what causes pipes to vibrate

r. Prolonged noises and vibrating are usually caused by air in the pipes. If noise or sputtering occurs when you close a water valve, or an appliance such as a dishwasher or washing machine switches cycles, it is more likely to be water hammer than air in the pipes.

How to Fix Air in Water Pipes

"Written by Renee Miller; Updated June 20, 2017Related Articles How to Bleed Air Out of Home Plumbing How to Troubleshoot Air in the Plumbing Pipes How to Bleed Pipes to Remove Trapped Air How to Fix a Plumbing Air Hammer

Sputtering faucets, irregular water flow and vibrating pipes may indicate that you have air in your water lines. Air usually gets trapped at high points in your water supply system, and to force this out, you have to temporarily increase the velocity of the water flowing through the pipes.

The high water demand created by turning on all of your faucets causes a rush of water through your pipes that carries the air bubbles out of your water supply.

Check the main water supply valve to ensure that the water in your house is turned on. Move through your house and turn on every hot and cold water faucet, beginning with the faucet closest to the main water supply valve. Work your way to the farthest faucet. Flush all toilets and run the water in all appliances or fixtures that use a water connection.

For example, fill a cup with water from the refrigerator dispenser and run the dishwasher and washing machine through a rinse cycle. Let the water flow for about 10 to 15 minutes or until it begins to flow normally at every faucet, without sputtering or banging. Go back to the last faucet you opened, farthest away from the main water valve, and turn off the water. At each toilet, turn off the faucet that is closest to the main valve first, then flush the toilet. Wait about two minutes before closing the next faucet. Continue turning off faucets. Work your way back to the first faucet you opened until you’ve turned the water off at all faucets and fixtures. This should eliminate the air pockets. Contact a plumber to inspect your pipes if clearing the air from the lines doesn’t stop the problem. You may be dealing with water hammer or improperly sized pipes. Tip Loud thumps or bumps, followed by no pipe noises, are usually a sign of water hamme

References (2)A Plumbers: Removing Air from Water Pipes Irrigation Tutorials: Water Hammer and Air in Pipes About the Author Renee Miller began writing professionally in 2008, contributing to websites and the ""Community Press"" newspaper. She is co-founder of On Fiction Writing, a website for writers. Miller holds a diploma in social services from Clarke College in Belleville, Ontario. Photo Credits Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article "


why does stomach feel crampy?

Cramping after the initial stages of pregnancy is called round ligament pain. These cramps may be dull and achy, or a sharp pain that you notice when changing position. This cramping occurs because the muscles under your uterus expand and grow in order to support the weight of your uterus and baby as it grows.

"Baby, Pregnancy, and Parenting Information Cramping in Early Pregnancy Many women get concerned by cramping that they experience in early pregnancy. Some might worry that this is a sign that their pregnancy is not viable and that a miscarriage is on its way. Fortunately, more times than not, that isn’t the case. Cramping in Early Pregnancy is Common. And usually normal. Implantation Cramping In the first few weeks of pregnancy, implantation cramping, oftentimes accompanied by implantation bleeding, occurs when the fertilized egg attaches itself to the uterus.

Some women might feel implantation cramping as soon as seven days after they ovulate, while others might not feel cramping at all. Cramping may continue throughout pregnancy as the uterus prepares to carry a baby for nine months. Your uterus is a big organ and as it grows in early pregnancy cramping is not uncommon.

If the cramping is constant or too intense for you to handle however it may not be “normal” and you should call your doctor for reassurance. Round Ligament Pain

This is probably the most complained about cramping in pregnancy, and one most pregnant women will experience. Should I Be Worried? Cramping in early pregnancy is usually nothing for a woman to get worried about. Actually you may be comforted by knowing that if minor pregnancy cramping does occur, then your body is probably preparing as it should to sustain the pregnancy. But as always, if you are concerned or ever feel that the cramping is not normal, be sure to call your doctor for advice. Could I Be Pregnant? If you are Trying To Conceive, this could be good news! Compare your symptoms to other Early Signs of Pregnancy. If you think you may be pregnant, today’s Home Pregnancy Tests can show positive results as early as a week before your period is due. If you’re not ready to buy a pregnancy test just yet, enter your last menstrual cycle date into our Due Date Calculator to determine when you ovulated last. That will give you a little insight too!Did you experience pregnancy cramping? Please share your story with us. Do you know your baby's birth stone? Birth Flower? How about when you'll be handing over the car keys? Check out our popular Fun Birthday Facts Calculator to discover fun trivia about your baby's birth or due date!What is your due date or baby's birthday Tags: cramping, cramping during pregnancy, early pregnancy cramping, first trimester, Pregnancy, round ligament pain Posted in: Early Pregnancy, Pregnancy Leave a Reply720 Comments on ""Cramping in Early Pregnancy""Notify of You must be logged in to post a comment. C Davis1 year 8 months ago Hey guys … very confused i took my implant out the 27th of june but had unprotected sex the day before on the 26th is there any chance of me being pregnant .. i get all the symtoms Cramp Brown Discharge Peckish all the time and Bloating its been 2weeks and no sign of a period.29 | - Share Uti1 year 9 months ago Veronica now would be a good time to ask you what happened? Are you pregnant! Because I am experiencing the same thing cramping but no blood and Its been a week with no period18 | - Share Veronica1 year 9 months ago Hi! I need advice. The first day of my last period was May 6. My husband and I had sex a few times after the 15th. I’m in the army and was away for work. I’m usually on Nuvaring, but for the entire month of May I wasn’t on it because I couldn’t go get some. Now is June 8th and my period has been late for a week, when normally is never late. I’ve been getting cramps for about a week and a half, but no blood. I took 3 pregnancy tests and they all said negative. I don’t … Read more »57 | - Share Veronica1 year 9 months ago Hi! I need advice. The first day of my last period was May 6. My husband and I had sex a few times after the 15th. I’m in the army and was away for work. I’m usually on Nuvaring, but for the entire month of May I wasn’t on it because I couldn’t go get some. Now is June 8th and my period has been late for a week, when normally is never late. I’ve been getting cramps for about a week and a half, but no blood. I took 3 pregnancy tests and they all said negative. I don’t … Read more »19 | - Share Mattie1 year 10 months ago I had sex 13 days ago I missed the pill before we had sex and a few days after and took the pills late, been having all the signs of pregnancy been having bad cramps but feels different from a period cramp. Today I barely bled I spotted pinkish red to light brown my period starts in 2 days but I herd if u bleed before ur period it means implantation happened, I took pregnancy tests but came back negative. Something isn’t right, anybody had the same thing happen to them?13 | - Share Andrea1 year 11 months ago Hey girls, I’ve been trying to conceive I yet haven’t had a missed period. I’m expecting it around this week no later then the 28th of this month. I’ve decided to take a pregnancy test prior to me having very bad cramps, constant diarrhea , stomach pain and knowing their hasn’t been protected sex. I took two first responses both came out positive, took one clearblue digital and said I was 1-2 weeks pregnant. I did some research and prior to my symptoms they said it was normal, the diarrhea is happening due to my body releasing all the stuff … Read more »37 | - Share Jennifer2 years 2 months ago My last period was on December 31st and my ovulation started on the 4th my most fertile date to have sex was the 8th but on that day i started spotting i bleed then spotted all the way until the 14th then it was gone my period is not for another 3days but im having cramping like symptoms on my left side of my stomach and i was told to test today should i?15 | - Share Sharai2 years 2 months ago I had sex on January 9th 2016 and I been cramping ever since I been sleeping all day I will wake up then get sleepy again my appetite changes and I been having headaches am I pregnant ?39 | - Share Kristin2 years 3 months ago Ok so me and my boyfriend had sex 4 weeks ago my period was 2 days late and the 3rd day I had it but it was an odd color and I also had ah stabbing pain in my stomach that shot down and made my vigina hurt i wasn’t really worried tho until today because I’ve noticed I’ve been falling asleep extremely early which is odd for me cause normally I can’t sleep any ways I’ve been falling asleep early and feeling really tired and having headaches I’ve also noticed I’m get sick to my stomach randomly and that … Read more »16 | - Share Katherine2 years 3 months ago Iam 4 weeks and i have cramps in my right side what does it mean52 | - Share Tania2 years 4 months ago Hi I’m 7days late i’m never late but for some reason this time feels a lot different I feel like my periods are coming but nothing and cramping and getting cravings and sleeping during the day getting tired… I took a test came back neg could I be pregnant because I feel like I am but is it to late to detect. I am still Breastfeeding my baby as well.13 | - Share Fahi2 years 4 months ago I think i am 3 weeks pregnant, i had really bad cramps and lower back pain, it was unbearable at times, but i had no bleeding or any other problem. However the pain stopped completely now, is that normal for the pain to just go away like that? I have an appointment this coming Monday, but i am just so scared that maybe i lost the baby.25 | - Share Desire2 years 4 months ago Am 25yrs i had my perionds nomally starting on 4th-7th in November 2015,but in November 19th 2015 am feeling crumpy ache in the lower tummy and my breasts are sore,am too gasy is it possible that i could be pregnant,plesase i need ur help.11 | - Share Nkuli2 years 4 months ago Limas ur ovulation day had passed by probably that’s why u didn’t conceive u should have tried way before the 16th u should have tried on the 9th-12th.5 | - Sharelimas2 years 6 months ago Hi. Everyone need an urgent advice pls I started my peroid 28agust 2015 and ended @ 2ndsept 2015 I invited my bf over on the 16th of sept and had sex that same day. I was expecting to be feverish, but wat I saw is my period again, I wansnt expecting it wat I. Was expecting was to be pregnant..!! Is it that I’ve gave it enough space before havving sex or I don’t know when I do ovulate am just confuse here.4 | - Share Early Pregnancy Pulsating In Stomach - Pregnancy Pillow2 years 6 months ago […] Cramping in Early Pregnancy | Early … – Many women get concerned by cramping that they experience in early pregnancy. Some might worry that this is a sign that their pregnancy is not viable and … […]0 | - Share Maggie2 years 6 months ago Hi I’m 3 days late im always late but for some reason this time feels a lot different I feel like my periods are coming but nothing and cramping and getting cravings and sleeping during the day getting tired… I took a test came back neg could I be pregnant because I feel like I am but is it to late to detect4 | - Share Early Pregnancy And Spotting And Cramping - Pregnancy2 years 6 months ago […] Cramping in Early Pregnancy | Early … – Many women get concerned by cramping that they experience in early pregnancy. Some might worry that this is a sign that their pregnancy is not viable and … […]1 | - Sharelia2 years 6 months ago My bf and I had unprotected sex last Monday night, i think I was having ovulating cramps all of Sunday and Monday last week but I wasn’t certain being I just stopped taking depo over 2 months ago, yesterday I started having some really bad cramps and now I am wondering if I could be pregnant.3 | - Shareshayla2 years 9 months ago My period started on june 7 and was over on june 11.. I had unprotected sex with my boyfriend on the 12 for a week. I have symptoms of being pregnant like neausea, headaches, moodswings, tired more lately.. I also started spotting on july 1 then on the 3rd it went to dark red and to a brown color on the 4th.. my period came a week early.. My period is due on july 6.. I took a pregnany test on june 30 it came back negitive..-1 | - Sharenatasha chirima2 years 11 months ago Am 21wks but I also heavy on my left side, am just worried coz if I try to change a side during sleeping thts wen I feel the cramp2 | - Sharelisa2 years 11 months ago Hi I’m also 18 years and two months pregnant I’m now having almost all of the syntoms including the pain in my lower tommy its very normal so don’t make it a worry unless ur bleeding cuz I have a friend who is suppost to be 5 months pregnant but even tho it was conform by a doctor and a hpt that she was pregnant when she was 3 months she was having her period but she bought another hpt and when she took it it was negative so she got worried and went to the hospital to do another … Read more »-3 | - Share Ashley miller3 years 9 days ago My name is Ashley im 18, me and my boyfriend decided to try and have a baby, I recently took fertility test the first two days came back negative and I took one yesterday it came back positive shortly after I took a pregnancy test and it had a faint line, today I took another one that came back negative, now I’m having stomach cramps, my sides tend to ache, I’m hungry a lot, heart burn, sleepy, and gasy. My boobs arnt really sore or anything, could this mean I’m pregnant? I get my blood work done for my pregnancy … Read more »0 | - Sharet3 years 3 months ago I would still ask your obgyn. I had mild cramping for a week and read everything online and other women’s answers, and come to find out my body had rejected the baby and I miscarried at two months.always ask your dr.-1 | - Share Sammii maybe mommy?3 years 3 months ago Hey ladies , I have been cramping ever sence the 14th and my period normally comes on the 20th but has failed to show.. My chest is really sore and really heavy and I was just wondering if these are normal symptoms? I haven’t taken a test yet .. I will be taking one this weekend though..wish me luck!0 | - Sharechee3 years 4 months ago I was supposed to start my menstral on the 16th but it has not came yet and it is no the 24th and I’m still not on what does that mean and I usually have irregular periods but this is too many days I’ve missed I’ve never missed this many days but this morning I use the restroom and I wipe and I seen a little bit of blood very light but you can see it when i wipe I went to the doctor they told me that it might be too early or no to come back in two … Read more »1 | - Share Michelle3 years 4 months ago Hi Ladies Im 7 weeks is it normal to have no cramps on certain days I usually experience the normal cramping in the mornings and late afternoon but today its still Reason to be worried?0 | - Share Elizabeth Davila3 years 4 months ago I’m 4 weeks pregnant and I’m bleeding and I have a little bit of pain I don’t know what is wrong and I’ve been to the er and they think it can be a miscarriage3 | - Sharesandi3 years 4 months ago OK, so I found out that I was pregnant while in the hospital. My period was supposed to start about a week ago, and now I’m bleeding and cramping. I have heard that this is normal. But I don’t know how much is too much. The doctors told me I was pregnant, but I’m just really scared that its not. How, without going to the er, can I know that the bleeding and cramping is normal0 | - Sharetyera3 years 5 months agoim am 15 days late on my period. it irregular sometimes but this is the longest I have missed it and I never felt this way in my life. I been having slight cramps and weird little pains in parts of my stomach. I also took 3 home pregnant test that were negative before my the 2weeks came. im going to take another one on my 16 day im late. can anyone tell if I could be pregnant ?0 | - Share Fatima3 years 5 months ago Hi to all, am 35 years old and TTC Naturally for baby 2 but its been impossible for the past 5 years. Now I had my periods on the 1st of October lasted for 4 days. And I had sex 14 to 15 October 2014 and on the 18th of October I had cramping and lower backache, sore boobs and started light bleeding which lasted for a day and a half but the cramping, bloating, sore boobs, constipation, sometimes diarrhoea, headaches, running nose, sore throat, fatigue, trouble sleeping at night, frequent visits to the toilet. My periods are yet due … Read more »6 | - Share Ashley M3 years 5 months ago Im 11 weeks tomorrow and I’ve been cramping since before I found out I was even pregnant, Ive also had spotting and brown discharge, Scared I went to the ER and the baby is fine I just have to take it easy for awhile. Good luck to everyone!! !2 | - Share Lori3 years 5 months ago I’m so scared. My boyfriend and I had intercourse twice in September and I missed my period of September month also. We had intercourse in the 15 and 25 of September. I missed my period that month also and was scared so I took a pregnancy test on oct 4, one week after we had the second intercourse and it was negative. I keep spotting and I do have irregular periods here and there. I waited a couple more days to take the second pregnancy test which was today and it was also negative. The thing that keeps scaring me … Read more »-3 | - Share Allison3 years 5 months agohello, okay 6 days before my period was due I took a clear blue pregnancy digital test and it said pregnant 1-2 weeks,but again, my periods are werid so i never know when they come.. and today I took another one today (3 days before my period now), and it said pregnant again, but I’m also cramping really bad like I’m bout to start my period, boobs hurt? peeing all the time? and eating a lot… can someone tell me what it is?6 | - Share Lena3 years 6 months ago My last period was 8-24-14 my periods are like clock work my next period was due 9-28-14 thru 10-1-14 im not stressed and i do my daily routine I am a week late with a negative hpt not sure what to think?0 | - Share Caroline3 years 7 months ago Just wondering If I got pregnant without me realising It. I got severe cramps In my tummy and like someone pulled a plug and all the water feeling came out.2 | - Share Myiesha3 years 7 months ago Heyyy my name is Saundra and i am 14 years old and I missed my period but I have been cramping,constipated,sleepy,my beast hurts bad, and dizzy I’m not sure if I should buy a pregnancy test yet does this mean I’m pregnant or I just have the flu? Someone plzz let meh know (ASAP)0 | - Sharetyniesha3 years 8 months ago I’m 18 years old I’m cramping before my miss period. I Don’t know I’m pregnant or not but im bleeding and cramping the same time. I might be pregnant cause I’m having the pregnancy symptoms early before my miss period. I want to know what I should do-1 | - Shareopal3 years 8 months ago I had a miscarriage on July 10 and need to know if I could be pregnant I had sex about 3 days after the bleeding ended and I missed my period on the July 24 and now it’s august 1 and I’m cramping but it’s a different feeling and I want to know if I should go get a test now or wait?1 | - Share Taylor3 years 8 months ago I am 15, I was one day late of my period. So my mom got me 3 test all came up positive within 1-2mins well later I found out I’m 4week and now one day. I’m cramping in my stomach under my boobs. Its so uncomfortable idk what to do. I haven’t notice any blood but I’m so paranoid. I honestly dont want to lose my first baby I been with the same person for 3yr 6months n honestly I am just wondering could it b bad gas or acid reflux causing this or am I stressing it way … Read more »0 | - Share Angela3 years 9 months ago I havent taken a test just yet. But i am late a little over a week and i feel as though i am….i mrarely ever miss my period and now i am cramping i have been pregnant before like 4 1/2 years ago resulting in an ectopic pregnancyand i had to terminate the pregnancy at 11weeks and a year before that i was also pregnant. And at 7 weeks i miscarried… im trying to do and be different this time around. ….1 | - Share Allie4 years 18 days ago It’s okay just be calm while your cramping!!! No matter what you will still have a baby coming your way!! !0 | - Share Patrice Frazier4 years 1 month ago I’m 10 weeks….the cramping is normal I wouldn’t worry unless there is bleeding along with the cramps….mine felt a lot like I w As going to start my period even my lower back was hurting but it’s a part of the implantation which causes cramps so don’t be alarmed and CONGRATS! !0 | - Sharebarbara morvant4 years 3 months ago I’m 7weeks and I’m cramping it scares me-1 | - Share Rhi4 years 7 months ago I’m 7/8 weeks pregnant and I am getting cramps. Is it normal or should I be seeing my gp?0 | - Share Mo4 years 11 months ago Hi. I had my period on the 12th of Jan. In Feb. I was spotting for about 2 days bug didnt have a full period. In March I started my period (or what I thought was) on the 25th. Today is April 25th and I have been cramping but no period. Could I be pregnant?0 | - Share Cristela5 years 18 days ago Hi ‘ ladies Well I’m 6 weeks pregnant and I been having cramps for the past 4 days already , I Don’t know if its a good thing or bad , but I called east manatee and spoke to a nurse and she told me its commen just to drink alot of water ,rest and to not carry heavy stuff but I’m still a lil worried . Now this is my first pregnacy so I’m new to this someone give me more advice .0 | - Sharedenise5 years 1 month agohi, ladies i found out i was pregant last friday at 2am not what i thought was wrong with me. but i had a test at home so i took it. and in less than 10 sec. it was positive. I had cramps and sore breast and morning sickness that week and didnt know it. but i still get cramps off and on. I hope to see a doc. today if not ill make an appt. next week. im thinking im about 8 weeks to 10 weeks already so ya it was a surprise to me. well good luck to … Read more »0 | - Share Itz Mee5 years 4 months ago My situation is weird, has this happened to anybody? AF was ten days late in November and when it arrived it started a little heavy and then started getting light by the next night it was gone. Which means it lasted almost two days. I took two hpt both were negative. Now two weeks later I’m having on and off slight cramping in lower stomach and near overies. Can I be pregnant and tested too early? I have two kids and my due dates are always off by two weeks like I ovulate around my period. With my daughter and … Read more »0 | - Share Andrel235 years 4 months ago I recently found out I am pregnant I have my first appointment on thurs and I’m having cramps and nausea… This will be baby # 2 I can’t wait…..0 | - Share1 2 3 … 15 Next »« Calculating Your Due Date Do You Have Morning Sickness? » "


largest airport near lake clear ny

ts. Adirondack Regional Airport in Saranac Lake provides easy access to Lake Clear, and there are many places to stay in the area. Several campsites are located at Lake Clear, but there are also cabins, cottages and private homes for rent. Book A Room

Home / Towns / Lake Placid Region / Lake Clear Retreat To The Serene Setting Of Lake Clear, A Hamlet & Lake Near The St. Regis Canoe Area Photo by Michael Louthan, CC BY-ND 2.0Located in Franklin County, the hamlet of Lake Clear is named after the 940-acre body of water the community sits on. The land surrounding the lake is state-owned, making it long admired by travelers and outdoor enthusiasts for its pristine waters and proximity to Lake Placid Region attractions. Lake Clear is close to the St. Regis Canoe Area, making it a popular destination for paddlers. The lake also draws outdoor enthusiasts for fishing, cycling, cross-country skiing, and more. Many different types of fish are present in the Lake Clear, including landlocked Atlantic Salmon, Largemouth Bass, Bluegill, Carp, Catfish, Perch, Pike and Pumpkin Sunfish. For the fishing enthusiast, there are also tours of the nearby Adirondack Fish Hatchery, open to the public from April 1 - November 30. This hatchery is owned by New York State, and it raises landlocked Atlantic salmon for distribution across the state. There is an indoor visitors' center with a salmon pool and other interesting exhibi

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how to make agua fresca de melon

Puree the watermelon and water in a blender until smooth. Add sugar to taste. Cut the lime slices in half. Place a half lime slice into each of 8 glasses along with 3 mint leaves. Crush with a cocktail muddler, then fill each glass with ice. Pour in the watermelon agua fresca, and stir before serving.

Watermelon Agua Fresca

"Home Recipes World Cuisine Latin American Mexican Watermelon Agua Fresca115 made it | 50 reviews264Recipe by: SB""This is a drink served throughout Mexico. It is made with several different fruits. This is a watermelon drink. ""Save I Made It Print Pin Share Ingredients25 m 8 72On Sale What's on sale near you. We're showing stores near Seattle Update Location (uses your location)Amazon Fresh Groceries delivered to your door REDMOND, WA 98052Sponsored4 cups cubed seeded watermelon1/2 cup water1/2 cup white sugar, or to taste Woodstock, Evap Sugar Pure Cane, Granulated, 24 oz$4.97 - expires in 19 days Buy on Amazon Fresh4 slices lime24 fresh mint leavesice Add all ingredients to list Directions Prep25 m Ready In25 m

Nutrition Facts Per Serving: 72 calories; 0.1 g fat; 18.7 g carbohydrates; 0.5 g protein; 0 mg cholesterol; 2 mg sodium. Full nutrition I made it!Share Similar: Recipes Videos Categories Articles Watermelon and Strawberry Lemonade141Watermelon Cooler Slushy108Chef John's Watermelon Agua Fresca16Agua Fresca11Watermelon Lime Agua Fresca9Strawberry Watermelon Agua Fresca7Refreshing Watermelon Cooler9Tamarind Agua Fresca3Strawberry Agua Fresca1Agua Fresca with Watermelon and POM (R...0Get the magazine Get a full year for $10!Cook 5-star weekday dinners every time. Reviews50Rate and review60 Ratings Most helpful positive review SB2K1834/30/2010This is my recipe. Be careful with the sugar! Depending on how sweet your watermelon is I would start with 1/4 cup of sugar and taste. Then keep adding sugar until your reach desired sweetnes... Read more Most helpful critical review Michelle Roth-Kiva3K1K10/24/2010This was allright. For someone who doesn't care for watermelon (I keep trying...), to my surprise, I liked this better than I thought I would. Having said that, I didn't enjoy this enough to eve... Read more Reviews: Most helpful SB2K1834/30/2010This is my recipe. Be careful with the sugar! Depending on how sweet your watermelon is I would start with 1/4 cup of sugar and taste. Then keep adding sugar until your reach desired sweetnes... Read morenaples3410203K7/11/2010Such a pretty, fresh tasting, pleasantly sweet treat! I never had this before and it was a such a nice surprise to find just how darn good this was. No sooner did Hubs down his (and it was quic... Read more Lily Girl17656/11/2010Great recipe ... I added Tequila and triple sec (instead of sugar) to the recipe and garnished with very thin slices of cucumber. I was inspired by a similar drink in Las Vegas and the outcome... Read more Kel10138/21/2010Very good and refreshing. I used frozen watermelon chunks to make a slushie. And I just tossed everything into the blender including mint and juice from 1/2 lime because I'm basically lazy. M... Read morecg517/13/2010We made this for a dinner with friends last night and it turned out wonderfully. Not only did it taste great, the color was gorgeous and made a nice presentation. I did make a few adjustments ... Read more Elizabeth11436/6/2010Awesome! I just made one. It was a single serving and I added uhmm a bit of rum. LOL. Fab Fab Fab!Read more Scotdog737865/10/2010Yum, I've never had one of these. They are very refreshing. My MIL brought a delicious watermelon over for Mother's Day. We ate most of it & I only had about a cup & a half leftover so I decided... Read more BATES76359279/26/2010I made this Friday for a Hispanic Heritage luncheon we had at work, the only thing I didnt use were the mint leaves but it came out wonderful and everyone liked it, had to make a second pitcher ... Read more Cat Lady Cyndi3K2357/10/2010Delicious! This recipe is awesome! We love this as is, but we added a splash of vodka and it's amazing!!!!!! So very good, I highly recommend this, try it! :)Read more More Reviews "


what federal statute gives the epa authority to regulate pesticides

aw. The applicator is responsible for knowing and complying with the federal laws and regulations and the specific requirements in each state they may be working in. The United States Congress established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and has mandated that the agency regulate pesticides. The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulated pesticides before EPA was created.

Federal Pesticide Laws

"Federal Pesticide Laws The United States government mainly through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set standards for pesticide handling and use. Some practices which were suggested for proper use in the past are now required by law. These include such areas as record keeping, transportation, storage and disposal procedures, reentry intervals, filling and mixing methods, etc. For many applicators these practices are already part of a regular routine. For other applicators some adjustment must be made to meet these new requirements. All the new standards are designed to reduce the risks, to both people and the environment. Goals of This Chapter Become familiar with the names and acronyms of the laws and government agencies involved with pesticides. Understand the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Become familiar with, as well as understand the laws and regulations (in addition to FIFRA) listed in this chapter. Be aware that new laws and regulations will occur in the future. Federal laws and regulations set the standards for pesticide use. States have the right to be stricter than the federal l

Through its Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), EPA uses the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to manage its mandate. Would you like to try a study question? The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)FIFRA was enacted in 1947 replacing the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 and has been changed (amended) several times since then. The most important amendment to FIFRA was the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA) of 1972 which shifted the emphasis of FIFRA from safeguarding the consumer against fraudulent pesticide products, to a role of protecting both public health and the environment. FIFRA governs the licensing or registration of pesticide products. No pesticide may be marketed in the U. S. until EPA reviews an application for registration, approves each use pattern, and assigns a product registration number. Registration decisions are based upon data demonstrating that the use of a specific pesticide will not result in "" unreasonable human health or environmental effects "". In other words, FIFRA balances the risks a pesticide may pose with its benefits to society. Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? FIFRA:requires that EPA register all pesticides as well as each use of that pesticide and approves the product label.requires the classification of all registered pesticides as either ""general use"" pesticides which can be used by anyone or ""restricted use"" pesticides if the environment or user could be harmed even if the pesticide is used as directed (state requirements are often stricter).requires that the users of ""restricted use"" pesticides must be certified as, or under the direct supervision of either ""private"" or ""commercial"" applicators. Certification is to be carried out by the states (except in Colorado and Nebraska which have federal programs).establishes tolerances for residues that may remain on raw agricultural products or in processed food.provides penalties for ""use inconsistent with the labeling"" of a pesticide.makes it illegal to store or dispose of pesticides or containers other than as directed by regulations and provides penalties for illegal handling of containers.provides civil penalties when the violation of a regulation is unintentional. Fines can be $1,000 for private applicators and others or as much as $5,000 for each offense by commercial applicators. Before EPA can fine you, you have the right to ask for a hearing in your own city or county.provides criminal penalties when the law is knowingly violated. The maximum penalty for private applicators and others is $1,000 and/or 30 days in prison. Commercial applicators may be fined up to $25,000 or one year in prison, or both.permits states to establish stricter standards, but not more permissive standards. Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? FIFRA gives EPA the authority to develop regulations. Regulations are interpretations of the law (in this case FIFRA) and have the force of a law. The following are items from EPA's regulations published in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40.provides standards for worker protectionprovides reentry standards for treated areas Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? EPA defines "" Reestricted Entry Intervals "" as the time immediately following application of a pesticide when unprotected workers may not enter the treated area. The regulations state that:no unprotected person may be in the treated area during pesticide application.no pesticide application is to be permitted that will expose any person to pesticides, either directly or through drift, excepting those involved in the application.if labeling for worker reentry is more restrictive than the general standards specify, the label restrictions must be followed instead of the general regulations.when no reentry time is specified, treated areas can be reentered without protective clothing after the spray has dried or the dust has settled, unless the pesticide is exempt from reentry requirements.warnings of pesticide applications appropriate and timely to the situation are to be given to workers either through oral communication, by posting, or both. Warnings should be given in the language that can be understood by the workers involved. Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? The Worker Protection Standard In August 1992, EPA issued revised regulations (Title 40 CFR Part 170) governing the protection of employees on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses from occupational exposures to agricultural pesticides. The new Worker Protection Standard (WPS) covers both workers in areas treated with pesticides and employees who handle pesticides for use in these areas. Agricultural workers - those who perform tasks related to the cultivation and harvesting of plants on farms or in greenhouses, nurseries, or forests. Pesticide handlers - those who handle agricultural pesticides (mix, load, apply, clean or repair equipment, act as flaggers, etc. )The revised regulations are intended to reduce the risk of pesticide poisonings and injuries among agricultural workers and pesticide handlers through appropriate exposure reduction measures. Reducing overall exposure to pesticides will be accomplished by:prohibiting handlers from exposing workers during application.excluding workers from areas being treated and areas under a Restricted Entry Interval (REI). The standard also mandates notifying workers about treated areas. Mitigating exposures will be accomplished by requiring decontamination supplies and emergency assistance. Workers will be informed about pesticide hazards through required safety training (workers and handlers), safety posters, access to labeling information, and access to specific information about the treated areas. All of the requirements are described in the ""WPS How To Comply"" manual. Copies of this manual are available from your local Cooperative Extension office. Pesticide Registration Under FIFRA, EPA has registered approximately 50,000 pesticide products. How the EPA handles each registration application depends on whether the product is new or has one or more uses already registered. New Pesticides or New Formulations (Since 1972)The law requires EPA to take into account economic, social, and environmental cost and benefits in making decisions. Pesticide registration decisions are based on Agency evaluations of test data provided by the manufacturer. Required studies include testing to show whether a pesticide has the potential to cause adverse effects in humans, fish, wildlife, and endangered species. Potential human risks include acute reactions or eye irritation, as well as possible long-term effects like cancer, birth defects, or reproductive system disorders. Data on ""environmental fate,"" or how a pesticide behaves in the environment, also are required so that EPA can determine, among other things, whether a pesticide poses a threat to ground or surface water. Most registration decisions are for new formulations containing active ingredients already registered with EPA, or new uses of existing products. Old Pesticides Old pesticides registered and in use before current scientific standards were established also must be evaluated by the ""no unreasonable adverse effects"" guidelines applied to new pesticides. This is being accomplished through EPA's Data Call-In program by issuance of ""Registration Standards and Reregistration of registered pesticides. ""EPA Options for Regulation In regulating pesticides under FIFRA, EPA chooses from a variety of options. If the risk is to people who mix, load and apply the pesticide, EPA can require:personal protective clothing such as gloves, hats, respirators or chemical-resistant suits.restriction on uses of the pesticide, or require use only by certified pesticide applicators.prohibition of certain formulation types such as dusts, granules, ultra -low volume concentrates or sprays.engineering controls such as enclosed cabs or closed mixing/loading systems.warning statements on the label such as cancer or birth defect risks, to encourage greater compliance with risk reduction measures stated on the label.restrictions on application rates or in the frequency of applications.prohibition of certain application methods such as aerial applications or backpack sprayers.other integrated pest management practices such as mechanical methods or spraying only where infestation has occurred. If the risk is to farmworkers who reenter treated fields, EPA can require:restricted entry intervals which restrict farmworkers from entering a field for a certain period of time, unless they are wearing specified protective clothing.restriction in formulation type or application rates.oral notification or posting of signs to warn farmworkers that treatment has occurred. Would you like to try a study question? If the risk is to consumers of crops which have been treated with pesticides, EPA can require:longer preharvest intervals so that residues will have more time to dissipate.changes in the manufacturing process of pesticides to reduce levels of contaminants or impurities.restrictions in the frequency of application and/or rates. Would you like to try a study question? EPA can also cancel or deny registration for the uses of a pesticide. In such a case, EPA can either cancel or deny certain uses or all uses where risks are particularly high. It is possible that they may deny or gradually remove a pesticide from the marketplace to allow the development of alternative chemicals or technologies. EPA can suspend the use of a pesticide on a regular or an emergency basis if the Agency believes the pesticide poses an imminent hazard. Suspension halts the use of a pesticide until a decision on its registration can be made through the cancellation process. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938The Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) of 1938 has been amended several times in its history. It is administered by the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health and Human Welfare. FFDCA governs, among other things, pesticide residue levels in food or feed crops marketed in the U. S. Under the FFDCA, EPA has the responsibility for setting tolerances, or maximum legal limits for pesticide residues on food commodities marketed in the U. S. The purpose of the tolerance program is to ensure that U. S. consumers are not exposed to unsafe food-pesticide residue levels. The Food and Drug Administration has the responsibility for enforcing tolerance levels set by EPA. This law:provides for monitoring of food crops for pesticide residues and enforces tolerances.provides for monitoring and enforcement of food additive tolerances and prosecutes violators.works jointly with EPA to register pesticides used on animals.provides for monitoring of pesticide residues in animals by the Meat Inspection Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 is administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor. This law:requires any employer with eleven or more employees to keep records of all work-related deaths, injuries and illness and to make periodic reports. Minor injuries needing only first aid treatment need not be recorded. Records must be made if the injury involved medical treatment, loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, or transfer to another job.requires investigation of employee complaints that may be related to pesticide use, reentry or accidents. Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)This rule written and administered by OSHA, provides protection for employees exposed to hazardous chemicals. Pesticides are considered hazardous chemicals. An employee is defined as a worker who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals under normal operating conditions or in foreseeable emergencies. Exposure or exposed means that an employee is subjected to a hazardous chemical in the course of employment through any route of entry (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact or absorption), and includes potential (i.e. accidental or possible) exposure. This law:requires employers to read the Standard and understand the provisions and responsibilities of an employer.requires a list of the hazardous chemicals in the work place be made.requires employers to obtain material safety data sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous substances on their list.requires all containers to be labeled.requires a written communication program be developed and implemented.requires that employee training be conducted based upon the chemical list, MSDS and labeling information.employers must create a hazard communication file, and make it available to any employee upon request in a reasonable period of time. Would you like to try a study question? Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency to manage all hazardous wastes. Under this law:private applicators (farmers) who properly dispose of pesticide wastes, excess pesticides, and triple rinsed empty containers on their own property are in general exempt from the requirements of this law (state requirements are often more strict).others who accumulate 2.2 pounds per month or more waste containing acute hazardous chemical or 2200 pounds of waste (220 pounds in NYS) containing a hazardous chemical are regulated; must register as a generator of hazardous waste and obtain an ID number from EPA and follow certain disposal requirements.triple-rinsed used containers can be disposed of in EPA approved sanitary landfills without an ID number or further regulation. Regulated waste includes unrinsed containers, excess pesticide and pesticide dilutions, rinse water, etc. which contain a listed chemical and cannot be properly used. To find out if a pesticide is listed in RCRA call: EPA RCRA Hotline 1-800-424-9346 8:30 am - 7:30 p.m. EST Monday through Fridayprobably any pesticide not listed as hazardous in RCRA should be treated as hazardous because any flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic waste is considered hazardous even if not on the list. State hazardous waste regulations should also be followed. Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? Transportation Safety Act of 1974The Transportation Safety Act of 1974 authorized the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to declare, issue and enforce hazardous materials regulations for all modes of transportation. These regulations, contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR), cover any safety aspect of transporting hazardous materials, including the packing, repacking, handling, describing, labeling, marking, placarding and routing of such materials. Many states have adopted these federal regulations and are enforcing them. The materials included under this regulation are explosives, compressed gases, flammable liquids and solids, poisons and several other classifications of chemicals. Many pesticides are not defined by the DOT as hazardous although most of the hazard classes defined include pesticides. The shipper who offers a hazardous material for transportation in commerce shall describe the hazardous material on the shipping paper as required by the regulations. The applicator or carrier may not transport a hazardous material unless it is accompanied by a shipping paper. However, in most cases pesticides do not need shipping papers unless the quantity of the material in one package equals or exceeds the ""Reportable Quantity"" (RQ) listed in the regulations. A pesticide would be considered a ""hazardous substance"" if its active ingredient is equal to or greater than the reportable quantity (RQ) per package. When transporting hazardous materials, the shipping paper must be within reach of the driver while in the seat belt. When the driver is away from the vehicle the shipping paper must be on the driver's seat or in the pouch of the vehicle door. Would you like to try a study question? Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA Title III)SARA Title III is a Federal Right-to-Know law that affects those that produce or store hazardous chemicals. Pesticide producers, distributors, retailers and some pesticide applicators are among those that must comply with this law. It is designed to inform communities regarding hazardous chemicals located in the vicinity and addresses the need for community emergency response plans in the event of an accident. Title III has many sections, however, the areas that affect the pesticide applicator, applicator business, or dealer are confined to four sections:section 302 - Emergency planning and notification describes when notification of the state and local officials is required. EPA has assigned a Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) for each active ingredient (not total weight of formulated product). When the product in storage is at or above the TPQ the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC) must be notified in writing. Each facility is also required to designate a coordinator to work with the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). The state will notify the LEPC that your operation is covered under SARA. This is a one time notification.section 304 - Emergency release reporting describes the safety mea -sures when an accidental release (such as a spill) of any extremely hazardous substance occurs. If all the following occur:the pesticide was spilled.is covered under SARA Title III.the spill quantity was greater than the Reportable Quantity (RQ).and the spill created off-site exposure. You must:notify the SERC.notify the LEPC.report the release to the National Response Center (1-800-424-8802). If a pesticide is applied according to the label, the use is exempt from emergency release reporting.section 311 - Material safety data sheet reporting is required under SARA Title III. Employers are required to obtain and keep material safety data sheets and submit copies of each MSDS (or a listing of the MSDS that must be maintained) to their local fire department, the LEPC, and the SERC. There is one exclusion for the section 311 requirement. If a chemical is used solely for household, consumer, or agricultural purposes, then notification is not required.section 312 - This section states that facilities must submit an annual chemical inventory to their local fire department, LEPC, and SERC. This inventory must include all hazardous chemicals stored at the facility at or above 10,000 pounds and any extremely hazardous chemical stored at or above 500 pounds (or 55 gallons) or above the TPQ, whichever is less. Agricultural producers are exempt from this section. Would you like to try a study question? The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973The purpose of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is to protect endangered species. The ESA is administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), of the Department of the Interior. The ESA makes it illegal to kill, harm or collect endangered wildlife or fish or remove endangered plants from areas under federal jurisdiction. It also mandates that other federal agencies ensure that any action they carry out or authorize is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species, or to destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. The FWS determines whether a species is endangered. An endangered species is a plant or animal which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. A threatened species is one likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. The reasons a species becomes endangered or threatened are complex and difficult to correct. Destruction of habitat is one of the major reasons for the decline of some species. Habitat destruction is usually the result of industrial, agricultural, residential or recreational development. Within the United States about 275 animals and 190 plants have been listed as endangered or threatened. Once a species is listed as endangered, the FWS may designate that its critical habitat be protected from destruction or modification in any way. EPA is required to ensure that registered pesticide use is unlikely to jeopardize endangered species. Jeopardize means that the action ""appreciably reduces the likelihood of survival of the species."" To accomplish this, EPA estimates the maximum environmental concentration of each pesticide. If this estimated concentration may affect an endangered species the pesticide is referred to the FWS. The FWS determines if the pesticide uses are likely to jeopardize the endangered species. When FWS finds that the uses may cause jeopardy to the endangered species, the agency will recommend alternatives and /or restrict the use of the pesticide within the habitat of the affected species. If the pesticide will adversely affect the species, but not to the point of jeopardy, FWS provides discretionary conservation recommendations. EPA responds to the FWS jeopardy opinions by making changes to the pesticide label. The new label language may contain specific restrictions or it may direct pesticide applicators to read an Endangered Species Bulletin with directions for the use of the pesticide where endangered species may be affected. Ultimately, protection of endangered species from pesticides will fall to the pesticide applicator. Preserving the biological diversity of our planet by protecting endangered species will contribute to the overall quality of life. Each plant or animal is part of a complex food chain; break one of the links and others are adversely affected. One disappearing plant can take with it up to thirty other species that depend on it, including insects, higher animals and even other plants. Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? Would you like to try a study question? Other Regulations Regulations governing agricultural aircraft operations are administered by the Federal Aviation Administration in the U. S. Department of Transportation. It issues commercial and private aircraft operator certificates for such operations under Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 137. Pesticide regulation is very complex, merging science, public policy, and law. Since scientific knowledge constantly changes, as do the needs of society, the pesticide regulatory process is never at a standstill. EPA continuously updates pesticide decisions as knowledge increases and improves. Back to Top "


how do spirits manifest themselves

or. They do, however, strongly suggest that there exists a strong link between loved ones that transcends death, and can manifest itself in strange and unexpected ways even at a great distance. Return to Index Inanimate Manifestations Not all ghosts are animate in nature.

RETURN TO PARANORMAL PAGE | E-MAIL MEUNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GHOSTSDid you know there are many different types of ghosts, and, further, that not every being that inhabits in the spiritual realm is necessary a ghost at all? As such, it's might be helpful to our study if we first start to understand the different types of ghosts out there and how they are different from each other. Of course, my effort to categorize these 'critters' is no more definitive than anyone else's, but I do believe mine to be at least an honest effort to find some consensus among the various paranormal camps. I offer it only as a general guide and not the final word on the subject. I'm sure some readers—particularly those who have studied ghosts for awhile—may find some of my definitions to be questionable and will continue to insist upon their own preferred terminology, which is fine; I only offer these as a reasonable place to start. DEFINITIONS INDEXInteractive Personality Types Familials Historicals Anonymous'Non-Interactive' Personality The Living Ghost Inanimate Manifestations Animal Manifestations Non-Human Manifestations The 'Extra-Celestial'Poltergeists Types of Ghostly Manifestations Orbs Vortexes Full Body Manifestations The Interactive Personality The first and probably most commonly understood type of 'ghost' is that of the deceased human being—usually of someone known to the observer such as a friend or family member (though they may also be strangers or 'historical' figures as well). This type of ghost appears not only self aware and intelligent, but capable of interacting within the linear world of time and space; interactions which may include making itself visible (manifesting), being heard audibly or telepathically, and even of being capable of touching the living (tactile capabilities). Some ghosts even seem capable of manufacturing odors (such as tobacco, perfume, or after shave) that were associated with them when they were alive. Further, just as human beings are capable of displaying a whole range of emotions and temperaments, so too is a ghost. Some may be playful and loving while others are dark and angry. Often they are described as brooding, sad, or melancholy, and are seen even to exhibit such very human emotions as rage, fear and jealousy. As such, an encounter with a ghost may be either a pleasant experience or a frightening and disturbing one, depending upon the nature and temperament of the ghost and the circumstances of its manifestation (as well as the emotional state of the observer.) In general, however, ghosts are usually considered harmless and, in some cases, even beneficial, and should be treated with the respect and dignity accorded to any human being, be they living or dead. Therefore, since such ghosts apparently retain much—if not all—of their former earthbound personality, be it positive or negative, and are capable of feeling emotions such as love, joy, anger, guilt and regret, I think a better term for a non-corporeal or disembodied consciousness that is clearly human in origin should be a personality rather than either 'entity' or the more generalized term 'ghost'. Personality captures the essence of what this being is; it is a 'person' who simply no longer resides within the context (and some might say, the confines) of the physical body. As such, to identify such a presence as a personality is simply to acknowledge its inherent humanity. Personalities are further divided into several sub categories, largely determined by their relationship to the viewer. Those of a recognized family member or friend who have passed are called familial personalities because they are intimately familiar to the witness. This would be a parent, a spouse, a child or a close friend, or someone otherwise known to the witness, and are probably among the most common type of manifestation seen. Accounting for the vast majority of all sightings, familials are also not only the most common type of ghost, but are often the most short-lived variety as well; they are frequently seen but once, usually to a grieving spouse or parent, assumedly as a means of saying farewell or in an effort to comfort or reassure the bereaved. Unfortunately, the fact that they are often not seen or experienced repeatedly makes them among the most difficult to confirm or study, since no return appearance is usually anticipated. Of course, sometime familials will make more than a single appearance, though this is less common; in most instances, they appear to have a specific agenda in mind, and seem to interact only to the degree that they are trying to comfort the still living. The second type of interactive personality is the historical, which is roughly defined as the manifestation of a person not personally known to the witness, but who is still identifiable as a known deceased individual. The ghost of Abraham Lincoln is probably the most famous example of a historical, though of course, one needn't be famous to be 'historical;' simply being a past owner of a now haunted residence can make one a 'historical' personality. All that is required is that the person be identifiable, even if their identity is not determined until after the viewing. Unlike familials, historicals are among the more long-term manifestations seen, often residing within a particular locale for years or even decades, and are seen by countless scores of witnesses over a considerable period of time. As such, they also make the best 'test ghosts' because of their longevity and, to some degree, predictability. The third type of personality is the anonymous, who is, by definition, the manifestation of an obvious human being whose identity remains unknown to both the witnesses or research historians. An example of such a personality might be that of a Revolutionary War soldier who regularly appears in the cellar of an eighteenth century era home built near a battlefield. Clearly human in nature and even apparently interactive, it's identity remains anonymous mainly because it was never a resident of the place it is haunting and as such leaves no historical records that might be able to place a name to the apparition. Additionally, such entities can be among the most difficult to interact with, for unlike the familial—who is here to comfort the grieving—or the historical—who consider themselves still a part of their environment—the anonymous frequently appears to be angry, frightened or confused, and often seems to be as afraid of the still living as the living are of them. While still capable of being documented and studied, they tend to be more difficult to get to 'come out and play' and so do not generally make as good 'test cases' as others. It should be remembered that while these three sub-categories seem to be set, they are in fact largely relative and even, to some degree, interchangeable. For example, a familial personality may be someone else's historic or another person's anonymous, depending upon the relationship of the witness to the ghost (or lack thereof) and other circumstances, making each 'type' superfluous at best. These terms are really for the benefit of the observer, and have little to do with the actual reality of the situation. In the end, it is best to refer to all apparently human manifestation that appear capable of interacting within linear time and space simply as personalities and leave it at that. Return to Index The 'Non-Interactive' Personality The second type of ghostly manifestation is known as the non-interactive personality. Also known as an 'imprint', this type of manifestation, while apparently human in appearance and mannerisms, gets its name from the fact that it appears and acts as though it is entirely oblivious to its surroundings. Further, and what specifically differentiates the non-interactive personality type ghost with the interactive—aside from this marked lack of awareness of others—is their tendency to repeat the same actions (such as walking down a set of stairs or sitting in on the edge of the same bed) as though they are actors in play that is being acted out over and over again. Many who have encountered this sort of phenomenon often describe it as being akin to watching a few frames of a movie being played out on a continual loop. And, of course, any efforts to communicate with such a manifestation or interact with it in any way is always met by silent indifference, as though the observer was the one who was invisible and imperceptible rather than the ghost. This leads some investigators to questions whether such manifestations are 'ghosts' at all, or merely a reflection of a moment in time that has somehow been 'inscribed' or 'imprinted' into the environment. In other words, these may not be genuine disembodied personalities at all, but pictures or 'snapshots' of a once living human going about his or her daily activities that has somehow been recorded by the environment, only to be replayed when conditions are apparently ideal. While this theory has some plausibility and is growing in popularity with paranormal investigators, it does leave a few questions unanswered. Aside from the question of what physical process might be involved in 'imprinting' a scene into an environment, it doesn't address the question of whether such a ghost may be unable to interact or is simply choosing not to interact. Then there is the question of whether it is possible such a ghost may even be aware it is visible to the still living; in effect, it may not be trapped in a prerecorded visual 'loop' but may simply suffer from an inability to perceive the living any more than we are usually able to perceive the dead. In such a case, then, the tendency to repeat the same actions may be no more remarkable then our own tendency to repeat precise routines day in and day out in our own world; we often walk through our home via the same route, open and close the same doors in order, sit in the same chairs, gaze out the same windows, with similar regularity, so there is no reason an earth-bound ghost-especially if it wasn't aware it was visible to the living-might not keep the same routine it had while alive. Most paranormal investigators don't accept this theory, however, preferring instead to retain the belief that these are not real personalities, but imprints embedded upon the environment the way a song is imbedded within the swirled indentations of a CD. The biggest problem with the 'imprint' theory, however, is that these manifestations not only frequently appear at different locales throughout a house, but may even appear outdoors in open meadows or fields. If we work from the premise that they are mere images engraved upon the environment, however, how do we explain this phenomenon? Even if there might be some process by which human energy is somehow imprinted into the very building materials of a structure, what might it be imprinted upon in an open field? For this theory to work, there has to be some medium upon which to 'imprint' in the first place, making these anomalies inexplicable. In either case, the non interactive personality remains the most easily observed of all the ghostly phenomenon as they are frequently repeatable, usually confined to a particular locality that can be carefully monitored, and to some degree, even predictable. Whether they are true personalities or mere imprints of human energy, however, remains uncertain, and a continuing source of some debate. Return to Index The Living Ghost Though extremely rare, there are a few anecdotal accounts of people encountering manifestations of a person-usually well known to them-who are still alive, but are at another physical location, frequently far away. These 'ghosts' usually appear at a time when the person the ghost is manifesting is in great distress or danger; for instance, a pilot flying through a bad storm might suddenly appear hundreds of miles away at his home, as though his spirit or soul has left the body and gone to a place of safety, sometimes to warn a loved one they are in peril and ask for their prayers or some other such plea for help. Such manifestations, however, are completely unexpected and so are not capable of being studied, and exist purely as anecdotal stories. An only slightly more common yet closely related phenomenon to the living ghost is the 'moment of mortality ghost' in which the manifestation of a person far away suddenly appears to a friend or family member at the precise moment of their death. A woman, for example, suddenly awakens from a deep sleep to observe her father, whom she knows to be residing at a nearby nursing home, sitting on the foot of her bed. Though surprised, she is even more amazed to see him suddenly vanish before her eyes, filling her with confusion and consternation. Finally persuading herself she has simply had a strange dream, she finally falls back to sleep only to be awakened a few hours later by a phone call from her mother telling her that her father had passed away during the night. Recalling that her phantom visitor had appeared at a quarter after two a.m., she asks her mother when father had passed, only to be told 2:15 a.m.—precisely the moment she had seen him in her bedroom. Technically, such a manifestation is an example of a familial personality (as we defined earlier.) I only differentiate it because of its proximity to a particular moment of time, a place, and a particular person. Unfortunately, such phenomenon are, again, exceedingly rare and entirely incapable of being substantiated, and so remain of little value to the paranormal investigat

Inanimate objects such as ships, trains, automobiles and aircraft have been regularly reported, and remain among the most difficult type of manifestation to account for. Obviously, since inanimate objects do not possess consciousness and were never 'alive' in any sense of the word, their 'survival' after their demise seems to have no rationale. The best answer is that they are not actual manifestations of physical energy at all, but mirages or pre-recorded impressions of some kind, making them more akin to the 'imprint' variety of ghostly manifestations than anything else. The difficulty with this theory, however, is, as we touched upon a moment ago, the lack of environment upon which to imprint the object. A 'ghost airplane'—for example—could hardly have been somehow imprinted upon the currents of air in the same way a person might be imprinted into the building material of a house. Air is not a stable medium like a solid object, making such a phenomenon all the more inexplicable (the same is true with 'ghost ships' as well, with the ever changing sea being a logically unlikely medium upon which to hold and replay the image of a ship.) In any case, inanimate manifestations (sometimes also called apparitions) are uncommon and tend to be non interactive (though not always.) They are also usually 'one shot' affairs that rarely repeat themselves, making them difficult subjects to study or document. However, there are a few exceptions: long ago fought battles are reported to sometimes appear repeatedly, or at least the noise of that ancient battle is heard still rumbling off the horizon. Whether this is some kind of imprint or an example of a 'time slip' (an idea we will examine in more detail later) is unclear, but remains a good source for further study. Return to Index Animal Manifestations The question of whether an animal—usually a family pet—might be capable of manifesting itself is a source for considerable debate. As we discussed in chapter two and the case for immortality, it appear that animals do not possess the prerequisite sentience necessary to be considered a conscious personality, so it is hard to understand how their 'essence' might survive death and be capable of manifesting in the physical realm. However, numerous anecdotal accounts and a few examples caught on film suggest otherwise, so we must take this possibility into account as well. But if animals lack a personality or the type of consciousness that makes such a thing possible, what is happening here? Do animals, in fact, possess more of what we would define as a soul than we imagine, or is there some other explanation available to explain this discrepancy? A couple of possibilities present themselves. First, since many people frequently form a very strong bond with their pets, it's not remarkable then when ghosts of those pets sometimes enter into the mix. The question, however, is not whether these manifestations are being produced by the conscious, free-will actions of the deceased pet—as it is assumed human based ghosts or personalities do—but if they are produced subconsciously by the viewer. This is not to imply such encounters are hallucinations-though this may sometimes be the case-but that the human mind might hold the image of the beloved pet so tightly in its subconscious that it might be able to inadvertently manifest it under ideal conditions. The apparition, then, is not the literal spirit of the dead animal, but a type of 'memory bubble' produced by the observer's own inherent but unconscious telekinetic energy. In this case, it is the owner's love for their pet that keeps the pet's spirit alive, not the inherent nature of the animal itself. The fact that the vast majority of animal ghosts are those of beloved family pets-manifestations of regular farm animals and wild animals are far less common-could be an important clue that this might be the case. Another possibility is that animals do possess some very basic consciousness and may attach themselves to physical places in the same way some humans do; the manifestations, then, may be temporary residual energy bursts unconsciously created by even the most primitive animal consciousness for a brief period of time, and one that lasts only until the basic energy of the creature fades and it eventually winks out of existence. The analogy would be that of a glowing ember that continues to glow for a time after the fire has gone out; the animal's consciousness may initially survive physical death for a time before eventually dissipating into nothingness or, perhaps, being absorbed into some form of greater 'animal consciousness'. On the other hand, since most animal manifestations are of higher order animals such as dogs, cats, and horses, it's entirely possible that even low-levels of consciousness—that state of awareness just below full sentience—might actually be capable of surviving death just as a human's may. The fact that manifestations of more primitive animals such as reptiles, amphibians, fish, and birds are almost unheard of also strongly suggests such a possibility. Of course, this is all purely speculative, but then the intricacies of consciousness and just were one might draw the line between sentience and non-sentience is not always easily defined. As such, while I personally find it hard to imagine how an animal's consciousness—even that of a more advanced one—could survive death, the possibility that it might has to be at least considered. Return to Index Non-Human Manifestations: The 'Extra-Celestial' Next we come to one of the more controversial and, in some ways, more fantastic type of ghost. This type not only is interactive and apparently intelligent, but, like the interactive personality, also frequently manifests emotions and sometimes seems to be on a mission. The only difference between it and the personality, however, is that this ghost is not of human origin. If we work from the premise that the universe is a very large place likely home to countless races of intelligent, sentient beings-both physical and spiritual-it would be erroneous to presume that all ghosts are necessarily human. In fact, the ghosts of human beings (personalities) may make up only a tiny minority of all the spiritual beings in the universe, so another category is needed to differentiate this group from the purely human personalities. Frequently referred to simply-and somewhat vaguely-as an 'entity', I prefer the term 'extra-celestial' for these varieties of intelligent energies that either once existed as physical creatures on another planet, or are creatures that have lived all their life in the spiritual realm as a being of pure spirit. Unlimited by the restrictions of either human mortality or the vagaries of linear time and space, they are the free roaming and often ancient intellects which may well constitute the majority of all conscious and sentient non-corporeal life that make up the universe. They may even be inter-dimensional beings who exist on another plain of existence far outside of our venue or comprehension, and who occasionally choose to interact with us for some specific reason. What those reasons might be are as varied as the stars in the sky, but probably have something to do with humanities' spiritual development (although, of course, this is purely speculative. )Extra celestials are distinguished from personalities in the markedly different ways they interact with the living when compared to human based ghosts: whereas personalities tend to do and say very human things, extra celestials operate on a different level. They are frequently spiritual masters or teachers dispensing tremendous wisdom, or angelic beings willing and able to intervene in human affairs. Additionally, extra celestials are extremely difficult to document, as they normally interact in more subtle and non-perceivable ways than do personalities. For instance, they rarely appear to the naked eye (though some mediums claim to be able to see them) preferring instead to work behind the scenes. They may also function essentially as guides for lost or confused personalities that are still caught in the earth plain, or as overseers of the spiritual realm sent basically to keep order. Further, just as there are malevolent humans to contend with, it is possible that there are malevolent extra celestials as well. Could these entities serve as the foundation for many of the demon mythologies inherent in most religions? Return to Index The Poltergeist Probably the most famous type of ghost is the poltergeist (German for 'noisy ghost'). These are the most linearly interactive types of ghosts known for their tendency to move-and, in many cases, hurtle-objects about a room, hide small trinkets from the living, and produce a cacophony of noises (usually loud and persistent rapping). Though generally harmless, they are also capable of more dangerous stunts such as pushing people over and even starting small fires. Though instances of someone being injured by a poltergeist are rare, their ability to frighten people could lead to traumatic problems in the more feint hearted or injury in the cases of people fleeing such entities in panic. Until recently, poltergeists were thought to be typical personalities-that is, the ghosts of angry or mischievous individuals-but this idea has been challenged and, to a large degree, discarded. Once it was noticed that poltergeist activity normally centered around a single person—usually a young prepubescent girl or a high strung teenager—it was hypothesized that it was not ghosts that were doing the damage, but intense levels of highly charged telekinetic energy the victims themselves were putting out that were responsible for the phenomena. In essence, a stressed youth was unconsciously moving objects through telekinesis (the ability to move objects with the power of the mind) which, in effect, made them both the perpetrator and the victim of a haunting at the same time! This explained not only why poltergeist activity abruptly ceases when a certain individual was no longer present, but why it sometimes followed them to other locations as well. It also neatly explained why poltergeist hauntings rarely produced visual manifestations of ghostly apparitions, and why most activity stopped once the teenager reached adulthood. On the surface, this seems an ironclad explanation for poltergeist activity, though it doesn't account for it all. While ghostly manifestations are rare at poltergeist hauntings, they are not unheard of, and there have even been cases of communication being made with spirit energies at a poltergeist site. In fact, poltergeist activity is often an element of many hauntings, suggesting that at least some of it may be the manifestations of malicious or mischievous spirits and not all of it the work of subconscious telekinetic energy. Additionally, it doesn't account for why such a phenomena isn't more common considering how many stressed teenagers there are in the world, making its extreme rarity the best argument against the 'nervous' teenager theory. Finally, it doesn't answer the question of why if some living humans are potentially capable of moving objects through the power of the mind alone, there shouldn't be ghosts who are similarly capable of doing the same thing. In other words, if I am capable of telekinesis in the flesh, I should be capable of it from the 'other side' as well. As such, there is no real rationale why a ghost shouldn't be able to fling objects around as well as our earthbound mind can. Despite these problems, however, it is enough to know that most paranormal investigators do not consider poltergeists to be actual ghosts, making the poltergeist less a 'type' of ghost than a form of telepathic anomaly. However, I think this is an issue that deserves more consideration by the parapsychology community before a final verdict is rendered, for the standard explanation poses as many questions as it attempts to answer. Return to Index Types of Visible Ghostly Manifestations Of course, every paranormal investigator is trying to get one thing and one thing only: a photo of a ghost. However, what constitutes photographic evidence of a ghost is not always clear, for one person's ghostly image may simply be another person's speck of dust. It is necessary then, that we look at the various types of ghostly manifestations investigators are looking for when they take photos at a 'haunting' and what each is supposed to represent. First of all, it is something of a misnomer to assume a 'ghost hunter' traipses about a darkened house in the middle of the night until he spots a ghost and then aims his camera and shoots away the way one would were they stalking hyenas. Ghosts are almost never that obvious. Further, investigators rarely if ever actually see a ghost manifest before them; manifestations are often only noticed later when they appear on the developed film. More often than not, investigators wait-often for hours-for some anomaly in the environment (such as a sudden 'cold spot' or heightened electro-magnetic readings to appear on their instruments) and begin taking a series of photos in the general area of the aberration. Usually they have no idea if they will capture anything on film (usually they do not) which is what makes photographing a ghost such a lengthy and difficult process. Like playing the slots in Vegas, it can take many hours to hit the jackpot, but once success is achieved, it can be an exhilarating feeling. Ghostly images are generally divided into three categories: orbs, vortexes, and full body manifestations. We will look at each in turn-and in order of rarity-as well as look at the most common explanations for each usually forwarded by the skeptical community. Orbs: An orb is basically a ball of light that appears unexpectedly in a photo. Normally white or bluish in color, one or more may appear on an otherwise normal photograph, and are occasionally captured on videotape as well (in which case they are usually moving, often at a high rate of speed.) They are hypothesized by some researchers to be basic manifestations of spiritual energy in its simplest and most primitive form. In other words, it is thought by some that an orb is a ghost that is in the most early stage of manifesting, its essence being contained within a tiny globe of pure energy like air inside a bubble. Many researchers, however, reject this notion. Even some 'ghost hunters' do not accept the 'orb as energy' theory, dismissing the little balls of light as lens flare or merely reflections of light off airborne particles such as dust, snow, drizzle, or even insects that have wandered in front of the camera just as the flash goes off. They correctly point out that many times pictures are taken in dusty, dark rooms where the smallest particles of airborne material can reflect the flash of a camera to stand out in stark contrast to the darkness of the background. In the hands of inexperienced or overly enthusiastic ghost hunters, then, every blob of light on a photo thus becomes a 'ghost'-much to the chagrin of their more careful and somber colleagues. That most orbs are flash reflections off some airborne particle of dust is probably valid and, like the overwhelming majority of UFO photos, most orb photos undoubtedly can be explained away as such. However, there are those who insist on accepting at least some orbs as ghostly manifestations, pointing out that they are sometimes found on photos that did not use a flash or are taken during the day. It is also difficult to understand why, if orbs are simply reflections of particles of dust, they don't appear on every picture taken in the same area by the same camera. If one is dealing with a natural phenomenon such as dust or flying insects, orbs should be seen on nearly every photo. Also, it doesn't explain why they so frequently appear on photos taken at 'haunted sites' but are so seldom seen on other photos taken under similar circumstances. The author, for example, has taken or seen literally thousands of photos over the years shot under all kinds of lighting conditions, both indoor and out, and has never found even a trace of an orb or other inexplicable reflection. While that my not be particularly significant, the fact that they seem to only appear on photos taken at haunted locations must be considered at least interesting. Finally, there are others who are quick to point out that true orbs do not 'sparkle' the way reflected light would off a dust particle, but are instead more generally more opaque and, in some cases, even appear to have rings within them. Additionally, some that have appeared on video cameras are occasionally seen to abruptly change direction or make other 'unnatural' movements that would seem to argue against them being natural objects. That doesn't prove they are paranormal energies of course, but they do imply that the light refraction theory doesn't seem to go far enough in explaining all of these anomalies with any degree of thoroughness. Return to Index Vortexes: Somewhat less common than orbs are those little clouds or wisps of light that sometimes appear in photos known as vortexes (or, sometimes, vortices.) Usually appearing as a swirling spiral of light (though they can also be more substantive as well, sometimes taking on the form of an apparently opaque shape, often of considerable size) they, like their cousin the orb, are also thought to be spiritual energies in the process of manifesting themselves, but ones that are closer to achieving that goal than are their spherical cousins. In other words, a vortex can be thought of as an orb that is in the process of moving 'outside' the confines of its energy bubble in an effort to take on a more human-like form. Like orbs, vortexes too are usually dismissed as reflections of light off either exhaled breath or cigarette smoke, while the more substantive opaque shapes can be explained away as camera straps or some other object that has inadvertently fallen in front of the lens (human hair makes for especially good and 'spooky' vortexes). Again, like the 'orbs as dust' theory, this explanation probably does account for the majority of vortexes caught on film (especially those taken by amateurs.) It's extremely easy to forget about objects inadvertently placed in front of a camera lens and then enthusiastically proclaim the resultant anomaly a 'ghost', so this explanation does carry considerable weight. However, vortexes have their defenders as well, who maintain that 'true' vortexes look nothing at all like exhaled breath or cigarette smoke, but instead have an eerily unique and unusual pattern all their own. Additionally, they also point out that vortexes shot by careful investigators need to be taken seriously, since such people are usually meticulous about ensuring that camera straps are removed and people are not smoking in the vicinity at the time the photo is taken. Then there are even those vortexes that seem to be forming limbs and other recognizable human features to consider. Though these can be the result of the eye wanting to bring order to a random swirl of mist (a type of rhorsach effect) some of the best vortex photos truly do appear remarkable, so it would be unwise to dismiss all of them as simple tricks of the eye or ham-handed incompetence. Return to Index Full Body Manifestations: The 'holy grail' of all spirit photos is the rare full body manifestation. These are images of a recognizable human (or, sometimes, an animal) in which the subject appears either partially or fully formed and usually transparent (at least in part.) In some cases, the figure is clear enough to be readily identifiable by the deceased's friends or family, making them even more valuable as evidence of paranormal activity. Full body manifestations usually appear quite unexpectedly on photos, most commonly in the background of a portrait. In some of the more remarkable examples, they can even appear quite solid and seem to be interacting with the cameraman, just as a person often does in life. It is almost as if they are posing for a picture, as though they are either unaware or unwilling to accept their own death, or wish to continue to do the same things they did before death. There are a number of instances where the image of a dead soldier or airman appears in a group photo standing behind his still living mates, as if he refuses to break those close bonds that often exists among men who have been through combat together. Still others, however, seem oblivious to the camera, and often appear to be about much the same routine they maintained while alive. This leads one to speculate whether the ghost is aware the camera is capturing their image, or is simply choosing to ignore it. While it certainly seems that some ghosts are quite aware they are being photographed, there is no way of knowing whether this is true of all ghosts. Only about a dozen really superb full body manifestation photos exist, and these constitute some of the best evidence of paranormal phenomenon on record but, as I said earlier, they will never constitute proof of ghosts simply because even the very best spirit photos are capable of being hoaxed. They are tantalizing tastes of what sophisticated equipment might be capable of recording, but seem forever fated to remain just outside the realm of empirical evidence. That's not to say that one day a few seconds of clear, crisp footage of a full color apparition walking down a stairs in front of a room full of witnesses may not earn a very close and serious look; it's just that scientific standards of what constitutes proof are unlikely ever to be met by a bit of flickering celluloid or magnetic tape, no matter how convincing it might be. TOP | PARANORMAL PAGE | HOME


what is philology the study of?

Philology is the study of ""language in oral and written historical sources"". Mark brainliest please...☺

Philology is the study of

"Secondary School Science 5 points Philology is the study of Ask for details Follow Reportby Rockingstar7777777 3 weeks ago Answers RAAJSRIWASTAV3 Expert

Comments Report0.0 0 votes Thanks 1The Brainliest Answer!shrivastavavina Ace Heya It is the story of studying of historical sources as language in oral and written work. If you are satisfied with the answer please mark as the brainliest answer Thanks. Comments Report5.0 1 vote Thanks 1 "