues; providing professional services in public emergencies; engaging in social and political action (for example, lobbying and legislative advocacy) to address basic human needs; promoting conditions that encourage respect for the diversity of cultures and socieeties; and acting to prevent and eliminate domination, exploitation, and discrimination against any person, group, or class of people. Conclusion Ethical standards in social work, particularly as reflected in the NASW Code of Ethics, have changed dramatically during the profession's history. Along with all other professions, and largely as a result of the emergence of the professional ethics field beginning in the 1970s, social work's ethical standards have matured considerably.

Ethical standards can certainly guide practitioners who encounter ethical challenges and establish norms by which social workers' actions can be judged. However, in the final analysis, ethical standards in general, and codes of ethics in particular, are only one tool in social workers' ethical arsenal. In addition to specific ethical standards, social workers must draw on ethical theory, concepts, and decision-making guidelines; social work theory and practice principles; and relevant laws, regulations, and agency policies. Most of all, social workers must consider ethical standards within the context of their own values and ethics. As the NASW Code of Ethics states, ethical principles and standards “must be applied by individuals of good character who discern moral questions and, in good faith, seek to make reliable ethical judgments” (p. 4). References Banks, S. (2012). Ethics and values in social work. Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgave Macmillan. Find this resource: Banks, S., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Ethics in professional life. Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgave Macmillan. Find this resource: Barsky, A. (2010). Ethics and values in social work. New York: Oxford University Press. Find this resource: Bayles, M. (1986). Professional power and self-regulation. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 5, 26–46. Find this resource: Dolgoff, R., Harrington, D., & Loewenberg, F. (2012). Ethical decisions for social work practice (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Find this resource: Greenwood, E. (1957). Attributes of a profession. Social Work, 2, 44–55. Find this resource: Hall, R. H. (1968). Professionalization and bureaucratization. American Sociological Review, 33, 92–104. Find this resource: Jamal, K., & Bowie, N. (1995). Theoretical considerations for a meaningful code of ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 703–714. Find this resource: Johnson, A. (1955). Educating professional social workers for ethical practice. Social Service Review, 29, 125–136. Find this resource: Kultgen, J. (1982). The ideological use of professional codes. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 1, 53–69. Find this resource: Lindeman, E. (1947). Social work matures in a confused world. Albany, NY: State Conference on Social Workers. Find this resource: Mc Cann, C. W., & Cutler, J. P. (1979). Ethics and the alleged unethical. Social Work, 24, 5–8. Find this resource: National Association of Social Workers. (1960). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Find this resource: National Association of Social Workers. (1979). NASW code of ethics. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Find this resource: National Association of Social Workers. (1990). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Find this resource: National Association of Social Workers. (1993). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Find this resource: National Association of Social Workers. (1996). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Find this resource: National Association of Social Workers. (2008). NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Find this resource: Pumphrey, M. W. (1959). The teaching of values and ethics in social work education. New York: Council on Social Work Education. Find this resource: Reamer, F. G. (2003). Social work malpractice and liability: Strategies for prevention (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Find this resource: Reamer, F. G. (2006). Ethical standards in social work: A review of the NASW code of ethics (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press. Find this resource: Reamer, F. G. (2009). The social work ethics casebook: Cases and commentary. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Find this resource: Reamer, F. G. (2013). Social work values and ethics (4th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Find this resource: "


what is the age for joining aarp

AARP membership requirements are basically simple. Members are required to be at least 50 years old and they must pay their membership fees regularly. The simplicity of the requirements allows the applications to be processed fairly quickly. Once the application process is complete, the new AARP members gain access to

What Are AARP Membership Requirements?

What Are AARP Membership Requirements?comments

products and services that the organization offers. The AARP member does not have to be retired to be a member. Also, the membership is not limited to American citizens, nor do they have to live in United States. Membership Fees When applying for AARP membership, the applicant must pay an annual fee. The applicant must continue paying a fee in order to retain his or her membership. Fees are:$16 for US residents$17.00 for residents of Canada and Mexico$19.00 for residents of other countries US residents can save money by buying 3-year and 5-year memberships, which cost $43.00 and $63.00, respectively. Membership options, Under 50People who are under 50 can join AAPR as associate members. The membership, for this age category, is typically statements of support. Most members want to get involved in AARP's lobbying and advocacy. Associate members do not receive membership benefits and services. The fee for associate members is $12.50. Related Articles Are AARP Insurance Programs Competitive Enough? Informative Facts: AARP Insurance From New York Life2 AARP Tax Help Tips3 Ways to Save on a Gym Membership


who was mary ludwig hays?

Mary Ludwig Hays Mc Cauley: Molly Pitcher Written by: Tim George Misc, Worldview 3 Comments Print This Article Born in 1754, Mary Ludwig Hays Mc Cauley was the daughter of a New Jersey dairy farmer.

Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley: Molly Pitcher

Apparently dairy farming wasn’t for her, because young Mary became a domestic servant at the age of thirteen and married the same year. Her husband, William Hays, caught Revolutionary fever and later enlisted as a gunner in the Pennsylvania Artillery. During the Philadelphia Campaign (1777-1778), Mary soon joined her husband as a camp follower and both wintered with George Washington at Valley Forge. Mary Hays and other “camp followers” served as “water girls” during camp training, carrying water to drilling infantry troops on hot days. Artillery soldiers like her husband also required a constant supply of water to cool down the hot cannon barrel. In addition, they used a “ramrod” or “rammer” — a long pole with a wet rag tied to the end—to remove sparks and gunpowder out of the cannon barrel after each shot. A bucket of water was kept next to the cannon to allow soldiers to soak the rammer rag after every shot. These buckets had to be continually refilled. Though the name is attributed to others, there is little doubt the title “Molly Pitcher” had its origins with Mary Hays. The title was earned by her at the Battle of Monmouth. The only writing witness to the scene in June of 1778 described Mary and William working together: “A woman whose husband belonged to the artillery and who was then attached to a piece in the engagement, attended with her husband at the piece the whole time.”With temperatures above 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the day of the battle was blazing hot. At some time during the conflict, William Hays collapsed beside his cannon. As her husband was carried off the battlefield, Mary Hays took his position at the cannon. Throughout the rest of the battle, Mary continued to “swab and load” the cannon using her fallen husband’s rammer. At one point, with her legs spread wide, an enemy cannon shot passed directly between her legs without doing any other damage than carrying away a portion of her petticoat. Mary is reported to have glanced down for only a moment before continuing to ram her cannon, with the comment; “It was lucky it did not pass a little higher, for in that case it might have carried away something else.”At the end of the War, William and Mary Hays returned to Pennsylvania. They settled in Carlisle where Mary went back to work as a domestic as well as a “charwoman” in the State House in Carlisle. After the death of William, Mary remarried another Revolutionary War vet by the name of John Mc Cauley. She was awarded a pension in 1822 by the Pennsylvania State Legislature, but it wasn’t until the anniversary of the War in 1876 that a marker — noting her exemplary service — was placed on her grave. She died on January 22, 1832. Another “Molly Pitcher” was Margaret Corbin (b. 1751), who took up a cannon when her husband was killed at Fort Washington on Manhattan Island, New York, in 1776. She was seriously wounded there herself when her arm was almost severed and her breast was lacerated by grapeshot. She lived until about 1800 after receiving charity payments from the Invalid Regiment and later a small pension from Congress. Whether Molly Pitcher is the name of one woman or many is of little matter. In fact, it is fitting that the name probably serves as a composite of many women who fought and died alongside their husbands. Unlike modern wars with volunteer armies going off to distant places, Molly and her husband were defending their homeland and their way of life. As such, we should join General Washington in saluting these women by the name he gave Mary Hays – “Sergeant Molly.”©2011 Off the Grid News© Copyright Off The Grid News


how long is a whale

At full maturity the male killer whale will usually grow to an average length of 20 – 26 ft. long and weigh an average of 8,000 lbs. – 12,000 lbs. while an adult female killer whale will grow to an average length of 16 – 23 ft. long and weigh between 3,000 lbs. – 6,000 lbs.

Killer Whale Facts

Killer Whale Facts

The killer whale (scientifically known as orcinus orca) is a large oceanic marine mammal that is part of the toothed whale (odontoceti) suborder. The toothed whale suborder is comprised exclusively of whales, dolphins and porpoises that are born with teeth instead of baleen plates.

While the killer whale carries the name “whale” as part of its description this marine mammal is actually considered a dolphin.

In addition to being known as the killer whale these marine mammals may also be referred to as the Blackfish or the Orca. Killer whales are one of the most well-recognized animals in the world and are easily spotted by their large size and distinct black and white color pattern.

In fact the killer whale is the largest animal in the dolphin family and is one of the only known cetaceans to attack sharks, whales and other large marine animals, which helps explain why they are so well known and popular. These dolphins are extremely intelligent animals that are well-organized and follow highly complex social structures within their pods, which often consists of large groups of family members that can span several generations. In fact the social structure of killer whales is considered one of the most stable social structures of any animal species and is sometimes compared to the cultures of humans and elephants. Having no known predators the killer whale is known as an apex or alpha predator, which means it is able to hunt freely without fear of being attacked by another marine animal. In other words when it comes to marine mammals the killer whale is at the top of the food chain. The cetaceans family include all species of whale, dolphin and porpoise. Physical Characteristics and Appearance As stated earlier the killer whale is the largest animal within the dolphin family.

The largest recorded killer whale measured in at 32 feet and weighed over 10 tons. In terms of physical appearance killer whales have black backs, white chests and sides and white circles above and behind their eyes. Depending on the pod the killer whales belongs to their dorsal fin may either be long, tapered and pointed in a triangular fashion or rounded and curved towards the end. The skull is somewhat oval shaped and the beak is extremely short and rounded at the end. In order to capture their food the killer whale has a powerful jaw with teeth that are able to tear apart the flesh of their prey and withstand the jolting, wiggling and hurtling movements of prey that are trying to escape. Because the killer whale belongs to the toothed whale family these dolphins are born with a single blowhole instead of the two that baleen whales possess. These marine mammals have a stocky build that is widest in the center and tappers off towards the upper and lower ends of the body. To assist with swimming the flippers are paddle shaped with rounded ends and the flukes are tapered back and pointed at the end like a wide triangle or pyramid. Diet and Hunting Methods In order to maintain their energy killer whales will feast on small aquatic life forms such as fish , squid and octopus as well as larger marine animals such as sea lions, seals, marine birds, penguins , whales, dolphins and even sharks. Depending on the region the killer whale lives in their diets can change dramatically. For example killer whales that live in resident pods typically consume a diet consisting of fish and squid while killer whales that live on transient pods will primarily consume marine mammals. Offshore pods also tend to stick to a diet consisting of fish, but physical scarring on these marine mammals shows that they may hunt other marine mammals and sharks as well. Just as with the types of prey they hunt the killer whales food intake can also vary significantly from one group to another. Depending on their age and diet killer whales can eat anywhere from 2% to 10% of their body weight in food on a daily basis. One study suggests that calves (newborn dolphins) will tend to eat a higher percentage of food in body weight than adult dolphins in order to help them grow and develop. In order to obtain their meals killer whales can often be observed hunting in groups. While hunting for food these marine mammals the killer whales will base their strategies on the prey they are hunting and use different methods to capture different prey. When hunting dolphins killer whales have been observed working in spaced out groups to isolate the dolphin and eventually exhaust it until the dolphin was out of energy and no longer able to run. Some dolphins are really fast swimmers so in order to capture these marine mammals the killer whales will take turns chasing it in order to conserve their own energy while the dolphin slowly tires out. Once the dolphin is no longer able to run the killer whale may rush in and charge the dolphin, hit it or flip it into the air in order to immobilize it before going in for the kill. Despite being dolphins themselves killer whales will hunt other dolphin species as a form of food. When hunting sharks one group of killer whales may attempt to distract the shark while another killer whale sneaks up from behind or beneath the shark to flip it upside down. Once the shark is flipped over it is unable to attack or move leaving it defenseless and an easy meal. This both minimizes the killer whales chances of being hurt while maximizing their chances of success. As stated earlier killer whales have also been observed hunting large whales. In these situations a group of killer whales may attempt to distract a whale pod and separate a young defenseless child from its parents in order to obtain a meal. Some interesting animals and species found in the stomach of killer whales include: Seabirds Whales Dolphins Reptiles Polar Bears Moose Sharks Echolocation In addition to hunting in groups killer whales may also use echolocation to capture their prey. When searching for food underwater or at night echolocation becomes the dominant sense for locating pray and maneuvering around objects in the dark ocean. Since echolocation uses sound and not sight it acts as a primary sense when vision cannot be used. Echolocation not only assists these marine mammals with locating prey, it also allows the killer whale to survey the location of other killer whales in the area so that they can plan out their attacks based on their particular location and distance from the prey they are collectively hunting. In fact there all dolphins species that are known to use echolocation as a replacement or in addition to vision, which is extremely important among species that have poor eyesight. Habitat and Migration Although killer whales are often found living in cold ocean waters these marine mammals can be found in all of the worlds major oceans from the Arctic and Antarctic waters to various tropical regions located in and around the equator, however as a species these marine mammals appear to prefer living in higher latitude environments. The location of these marine mammals is often determined by the habitat and range of their food; and the type of food killer whales consume is often dependent on the killer whales location and which foods inhibit the local area. For example killer whales that live in areas that are rich in sea-lions, walruses, penguins and seals may consume these marine mammals as the primary source of their diet while killer whales that thrive in fish, squid and octopus rich environments may consume fish, squid and octopus as their primary food source. In addition to living throughout many of the worlds major oceans killer whales can be found living in both coastal and offshore environments. In fact some killer whales are known to primarily inhibit coastal waters near the shoreline while others choose to live further out to sea far away from the coastal waters. Coastal and offshore killer whales can be broken down into three different types of pods which are known as resident, transient and offshore pods. Resident pods are often found living in coastal waters throughout the year and can be found consuming fish and squid as their primary diet. Transient pods on the other hand consistently change their environment and their diet is primarily based on consuming marine mammals. Offshore pods as the name suggest are found in offshore environments far from the coastline. Offshore pods are known to primarily consume fish, but may also hunt and eat other marine mammals as well. Regardless of the type of pod a killer whale belongs to these marine mammals maintain extremely close family bonds and as many as four generations can be seen living together in a single pod. A pod can easily consist of a child, its parents, the grand parents and friends, and they rarely separate except to hunt for food or mate. When one pod member makes a successful kill it shares its meal with other family and friends, and when one pod member is in danger other members of the family will help out. The close social structure of these marine mammals makes them one of the most successful hunters around. In terms of migration killer whales typically migrate to areas where that their food supply migrates to which can be caused by changes in the current or the seasonal migration patterns of certain species. In fact migrating for food is generally more important than migrating for mating purposes. Mating and reproducing can occur any time of the year for these marine mammals. Social Structure and Communication The complexity of the social structure of killer whales can be compared to elephants and humans. Depending on the type of killer whale (resident, transient or offshore) these marine mammals may hunt in pods (groups) of anywhere from 6 to 40 members. In larger pods as many as four generations of family members can be seen traveling within a single group which can include the children, parents and grandparents of a single family. As with humans, wolves and elephants killer whales are very protective of their young and will attack outsiders if they feel threatened. When traveling in large groups individual killer whales will leave their pods only for short periods of time (a few hours) to forage for food or mate. This can occur when an adult killer whale of a small pod needs to feed his/her children. The killer whale may go off and search for a marine mammal such as a seal or sea lion and bring the food back in order to feed the rest of the pod. Larger groups of killer whales may hunt in groups and use complex hunting methods to isolate, attack and capture their prey. When it comes to socializing with one another communication typically involves using a series of clicks and whistles to inform other dolphins of important information. The amount of vocal communication that occurs between a group of killer whales varies from one pod (resident, transient or offshore) to the next. Communication may also occur using physical gestures such as light touches, jumping out of the water, lunging, charging, lob-tailing or spy-hopping. The combination of verbal and physical communication allows these marine mammals to display a wide range of interests, wants and needs to one another. Reproduction and Lifespan When it comes to giving birth the average gestation period (the period between fertilization and birth) for a female killer whale often lasts between 15 – 18 months (average is about 17 months). During delivery the child is often born tail first in order to minimize its chances of drowning, however there are cases of killer whales being born head first. After birth the young killer whale will be nursed by his/her mother and fed a diet of thick fatty milk, which the child receives by suckling from its mothers nipple. The fatty milk possesses all of the nutrients the child needs during its early stages of life in order to develop into a healthy young dolphin. Once the child reaches a certain level of development the child may begin hunting for food with other pod members or may be fed solid foods (such as seals or sea lions) by its parents. After a number of years the child will eventually develop into a young adult and begin reproducing offspring of its own. Both the male and female killer whales mature around the age of 15 although males usually start reproducing around the ages of 19 – 21. After reaching sexual maturity and becoming impregnated the female killer whale will usually produce a single offspring once every 3 – 5 years until they reach the age of 40 or are no longer able to reproduce. On rare occasions these marine mammals may give birth to twins, but this is extremely rare. In terms of lifespan killer whales can live for an average of 50 to 80 years with females tending to have a longer lifespan than their male counterparts. Killer whales living in captivity however are estimated to have a lifespan of less than 25 – 30 years. False Killer Whales The false killer whale is a species of dolphin that has been given its name due to its resemblance to the killer whale. While they are known to share some physical similarities in terms of appearance and prey choices (when it comes to food) they are very different from one another and are not closely related. Both marine mammals are large in size when compared to other dolphin species and have dark grey/black skin which may confuse some people into believing they are seeing an actual killer whale. In fact the false killer whale is the third largest dolphin and is able to reach lengths of up to 20 ft. long with an average length of 15 – 17 ft. long. Although these two dolphins carry some resemblance to one another in regards to appearances the false killer whale tends to have a more streamlined body than the stockier killer whale and is solid black/dark grey in color whereas the killer whale has white spots around its eyes, lower jaw and belly. The killer whale also tends to have a larger dorsal fin when compared to the false killer whale which can either be straight or rounded depending on the killer whales pod. While less is known regarding the diet of the false killer whale rare observations suggests that they may also hunt dolphins and possibly baby whales from time to time. Observations of false killer whales interacting with other dolphin species has revealed the false killer whales may show aggression and attempt to kill other species of dolphin within their range, however the reason for this is not fully understood other than as a potential source of food. For more information on these marine mammals check out our article on the false killer whale. Albino Killer Whales When it comes to white or albino killer whales these marine mammals are extremely rare. In fact there is only one known documented case of an all white killer whale that goes by the name of “Iceberg” due to his appearance. The first documented case of Iceberg occurred in 2010 in the commander islands and since there have been occasionally observations of him traveling in various locations. Aside from his striking appearance he maintains all of the same social and physiological characteristics of any other killer whale including his diet, social structure and behavior. If you would like to learn more about Iceberg be sure to read our article on the white killer whale. Captivity When it comes to living in captivity killer whales are one of the most popular marine mammals that are known to inhibit captive environments making them a serious study for marine biologists and conservationists. Due to the killer whales large size, intelligence, playfulness and ability to be trained these marine mammals have become a very popular crowd pleaser at aquariums and aquatic theme parks. While they are generally adored by spectators and trainers some activists, organizations and conservation societies argue that keeping killer whales in captivity creates high levels of stress among the killer whales because of their need for social interaction, open space and family. For killer whales being able to live in natural open spaces is extremely important for their health and well being. Like humans and elephants these marine mammals also crave social interaction and family in order to survive and thrive. In fact the average life expectancy of killer whales can be reduced by as much as 2/3 when living in captivity causing many of them to live only until their 20’s as apposed to those that live in the wild for 50 – 80 years. While held in captivity there have also been a number of recorded cases of killer whales attacking their trainers and pulling them underwater with at least one attack leading to the death of a trainer. Although there have been attacks on trainers these situations tend to be rare and additional steps have been put into place in order to prevent future situations. Killer whales in the wild Despite the fact that killer whales are known for consuming other mammals they do not appear to pose a threat against humans. For the most part killer whales do not appear to be interested in hunting or pursuing humans. In the wild there have only been a handful of attacks recorded by killer whales due to the killer whale mistaking a human for their normal prey. Once the killer whale became aware of the fact that it was not their typical food the marine mammal stopped pursuing the human and moved on. Although killer whales have attacked humans on rare occasion there is no evidence suggesting that killer whales eat people or hunt them for food. Attacks Although killer whales are known for their ferocious hunting methods the likelihood that a killer whale will attack a human is extremely low. While the majority of killer whale attacks have occurred between a trainer and a killer whale during training at a marine park it is possible (however extremely rare) that an attack may occur in the wild. In fact only a handful of cases have been recorded regarding killer whales attacking humans in the wild. In many cases these attacks are the result of a killer whale either miss identifying a human for a marine mammal, the killer whale feeling threatened by an assumed attacker or the killer whale becoming aggressive due to being isolated in a small environment and separated from his/her family such as those held in captivity or at marine parks. Even though these attacks occur on occasion many of these attacks are not the result of killer whales being naturally aggressive, but of killer whales either mistaking humans for other marine animals or becoming aggressive due to isolation or threats. Interestingly none of these attacks resulted in the killer whale ever trying to eat or consume a human and only a small number of cases required stitching due to bite marks from an attack. The only known recorded cases of a human being killed by a killer whale involves a killer whale pulling their trainer below the water causing the individual to drown. Why killer whales are not interested in human flesh remains a mystery to scientists in marine biologist who study these marine animals. While it is unknown why killer whales are not interested in attacking or eating humans it is speculated that killer whales do not have a taste for human flesh and that we do not resemble any type of animal that they would normally bother attacking and/or consuming, therefore we are not considered a form of edible food. Another assumption is that killer whales have a code of ethics in which they have moral respect for humans and therefore do not bother in trying to attack humans without a sufficient reason. While killer whales do possess the ability to be vicious and naturally aggressive in many cases they can also be fairly friendly and cooperative. This is often seen at marine parks were killer whales can be seen performing tricks and acrobatic feats through the commands of their trainers and although they’re often isolated from the natural environment in many cases killer whales are able to remain fairly passive and maintain a positive attitude. While killer whales are known to be outgoing and friendly due to television and our understanding of them at marine parks and through other educational/entertainment exhibits it is always important to take caution when around these marine mammals and not try to interact or play with them in the wild as they can be unpredictable and if they feel threatened they may choose to defend themselves.


average temperatures cairo november

From November onwards, Cairo offers hot and sunny days which stay very dry. Make sure you pack a decent sun cream and keep yourself hydrated at all times in the heat. The average daily temperature during this month in Cairo is 20°C (68°F). This can reach highs of 25°C (77°F) or drop to lows of 14°C (57°F). Cairo sees an average of 3 mm over 3 days of rain during this month. Cairo experiences, on average, 9 hours of sunshine per day at this time of the year. Cairo is an exciting and vibrant city that offers with a huge cultural heritage which is as fresh and engrossing as the city is today.

Averages for Cairo in November

Home > Africa > Egypt > Cairo Averages for Cairo in November Cairo is blessed with a hot and sunny climate all year round, making it a fantastic place to visit if sun is what you're after at any time of the year. However, with the heat becoming almost unbearable during the summer and many warnings not to visit the area during the peak months of summer because of this, the winter season is generally the most pleasant time of the year to travel to Cairo. From November onwards, Cairo offers hot and sunny days which stay very dry... Read more Averages Map Temperature19 °C65 °FHigh Temperature23 °C73 °FLow Temperature14 °C57 °FSunshine Hours9hrs Rainfall1mm Rainfall days1days November December January February March April May June July August September October November Averages Sort by: Alphabetical Hottest Most Popular View by:°C°FChicago 40 °FLos Angeles 62 °FNew York 48 °FSan Francisco 55 °FWashington 51 °FOrlando 68 °FRome 55 °FCancun 77 °FParis 45 °FPunta cana 80 °FSydney 68 °FLondon 49 °FCozumel 77 °FMontego Bay 79 °FBangkok 82 °FLas Vegas 55 °FRiviera Maya 77 °FBarcelona 55 °FLisbon 57 °FAruba 82 °FPhuket 81 °FBudapest 40 °FBoston 45 °FMarrakesh 63 °FAmsterdam 44 °FAthens 59 °FPanama Canal 79 °FBali 81 °FCape Town 64 °FMadrid 49 °FHolidays in Cairo Hotels in Cairo Flights to Cairo Cairo Links Weather Widgets Cairo is blessed with a hot and sunny climate all year round, making it a fantastic place to visit if sun is what you're after at any time of the year. However, with the heat becoming almost unbearable during the summer and many warnings not to visit the area during the peak months of summer because of this, the winter season is generally the most pleasant time of the year to travel to Cairo.

With a busy and bustling atmosphere, you will never be bored when visiting Cairo and quiet moments are rare. It goes without saying that the Pyramids are going to be one of the main attractions for anyone visiting Cairo and likely to be one of your first ports of call when exploring the area. Cairo 72 °F ( 22 °C)Weather Now Cairo 14 DAY FORECASTCairo Holiday Reviews Cairo Annual Averages Cairo News Beat the winter blues � book up a January getaway now!Read more


what are the signs of kidney failure in dogs with dm?

According to Pet MD, common signs of kidney failure in dogs include depression, lethargy, lack of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and weight loss. Other symptoms include increased thirst, in

Pets & Animals Pets Veterinary Health Q: What Are Signs of Kidney Failure in Dogs? A: Quick Answer

creased volume of urination, increased frequency of urination, blood in the urine, blindness, seizures and comas. The onset of these symptoms may occur gradually, and not all dogs experience all of these symptoms. Indicators of failure are found in urine and blood tests. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Are the Symptoms of Parvo in Dogs? What Are the Signs of Feline Renal Failure? What Are Common Signs of Liver Disease in Dogs? Full Answer Pet MD notes that several indicators of chronic renal failure are often observed by the veterinarian upon examination of the dog and are often present in the dog's blood tests and urinalysis. Elevated blood pressure in a dog is an indication of kidney problems since kidneys regulate blood pressure. Blood tests that reveal the dog has anemia may indicate kidney issues. Indicators found during urinalysis of the dog's urine include abnormal electrolyte levels, elevated levels of protein enzymes, such as creatinine and high blood urea nitrogen. If the urine is neither concentrated nor dilute, then the kidneys are not processing urine correctly and likely are failing. Since kidney failure often causes kidneys to shrink, observation via X-ray or ultrasound imaging that the dog's kidneys are abnormally small may point to kidney failure, according to Pet MD. Learn more about Veterinary Health Sources: petmd.com Related Questions Q: What Are Some Signs That a Pet Might Be Sick? A: Some signs that a pet, such as a dog or cat, is sick are lethargy, loss of appetite, changes in mood, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, coughing and ur... Full Answer >Filed Under: Veterinary Health Q: What Are Symptoms of Diabetes in Dogs? A: Symptoms of diabetes in dogs include changes in appetite, excessive thirst, weight loss, reduced urination, lethargy, urinary tract infections, dehydration... Full Answer >Filed Under: Veterinary Health Q: What Are Signs of Kidney Failure in Cats? A: Weight loss, vomiting, increased intake of water, increased urination and decreased appetite are signs of kidney failure in cats, according to Cornell Univ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Veterinary Health Q: What Are the Signs of Kidney Failure or Thyroid Problems in Older Cats? A: Signs of kidney failure and thyroid problems in older cats include frequent urination, diarrhea, bloody urine, excessive thirst and hyperactivity, states W... Full Answer >Filed Under: Veterinary Health You May Also Like Q: What Are the Signs of Pregnancy in a Dog? Q: What Are the Signs of a Bad Heater Core? Q: What Are Some Jobs Taking Care of Dogs? Q: What Are the Burma-Shave Highway Signs? Q: What Are Some Signs You Have Broken Your Tailbone? Q: Why Do Dogs Bury Things?


how many valence electrons does an atom of the element neon (ne) have?

Best Answer: Valence electrons are found by finding what column (out of the 8 highest) the element is in on a periodic table. Neon lies in the 8th column, so it has 8 valence electrons. Valence refers to the Valence Shell - that is the outermost layer of electrons - and is bound to the Octet Rule, meaning that molecules try their hardest to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell (making up the noble gasses, except Helium). Neon has 2 electrons in its inner shell and 8 in its Valence Shell. Cheers!

Science & Mathematics Chemistry How many valence electrons does neon have?i need the info for a project Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest

Ryuu Hatake · 7 years ago2 0 Comment Neon Valence Electrons Source (s):https://shrink.im/a9f Qhhelsley · 2 years ago0 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: how many valence electrons does neon have? i need the info for a project Source (s):valence electrons neon have: https://tr.im/AF03n Anonymous · 3 years ago0 0 Comment For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/ax Az W 1s2 2s2 2p6 It has a full outer shell and 8 valence electrons. Dominique · 2 years ago0 0 Comment8- Its a noble gas, silly.? · 7 years ago1 0 Comment8 (: Kelly · 7 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Interested in dating sites? Graphic Design Degrees Try online nursing courses? Need a Small Business Loan?


what methodology is used for siemens rxl

• The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max has the capability to process user-defined methods. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max has the ability to automatically remove reagent cartridges when these cartridges are empty or their on-board life has expired.

For Sale SIEMENS RXL Max Chemistry Analyzer LISTING #1692679Condition: Used - Excellent Date updated: January 14, 2018Weight: 805.00 Lbs You can also: Buy this item Forward Listing Get More Information Specifications for SIEMENS RXL Max Chemistry Analyzer Amperage: ~11AMPS Average Noise Output: 70 d BA Average Thermal Output: 6318 Btu/Hr Barcoded Tubes: 1m LDepth: 32in (81cm) Electrolyte Tests/hour: 300 Frequency (Hz): 47Hz to63Hz Height: 68in (173cm)Interface: RS232 Liquid Waste Output: 0.85 - 1.32 gal. /hr Maximum Continuous Current Amps: 11AMPSNominal Line Voltage Vac: 115Vac Operating Temperature: 35°C (95ºF)Photometric Chemistry Tests/ Hour: 500Power Consumption Watts: 1900Power Supply Voltage: 103-127Vac Quality Control: Barcoded QC panel processing Relative Humidity: Maintain between 20 and 80%Sample Cups: 1.5m LStart Up Time: 120 min Width: 62.5 (159cm)MPN: RXL Max Item Summary for SIEMENS RXL Max Chemistry Analyzer The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max may be purchased in 1 of 2 ways listed below. 1.) Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max complete, working when shut down, cleaned, and crated. 2.) Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max refurbished by a factory trained service engineer, with completed manufacture specific preventive maintenance documentation, and crated. ***Don't forget to ask for your multiple unit, reagent, and consumable discount. *** The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max The Siemens Dade Dimension Rx L Max clinical chemistry system is a discrete, random-access, microprocessor-controlled, integrated instrument/chemistry system that measures a variety of analytes, including enzyme activities, in body fluids. It uses the Dade Behring Inc. Flex multiple-test reagent cartridges, disposable reaction cuvettes, integrated multisensor technology (IMT) with the Dade Behring Inc. Quik LYTE integrated multisensor to provide rapid, accurate, and precise test results, and the heterogeneous immunoassay (HM) module for processing of high-sensitivity chromium-based heterogeneous immunoassays. Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max System Features: • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max performs tests in random order. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max uses the Dade Behring Inc. low-cost-per-test Flex reagent cartridge and onboard cuvette manufacturing system. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max uses the Dade Behring Inc. exclusive Quik LYTE integrated multisensor for Na, K, Cl testing. • 500 photometric chemistry tests/ Hour • 300 Na, K, Cl tests per hour on serum, plasma, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid samples. • 167 heterogeneous immunoassays tests/ Hour. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max performs automatic reflex testing. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max performs automatic panic reruns. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max uses various sizes of primary sample tubes. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max uses 1.5-m L sample cups. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max uses 1-m L Dade Behring Inc. SSC containers on top of barcoded tubes for short volume samples. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max holds up to 44 Flex reagent cartridges in a non-CFC refrigeration system and up to 88 Flex reagent cartridges in a non-CFC refrigerated system when the Reagent Management System (RMS) module is installed. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max performs automatic reagent preparation. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max has an easy-to-use computer. • 10 user-programmable panels. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max has the ability to link with other Dade Behring Inc. analyzers through the Dade Behring Inc. Data Fusion system integrator (either with or without bar code generation capability) or with an Laboratory Information System (LIS). • 17-inch Touchscreen Monitor with visual & audio alerts. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max uses the HIL feature to help determine usability of sample. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max has the ability to produce calculated results. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max has automatic rerun capability. • Automatic dilution for over range samples. • Automatic dilution on urine patient and urine QC samples.

• Automatic calibration acceptance, storage, and retrieval of calibration results. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max provides for off-instrument storage (diskette) of test results and calibration and QC records. • The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max provides for Barcoded QC panel processing. The Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max Specifications: • Weight: 805 lbs. (366 kg) • Width: 62.5in. (159 cm) • Height: 68in. (173 cm) • Depth: 32in. (81 cm) Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max Room Environment Operating Temperature • Room temperature: Must be 65–85°F (17– 30°C) with a maximum fluctuation of 5°F (2.8°C) per hour. • Start-Up: The system requires a maximum of 120 minutes to warm up from a cold start to the incubation temperature. • Relative Humidity: Maintain between 20 and 80% • Average Thermal Output: 6318 Btu/hr • Average Noise Output: <70 d BA at 1 m while operating Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max Water Requirements • Instrument feed water: must maintain stable d O2 content between 5 & 8 ppm • Consumption at maximum throughput Rx L Max: 0.85 gal./hr (3.2 L/hr) • Temperature: < 35°C (95ºF) • Resistivity: > 10 megohms cm • Bacterial content: < 10 colony-forming units/m L Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max Waste Requirements Liquid Waste Output: 0.85 - 1.32 gal. /hr (3.2 - 5.0 L/hr) at maximum consumption A 50-ft (15.2-m) tubing is supplied for external waste disposal. Maintenance of the waste tubing from the instrument to the disposal point is the responsibility of the user. The disposal point should be selected in accordance with local hazardous waste guidelines. Siemens Dade Dimension RXL Max Electrical Installation Requirements Power Requirements: • Nominal Line Voltage: 115VAC & 230VAC • Line Voltage: 103-127VAC & 207- 253VAC • Nominal Line Frequency Hz: 47 to 63Hz • Maximum Continuous Current (AMPS): ~11 AMPS & ~ 8 AMPS • Power Consumption: 1900 WATTS • Circuit: The instrument should have a separate, dedicated line with Hot, Neutral, and Isolated Ground in its own conduit. The conduit should start at the distribution panel and be continuous to the receptacle. Three-wire distribution to the receptacle is required for each instrument. The third (green) ground wire should start at the distribution panel and be continuous to the receptacle in accordance with NEC paragraph 250-74, exception 4, unless local codes prohibit. The ground wire should not be tied to grounds from other loads. • Wire Size: 10 AWG wire is required to minimize the voltage drop between the distribution panel and the receptacle when each instrument operates at full current load. • Receptacle: The site must provide a Hubbell receptacle No. IG-8310 for installation by the hospital electrician before the instrument arrives. The receptacle must be accessible to the 9-ft (2.7-m) power cord furnished with the instrument. Host Interfacing: A 25-pin female connector is required for hookup to the male connector used for host communications port. (RS232) The Siemens Dade Dimension RLX Max Test Menu General Chemistry • Albumin • Calcium • Creatinine • Creatinine Enzymatic • Direct Bilirubin • Iron • Magnesium • Phosphorus • Total Bilirubin • Total Iron-Binding Capacity • Total Protein • Urea Nitrogen • Uric Acid Electrolytes • Enzymatic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Chloride (CL) • Potassium (K) • Sodium (NA) Enzymes • Acid Phosphatase • Alanine Aminotransferase • Aldolase1 • Alkaline Phosphatase • Amylase • Aspartate Aminotransferase • Creatine Kinase • Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme • Dibucaine Number1 • Glutamyl Transferase • Lactic Dehydrogenase • Lipase • Pancreatic Amylase • Pseudocholinesterase Diabetes Management • Hemoglobin A1c2 • Glucose • Glucose from Hemolysate • Microalbumin Cardiac Event • Cardiac Troponin I • Mass CK-MB • Myoglobin • NT-pro BNP Cardiac Risk Assessment • Apolipoprotein A11 • Apolipoprotein B1 • Cardio Phase hs CRP • Cholesterol • High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol • Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol • Lp (a) • Myeloperoxidase • Triglycerides Thyroid • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Thyronine Uptake • Total T3 • Total T4 • Free T4 Drugs-of-Abuse • Urine Amphetamine Screen • Urine Barbiturates Screen • Urine Benzodiazepines Screen • Urine Cannabinoids Screen • Urine Cocaine • Metabolite Screen • Urine Ecstasy • Urine Methadone Screen • Urine Methaqualone Screen4 • Urine Opiates Screen • Urine Phencyclidine • Urine Propoxyphene Screen4 Toxicology • Acetaminophen • Ethyl Alcohol • Salicylate • Serum Barbiturates • Serum Benzodiazepines • Serum Tricyclic Antidepressants Antimicrobials • Gentamicin • Tobramycin • Vancomycin Antiarrythmics • Digoxin • Digitoxin • N-Acetylprocainamide (NAPA) • Lidocaine • Procainamide Therapeutic Drug Monitoring • Carbamazepine • Lithium • Phenobarbital • Phenytoin • Theophylline • Valproic Acid Immunosuppressive Drug Monitoring • Cyclosporine (Cs A CO) • Cyclosporine Extended Range (Cs A C2) • Mycophenolic Acid (MPAT) • Tacrolimus • Sirolimus Specific Proteins • α1-Acid Glycoprotein (Orosomucoid) • Antistreptolysin • C3 Complement • C4 Complement • C-Reactive Protein • Extended Range • Haptoglobin • Immunoglobulin A5 • Immunoglobulin G5 • Immunoglobulin M5 • Rheumatoid Factor • Transferrin Specialty • Ammonia • Urine/Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein • Lactic Acid • Prealbumin • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin • Hormone • Ferritin Prostate Cancer • Total PSA • Free PSASeller's Information:12 (15)Jason Fisher JM Scientific Phone: (320) 274-1393JM Scientificview seller's other items:view all Need to ship this item? 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what is a fem pop

A fem-pop bypass, also called a femoral popliteal bypass surgery, is a surgical procedure performed for femoral artery disease when the main vein in the leg becomes blocked with a fatty substance. It involves grafting a vessel around the blockage to allow normal blood flow to the lower extremities.

What is a Fem-Pop Bypass?

Surgeons use a piece of blood vessel taken from another area of the leg or a section of artificial material to reroute blood away from the narrowed vein. The surgery treats peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition wherein a fatty substance builds up in the femoral artery, which carries blood to the legs and feet. People with this condition may also suffer blockages in the heart and brain because fats that accumulate in the arteries can appear throughout the body. The fats harden and reduce the amount of blood flow to the area affected. If an artery in the heart or brain is affected, it could lead to heart attack or stroke. Fem-pop bypass procedures can be done under local anesthesia or general anesthesia, meaning the patient can be awake or asleep during the operation. The surgeon makes an incision in the leg and grafts the bypass vein around the blocked artery. Blood detours through the graft to restore blood flow that carries oxygen and nutrients to the legs and feet. Ad Pain is usually the first sign that a fem-pop bypass is needed. Patients with a blocked femoral artery commonly limp and experience pain in the buttocks, thigh or calf when walking. The painful limp usually appears during normal exercise or while walking. Symptoms that surgery might be needed include cold and pale feet from the decreased blood supply. The patient might experience pain while resting that eases when he moves to a sitting position. A sore or ulcer that does not heal is another symptom that may lead to complications, such as an infection or gangrene. In severe cases, amputation of the affected limb might be necessary. A procedure that can be effective in lieu of a fem-pop bypass is called angioplasty. A hollow catheter is inserted into the blocked femoral artery and inflated with a balloon device. This expands the opening in the vein that is blocked by fatty tissue. A metal stent may be inserted in the artery to keep it clear. Complications of surgery include the risk of a heart attack or a clot forming in the leg. Some patients experience swelling from excessive fluid in the extremities after the operation. It is also possible that blood vessels might be damaged during the grafting process of fem-pop bypass surgery. Ad You might also Like Recommended Related wise GEEK Articles What Is an Axillo-Femoral Bypass? Why Shouldn't I Pop a Cold Sore? What is Vascular Surgery? What is the Femoral Triangle? What can I Expect During Stent Implantation? What is the Difference Between Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)? Ad Discuss this Article Grivusangel Post 1A friend of mine trained as a surgical scrub technician and worked a lot for a vascular surgeon. She said the fem-pop procedure was one of the more common surgeries the doctor did, along with repairing abdominal aortic aneurysms (triple A's), which are serious business. She said the fem-pop procedure usually didn't take very long, and if the patient was in reasonably good health, recovery was usually fairly quick. The Triple A procedure, on the other hand, was always a beast, both for the surgeon and the patient. Many, many people have died from a ruptured Triple A. Post your comments Post Anonymously Loginusernamepasswordforgot password? Registerusernamepasswordconfirmemail


what supplement can give you strength

Let’s take a look at the best strength boosting and muscle building supplements that actually work. Creatine Creatine is the best strength-boosting supplement you can take because it actually delivers a short-term energy supply to your body’s muscles. Your muscles will be able to exert more energy when you supplement with creatine before a workout allowing you to lift heavier weight.

Top.me » Health » Best Strength Boosting and Muscle Building Supplements When it comes to boosting your strength and building muscle, taking the proper supplements is vital. The problem with the supplement industry is that there are so many supplements that do more harm than good. Advert Get Harder, Stronger, More Explosive Muscles With Maxteron. Buy 3 Get 1 Free: Click Here If you walk into your local nutrition shop or shop online for supplements, you will probably be overwhelmed. Many of the supplements have fancy names and catch labels with body builders and muscle guys making you think that they got that incredible physique by taking that supplement. The truth is that most of these guys got those physiques by taking anabolic hormones and steroids, and they are just using their image to help sell a product. The Best Supplements for Strength and Muscle Building The supplement industry is not a very regulated industry, so you will see tons of products and claims on miracle supplements promising to increase your muscle mass or strength. Most of these supplements DO NOT work. People always fall prey to supplements or any product that offers short-term solutions to their long-term problems. When you are looking to boost strength and build lean muscle mass, you need supplements that have supporting science and a long history of gains. The following supplements have all been used by body builders, fitness models, and fitness enthusiasts for over a decade, and are time tested. You do not need the newest and most “hip” supplement to build lean muscle mass and boost your strength. Stick with the supplements that are proven muscle builders or which effectiveness were proved by science studies, for example these 5 supplement that are safe for fitness. Creatine [ buy on Amazon.com]Casein Protein [ buy on Amazon.com]Whey Protein [ buy on Amazon.com]D-Aspartic Acid [ buy on Amazon.com]Multi-Vitamin [ buy on Amazon.com]They have scientific evidence backing up their claims, and do not have unwarranted side effects.

This is important because the heavier weight that you are lifting during your workouts the more muscle fibers you will be breaking down, which will help you build more muscle mass! Creatine works by increasing your muscles ATP levels, which delivers that short term energy supply that will help increase their capacity during a strenuous workout. We like a basic monohydrate creatine which you can buy for example on Zupplements.com or Amazon.com; it’s not expensive and does the job. Casein Protein Casein Protein is an incredible form of protein because it is one of the highest quality protein powders and is slow digesting. This means that casein protein can be taken at night to help you recover from a hard workout, and slowly drip feed your muscles with the right mixture of amino acids and protein as your body is recovering while you sleep. Casein differs greatly from whey protein because it is such a slow digesting protein, while whey protein will be absorbed fully by your body almost immediately. Take your casein protein powder 30 minutes before bedtime to drip feed your muscles while you rest. Our recommendation for a casein protein is Optimum Nutrition Casein Protein becauses it tastes fine and mixes easily. Read the next supplement on our list to get the best protein combination for strength and muscle gains. Buy Casein Protein on Amazon.com. Whey Protein Whey Protein is another high quality strength and muscle building supplement that will help you boost strength and feed your muscles with the proper nutrients and amino acids. Whey Protein is comprised almost entirely of lean protein and amino acids, making it ideal for a meal replacement or post workout shake. Whey protein is absorbed by your body immediately, so it is great to take directly after a workout to help those damaged muscle cells recover. If you are looking for the best strength boosting protein combination, make sure to take whey protein in the morning and directly after a workout. Our recommended why protein is the Optimum Nutrition Gold Standard because it’s the pure deal, without a lot of added sugars and fats. Chose a standard taste like Vanilla, or you might get bored of it quickly when taking it every day. Buy Whey Protein on Amazon.com or on Zupplements.com. D-Aspartic Acid (DAA)In a recent study it was shown that supplementing with just 3 grams of D-Aspartic Acid per day for 10 straight days raised testosterone levels by over 40 percent! This is a pretty remarkable difference in testosterone levels in under 2 weeks. Raising your body’s testosterone levels is vital for building muscle mass, boosting strength levels, and increasing energy levels. D-Aspartic Acid is no doubt one of the best strength boosting supplements because it helps to raise one of your body’s most important anabolic hormones. Buy D-Aspartic Acid (DAA) on Amazon.com. Multi-Vitamins More specifically, you need a quality multi-vitamin derived from whole food sources. Most of the cheaper multi-vitamins contain nothing but stripped down chemically altered versions of the vitamin and minerals your body needs. It is always best to get your vitamins and minerals from all natural sources, and these whole food multi vitamin supplements contain incredibly nutrient dense ingredients such as dehydrated kale, wheat grass, barley, broccoli, beetroot etc. If you don’t supplement with a quality whole food multi vitamin you are not getting the best benefit. A good multi-vitamins derived from whole foods is Nature’s Way Alive or Multi-Pro 32x. To Sum Up: The Best Supplements for Strength and Muscle Building Effect When to take Creatine Strength-boosting Before a workout D-Aspartic Acid Raise testosterone levels In the morning and evening Casein Protein Help you recover from a hard workout At night Whey Protein Boost strength and feed your muscles In the morning and directly after a workout Multi-Vitamin Keep you alive, healthy and functioning Before or after meals Speak Your Mindcomments You Will Also Like: Best Ways to Whiten Teeth that Won't Drain Your Purse Three Most Effective Ways to Fight Signs of Ageing10 Reasons Why You Should Start Losing Weight Right Now