what year was the rapid city flood

Rapid Creek flows through Rapid City, emerging from Dark Canyon above Canyon Lake and flowing in a large arc north of Downtown. Rapid Creek descends to the southeast as the valley widens. The floodplain of Rapid Creek is mostly a series of parks, arboretums, and bike trails, one legacy of the Black Hills Flood of 1972.

Rapid City, South Dakota

"Rapid City, South Dakota From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search""Rapid City"" redirects here. For other uses, see Rapid City (disambiguation). Rapid City Mni Lúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe City City of Rapid City Downtown Rapid City Nickname (s): Gateway to the Black Hills, City of Presidents Location in Pennington County and the state of South Dakota Rapid City Location in the United States Coordinates: 44.076°N 103.228°WCoordinates: 44.076°N 103.228°WCountry United States State South Dakota County Pennington Founded 1876 [1]Incorporated February 1883 [2]Government• Mayor Steve Allender Area [3]• City 55.49 sq mi (143.72 km 2)• Land 55.41 sq mi (143.51 km 2)• Water 0.08 sq mi (0.21 km 2)Elevation 3,202 ft (976 m)Population ( 2010) [4]• City 67,956• Estimate (2016 [5]) 74,509• Rank US: 471st• Density 1,226.4/sq mi (473.5/km 2)• Metro 145,661 (US: 285th)Time zone Mountain ( UTC−7)• Summer ( DST) Mountain ( UTC−6)Zip code 57701, 57702, 57703, 57704, 57709Area code (s) 605FIPS code 46-52980GNIS feature ID 1265333 [6]Website www.rcgov.org Rapid City (Lakota: Mni Lúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe; [7] ""Swift Water City"") is the second most populous city in South Dakota and the county seat of Pennington County. [8] Named after Rapid Creek, on which the city is established, it is set against the eastern slope of the Black Hills mountain range. The population was 67,956 as of the 2010 Census. [9]Known as the ""Gateway to the Black Hills"" and the ""City of Presidents"", it is split by a low mountain ridge that divides the western and eastern parts of the city. Ellsworth Air Force Base is located on the outskirts of the city. Camp Rapid, a part of the South Dakota Army National Guard, is located in the western part of the city. The historic "" Old West "" town of Deadwood is nearby. In the neighboring Black Hills are the popular tourist attractions of Mount Rushmore, the Crazy Horse Memorial, Custer State Park, and Wind Cave National Park. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 1972 Rapid Creek flood2 Geography2.1 Rapid Creek2.2 Climate3 Demographics3.1 2010 census3.2 2000 census4 Healthcare5 Education6 Sports7 Art and culture8 Sister cities9 Industry and economy10 Transportation11 Infrastructure12 Suburbs13 Local media13.1 AM radio13.2 FM radio13.3 Television13.4 Print14 Places of interest15 Notable people16 Notes17 References17.1 Bibliography18 External links History [ edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The public discovery of gold in 1874 by the Black Hills Expedition brought a mass influx of settlers into the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Rapid City was founded, and originally known as ""Hay Camp"", in 1876 by a group of disappointed miners, who promoted their new city as the ""Gateway to the Black Hills"". John Richard Brennan and Samuel Scott, with a small group of men, laid out the site of the present Rapid City in February 1876, which was named for the spring-fed Rapid Creek that flows through it. A square mile was measured off and the six blocks in the center were designated as a business section. Committees were appointed to bring in prospective merchants and their families to locate in the new settlement. The city soon began selling supplies to miners and pioneers. Its location on the edge of the Plains and Hills and its large river valley made it the natural hub of railroads arriving in the late 1880s from both the south and east. By 1900, Rapid City had survived a boom and bust and was establishing itself as an important regional trade center for the upper midwest. Although the Black Hills became a popular tourist destination in the late 1890s, it was a combination of local efforts, the popularity of the automobile, and construction of improved highways that brought tourists to the Black Hills in large numbers after World War I. Gutzon Borglum, already a famous sculptor, began work on Mount Rushmore in 1927 and his son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the carving of the presidents' faces in rock following his father's death in 1941. The work was halted due to pressures leading to the US entry into World War II and the massive sculpture was declared complete in 1941. Although tourism sustained the city throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s, the gasoline rationing of World War II had a devastating effect on the tourist industry in the town, but this was more than made up for by the war-related growth. Panoramic view of Sixth and Main Streets in Rapid City, c. 1912The city benefited greatly from the opening of Rapid City Army Air Base, later Ellsworth Air Force Base, an Army Air Corps training base. As a result, the population of the area nearly doubled between 1940 and 1948, from almost 14,000 to nearly 27,000 people. Military families and civilian personnel soon took every available living space in town, and mobile home parks proliferated. Rapid City businesses profited from the military payroll. During the Cold War, missile installations proliferated in the area: a series of Nike Air Defense sites were constructed around Ellsworth in the 1950s. In the early 60s the construction of three Titan missile launch sites containing a total of nine Titan I missiles in the general vicinity of Rapid City took place. Beginning in November 1963, the land for a hundred miles east, northeast and northwest of the city was dotted with 150 Minuteman missile silos and 15 launch command centers, all of which were deactivated in the early 1990s. [10]In 1949, city officials envisioned the city as a retail and wholesale trade center for the region and designed a plan for growth that focused on a civic center, more downtown parking places, new schools, and paved streets. A construction boom continued into the 1950s. Growth slowed in the 1960s, but the worst natural disaster in South Dakota history, the Black Hills Flood of 1972, led to another building boom a decade later. On June 9, 1972, heavy rains caused massive flash flooding along the course of Rapid Creek through the city. 238 people lost their lives and more than $100 million in property was destroyed. Debris along Rapid Creek after 1972 flood. The devastation of the flood and the outpouring of private donations and millions of dollars in federal aid led to the completion of one big part of the 1949 plan: clearing the area along the Rapid Creek and making it a public park. New homes and businesses were constructed to replace those that had been destroyed. Rushmore Plaza Civic Center and a new Central High School were built in part of the area that had been cleared. The new Central High School opened in 1978, with the graduating class in that year straddling both the original Central (housed in what is now Rapid City High School and community theater) and the new Central. The rebuilding in part insulated Rapid City from the drop in automotive tourism caused by the Oil Embargo in 1974, but tourism was depressed for most of a decade. In 1978, Rushmore Mall was built on the north edge of the city, adding to the city's position as a retail shopping center. In 1980 in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Federal government of the United States had illegally stolen the Black Hills from the Sioux people when the government unilaterally broke the treaty that guaranteed the Black Hills belonged to the Sioux. The court decision offered money, but the Sioux declined on principle that the theft of their land should not be validated, and still demand the return of the land. [11] This land includes Rapid City, which is by far the largest modern settlement in the Black Hills. As of 2010, the dispute has not been settled. In the 1980s, growth was fueled by an increase in tourism, increasingly tied to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, followed by another decline in the late 1990s. Fears for the closure of Ellsworth AFB as part of the massive base closure process in the 1990s and 2000s led to attempts to expand other sectors of the economy, but growth continued and the city expanded significantly during this period. Today, Rapid City is South Dakota's primary city for tourism and recreation. With the approval of a Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory at the Homestake Mine site in nearby Lead, Rapid City has a future of great advancements in technology, medicine, and scientific research.1972 Rapid Creek flood [ edit]Main article: 1972 Black Hills flood Cars jumbled together by the 1972 flood. On June 9–10, 1972, extremely heavy rains over the eastern Black Hills of South Dakota produced record floods on Rapid Creek and other streams in the area. Nearly 15 inches (380 mm) of rain fell in about 6 hours near Nemo, and more than 10 inches (250 mm) of rain fell over an area of 60 square miles (160 km 2 ). According to the Red Cross, the resulting peak floods (which occurred after dark) left 238 people dead and 3,057 people injured. [12] In addition to the human tragedy, total destruction was estimated in excess of $160 million (about $821 million in 2009 dollars), which included 1,335 homes and 5,000 automobiles that were destroyed. Runoff from this storm produced record floods (highest peak flows recorded) along Battle, Spring, Rapid, and Box Elder Creeks. Smaller floods also occurred along Elk Creek and Bear Butte Creek. Canyon Lake Dam, on the west side of Rapid City, broke the night of the flood, unleashing a wall of water down the creek. The 1972 flooding has an estimated recurrence interval of 500 years, [13] which means that a flood of this magnitude will occur on average once every 500 years. Every year there is a 0.2 percent chance (1 in 500) of experiencing a similar event. To prevent a similar tragedy from occurring in the future, the city's flood plain is no longer allowed to be built upon. Today the flood plain features golf courses, parks, sports arenas, and arboretums where neighborhoods and businesses once stood. In 2007, the Rapid City Public Library created a 1972 Flood digital archive [14] that collects survivors' stories, photos and news accounts of the flood. The Journey Museum has an interactive display on the 1972 flood, which is an ongoing project to give future generations the best idea of how the people were affected and the changes made to it because of the loss of 238 lives. It will in the future include the biographies of all of those who died so they will be remembered as more than names on a memorial. Geography [ edit]Rapid City is located at 44.076188°N 103.228299°W. The downtown elevation of Rapid City is 3,202 feet (976 m) and Rapid City sits in the shadow of Black Elk Peak, which at 7,242 feet (2,207 m), is the highest point east of the Rocky Mountains. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 55.49 square miles (143.71 km 2 ), of which 55.41 square miles (143.5 km 2) is land and 0.08 square mile (0.2 km 2) is water. [15]Rapid City is located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, and is split in half by the Dakota Hogback. Rapid City's ""Westside"" is located in the Red Valley between the foothills of the Black Hills proper and the Dakota Hogback, so named for the red Spearfish formation soils and the way the valley completely circles the Black Hills. Rapid City has grown up into the foothills, with both ridges and valleys developed, especially in the last 20 years, and wildfire is a distinct threat to these residential areas, as shown by the Westberry Trails fire in 1988. View of city facing the west. Skyline Drive follows the summits of the Dakota Hogback south from near Rapid Gap (where Rapid Creek cuts through the Hogback) to a large high plateau that forms the current south edge of Rapid City. The Central and Eastern portions of Rapid City lie in the wide valley of Rapid Creek outside the Hogback, which includes a number of mesas rising a hundred feet or more above the floodplain. Rapid Creek [ edit]

To the north, a series of ridges separates Rapid Creek from Box Elder Creek, with large older and new residential areas and commercial areas along I-90. To the south, the terrain rises more steeply to the southern widening of the Dakota Hogback into a plateau dividing the Rapid Creek drainage from Spring Creek. Climate [ edit]View of southern Rapid City from the east after a rainstorm, including a view of Black Elk Peak and the Black Hills. Rapid City features a steppe climate ( Köppen BSk ), and is part of USDA Hardiness zone 5a. [16] Its location makes its climate unlike both the higher elevations of the Black Hills and the Great Plains to the east. It is characterized by long arid summers and long dry winters, with short but distinct spring and autumn seasons. Precipitation averages 16.3 inches or 414.0 millimetres annually, but has historically ranged from 9.12 inches or 231.6 millimetres in 1974 to 27.70 inches or 703.6 millimetres in 1946. [17]Winters are cold and dry, with December, with a daily average temperature of 24.9 °F or −3.9 °C, being the coldest month in recent years; however, chinook winds can warm temperatures above 50 °F or 10 °C, doing so on average about 21 times from December to February. [17] Temperature inversions, however, occasionally produce warmer temperatures in the Black Hills. On average, highs do not climb above freezing on 42 days, while the low temperature reaches 0 °F or −17.8 °C on an average of seventeen nights. [17] Snowfall is frequent but usually not heavy; March and April are typically the snowiest months, and the seasonal total averages 41 inches or 1.04 metres, [18] although historically ranging from 16.9 inches or 0.43 metres during 1980–81 to 80.9 inches or 2.05 metres during 1985–86. Extensive snow cover does not remain for long, with only nine days seasonally with 5 inches or 0.13 metres or more on the ground. [18] Measurable snow has occurred in every month except July. [17]Compared to locations in the east, spring warms rather gradually, with the last measurable snow typically occurring in late April and precipitation totals beginning to increase; May snow occurs several times per decade. [17] In the latter half of spring, storms typically develop over the Black Hills during the afternoon and move onto the plains in the evening. Only April through June have observed calendar-day precipitation amounts exceeding 3 inches or 76.2 millimetres, and June 15, 1963, with 3.78 inches or 96.0 millimetres, holds the single-day rainfall record; [17] the record-wettest month is May 1996 with 8.18 inches or 207.8 millimetres. However, Rapid City still sees an average of twenty clear to partly cloudy days [19] and 67 percent of its possible sunshine in June. [20] This is the traditional ""flood"" season for Rapid and other creeks in the Eastern Hills. Temperatures warm rapidly as summer approaches. Summer in Rapid City is relatively nice, relatively dry, and relatively sunny. July is the warmest month of the year, having a daily average temperature of 87.1 °F (30.6 °C). There is an average of 34 days with 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs and 5.1 with 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs. [18] Due to the elevation and aridity, lows rarely remain at or above 70 °F (21.1 °C) and during July and August fall to or below 50 °F or 10 °C on an average 7.6 days. [17] Rapid City records an average of nine thunderstorm days in August, [19] but only 1.56 inches or 39.6 millimetres of rain in that month. Fall is a precipitous transition season, with the average first freeze in Rapid City is October 4 and late August through September in the Black Hills. The Rapid City area's first snowfall is usually in October, although higher elevations sometimes receive significant snow in September. Occasional cold fronts moving through the area bring blustery northwest winds. Sunshine is abundant in the region in all months except December, averaging 2850 hours, 64% of the possible total, per year. [20]Rapid City holds a record for an extreme temperature drop of 47 °F or 26.1 °C in five minutes on January 10, 1911, from 60 °F or 15.6 °C to 13 °F or −10.6 °C. [21] Official extreme temperatures range from −31 °F or −35.0 °C on February 2, 1996 up to 111 °F or 43.9 °C on July 15, 2006; the record low daily maximum is −18 °F or −27.8 °C on February 2, 1989, while the record high daily minimum is 75 °F or 23.9 °C on July 8, 1985 and July 28, 1960. [22] [ show] Climate data for Rapid City Regional Airport, South Dakota (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1942−present) [a]Demographics [ edit]Historical population Census Pop. %±1880 939 —1890 2,128 126.6%1900 1,342 −36.9%1910 3,454 157.4%1920 5,777 67.3%1930 10,464 81.1%1940 13,844 32.3%1950 25,312 82.8%1960 42,390 67.5%1970 43,846 3.4%1980 46,492 6.0%1990 54,523 17.3%2000 59,607 9.3%2010 67,956 14.0%Est. 2016 74,048 [23] 9.0%U. S. Decennial Census [24] 2015 Estimate [25]2010 census [ edit]As of the census [4] of 2010, there were 67,956 people, 28,586 households, and 16,957 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,226.4 inhabitants per square mile (473.5/km 2 ). There were 30,254 housing units at an average density of 546.0 per square mile (210.8/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 80.4% White, 1.1% African American, 12.4% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population. There were 28,586 households of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.7% were non-families. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. [26]2000 census [ edit]As of the census of 2000, there were 59,607 people, 23,969 households, and 15,220 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,336.7 people per square mile (516.1/km 2 ). There were 25,096 housing units at an average density of 562.8 per square mile (217.3/km 2 ). [15] The racial makeup of the city was 84.33% White, 0.97% African American, 10.14% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 2.77% from two or more races. [27] Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population. [27]There were 23,969 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.96. [27]In the city, the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males. [26]As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,978, and the median income for a family was $44,818. Males had a median income of $30,985 versus $21,913 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,445. About 9.4% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over. Healthcare [ edit]Rapid City is a major medical care center for a five-state region, centered around the Rapid City Regional Hospital and the Indian Health Service's Sioux San Hospital. Other smaller, independent medical facilities have been established in the area, including the Black Hills Surgery Center, The Heart Doctors, The Spine Center at Rapid City, Setliff Sinus Institute, Black Hills Eye Institute and Regional Behavioral Healthcare. Two Veterans Affairs hospitals are located nearby at Fort Meade, and Hot Springs. Emergency medical services (EMS) are provided by the Rapid City Fire Department. Emergency medical transportation by rotor and fixed wing aircraft is provided by Black Hills Life Flight, operated by Air Methods Corp. based in Denver, CO. Rapid City is also home to a number of non-profit public health organizations that engage in survey and clinic research, epidemiology, and area-based health promotion disease prevention. The Health Education and Promotion Council and Black Hills Center for American Indian Health are two notable non-profit organizations. Education [ edit]Rapid City Public Library Rapid City institutions of higher education include the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Oglala Lakota College 's He Sapa College Center, Black Hills State University - Rapid City University Center (includes classes and degrees through five other South Dakota post-secondary Institutions), National American University, Western Dakota Technical Institute, Black Hills Beauty College, John Witherspoon College, and several small sectarian preacher training schools. Black Hills State University is located in nearby Spearfish and offers several classes in Rapid City. The South Dakota state nurse training program is also based in Rapid City. There are two public high schools in the city, Central High School and Stevens High School. In 2013, 26.6 percent of Rapid City residents 25 years or over had earned a bachelor's degree or higher. [28] This is on par with the average educational attainment in the United States. The highest rates of educational attainment in South Dakota can be found in metropolitan areas of Rapid City and Sioux Falls. The local public schools fall under the Rapid City Area Schools school district. There are three high schools within the district. They are Central High School, Stevens High School and the newly renovated Rapid City High School, which also houses the Performing Arts Center. The middle schools include newly founded East Middle School, North Middle School, South Middle School, Southwest Middle School, and West Middle School. There are 16 elementary schools within the district. These are Black Hawk, Canyon Lake, Corral Drive, General Beadle, Grandview, Horace Mann, Kibben Kuster, Knollwood Heights, Meadowbrook, Pinedale, Rapid Valley, Robbinsdale, South Canyon, South Park, Valley View, and Woodrow Wilson. [29]There are also various private schools in Rapid City. The city has four Christian high schools including Saint Thomas More, Rapid City Christian High School, Liberty Baptist Academy and Open Bible Christian School. Rapid City also has various private grade schools including St. Paul's Lutheran School of the WELS. [30]Sports [ edit]The Rapid City Thrillers was a professional basketball club that competed in the Continental Basketball Association beginning in the 1987–1988 season through the 1996–1997 season. The Black Hills Posse was a professional basketball club that competed in the International Basketball Association beginning in the 1995–1996 season. The Black Hills Gold was a professional basketball club that competed in the International Basketball Association during the 1999–2000 season. The Rapid City Flying Aces is an indoor football team that competed between 2000 and 2006 in the Indoor Football League, United Indoor Football, and National Indoor Football League, changing names from season to season. The Rapid City Rush is a minor league hockey team in the ECHL. The Rushmore Hockey Association is the home of youth hockey in Rapid City, competing in the South Dakota Amateur Hockey Association. The Rushmore Thunder won 2010 State Championships for Varsity, Junior Varsity, and Pee Wee B. The varsity again won the State Championship in 2014. Art and culture [ edit]Because of the importance of tourism in the area, and its extensive market area, Rapid City has many cultural resources usually found only in much larger urban areas. Among these are: The Journey Museum Museum of Geology [31]Dahl Arts Center [32]Suzie Cappa Art Center [33]The Rapid City Public Library [34]Rushmore Plaza Civic Center Black Hills Playhouse [35]Storybook Island Theater Art Alley Gallery [36]The Performing Arts Center of Rapid City [37]Black Hills Community Theatre [38]Black Hills Symphony Orchestra Black Hills Chamber Orchestra Prairie Edge Art Gallery [39]Chapel in the Hills Main Street Square [40]Rapid City also has a large amount of public sculpture on display in many parts of the city. The most visible is ""The City of Presidents"" – a series of life-sized bronze statues representing each of the American presidents. The statues are located on street corners in the downtown area. Five South Dakota artists created the statues: Edward E. Hlavka, Lee Leuning, John Lopez, James Michael Maher, and James Van Nuys. [41] These statues are being erected by public subscription over a ten-year period between 2000 and 2010. Sister cities [ edit]Rapid City has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: Apolda, Germany Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan Rapid City Nikko City Sister City Association Yangshuo County, Guangxi, China Industry and economy [ edit]Rapid City's economy is diverse, but has only a moderate amount of industry. Heavy and medium industrial activities include a Portland cement plant (constructed and owned for 84 years [42] by the State of South Dakota and sold in 2003 to GCC, a Mexican-based conglomerate), Black Hills Ammunition an ammunition and reloading supplies manufacturing company, several custom sawmills, a lime plant, a computer peripheral component manufacturing plant, and several farm and ranch equipment manufacturers. Of particular note, Rapid City is the center for the manufacture of Black Hills gold jewelry, a popular product with tourists and Westerners in general. Rapid City is also the location of the only manufacturer of stamping machines used for the labeling of plywood and chipboard products. Although most gold mining has ceased in the Black Hills and was never done in or near Rapid City, mining of sand and gravel, as well as the raw materials for lime and Portland cement (including chemical-grade limestone, taconite iron ore, and gypsum) remains an important part of the economy. The largest sector of the Rapid City economy is government services, including local, state, and federal. Major employers include Ellsworth Air Force Base, [43] home of the 28th Bomb Wing flying the B-1B long-range bomber; the Army National Guard based at Camp Rapid and hosting annual exercises in the Black Hills drawing troops from five to ten states; and various federal agencies including the National Park Service, US Forest Service, and Indian Health Service. The Rapid City Regional Hospital Healthcare System covers one of the largest expansions of territory in the United States. The health care sector employs over 8,000 persons in the Rapid City area. [43]Tourism is also a major portion of the Rapid City economy, [43] due to the proximity of Mount Rushmore, Sturgis, home of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Deadwood, and other attractions in the Black Hills. Rapid City is the major source of services for the Motorcycle Rally, and the Rally's demand for motel rooms, camp sites, and other services for tourists during the first week of August means that Rapid City has the capacity to host large conventions and large numbers of tourists year-round. Various minor tourist attractions, including wildlife parks, specialty shops, caves, water parks, private museums, and other businesses are found in and near Rapid City. Other economic sectors include financial service and investing companies such as Waddell and Reed, Citibank, Wa Mu, Merrill Lynch, and Northwestern Mutual. Rapid City is the headquarters for Assurant Insurance's pre-need division and Rapid City has a strong medical services sector, and institutions of higher education. Rapid City is also the major market town for much of five states, drawing commerce from more than half of South Dakota, and large portions of North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and the Nebraska Panhandle. The real compound annual growth rate of the gross domestic product of the Rapid City Metropolitan Statistical Area was 2.6% for 2001–2013. [44]Transportation [ edit]Rapid City is a major transportation hub for the Northern Plains. Rapid City Regional Airport provides flights to the airline hub cities of Denver, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, Dallas-Fort Worth, Las Vegas, Phoenix /Mesa, Houston, Atlanta and Chicago. The airport also has extensive General Aviation operations, including wildfire fighting activities and medical flight support to Rapid City medical facilities and Indian Health Service operations in the Dakotas. Historically, Rapid City was served by three railroads. Presently, the city is served by the Rapid City, Pierre and Eastern Railroad (RCP&E). In addition to Rapid City, the RCP&E serves the Northern Black Hills and run east to Minnesota and south through Nebraska to connect with major transcontinental railroads Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific. South Dakota does not have Amtrak service, one of the few states that doesn't. Rapid City's central location allows easy transport of products to both coasts, and trucking is a major business activity in the city. Improved connections with Denver and I-80 to the south, via the Heartland Expressway now under construction will primarily benefit local trucking. Infrastructure [ edit]This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Interstate 90 is the primary east-west route for Rapid City. Rapid City is served by a series of 7 exits. I-90 skims the northern side of Rapid City. The South Dakota DOT has been reconstructing most of these interchanges in the last five years. Interstate 190 is an Interstate spur linking downtown Rapid City to Interstate 90. US Highway 16 is the main route to the southwest and the Black Hills from Rapid City. It links Rapid City to Custer and then west to Newcastle, Wyoming, where it connects to US Highway 85 for travel to Cheyenne and Denver. Reconstructed as a four-lane parkway connecting Rapid City to Mount Rushmore in the mid-1960s, major segments have been rebuilt as three-lane or ""super-two"" highways in the past decade, to support increased tourist traffic. South Dakota Highway 44 is a state highway that links the interior of the Black Hills to the southwest of Rapid City, and the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and nearby areas in the Great Plains to the southeast. South Dakota Highway 79 is a state highway that is multiplexed with I-90 northwest of Rapid City. SD Highway 79 extends to North Dakota. South of Rapid City to Nebraska, Highway 79 is being reconstructed as the Heartland Expressway, a high-speed four-lane highway that will eventually connect to Interstate 80 in Nebraska and the Colorado Front Range near Denver. The Heartland Expressway may eventually be extended along US Highway 85 north to Regina, Saskatchewan, to create an additional major north-south artery through the Great Plains that would pass through Rapid City. Rapid City's location on the boundary of the Western and Eastern power grids, together with the hydroelectric plants of the Mainstem Dams on the Missouri River and the large coal fields and power plants of the Powder River Basin of Wyoming make it one of the points where the two national power grids connect with each other, allowing switching of electrical power from east to west and vice versa. Rapid City previously had its own coal-fired power plant before Federal regulations forced it and many other coal plants in the area such as power stations near Gillette, Wyoming, to shut down. The Ben French power station located within city boundaries shut down September 2012, more than 2 years ahead of its scheduled shut down. Rapid City now obtains much of its power from both the Missouri dams and importing it from elsewhere. Electrical rates used to be considered relatively low until the shut down of the coal plants, so have progressively climbed the last several years as a lack of local power sources means massive expenses to import it from greater distances. National Guard officer candidates take part in a tactical road march through a west Rapid City neighborhood Rapid City obtains most of its water supply from Rapid Creek and the alluvial aquifers associated with the creek, owning significant water rights in Pactola Reservoir located some 15 miles (24 km) west of the city, but does also obtain water from some springs in the vicinity, and has the ability to draw water from deep formations that receive water from recharge in areas of the Black Hills where the formations come to the surface. The heavy dependence on shallow alluvial aquifers is of some concern to planners, as most suburbs of Rapid City use septic systems for domestic sewage treatment. However, water supplies remain relatively good for future growth. Rapid City has limited city-to-city bus service along I-90, but many charter bus services operate in the area, and connect Rapid City and Deadwood with cities in Colorado, Nebraska, and Iowa. Rapid City does have a municipally-owned bus service with multiple bus stops and a headquarters in the city. Suburbs [ edit]Main article: Rapid City metropolitan area The estimated 2013 population of the Rapid City Metropolitan Statistical Area ( Pennington County, Meade County and Custer County) was 141,131. [45] Most cities and towns in the Black Hills and the surrounding plains have a significant percentage of their population who commute to and from Rapid City, and many residents of Rapid City work in outlying towns. Among the nearer suburbs in Pennington and Meade Counties: Ashland Heights Rapid Valley Blackhawk Piedmont Valley Piedmont Box Elder Colonial Pine Hills Caputa Hermosa Nemo Rimrock Area Johnson Siding Rockerville Summerset Whispering Pines Moon Meadows Local media [ edit]AM radio [ edit]AM radio stations Frequency Call sign Name Format Owner City of License Broadcast Market580 AMKZMX580 Country Country Mt. Rushmore Broadcasting, Inc. Hot Springs Rapid City810 AMKBHBFive State Ranch Radio Farm Home Slice Media Group, LLCSturgis Rapid City920 AM KKLS News. Talk. Radio. News/Talk Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City980 AM KDSJ Oldies Goldrush Broadcasting, Inc. Deadwood Rapid City1150 AM KIMM Kim Radio News/Talk Gunslinger Radio, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City1340 AM KTOQ ESPN Rapid City Sports Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City1380 AMKOTANews Radio KOTANews/Talk Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Rapid City FM radio [ edit]FM radio stations Frequency Call sign Name Format Owner Target city/ market City of license88.3 FM KLMP The Light Christian Bethesda Christian Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City88.7 FMK204FBKILI-FM Community Radio KILI-FMtranslator Lakota Communications Inc. Rapid City Rapid City89.3 FMKBHESouth Dakota Public Broadcasting NPRSD Board of Directors for Educational Telecommunications Rapid City Rapid City89.9 FMKJRCReal Presence Radio Catholic Radio Real Presence Radio Rapid City Rapid City90.3 FMKASDBott Radio Network Christian Bott Radio Network Rapid City Rapid City91.3 FMKTEQ-FMK-Tech Alternative South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Educational Radio Council Rapid City Rapid City91.7 FM K218DX CSN International Christian KAWZ-FMtranslator CSN International Rapid City Box Elder92.3 FM KQRQ-FM Q92.3Classic Hits New Generation Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City93.1 FM KRCS Hot 93.1 Top 40 Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Sturgis93.9 FM KKMK 93.9 The Mix Hot AC Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City94.7 FMK234BRReal Presence Radio Catholic Radio KJRCTranslator Real Presence Radio Rapid City Rapid City95.1 FMKSQYK-Sky Album-Oriented Rock Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Deadwood95.9 FMKZZIThe Eagle Country Duhamel Broadcasting Rapid City Belle Fourche96.3 FMK242BKThe Eagle Country KZZI Translator Duhamel Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City97.1 FM KFND-LPReligious Calvary Chapel of the Black Hills Rapid City Rapid City97.5 FMK248BTHot 93.1 Top 40KRCSTranslator Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City97.9 FMKTPTThe Breeze Christian Contemporary Bethesda Christian Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City98.7 FM KOUT Kat Country 98.7 Country Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City99.5 FMKRKI-FM199-5 The Range Classic Country KRKI-FMbooster Bad Lands Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City100.3 FM KFXS 100.3 The Fox Classic Rock Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City100.7 FMK264CPNews Radio KOTA News/Talk KOTA-AMTranslator Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Rapid City101.1 FM KDDX X-Rock Active Rock Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Spearfish101.9 FMKFMH-FM1Kool 101.9 Oldies KFMH-FMbooster Bad Lands Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City102.7 FM KXMZ Hits 102.7 Hot AC Pandora Media, Inc. Rapid City Box Elder103.5 FMK278ANX-Rock Active Rock KDDX-FMtranslator Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Rapid City104.1 FM KIQK Kick 104 Country Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City104.7 FMK284BANews. Talk. Radio. News/Talk KKLS-AMTranslator Home Slice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City105.7 FM K289AI ESPN Rapid City Sports Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City106.3 FM KZLK She 106.3 Hot AC Steven E. Duffy Rapid City Rapid City106.7 FMK294BTFox Sports Rapid City Sports KIMM-AMTranslator Black Hills Broadcasting, L. L. C. Rapid City Rapid City107.1 FMKSLTPower 107.1 Christian Contemporary Bethesda Christian Broadcasting Rapid City Spearfish107.9 FM KXZT TBD JER Licences, LLC Rapid City Newell Television [ edit]KHME 3 ABC ( ATSC 2)KOTA-TV 7 Fox (ATSC 18)KBHE-TV 9 PBS (ATSC 26)KCLO 15 CBS (ATSC 16)KNBN 21 NBCKKRA-LP 24 My Network TV / IONKWBH-LP 27 The CWPrint [ edit]Impact Magazine (monthly direct mail coupon mailer) [46]Black Hills Visitor Magazine (since 1984) [47]Black Hills Bride Black Hills Parent Black Hills Coupon Book Rapid City Journal Patriot (Ellsworth AFB Bulletin)Places of interest [ edit]Dinosaur Park Hart Ranch Reptile Gardens Bear Country USAStorybook Island South Dakota School of Mines and Technology The Journey Museum and Gardens Rapid City Public Library Rushmore Mall Main Street Square [40]Notable people [ edit]Main article: List of people from Rapid City, South Dakota People who have lived, resided, or were born in Rapid City, South Dakota. Thomas P. Stafford Catherine Bach – Actress, best known as Daisy Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard Shane Van Boening – Professional billiards player Dave Collins – Professional baseball player Sean Doolittle – Professional baseball player Mark Ellis – Professional baseball player Meryle Fitzgerald – All-American Girls Professional Baseball League ballplayer Jack van der Geest – Holocaust survivor, author of Was God on Vacation? Emily Graslie – Correspondent for Chicago Field Museum and You Tube program host Dick Green – Professional baseball player Bill Groethe – Photographer who took picture of last eight survivors of 1876's Battle of the Little Bighorn David Hallberg – Principal dancer with American Ballet Theater and the Bolshoi Ballet Becky Hammon – San Antonio Spurs coach John Sherrill Houser – Painter and sculptor Carrie Ingalls – Younger sister of author Laura Ingalls Wilder Lawrence Lessig – Harvard Law School professor, co-founder of the Creative Commons Randy Lewis - 1980 and 1984 Olympian wrestler and 1984 Olympic freestyle champion at 136.5 lbs Eric Piatkowski – NBA player and former Nebraska Cornhusker Kelvin Torve – Major League Baseball player for the Minnesota Twins and New York Mets Adam Vinatieri – NFL kicker for the Indianapolis Colts Chauncey Yellow Robe (""Kills in the Woods"") (Canowicakte) (1867–1930) – educator, lecturer and activist Rosebud Yellow Robe – folklorist, educator and author Anthony Allen Shore - Serial Killer executed in Texas Tomi Lahren - Conservative political commentator Notes [ edit]^ Official temperature and precipitation records for Rapid City kept at the old municipal airport from August 1942 to October 11, 1950, and at Rapid City Regional since October 12, 1950. [22] Snowfall and snow depth records date to September 1, 1942 and the move to Rapid City Regional, respectively. [17]References [ edit]^ Hasselstrom, p. 331.^ ""Fred E. Stearns"". Rapid City Library. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.^ ""US Gazetteer files 2010"". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-06-21.^ a b ""American Fact Finder"". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-06-21.^ ""Population Estimates"". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.^ ""US Board on Geographic Names"". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ Ullrich, Jan F. (2014). New Lakota Dictionary (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0.^ ""Find a County"". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.^ ""2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File"". American Fact Finder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2012.^ ""Retiring a Minuteman ICBM (LGM-30F)"". U. S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project. The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-10-04.^ Giago, Tim (2007-06-03). ""The Black Hills: A Case of Dishonest Dealings"". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2007-10-26.^ ""The 1972 Black Hills-Rapid City Flood Revisited"". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-10-15.^ (Burr and Korkow, 1996)^ 1972 Flood digital archive Archived 2012-02-10 at the Wayback Machine.^ a b U. S. Census Bureau. Census 2000, Summary File 1. ""GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 - County -- Subdivision and Place"". American Fact Finder. < http://factfinder2.census.gov >. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ ""USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"". United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.^ a b c d e f g h i ""Now Data - NOAA Online Weather Data"". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-06-18.^ a b c d ""Station Name: SD RAPID CITY RGNL AP"". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-08.^ a b ""Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Rapid City, South Dakota, United States of America"". Retrieved September 5, 2009.^ a b c ""WMO Climate Normals for RAPID CITY/REGIONAL ARPT SD 1961–1990"". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.^ Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit: Visible Ink press. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8.^ a b c ""Threaded Extremes"". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-03-10.^ ""Population and Housing Unit Estimates"". Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ ""U. S. Decennial Census"". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 29, 2013.^ ""Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015"". Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.^ a b U. S. Census Bureau. Census 2000. ""QT-P1. Age Groups and Sex, Rapid City"". American Fact Finder. < http://factfinder.census.gov >. Retrieved 2009-01-31.^ a b c U. S. Census Bureau. Census 2000. ""Census Demographic Profiles, Rapid City"" (PDF). Cen Stats Databases. Retrieved 2009-01-31. [ dead link]^ ""Educational Attainment"". South Dakota Dashboard. Retrieved November 14, 2014.^ ""Rapid City Area Schools"". Rapid City Area Schools. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2008-04-25.^ ""St. Paul's Lutheran School & Preschool"".^ ""Museum of Geology Homepage"". South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Dahl Arts Center Homepage"". Rapid City Arts Council. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Suzie Cappa Art Center Homepage"". Suzie Cappa Art Center - Studio & Gallery. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Rapid City Public Library Homepage"". rcgov.org. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Black Hills Playhouse Homepage"". blackhillsplayhouse.com. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Art Alley Homepage"". artalley.awardspace.com. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Performing Arts Center of Rapid City Homepage"". performingartsrc.org. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Black Hills Community Theater Homepage"". bhct.org. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Prairie Edge Trading Co & Galleries Homepage"". prairieedge.com. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ a b staff, Aaron Orlowski Journal. ""Main Street Square marks anniversary"". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 2017-01-15.^ visitrapidcity.com, Rapid City South Dakota Convention & Visitors Bureau, Rapid City, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-11-15.^ Created by SD Constitutional Amendment, 1919.^ a b c ""Rapid City: Economy"". City-Data.com. Retrieved 2008-10-16.^ ""Economic Output (GDP)"". South Dakota Dashboard. Retrieved November 14, 2014.^ ""Population trends"". South Dakota Dashboard. Retrieved November 14, 2014.^ ""Impact Magazine Homepage"". Impact Rapid City. Retrieved March 24, 2017.^ ""Black Hills Visitor Homepage"". Retrieved March 24, 2017. Bibliography [ edit]Hasselstrom, Linda M. (1994). Roadside History of South Dakota. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87842-262-5. External links [ edit]Find more about Rapid City, South Dakota at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Rapid City government website Rapid City Visitors Bureau [ show]v t e Municipalities and communities of Pennington County, South Dakota, United States [ show]v t e State of South Dakota [ show]v t e Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 247811534 LCCN: n81021975 GND: 4380313-1Categories: Rapid City, South Dakota Black Hills Cities in South Dakota Cities in Pennington County, South Dakota County seats in South Dakota Populated places established in 1876 Rapid City metropolitan area1876 establishments in Dakota Territory "


causes of elevated serum bilirubin

ls. Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disease Conditions that damage or block the bile ducts can cause elevated bilirubin levels. A condition called cholestasis -- with decreased bile flow caused by a blockage of the bile duct or reduced secretion of bile from the liver -- can lead to high bilirubin levels.

Causes of Elevated Bilirubin Levels

Causes of Elevated Bilirubin Levelsby LEANN MIKESH, PH. D. Aug. 14, 2017Bilirubin is a byproduct of normal hemoglobin breakdown. When old red blood cells are broken down, the hemoglobin within them is converted into bilirubin. The liver then degrades bilirubin into bile and either stores it in the gallbladder or excretes it through the stool. A small amount of bilirubin circulates in the bloodstream. Several diseases involving the liver, gallbladder or red blood cells may cause an increased bilirubin level. When bilirubin builds up in the blood, it may cause jaundice, a yellow discoloration of the whites of the eyes and skin. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Liver Disease The liver normally converts bilirubin to a more soluble form that can be excreted from the body in the stool. When the liver is not working properly, bilirubin is not converted into an excretable form and builds up in the body. Chronic liver conditions such as cirrhosis or viral hepatitis, which produce inflammation and liver scarring, commonly cause increased bilirubin. Inherited conditions, like Gilbert syndrome and Dubin-Johnson syndrome, interfere with normal bilirubin processing in the liver and commonly lead to high blood leve

Tumors of the gallbladder, liver, bile duct or pancreas can also cause high bilirubin levels by blocking the ducts used to excrete bilirubin. Gallstones can partially or completely obstruct bile flow, leading to high bilirubin levels. Hemolytic Anemia Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. Since bilirubin is produced during the breakdown process of red blood cells, increased destruction commonly leads to an elevated bilirubin level. Inherited conditions can lead to hemolytic anemia. For example, sickle cell anemia leads to crescent-shaped rather than normal disc-shaped red blood cells. The misshapen cells do not survive as long as normal red blood cells and are destroyed prematurely. Other conditions acquired during life can also cause hemolytic anemia. For example, with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, your body mistakenly produces antibodies against your red blood cells, targeting them for destruction. Lupus, certain types of leukemia or lymphoma, and infection with the Epstein-Barr virus -- which causes infectious mononucleosis -- can increase your risk for autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Medications Certain medications can cause increased bilirubin levels in some people. Some drugs decrease the uptake of bilirubin by the liver, which can lead to higher blood levels. Examples of drugs that have this effect include the antibiotic rifampin (Mycobutin) and probenecid, which is used to treat gout. Other medications can cause cholestasis and impede the secretion of bilirubin in the bile. Examples of medications that can cause cholestasis include the psychiatric drug chlorpromazine, the antibiotic erythromycin (Eryc, Ery-Tab), estrogens (Premarin, Prempro) used for hormone replacement therapy, and anabolic steroids such as nandrolone. Drugs such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, Excedrin), which can be toxic to the liver in high doses, can also increase bilirubin. Warnings and Precautions Talk with your doctor if you notice yellow discoloration of your skin, nail beds or the whites of your eyes, as this could be due to jaundice. Your bilirubin level can be checked with a simple blood test. Since many of the causes of a high bilirubin level are potentially serious, it's important to see your doctor if you are concerned about jaundice. Other possible warning signs that should prompt a visit to your doctor include: -- pain in the upper abdomen -- nausea and vomiting -- unintentional weight loss -- sudden swelling of the abdomen -- a change in bowel habits -- unusually light or dark stools -- unexplained fever or swollen glands Reviewed by: Tina M. St. John, M. D. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEDiet for High Bilirubin 3 Types of Jaundice How Phototherapy Works on Jaundice What Causes Jaundice in Toddlers? Elevated Liver Enzymes & Itchy Skin High Bilirubin Levels in Adults How to Get Rid of Yellow in the Eyes Vitamins to Treat Yellow Skin Vitamin B-12 and Bilirubin Levels Jaundice Levels in a Newborn Foods to Prevent Jaundice Symptoms of Elevated Bilirubin What to Eat to Produce More Bile in the Liver Home Remedies for Newborn Jaundice Symptoms of Low Potassium & Low Bilirubin Causes of Light or Pale Feces & Fatigue Medications That Cause Gallstones Newborn Jaundice & Vitamin D Gallstones, Lecithin & Rowachol A List of Foods That Can Cause Your Gall Bladder to Act Up


do bacteria cells have a ribosomes

Ribosomes, the essential cellular organelles carrying out protein synthesis, have a basic design that is fundamentally conserved in all three kingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya). Nevertheless, there are ribosomal features specific of each kingdom.

Abstract

Archaeal ribosomes have a size and composition similar to those of their bacterial counterparts: they contain three ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, 16S, 23S and 5S RNA and 50–70 proteins depending on the species. However, the primary structures of both archaeal ribosomal RNA and r‐proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes. As many Archaea have adapted to function under conditions of extreme salt or temperature, their ribosomal components are highly resistant to such adverse conditions, and the overall ribosome structure often has an higher rigidity than that of mesophilic microorganisms. This makes archaeal ribosomes optimally suited for crystallographic studies, and in fact, high‐resolution three‐dimensional structures have been obtained with ribosomal crystals from halophilic and thermophilic Archaea. These studies pioneered the resolution at the atomic level of ribosome architecture, a feat that won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Ada Yonath, Thomas Steitz and Venki Ramakrishnan. Key Concepts: Ribosome structure is very well conserved in all cells. In Archaea, the small ribosomal subunits have certain structural features (‘bill’ and ‘lobes’) also seen in Eukarya but not in Bacteria. Archaeal ribosomes are composed of 30S and 50S subunits that join to make a 70S particle. They contain 3 r RNA molecules (16S, 23S and 5S) and up to 68 ribosomal proteins. The primary sequences of both archaeal r RNA and r‐proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes than to those of bacteria. All of the archaeal r‐proteins are represented in eukaryotes, whereas no r‐proteins are shared by Archaea and Bacteria only. Archaeal ribosomes have a heterogeneous protein composition. Early branching Archaea (Crenarchaeota) tend to have protein‐richer ribosomes, whereas late‐branching species (halobacteriales, Thermoplasmatales) tend to have protein‐poorer ribosomes. The ribosomes of the extremophilic Archaea show specific adaptations to harsh environmental conditions. In general, they have a more rigid structure than mesophilic ribosomes. Halophilic ribosomes increase their hydration capacity by having acidic instead of basic ribosomal proteins. Keywords: Archaea; ribosomes; r‐proteins; r RNAs; adaptation to extreme environments


what is baking chocolate

Baking chocolate, in its most traditional form, is unsweetened chocolate. That means it's 100 percent chocolate liquor (aka processed and ground cocoa beans) without any added sugar or flavoring, so it's extra bitter and extra unpleasant to bite into.

What Is Baking Chocolate?

" (Image credit: Nina Callaway)While wandering the baking aisle of a grocery store, you've likely come across stacks of what is referred to as ""baking chocolate."" How does that differ from the chocolate a few aisles over in the candy section? And what kind do you actually need for that cake ?

Unsweetened chocolate is meant to be used in a recipe where you're using enough sweeteners to counter this bitterness. So What About Bittersweet and Semi-Sweet Chocolate? This is where things get confusing because technically, these are baking chocolates too. The difference is both have a small amount of sugar blended in. So while unsweetened chocolate is 100 percent cacao, by FDA standards in the United States, bittersweet and semisweet must be at least 35 percent cacao. They also might have vanilla (for flavoring) or an emulsifier like lecithin (for a creamy mouthfeel) added. While you may think bittersweet would have less sugar added to it and therefore be less sweet than semisweet, it's up to the chocolate maker what percentage they use and what they want to call it. For example, Ghirardelli makes a 60 percent cacao baking bar they call bittersweet, while Scharffen Berger makes a 62 percent cacao baking bar they call semisweet, so really, the terms are used interchangeably. That means you can use them interchangeably in a recipe. The higher the cacao percentage, the deeper and more intense the chocolate flavor will be, so reach for what you like best. And That Chocolate in the Candy Aisle? You'll never find unsweetened chocolate in the candy aisle, but you will find bars that have very similar cacao percentages to that found in bittersweet and semisweet chocolate. The big difference then is form: Baking chocolate tends to be sold in blocks, chunks, or chips (as they'll be melted down, chopped up, or mixed into a recipe), while a snacking bar is thin and easy to manage. Read More: Baking: Which Chocolate Works Best? Kitchn supports our readers with carefully chosen product recommendations to improve life at home. You support us through our independently chosen links, many of which earn us a commission. You Might Also Like This Is Absolutely the Best Way to Cook Chicken Breasts This Is How You Make Velvety Chocolate Ganache The Homemade Thin-Crust Pizza You'll Make for Years to Come Everything You Need to Know About Sourdough Starter5 ""French Women"" Strategies for a Healthy Home [AT]These IKEA Hacks Will Dominate 2018 [AT]Save This Story Share Email "


which is stronger hydrocodone or oxycodone

nce Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: 30 mg of hydrocodone has an equianalgesic dose similar to that of 20 mg of oxycodone. Therefore in a direct comparison oxycodone would normally be assumed to be stronger. However, hydrocodone, is never dispensed in the US without having another analgesic medication added to it.

Health General Health Care Pain & Pain Management Which is stronger: Vicodin (Hydrocodone) or Oxycodone? I was just wondering. And by how much, about . . . Follow 12 answers Answers Releva

Such as Vicodin (hydrocodone and acetaminophen) or Vicoprofen (hydrocodone and ibuprofen) Oxycodone is dispensed either individually or combined with another analgesic such as acetaminophen. The second analgesic is felt to boost the effect of the hydrocodone, so there is no direct comparison of hydrocodone and oxycodone using patented medications in the US. Source (s): Pain Management/Headache Specialist US_DR_JD · 1 decade ago2 0 Comment Is Hydrocodone Stronger Than Oxycodone Source (s):https://shrinks.im/a8Gczbunkley · 1 year ago0 0 Comment Is Oxycodone Stronger Than Hydrocodone Source (s):https://shrink.im/a8k Suenmund · 1 year ago0 0 Comment This Site Might Help You. RE: Which is stronger: Vicodin (Hydrocodone) or Oxycodone? I was just wondering. And by how much, about . . . Source (s):stronger vicodin hydrocodone oxycodone: https://shortly.im/Vek0KYoshi · 3 years ago0 0 Comment Oxycodone is a much stronger pain medication, it also works differently then vicodin. When using oxycodone you need to be careful it is a highly addictive medication use for only a very short perio of time.rachphil@sbcglobal.net · 1 decade ago1 0 Comment I think Oxycodone is stronger than Hydrocodonekaren · 3 years ago0 0 Comment What should I avoid while taking hydrocodone? Do not drink alcohol. Dangerous side effects or death can occur when alcohol is combined with hydrocodone. Check your food and medicine labels to be sure these products do not contain alcohol. This medication may impair your thinking or reactions. Avoid driving or operating machinery until you know how hydrocodone will affect you. Dizziness or severe drowsiness can cause falls or other accidents. Trusted Online Shop (without Prescription) ==> http://hydrocodone.4gw.pw/xkwsu Anonymous · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Vicodin is the mildest narcotic after codeine. Oxycodone is stronger, but not by a whole lot (percocet is 5mg of oxycodone plus tylenol). If you take strait oxycodone, the doses can be much higher, as it has no ceiling dose. Jessica RNJess Mess927 · 1 decade ago0 3 Comment10 mg of hydros is equal to 10 mg of oxy. Just a lot safer. Oxy is much more addicting. I know I have been on both for years. You don;t get the severe withdrawal from hydros like oxys. Hydros are a better chose for me Anonymous · 4 years ago0 0 Comment Neither is good get some Dilaudid's.. They are better than both Vicodins and Percocets!! !NEPAguy · 1 decade ago0 3 Comment1 2 next Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Look For an Accident Attorney Find Moving Container Services Graphic Design Degrees Medical billing codes info?


what is a dentist ?

neorthodontist - a dentist specializing in the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teethpedodontist - a dentist who specializes in the care of children's teethperiodontist - a dentist specializing in diseases of the gums and other structuresurrounding the teeth

dentist

dentist Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia .den·tist (dĕn′tĭst)n. A person who is trained and licensed to practice dentistry. [French dentiste, from dent, tooth, from Old French, from Latin dēns, dent-; see dent- in Indo-European roots . ]American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.dentist ( ˈdɛntɪst) n (Dentistry) a person qualified to practise dentistry [C18: from French dentiste, from dent tooth]Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014den•tist (ˈdɛn tɪst)n.a person whose profession is dentistry. [1750–60; < French dentiste = dent tooth (see dent 2) + -iste -ist]Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.dentist Specialist in the care of the teeth and gums, and the treatment of oral disease and decay. Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information Limited Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. dentist - a person qualified to practice dentistrydental practitioner, tooth doctordental surgeon - a dentist qualified to perform surgical proceduresendodontist - a dentist specializing in diseases of the dental pulp and nerveexodontist - a dentist specializing in the extraction of teethmedical man, medical practitioner - someone who practices medici

prosthodontist - a dentist who is expert in prosthodontics Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Translations Select a language:dentista odontólogodentist [ˈdentɪst] N → dentista mf, odontólogo/a m/fat the dentist's → en el dentistadentist's chair → silla f del dentistadentist's surgery; dentist's office ( US) → clínica f dental, consultorio m dental Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005dentist ( ˈdentist) nouna person who cares for diseases etc of the teeth, by filling or removing them etc. Our dentist is very careful; I hate going to the dentist. dentista, odontólogoˈdentistry nouna dentist's work. odontología Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.dentist→ dentista Multilingual Translator © Harper Collins Publishers 2009den·tistn. dentista. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012Dentist→ El odontólogo→ El dentista Collins Multilingual Translator © Harper Collins Publishers 2009dentistn odontólogo -ga mf, dentista mf English-Spanish/Spanish-English Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2006 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter


songhai definition

Mali's decline happened because of the death of Mansa Musa, Berber nomads attacked the trade routes, and Songhai stopped paying taxes to the government. Songhai Definition: The greatest trade empire of west Africa. Significance to History: The Songhai empire lasted from 1400-1600 ce. Some major cities of Songhai were Gao and Timbuktu. Muslims leaders spread religion and invited scholars to study in the empire. Their primary religion was Islam. They were a really big trading empire.

African History Flashcards

10 terms asamikoglu2020African History Flashcards Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Swahili Definition: Coast Dwellers Significance to History: The Swahili were traders and they brought Muslim customs to Africa. Great Zimbabwe Definition: Great stone house Significance to History: The Great Zimbabwe was a powerful empire that lasted from 1250-1450 CE. Ghana Definition: An African country. Ghana used to be a kingdom. Significance to History: Ghana was a west African trading empire. Ghana was a kingdom from 500-1200 ce. Its capital was Kumbi. Ghana was both an Islamic and Soninke empire. Ghana's king was the religious, military, and a legal ruler. Ghana government was matrilineal. They had trans-Saharan and taxation. Ghana's decline was caused because of the death of Sumanguru and because of attacks from neighboring kingdoms. The battle of Kirina was an important battle in Ghana's in this battle, Sumanguru, the king of Ghana perished. The enemy, Sundiata killed him. Sundiata was the first king of Mali. Mali Definition: Mali is currently an African country. It used to be a Muslims empire in west Africa. Significance to History: The Mali empire lasted from 1200-1400 ce. Some of its major cities were Niani and Timbuktu. Sundiata and Mansa Musa were some rulers of Mali. Sundiata was an important ruler because he defeated the ruler of Ghana, Sumanguru, in a battle. Mansa Musa was an important ruler because he increased trade in Mali. Mali's economy was made up agriculture and salt/gold trade. Mali's major religion was Islam due to Mansa Musa.

Songhai's decline took place because non-Muslims broke from the empire, the Moroccan army conquered Songhai, and trade declines. Silent Barter Definition: Trade conducted without using words Significance to History: Silent barter helped people who do not speak the same language trade at a common location. Shariah Law Definition: Shariah Law is a customary Islamic law. Significance to History: Shariah Law helped unite African governments because shariah is a customary law. Shariah law also helped support Muslim ways in Africa. Eventually Shariah Law replaced regular African law. Timbuktu Definition: Timbuktu was a major trade center and a community of scholars. Timbuktu was also a major learning center especially in the areas of Islamic studies. Significance to History: Timbuktu was a significant city in history because it was a major trading center, learning center, and a community of scholars. Patrilineal Definition: Inheriting descent through the male line. Significance to History: The arrival of Islam made some empires in West Africa patrilineal. Most Muslim countries are patrilineal. Matrilineal Definition: Inheriting descent through the female line Significance to History: In ancient Ghana the descent of the ruler was matrilineal, so every Ghanan ruler after the king died was a woman.


is glycogen stored in the liver

The energy for glycolysis comes from glucose, or our stored form of glucose - glycogen. Glycogen is stored in muscle tissue and the liver, and the average person holds about 1,500-2,000 calories of stored glycogen. Broken down there are about 100g of glycogen in the liver and upwards of 400g of stored glycogen in muscle tissue.

Understanding Glycolysis: What It Is and How to Feed It Kevin Cann Coach Nutrition Share Tweet In theprevious article Bioenergetics And Nutrition: Creatine, Carbs, And Protein, I explained the first of three energy systems, our ATP-PC system. In this article I would like to dive into glycolysis. Glycolysis takes over as the main energy system in activities that are slightly longer in duration and have a smaller energy demand than our ATP-PC system. Many of us train in this pathway and many sports require a high demand of the glycolytic pathway for fuel. Understanding the system and substrates involved can help increase you performance in these areas. Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrates. It lasts from roughly ten seconds into physical activity up to about two to three minutes.

Glycogen in the Liver and Muscles Storing glycogen in the liver and muscles serves an important function in human metabolism. Our liver is the organ responsible for controlling blood sugar between meals. When insulin levels fall, the opposing hormone, glucagon, is released. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release some of its stored glycogen into the blood to maintain blood sugar levels. Glycogen stored in the muscle tissue serves an important role as well. Our muscles main function is to move bones. This allows us to do all the locomotive tasks associated with daily living. What better place to store energy then within the tissues that require this energy to move us around? After the first seven to ten seconds of moving we utilize this glycolytic pathway for energy. The first ten seconds of activity utilizes the ATP readily available in the cytosol of our cells. After that timeframe our body needs to resynthesize ATP from glucose and our stored glycogen. This process requires quite a few chemical reactions. Due to the increase in reactions, this energy system takes longer to kick in then the ATP-PC system, but it will be able to supply a higher amount of total energy. Fast Glycolysis and Slow Glycolysis Glycolysis can be broken up into two different parts - fast glycolysis and slow glycolysis. The determining factor is the direction in which the end product, pyruvate, goes. Within fast glycolysis the pyruvate is converted into lactate. With lactate our body can resynthesize ATP at a much faster rate. This would occur when the activity requires a higher energy demand. Pyruvate on the left, lactate on the right. In slow glycolysis the pyruvate is shuttled to our mitochondria and we enter the citric acid cycle, or the oxidative system. In the oxidative system the resynthesis of ATP happens at a much slower rate, but we can maximize the number of ATPs produced, yielding us with the highest amount of energy. Lactate sometimes gets an undeserving bad wrap. Many people mistakenly associate an increase in lactate with an increase in lactic acid. However, lactic acid cannot exist when the body’s p H is around seven. Instead, exercise decreases the body’s p H and this is known as metabolic acidosis. In fact, lactate may actually be a buffer to this metabolic acidosis. 1 Lactate is actually utilized as energy by type 1 muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers. With that said the body’s lactate levels are relatively low at rest and increase with an increase in physical activity. Byproducts of these reactions may be responsible for metabolic acidosis. A clearing of the lactate from the blood is therefore a return to homeostasis. This is one aspect we attempt to train during high intensity interval training. With enough oxygen present in the mitochondria, the powerhouse of our cell, the pyruvate is converted is shuttled into the mitochondria with NADH, a byproduct of glycolysis, and then converted into acetyl Co A. This is the start of the oxidative metabolism, which we will cover, in my next article. Glycolysis and Proper Nutrition Glycolysis is an anaerobic metabolic pathway. The only macronutrient that can be synthesized into usable ATP under anaerobic conditions is carbohydrates. We need to make sure we take in enough carbohydrates to fuel glycolysis during activity. We also need to make sure we take in enough carbohydrates to keep our glycogen stores full. A reduction in muscle glycogen is associated with fatigue. 2This is where the importance of post-workout nutrition comes into play. Studies have shown an increase in glucose uptake by muscle tissue post workout. 3 This makes carbohydrates an important piece of our post-workout recovery meal. Simple starch may be the best source of carbohydrates post workout because of their ability to raise blood sugar levels quickly. This can allow for faster uptake by muscle cells to recover. Fruit may even be a better option. Fructose gets immediately shoveled to our liver when ingested. Upon reaching the liver it is converted into glycogen to refill liver stores (it will not refill muscle stores because muscle cells do not contain a receptor for the GLUT5 transporter required to carry fructose). Under conditions of decreased liver glycogen, such as exercise, fruit may have the ability to resupply the liver faster. Sweet potatoes, white potatoes, yams, and even white rice are good additions to the post-workout meal. Other vitamins such as vitamin A, B2, niacin, and pantothenic acid are important for energy metabolism. This puts a high emphasis on quality foods such as fruits and vegetables for high-level athletes. Foods such as these can be obtained throughout the day. In some cases supplementation may be necessary. Some athletes require such a large amount of nutrients that it becomes difficult to obtain from food alone. In these cases, supplementation would be warranted. Make sure to work with a healthcare practitioner to determine if supplementation is right for you. In conclusion, if you participate in sports or gym activities that require high energy outputs for two to three minutes, you need to make sure you are ingesting plenty of carbohydrates. This is to ensure our muscle glycogen stores stay full to keep fatigue away as well as to supply our body with the necessary fuel to perform. The carbohydrates can be ingested from fruit, which may replenish liver glycogen stores more rapidly, or other safe starches such as potatoes. In my next article we will look at the oxidative system and see how the energy requirements and substrates differ. References:1. Robergs, RA, et al., Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. American Journal of Physiology (2004). Accessed on September 30, 2013.2. Ortenblad, N et al., Muscle Glycogen Stores and Fatigue. Journal of Physiology (2013). Accessed on September 30, 2013.3. Poehlman, Eric et al., Effects of resistance training and endurance training on insulin sensitivity in nonobese, young women: A controlled randomized trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2000). Accessed on September 30, 2013.4. Thomas Baechle and Roger Earle. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Human Kinetics (2008). Energy pathways chart property of Breaking Muscle. Glucose metabolism by Mikael Häggström [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Pyruvate/Lactate by Yikrazuul (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Photos courtesy of Shutterstock. Topic: Fitness See more about: energy systems, glycolytic, atp, carbohydrates, glycolysis, Health, medicine Comments Next Article Breaking Muscle Newsletter Get updates and special offers delivered directly to your inbox.