partner enablement definition

Channel Partner Enablement is defined as the practice of providing the right content and the proper tools, including information about your products, buyers, businesses and territories, to your partner network in order to help them market and sell your services or products more effectively.

Channel Enablement: What It Is and Why Your Business Canât Afford to Ignore It

"Date: 12/07/2015Channel Enablement: What It Is and Why Your Business Can’t Afford to Ignore It What is the definition of Channel Partner Enablement? Sometimes also referred to as Channel Enablement, Sales Enablement, Partner Enablement or Channel Management, it is the process whereby you enable and empower your channel partners to sell your services or products. It is a way to increase sales and expand your business by creating partnerships and adding to your workforce. [1]When your business wants to add channels of sales to drive revenue, you employ channel partners to fulfill those needs and then train those partners to sell or resell your service or product properly.

What is the benefit of a Channel Partner Enablement program? An enablement program, when properly crafted and managed, can increase your market share and improve upon your bottom line. But research has shown that the design, execution and maintenance of enablement programs can be quite costly [1] if they are not rolled out properly. Without the right tools and training programs in place to increase sales effectiveness, enablement programs can easily get bogged down and minimize performance. How to craft your strategy A business typically has varying levels of channel partners as determined by company size and selling power. Oftentimes, somewhat logically even, service providers will focus their strategy on their larger, enterprise level channel partners. Those larger partners wind up reaping the rewards of a lion’s share of the Channel Partner Enablement budget and resources, while the small and mid-market channel partners are somewhat deprioritized. This practice is referred to as the 80/20 rule, demonstrating the amount of resources that go into large channel partner programs and small to mid-sized channel partner programs, respectively. And many businesses operate under the assumption that that is a perfectly appropriate and acceptable way to approach their Channel Partner Enablement strategy. What this strategy gets wrong is the approach to small and mid-sized channel partners that, in terms of quantity, often make up the majority of channel partners. Larger service providers may have a limited amount of time, money and resource to drive this practice. But enablement programs succeed when close alignment can generate trust and loyalty in both directions at every level. Are you missing revenue potential? Strategic technology leaders have recognized how important it is to consider the small and mid-size market. They understand that this space is a strategic play for new revenue and a worthwhile investment. Achieving success in this space can be very profitable but it can be complex; requiring its own strategy. The assumption is often made that recruiting more partners makes up for the 80/20 rule, however, this approach may be flawed. The existing, but dormant, small to mid-sized channel partners have great potential to drive sales and revenue, they just need to be activated. Nurturing these partners properly is often a far more efficient use of resources than going out to recruit new partners. And once activated with sales and marketing enablement, the right tools and content, they can drive revenue. You could be leaving money on the table by expending resources to recruit and train entirely new partners instead of activating the existing ones. Making the most of your resources Developing and managing an enablement program that fosters close alignment via trust and loyalty cannot be done without considering channel partners at every level. If your goal is gaining new revenue from your small and mid-sized channel partners, activating your existing audience of dormant partners is the most efficient way to do so. Consider a new strategy to address this common issue – certain third party companies specialize in Channel Partner Enablement for those small and mid-sized channel partners. These companies have a keen understanding of the markets and what it takes to market and sell in a digital economy, and strive to be strategic business partners. And they know exactly how to activate every small to mid-sized channel partner so they can produce results and exceed sales expectations, ultimately driving increased revenue. Does your company focus on larger channel partners and ignore the small to mid-sized players? Let us know in the comments below. Want to learn more about these types of companies? Please visit: http://www.cgsinc.com/en/business-process-outsourcing/sales-partner-mana.... References:""Four Keys to Success: Channel Enablement,"" Pulse Learning. [Online]. "


pineapple conure price

species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 7/5/17 ready date: 9/1/17 use: No DNA unless requested

Conures

Conures In the past few years, we’ve started dabbling with various Conures. I like to raise a couple babies of whatever species it is before purchasing any breeders of that type. So, the Conures I have really liked are the Green Cheek Conures. They have a multitude of mutations (color changes, not hybrids), and they are not overly loud. They are sweet and friendly, and stay that way with a minimum of work on the owner’s part. Of course, you do need to take the baby out to play and get exercise daily, as with any other parrot. Some of the mutations seem to pick up speech quite easily also! Listed below are some of the babies we’ve recently raised at the aviary. I will eventually add more information on each mutation, later this summer. I do get baby Sun Conures from a friend breeder, but I won’t breed them myself (they are too loud!). Cages should be a minimum of 16x22x26 high. Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure

Sold Pineapple GCC ‘Fruit’ species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 7/6/17 ready date: 9/1/17 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Yellow-sided GCC, ‘Juno’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 7/1/17 ready date: 8/26/17Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure species: Green Cheek Conure price: $300.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/14/17 ready date: 7/4/17 use: DNA Male Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure C species: Green Cheek Conure price: 275.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/17/17 ready date: 6/30/17Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure C species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/17/17 ready date: 6/30/17 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure E species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/19/17 ready date: 6/30/17 use: DNA soon Sold Turquoise GCC ‘Lily’ species: Green Cheek Conure price: $325.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/1/17 ready date: 6/15/17 use: DNA Female Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure B species: Green Cheek Conure price: $275.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/12/17 ready date: 6/24/17 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Turquoise GCC A species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $325 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/29/17 ready date: 6/14/17 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure D species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/3/17 ready date: 6/13/17 use: DNA soon Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure E species: Green Cheek Conure price: $325.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/4/17 ready date: 6/18/17 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Yellow-sided Turquoise GCC species: Green Cheek Conure price: $325 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/24/17 ready date: 6/2/17 use: DNA soon Sold Turquoise GCC C species: Green Cheek Conure price: $325.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/1/17 ready date: 6/15/17 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure D “Lizzie” species: Sun Conure price: $385.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/20/17 ready date: 6/2/17 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure B species: Sun Conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/18/17 ready date: 5/27/17 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure A species: Sun conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/17/17 ready date: 5/26/17 use: DNA Male Sold Sun Conure ‘Mae’ species: Sun Conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/19/17 ready date: 3/20/17 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure ‘Elliot’ species: Sun Conure price: $385.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/21/17 ready date: 6/3/17 use: DNA soon Sold Sun Conure F species: Sun Conure price: $385.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/22/17 ready date: 6/3/17 use: DNA soon Sold GCC A ‘Rio’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 7/18/16 ready date: 9/26/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold GCC ‘Cosmos’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 7/19/16 ready date: 9/27/16 use: DNA male Sold GCC ‘Zuko’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 7/21/16 ready date: 9/29/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure 3 species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $300 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/16/16 ready date: 7/25/16 use: DNA soon Sold Pineapple Turquoise Greencheek species: Pineapple Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $375.00 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/10/16 ready date: 7/19/16 use: DNA + $25Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure 1 species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $300 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/29/16 ready date: 7/8/16 use: DNA + $25Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure 2 species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $300 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/6/16 ready date: 7/15/16 use: DNA + $25Sold Yellow-sided GCC ‘Reggie’ species: Yellow-sided Green Cheek Conure price: $250 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/9/16 ready date: 7/18/16 use: DNA + $25Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure 1 species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/18/16 ready date: 6/27/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure 2 species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/19/16 ready date: 6/28/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure 3 species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/19/16 ready date: 6/28/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure 4 species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/20/16 ready date: 6/29/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple GCC 6 “D’Artgnan” species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/22/16 ready date: 7/1/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure 5 species: Pineapple Green Cheek Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/21/16 ready date: 6/30/16 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure ‘Harley’ species: Sun Conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/20/16 ready date: 5/28/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Sun Conure ‘Liora’ species: Sun Conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/17/16 ready date: 5/26/16 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure ‘Athena’ species: Sun Conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/18/16 ready date: 5/27/16 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure C species: Sun Conure price: $385 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/18/16 ready date: 5/27/16 use: DNA Male Sold Sun Conure ‘Phoenix’ species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/18/16 ready date: 4/4/16 use: DNA Male Sold Sun Conure ‘Sasha’ species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/30/16 ready date: 4/16/16 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure ‘Sambo’ species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/28/16 ready date: 4/14/16 use: DNA Male Sold Turquoise GCC ‘Dean’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/25/16 ready date: 4/5/16 use: DNA Male Sold Cinnamon GCC ‘Sam’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/29/16 ready date: 4/7/16 use: DNA Male Sold Cinnamon/Turquoise GCC ‘Tango’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/24/16 ready date: 4/2/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure 2 species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/23/16 ready date: 4/2/16 use: DNA pending Sold Sun Conure ‘Fiesta’ species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/17/16 ready date: 4/3/16 use: DNA Female Sold Cinnamon/Turquoise GCC ‘Bubbles’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/26/16 ready date: 4/5/16 use: DNA Male Sold Sun Conure ‘Blaze’ species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/20/16 ready date: 4/6/16 use: DNA Male Sold Pineapple Turq GCC ‘Artemis’ species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/29/16 ready date: 4/9/16 use: DNA Female Sold Turquoise GCC species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 1/21/16 ready date: 3/31/16 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 5/30/15 ready date: 8/8/15 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure C species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 5/30/15 ready date: 8/7/15 use: DNA Pending Sold Sun Conure “Imari” species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 5/27/15 ready date: 8/5/15 use: DNA Female Sold Sun Conure Baby species: Sun Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 5/25/15 ready date: 8/3/15 use: DNA female Sold Cinnamon Green Cheek Conure B species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 5/26/15 ready date: 8/4/15 use: No DNA unless requested Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 5/20/15 ready date: 7/25/15 use: No DNA unless requested Sold#1 Pineapple GC Conure species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/11/15 ready date: 6/20/15 use: No DNA unless requested Sold#3 Pineapple GC Conure species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/13/15 ready date: 6/22/15 use: No DNA unless requested Sold#1 Yellow-sided Green Cheek Conure species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/14/15 ready date: 6/22/15 use: No DNA unless requested Sold#2 Yellow-sided GC Conure species: Green Cheek Conure status: Hatched hatch date: 4/15/15 ready date: 6/23/15 use: DNA soon Sold Cinnamon GC “Sophie” species: Green Cheek Conure price: $250 status: Hatched hatch date: 3/16/15 ready date: 5/18/15 use: DNA soon Sold Turquoise yellow sided Greencheek Conure species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $350 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/26/14 ready date: 8/6/14 use: No DNA unless requested ($25 extra)Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure 2 species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $300 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/24/14 ready date: 8/5/14 use: No DNA unless requested ($25 extra)Sold Turquoise Green Cheek Conure species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $300 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/23/14 ready date: 8/4/14 use: No DNA unless requested ($25 extra)Sold Turquoise yellow sided Green Cheek Conure species: Turquoise Green Cheek Conure price: $350 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/27/14 ready date: 8/7/14 use: No DNA unless requested ($25 extra)Sold Pineapple Green Cheek Conure 5 species: Pineapple Green cheek Conure price: $250 status: Hatched hatch date: 4/20/14 ready date: 6/16/14 use: No DNA unless requested Sold10 Pineapple Greencheek Conure species: Pineapple Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/18/13 ready date: 7/18/13 use: DNA pending Sold3 Pineapple Conure – Virginia’s species: Pineapple Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/2/13 ready date: 7/4/13 use: DNA Male Sold6 Pineapple GCC – Lacey’s species: Pineapple Conure price: $275 status: Hatched hatch date: 5/7/13 ready date: 7/9/13 use: DNA Female Sold Green Cheek – Betty species: Green Cheek Conure price: $175 status: Hatched hatch date: 11/29/12 ready date: 2/12/13 use: DNA Female Sold Green cheek Gracie species: Green Cheek Conure price: $175 status: Hatched hatch date: 11/29/12 ready date: 2/12/13 use: DNA Female


what was its cost of goods sold? quizlet

ment→ Payment of the account payable and recognition of a cash discount taken Sale Purchase Return On October 1, Robertson Company sold merchandise in the amount of $5,800 to Alberts, with credit terms of 2/10, n/30. The costof the items sold is $4,000. Robertson uses the perpetual inventory system.

accounting chapter 4 quiz - A company had sales of $695,000... SCHOOLDelgado CCCOURSE TITLEACCOUNTING 201TYPETest Prep UPLOADED BYLieutenant Hacker Oyster3378PAGES 4 RATINGS67 % ( 3)This preview shows pages 1–3. Sign up to view the full content. View Full Document A company had sales of $695,000 and its cost of goods sold of $278,000. Its gross margin equals:$417,000$278,000$ (417,000)$695,000$973,000$695,000 - $278,000 = $417,000Merchandise inventory: Is a long-term asset Is classified with investments on the balance sheet Is a current asset Includes supplies Must be sold within one month The credit terms 2/10, n/30 are interpreted as:10% cash discount if the amount is paid within 2 days, with balance due in 30 days30% discount if paid within 2 days30% discount if paid within 10 days→ 2% cash discount if the amount is paid within 10 days, with the balance due in 30 days2% discount if paid within 30 days A company uses the perpetual inventory system and recorded the following entry: This entry reflects a: Purchase and recognition of a cash discount taken This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Docu

Alberts pays the invoice on October 8 and takes the This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Fall '14 PROFESSOR E. Davis TAGSAccounting, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Robertson Company Report View Full Document Bookmarked 0Recently viewed ACCOUNTING 201accounting chapter 4 quiz Viewing now Interested in accounting chapter 4 quiz? Bookmark it to view later. Most Popular Documents for ACCOUNTING2 pagesaccounting chapter 5 fall 14Delgado CCACCOUNTING 201 - Fall 2015accounting chapter 5 fall 1410 pagesaccounting chapter quiz review 1Delgado CCACCOUNTING 201 - Fall 2015accounting chapter quiz review 130 pageschapter 2 accounting homework Delgado CCACCOUNTING 201 - Fall 2015chapter 2 accounting homework3 pagesaccounting chapter 2 quiz Delgado CCACCOUNTING 201 - Fall 2015accounting chapter 2 quiz4 pages Accounting Chapter 3 fall 14Delgado CCACCOUNTING 201 - Fall 2015Accounting Chapter 3 fall 14175 pages ACC575 - Week 1Delgado CCACCOUNTING 575 - Spring 2016ACC575 - Week 1View more Join our community of 10 million+ students and educators. Quick access to 10 million+ documents Free plans that won't break your bank24/7 homework help from tutors Our Better Grades Guarantee Terms Sign Up Now Study on the go Download the i OS app Download the Android app Other Related Materials7 pages On October 1 Robertson Company sold merchandise in the amount of 5800 to Alabama State University ACT 215 - Fall 2010ACT 214 Test 2, Fall 2016, 4 Student5 pages Sales less sales discounts less sales returns and allowances equals A Net FIUACCOUNTING ACCT2292 - Spring 2016Chapter 5 Practice Set3 pages On October 1 Robertson Company sold merchandise in the amount of 5800 to UC Davis MGT 11A - Fall 2007More+Exam+1+Practice+Problems7 pages A company had net sales and cost of goods sold of 752000 and 543000No School Chapter 4 extra ACCT2401fall20144 pages Exam+1+Practice+Problem+Solutions UC Davis MGT 11A - Fall 2007Exam+1+Practice+Problem+Solutions78 pages Advertising expense 24400 Rent expense 24000 X 80 19200 Delivery expense 16700University of Alaska Southeast ACCT 201 - Fall 2012ACCT 201 fin acct Ch 5


what is the meaning of service tenure

Tenure is the act or length of time that something is held or the achieved status of having one's employment position become permanent. An example of tenure is holding a piece of property in your possession only until death as part of a real estate agreement.

tenure

tenureten·ure Use tenure in a sentencenoun

An example of tenure is a teacher being guaranteed a job at a school where she's taught for a predetermined amount of time. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citetenurethe act or right of holding property, an office, a position, etc.the length of time, or the conditions under which, something is heldthe status of holding one's position on a permanent basis, granted to teachers, civil service personnel, etc. on the fulfillment of specified requirements Origin of tenure Middle English from Middle French from tenir, to hold: see tenant Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citetenurenouna. The act, fact, manner, or condition of holding something in one's possession, as real estate or an office; occupation.b. A period during which something is held. The status of holding one's position on a permanent basis without periodic contract renewals: a teacher granted tenure on a faculty. Origin of tenure Middle English from Old French teneure from tenir to hold from Latin tenēre to hold ; see ten- in Indo-European roots. Related Forms:ten·u′ri·aladjectiveten·u′ri·al·lyadverb THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citetenure Noun ( plural tenures)A status of possessing a thing or an office; an incumbency. A period of time during which it is possessed. A status of having a permanent post with enhanced job security within an academicinstitution. A right to hold land under the feudal system. Verb ( third-person singular simple present tenures, present participle tenuring, simple past and past participle tenured)To grant tenure, the status of having a permanent academic position, to (someone). Origin From Anglo-Norman, from Old French teneure, from Vulgar Latin * tenitura, from * tenit (us), from Latin tentus (from teneÅ) + -ura. English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Citetenure - Legal Definitionn An ancient hierarchical system of land possession or holding in subordination to a superior. The status afforded teachers and professors, long considered a cornerstone of academic freedom of protection against dismissal without adequate cause. A general legal protection of a long-term relationship, such as employment. Webster's New World Law Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Link/Cite


when does the umbilical cord form during pregnancy

The placenta also provides a reservoir of blood for the fetus, delivering blood to it in case of hypotension and vice versa, comparable to a capacitor. [30]Ultrasound image of human placenta and umbilical cord (color Doppler rendering) with central cord insertion and three umbilical vessels, at 20 weeks of pregnancy

Placenta

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the human trophoblast. For general information about the placenta as an organ in biology, see placentation. For the ancient Roman Bread, see placenta (food).placenta Placenta Human placenta from just after birth with the umbilical cord in place Details Precursor decidua basalis, chorion frondosum Identifiers Latin Placento TE E5.11.3.1.1.0.5Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.

The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing fetuses and removes waste products from the fetus's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the fetus's umbilical cord develops from the placenta. These organs connect the mother and the fetus.

Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development. [1] The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best. The word placenta comes from the Latin word for a type of cake, from Greek πλακόεντα/πλακοῦντα plakóenta/plakoúnta, accusative of πλακόεις/πλακούς plakóeis/plakoús, ""flat, slab-like"", [2] [3] in reference to its round, flat appearance in humans. The classical plural is placentae, but the form placentas is common in modern English and probably has the wider currency at present. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components: [4] the fetal placenta ( Chorion frondosum ), which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta ( Decidua basalis ), which develops from the maternal uterine tissue. [5] It metabolises a number of substances and can release metabolic products into maternal or fetal circulations. Contents [ hide ]1 Structure1.1 Gene and protein expression2 Physiology2.1 Development2.2 Placental circulation2.2.1 Maternal placental circulation2.2.2 Fetoplacental circulation2.3 Birth2.4 Microbiome3 Functions3.1 Nutrition3.2 Excretion3.3 Immunity3.4 Endocrine function3.5 Cloaking from immune system of mother3.6 Other4 Clinical significance5 Society and culture6 Additional images7 See also8 References9 External links Structure [ edit]Placental mammals, such as humans, have a chorioallantoic placenta that forms from the chorion and allantois. In humans, the placenta averages 22 cm (9 inch) in length and 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 inch) in thickness, with the center being the thickest, and the edges being the thinnest. It typically weighs approximately 500 grams (just over 1 lb). It has a dark reddish-blue or crimson color. It connects to the fetus by an umbilical cord of approximately 55–60 cm (22–24 inch) in length, which contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. [6] The umbilical cord inserts into the chorionic plate (has an eccentric attachment). Vessels branch out over the surface of the placenta and further divide to form a network covered by a thin layer of cells. This results in the formation of villous tree structures. On the maternal side, these villous tree structures are grouped into lobules called cotyledons. In humans, the placenta usually has a disc shape, but size varies vastly between different mammalian species. [7]The placenta occasionally takes a form in which it comprises several distinct parts connected by blood vessels. [8] The parts, called lobes, may number two, three, four, or more. Such placentas are described as bilobed/bilobular/bipartite, trilobed/trilobular/tripartite, and so on. If there is a clearly discernible main lobe and auxiliary lobe, the latter is called a succenturiate placenta. Sometimes the blood vessels connecting the lobes get in the way of fetal presentation during labor, which is called vasa previa. Gene and protein expression [ edit]Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal mature placenta. [9] [10] Some 350 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the placenta and less than 100 genes are highly placenta specific. The corresponding specific proteins are mainly expressed in trophoblasts and have functions related to female pregnancy. Examples of proteins with elevated expression in placenta compared to other organs and tissues are PEG10 and the cancer testis antigen PAGE4 expressed in cytotrophoblasts, CSH1 and KISS1 expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts, and PAPPA2 and PRG2 expressed in extravillous trophoblasts. Physiology [ edit]Development [ edit]Placenta The initial stages of human embryogenesis. Further information: Placentation The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium. The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast, which forms the outer layer of the placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying cytotrophoblast layer and the overlying syncytiotrophoblast layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated continuous cell layer that covers the surface of the placenta. It forms as a result of differentiation and fusion of the underlying cytotrophoblast cells, a process that continues throughout placental development. The syncytiotrophoblast (otherwise known as syncytium ), thereby contributes to the barrier function of the placenta. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy. Development of the maternal blood supply to the placenta is complete by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy week 14 (DM)Placental circulation [ edit]Maternal blood fills the intervillous space, nutrients, water, and gases are actively and passively exchanged, then deoxygenated blood is displaced by the next maternal pulse. Maternal placental circulation [ edit]In preparation for implantation of the blastocyst, the uterine endometrium undergoes ""decidualisation"". Spiral arteries in decidua are remodeled so that they become less convoluted and their diameter is increased. The increased diameter and straighter flow path both act to increase maternal blood flow to the placenta. There is relatively high pressure as the maternal blood fills intervillous space through these spiral arteries bathes the fetal villi in blood, allowing an exchange of gases to take place. In humans and other hemochorial placentals, the maternal blood comes into direct contact with the fetal chorion, though no fluid is exchanged. As the pressure decreases between pulses, the deoxygenated blood flows back through the endometrial veins. Maternal blood flow is approximately 600–700 ml/min at term. Fetoplacental circulation [ edit]Further information: Fetal circulation Deoxygenated fetal blood passes through umbilical arteries to the placenta. At the junction of umbilical cord and placenta, the umbilical arteries branch radially to form chorionic arteries. Chorionic arteries, in turn, branch into cotyledon arteries. In the villi, these vessels eventually branch to form an extensive arterio-capillary-venous system, bringing the fetal blood extremely close to the maternal blood; but no intermingling of fetal and maternal blood occurs (""placental barrier""). [11]Endothelin and prostanoids cause vasoconstriction in placental arteries, while nitric oxide causes vasodilation. [12] On the other hand, there is no neural vascular regulation, and catecholamines have only little effect. [12]The fetoplacental circulation is vulnerable to persistent hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia and reoxygenation, which can lead to generation of excessive free radicals. This may contribute to pre-eclampsia and other pregnancy complications. [13] It is proposed that melatonin plays a role as an antioxidant in the placenta. [13]Birth [ edit]Main article: Placental expulsion Placental expulsion begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The period from just after the child is born until just after the placenta is expelled is called the ""third stage of labor"". The placenta is usually expelled within 15–30 minutes of birth. Placental expulsion can be managed actively, for example by giving oxytocin via intramuscular injection followed by cord traction to assist in delivering the placenta. Alternatively, it can be managed expectantly, allowing the placenta to be expelled without medical assistance. Blood loss and the risk of postpartum bleeding may be reduced in women offered active management of the third stage of labour, however there may be adverse effects and more research is necessary. [14]The habit is to cut the cord immediately after birth, but it is theorised that there is no medical reason to do this; on the contrary, it is theorized that not cutting the cord helps the baby in its adaptation to extrauterine life, especially in preterm infants. [15]Microbiome [ edit]Main article: Placental microbiome The placenta was once thought to be sterile. Instead, a resident, non-pathogenic, and diverse population of microorganisms are present in healthy tissue. The uterus and its tissues are not sterile. [16] [17] [18] [19]Functions [ edit]Nutrition [ edit]Maternal side of a placenta shortly after birth. The placenta intermediates the transfer of nutrients between mother and fetus.

The perfusion of the intervillous spaces of the placenta with maternal blood allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide back from the fetus to the maternal blood. Nutrient transfer to the fetus can occur via both active and passive transport.

[20] Placental nutrient metabolism was found to play a key role in limiting the transfer of some nutrients. [21] Adverse pregnancy situations, such as those involving maternal diabetes or obesity, can increase or decrease levels of nutrient transporters in the placenta potentially resulting in overgrowth or restricted growth of the fetus. [22]Excretion [ edit]Waste products excreted from the fetus such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine are transferred to the maternal blood by diffusion across the placenta. Immunity [ edit]Ig G antibodies can pass through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero. [23] This transfer of antibodies begins as early as the 20th week of gestational age, and certainly by the 24th week. [24] This passive immunity lingers for several months after birth, thus providing the newborn with a carbon copy of the mother's long-term humoral immunity to see the infant through the crucial first months of extrauterine life. Ig M, however, cannot cross the placenta, which is why some infections acquired during pregnancy can be hazardous for the fetus. Furthermore, the placenta functions as a selective maternal-fetal barrier against transmission of microbes. However, insufficiency in this function may still cause mother-to-child transmission of infectious diseases. Endocrine function [ edit]The first hormone released by the placenta is called the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. This is responsible for stopping the process at the end of menses when the Corpus luteum ceases activity and atrophies. If h CG did not interrupt this process, it would lead to spontaneous abortion of the fetus. The corpus luteum also produces and releases progesterone and estrogen, and h CG stimulates it to increase the amount that it releases. h CG is the indicator of pregnancy that pregnancy tests look for. These tests will work when menses has not occurred or after implantation has happened on days seven to ten. h CG may also have an anti-antibody effect, protecting it from being rejected by the mother’s body. h CG also assists the male fetus by stimulating the testes to produce testosterone, which is the hormone needed to allow the sex organs of the male to grow. Progesterone helps the embryo implant by assisting passage through the fallopian tubes. It also affects the fallopian tubes and the uterus by stimulating an increase in secretions necessary for fetal nutrition. Progesterone, like h CG, is necessary to prevent spontaneous abortion because it prevents contractions of the uterus, and is necessary for implantation. Estrogen is a crucial hormone in the process of proliferation. This involves the enlargement of the breasts and uterus, allowing for growth of the fetus and production of milk. Estrogen is also responsible for increased blood supply towards the end of pregnancy through vasodilation. The levels of estrogen during pregnancy can increase so that they are thirty times what a non-pregnant woman mid-cycles estrogen level would be. Human placental lactogen is a hormone used in pregnancy to develop fetal metabolism and general growth and development. Human placental lactogen works with Growth hormone to stimulate Insulin-like growth factor production and regulating intermediary metabolism. In the fetus, h PL acts on lactogenic receptors to modulate embryonic development, metabolism and stimulate production of IGF, insulin, surfactant and adrenocortical hormones. h PL values increase with multiple pregnancies, intact molar pregnancy, diabetes and Rh incompatibility. They are decreased with toxemia, choriocarcinoma, and Placental insufficiency. [25] [26]Cloaking from immune system of mother [ edit]Further information: Immune tolerance in pregnancy The placenta and fetus may be regarded as a foreign allograft inside the mother, and thus must evade from attack by the mother's immune system. For this purpose, the placenta uses several mechanisms: It secretes Neurokinin B -containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasiticnematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host. [27]There is presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the response to interleukin 2. [28]However, the Placental barrier is not the sole means to evade the immune system, as foreign fetal cells also persist in the maternal circulation, on the other side of the placental barrier. [29]Other [ edit]

Clinical significance [ edit]Main article: Placental disease Micrograph of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the placenta (CMV placentitis ). The characteristic large nucleus of a CMV-infected cell is seen off-centre at the bottom-right of the image. H&E stain. Numerous pathologies can affect the placenta. Placenta accreta, when the placenta implants too deeply, all the way to the actual muscle of uterine wall (without penetrating it)Placenta praevia, when the placement of the placenta is too close to or blocks the cervix Placental abruption /abruptio placentae Infections involving the placenta: Placentitis, such as the TORCH infections. Chorioamnionitis. Society and culture [ edit]The placenta often plays an important role in various cultures, with many societies conducting rituals regarding its disposal. In the Western world, the placenta is most often incinerated. [31]Some cultures bury the placenta for various reasons. The Māori of New Zealand traditionally bury the placenta from a newborn child to emphasize the relationship between humans and the earth. [32] Likewise, the Navajo bury the placenta and umbilical cord at a specially chosen site, [33] particularly if the baby dies during birth. [34] In Cambodia and Costa Rica, burial of the placenta is believed to protect and ensure the health of the baby and the mother. [35] If a mother dies in childbirth, the Aymara of Bolivia bury the placenta in a secret place so that the mother's spirit will not return to claim her baby's life. [36]The placenta is believed by some communities to have power over the lives of the baby or its parents. The Kwakiutl of British Columbia bury girls' placentas to give the girl skill in digging clams, and expose boys' placentas to ravens to encourage future prophetic visions. In Turkey, the proper disposal of the placenta and umbilical cord is believed to promote devoutness in the child later in life. In Ukraine, Transylvania, and Japan, interaction with a disposed placenta is thought to influence the parents' future fertility. Several cultures believe the placenta to be or have been alive, often a relative of the baby. Nepalese think of the placenta as a friend of the baby; Malaysian Orang Asli regard it as the baby's older sibling. [35] Native Hawaiians believe that the placenta is a part of the baby, and traditionally plant it with a tree that can then grow alongside the child. [31] Various cultures in Indonesia, such as Javanese, believe that the placenta has a spirit and needs to be buried outside the family house. In some cultures, the placenta is eaten, a practice known as placentophagy. In some eastern cultures, such as China, the dried placenta ( ziheche 紫 河 車, literally ""purple river cart"") is thought to be a healthful restorative and is sometimes used in preparations of traditional Chinese medicine and various health products. [37] The practice of human placentophagy has become a more recent trend in western cultures and is not without controversy; its practice being considered cannibalism is debated. Some cultures have alternative uses for placenta that include the manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food. Additional images [ edit]Fetus of about 8 weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters. Picture of freshly delivered placenta and umbilical cord wrapped around Kelly clamps Fresh human placenta Micrograph of a placental infection ( CMV placentitis). Micrograph of CMV placentitis. A 3D Power doppler image of vasculature in 20-week placenta Placenta held. Schematic view of the placenta Maternal side of a whole human placenta, just after birth Fetal side of same placenta Close-up of umbilical attachment to fetal side of freshly delivered placenta Ziheche (紫河车), dried human placenta used in traditional Chinese medicine See also [ edit]Choriovitelline placenta Caul Embryo Uterus Zygote References [ edit]^ Pough et al. 1992. Herpetology: Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ""A Greek-English Lexicon"", at Perseus.^ ""placenta"". Online Etymology Dictionary.^ ""How is Placenta Formed"".^ Definitions of placental- related terms.^ Examination of the placenta^ Placental Structure and Classification^ Fujikura, Toshio; Benson, Ralph C; Driscoll, Shirley G; et al. (1970), The bipartite placenta and its clinical features, 107 (7), pp. 1013–1017, doi: 10.1016/0002-9378 (70)90621-6, PMID 5429965, Bipartite placenta represented 4.2 per cent (366 of 8,505) of placentas of white women at the Boston Hospital for Women who were enrolled in the Collaborative Project.^ ""The human proteome in placenta - The Human Protein Atlas"". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-09-26.^ Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). ""Tissue-based map of the human proteome"". Science. 347 (6220): 1260419. doi: 10.1126/science.1260419. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25613900.^ Placental blood circulation^ a b Kiserud T, Acharya G (2004). ""The fetal circulation"". Prenatal Diagnosis. 24 (13): 1049–1059. doi: 10.1002/pd.1062. PMID 15614842.^ a b Reiter, R. J.; Tan, D. X.; Korkmaz, A.; Rosales-Corral, S. A. (2013). ""Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology"". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (2): 293–307. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmt054. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 24132226.^ Begley, Cecily M.; Gyte, Gillian M. L.; Devane, Declan; Mc Guire, William; Weeks, Andrew (2015-03-02). ""Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour"". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD007412. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD007412.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 25730178.^ Mercer JS, Vohr BR, Erickson-Owens DA, Padbury JF, Oh W (2010). ""Seven-month developmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of delayed versus immediate cord clamping"". Journal of Perinatology. 30 (1): 11–6. doi: 10.1038/jp.2009.170. PMC 2799542. PMID 19847185.^ Perez-Muñoz, Maria Elisa; Arrieta, Marie-Claire; Ramer-Tait, Amanda E.; Walter, Jens (2017). ""A critical assessment of the ""sterile womb"" and ""in utero colonization"" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant icrobiome"". Microbiome. 5 (1). doi: 10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4. ISSN 2049-2618.^ Mor, Gil; Kwon, Ja-Young (2015). ""Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation"". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 213 (4): S131–S137. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 26428492.^ Yarbrough, V. L.; Winkle, S.; Herbst-Kralovetz, M. M. (2014). ""Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications"". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (3): 353–377. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu065. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 25547201; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh^ Prince, Amanda L.; Antony, Kathleen M.; Chu, Derrick M.; Aagaard, Kjersti M. (2014). ""The microbiome, parturition, and timing of birth: more questions than answers"". Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 104–105: 12–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.03.006. ISSN 0165-0378. PMC 4157949. PMID 24793619.^ Wright, Caroline; Sibley, Colin P. (2011). ""Placental Transfer in Health and Disease"". In Helen Kay, Michael Nelson, and Yuping Wang. The Placenta: From Development to Disease. John Wiley and Sons. p. 66. ISBN 9781444333664.^ Perazzolo S., Hirsmugl B., Wadsack C., Desoye G., Lewis R., Sengers B. (2016). ""The influence of placental metabolism on fatty acid transfer to the fetus"". Journal of Lipid Research. 58 (2): 443–454. doi: 10.1194/jlr. P072355. PMC 5282960. PMID 27913585.^ Kappen, Claudia; Kruger, Claudia. (2012). Carlos Penha-Goncalves, ed. ""Maternal Diet Modulates Placenta Growth and Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Pregnancy"". doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038445. PMC 3372526.^ Simister N. E., Story C. M. (1997). ""Human placental Fc receptors and the transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus"". Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 37 (1): 1–23. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0378 (97)00068-5. PMID 9501287.^ Page 202 in: Pillitteri, Adele (2009). Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 1-58255-999-6.^ Handwerger S, Freemark M (2000). ""The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development"". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 13 (4): 343–56. doi: 10.1515/jpem.2000.13.4.343. PMID 10776988.^ ""Human Placental Lactogen"". www.ucsfhealth.org. May 17, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2017.^ ""Placenta 'fools body's defences ' "". BBC News. 10 November 2007.^ Clark DA, Chaput A, Tutton D (March 1986). ""Active suppression of host-vs-graft reaction in pregnant mice. VII. Spontaneous abortion of allogeneic CBA/J x DBA/2 fetuses in the uterus of CBA/J mice correlates with deficient non-T suppressor cell activity"". J. Immunol. 136 (5): 1668–75. PMID 2936806.^ Williams Z, Zepf D, Longtine J, Anchan R, Broadman B, Missmer SA, Hornstein MD (March 2008). ""Foreign fetal cells persist in the maternal circulation"". Fertil. Steril. 91 (6): 2593–5. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.008. PMID 18384774.^ Assad RS, Lee FY, Hanley FL (2001). ""Placental compliance during fetal extracorporeal circulation"". Journal of Applied Physiology. 90 (5): 1882–1886. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1882. PMID 11299282.^ a b ""Why eat a placenta?"". BBC. 18 April 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2008.^ Metge, Joan. 2005. ""Working in/Playing with three languages: English, Te Reo Maori, and Maori Bod Language."" In Sites N. S vol. 2, No 2:83-90.^ Francisco, Edna (3 December 2004). ""Bridging the Cultural Divide in Medicine"". Minority Scientists Network. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2008.^ Shepardson, Mary (1978). ""Changes in Navajo mortuary practices and beliefs"". American Indian Quarterly. 4 (4): 383–96. doi: 10.2307/1184564. JSTOR 1184564. PMID 11614175.^ a b Buckley, Sarah J. ""Placenta Rituals and Folklore from around the World"". Mothering. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2008.^ Davenport, Ann (June 2005). ""The Love Offer"". Johns Hopkins Magazine. Retrieved 7 January 2008.^ Falcao, Ronnie. ""Medicinal Uses of the Placenta"". Retrieved 25 November 2008. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Placenta. Look up placenta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Placenta at the Human Protein Atlas Additional Human placenta photography The Placenta, gynob.com, with quotes from Williams Obstetrics, 18th Edition, F. Gary Cunningham, M. D., Paul C. Mac Donald, M. D., Norman F. Grant, M. D., Appleton & Lange, Publishers. Evaluation of Hydropic Placentas, by Miller RT, (PDF), Pro Path. [ show]v t e Membranes of the fetus and embryo [ show]v t e Development of the circulatory system Authority control NDL: 00572499Categories: Vertebrate developmental biology Embryology of cardiovascular system Organs (anatomy)Reproductive system Microbiomes Human female endocrine system "


what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus and what is its function?

us? The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in a forward region of the brain called the hypothalamus. It contains a group of nerve cells (or neurons) that control your body's circadian rhythm.

"Sleep Disorders Causes & Risk Factors Anatomy and Sleep Functions of the Brain's Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Brain Area Controls Timing of Sleep, Wakefulness, Temperature, and Hormones By Brandon Peters, MD, a board-certified physician Updated February 24, 2018Share Pin Email Print Hero Images/Getty Images What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)? Learn about the anatomy of this brain region in the hypothalamus and how the SCN controls the body's sleep and wake patterns as well as temperature, metabolism, and hormone release. Discover what happens if the SCN becomes damaged and what other signals may become important. A Word on Circadian Rhythms There are multiple internal processes that are externally influenced by our environment. Earth has a 23 hour and 56-minute daily rotation that provides predictable patterns of light and temperature, food, and predator activity. Through adaptive evolution, these patterns influence the metabolism and behavior of nearly every organism on the planet, including humans. The term circadian describes the approximately 24-hour cycles that are generated independently of these external influences. In humans, some of the precisely timed internal processes that can persist in isolation include: Sleep and wakefulness Metabolism Core body temperature Cortisol levels Melatonin levels Other hormones There is an interplay between the internal body clock and external time cues. Many tissues in the body will follow a circadian pattern, with the primary coordinator being an area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. What Is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Brain's Hypothalam

The suprachiasmatic nucleus lies in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm, where the nerves extending from each eye to the brain cross, and thus it is highly influenced by the input of light. The Role of the SCN in Normal Sleep and Circadian Rhythms Light is the predominant controller of the body's circadian rhythms. It is detected in the eye by receptors called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ip RGC) which contain the photopigment melanopsin. There is a connection called the retinohypothalamic tract that extends from the retina of the eye to the anterior hypothalamus. Within the hypothalamus sits the SCN, the body's central pacemaker (or master clock). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders can occur when the synchrony between the body and the external environment is lost. Patterns of sleep and wakefulness may no longer align with societal norms. These conditions include: Delayed sleep phase syndrome Advanced sleep phase syndrome Free-running ( Non-24)Irregular sleep-wake rhythm These conditions occur for multiple reasons. Some people with delayed sleep phase are genetically programmed to have a circadian misalignment, with the condition running in families and starting in adolescence. These problems may be worsened by lifestyle choices, including irregular sleep patterns or inadequate or poorly timed light exposure. It is also possible for a degenerative condition, injury, or other causes to contribute to the development of a circadian disorder. What Happens if the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus is Damaged? In considering the pathway from light perception to the SCN, it is possible for damage to occur at multiple locations. People who are totally blind, completely lacking the perception of light, can develop Non-24. In the setting of degenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease, especially those who live in an institution like a nursing home, an irregular sleep-wake rhythm may develop. Trauma, stroke, or tumors may also impact the SCN and cause its dysfunction. When the central pacemaker of the body is damaged and its function becomes compromised, the peripheral clocks have lost their director. The timing of hormone release, metabolism, and other processes may become disturbed. There is some early research that suggests this may contribute to various disease states. Other signals for timing may become important. In the blind, a low dose of melatonin in the evening may be necessary. Alternatively, the use of Hetlioz may be indicated. The timing of social activities, exercise, meals, environmental temperature, and the bedroom environment may take a more prominent role in influencing the timing of internal processes. A Word From Verywell If you are concerned that you may have a circadian disorder, start by speaking with a sleep specialist. You can review your symptoms and discover effective treatments that will help you to sleep better at night and feel better during the day. Sources: Honma, K et al. “Differential effects of bright light and social cues onreentrainmentof human circadian rhythms.” Am J Physiol . 1995;268: R528-R535. Kryger, MH et al. ""Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine."" Expert Consult, 5th edition, 2011. Moore-Ede, MC et al. “A physiological system measuring time, “ in The Clocks That Time Us. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1984, p. 3. Peters, BR. “Irregular Bedtimes and Awakenings.” Evaluation of Sleep Complaints. Sleep Med Clinic. 9 (2014)481-489. Ramsey, KM and Bass, J. “Animal models for disorders of chronobiology: cell and tissue,” in Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine. Edited by Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. St. Louis, Missouri, Elsevier Saunders, 2011, pp. 463-467. "

That internal clock of the body does indeed exist and is called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Our body is a very advanced system which has provision for all our needs. Through evolution, our bodies have developed a timetable for all our internal functions, based on the 24-hour cycle of day and night. The implementation and synchronization of the timetable, according to external stimuli, is controlled by the nucleus, which is a part of our brain.

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Have you ever wondered how our body maintains the sleeping patterns and tunes our biological clock? The answer to this question is the suprachiasmatic nucleus. It is the regulating center in the brain, that controls our biological or circadian rhythms. It is a highly specialized biological clock, which can be synchronized by external signals. I have always wondered how I wake up, on my own, at precisely the same time everyday and how I feel hungry at precise timings, as though I am programmed by some internal alarm clock.

It is strategically situated in the optic chiasm, which is the visual processing center of the brain and on the borderline that divides the two halves of our brain. It is an elliptical shaped region, smaller in size than a pea. It is closely connected and in interaction with other critical centers of the brain. Actually, it is placed in front part of the hypothalamus too, which is a coordinating link between the neural and the endocrine systems. It has various types of cells in it, catering to different functions. There are oscillator cells in the nucleus that maintain time and photoinduced cells. It interacts with other parts through neurotransmitters and has several peptide linkages. Just as every clock is synchronized with reference to other clocks, our body clock needs a reference to get its time right. That reference is provided by light sensitivity of the eye. Thus, light is the ' zeitgeber ' (German for time-giver) of the body. The light signals received by the eyes are detected by special ganglion cells in the retina. They transmit this signal through the retinohypothalamic track to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This signal is then relayed to another special cell group called the dorsomedial nucleus in the hypothalamus. This nucleus is essentially the planning commission in the brain, which plans the sleep cycle, the hunger cycle, and the hormone release cycle of the body. Still, the main biological clock is the nucleus, also known as the pacemaker of the circadian cycle. Once the nucleus adjusts its time, it transmits the synchronization signal to other secondary timekeeping centers, sometimes called 'slave oscillators', situated in the various organs which accordingly adjust their own circadian cycles. The nucleus carries out many more functions. It sends information to other control centers in the hypothalamus and the pineal gland, that regulates the temperature of the body. It also prompts the release of certain hormones like melatonin (which plays a big role in the regulation of circadian rhythms) as well as cortisol (called the 'stress hormone'). This is how it tunes all the secondary cycles of the body. All these functions of the nucleus are carried out by special types of neurons which have the ability of photo-induced gene expression. There is a feedback mechanism that can readjust the cycle, according to change of light in surroundings. The photo signals that it receives are relayed through this photoinduced gene expression mechanism, to produce appropriate adjustments. These genes are called 'clock genes'. This sets the body clock, back in phase with the circadian rhythm and this process is called entrainment. If in some way, the nucleus is damaged, the person's biological clock loses track and his lifestyle is severely affected. He cannot adjust to changing conditions of the day, as his feedback mechanism is compromised, which causes sleep disorders. In olden days, there was no electricity and, therefore, lifestyles in those societies were totally controlled by the daylight time or the circadian rhythm. Today, with a 24-hour electric supply, illumination is available throughout the day. This upsets our biological rhythms as they are totally photosensitive. Regulating our exposure to light is, therefore, very important. Thus, the nucleus keeps us in tune with the world and sets the pace of our life. How Do Men's Brains Differ from Women's Brains? 25 Interesting Human Eye Facts That You Probably Didn't Know How Much Blood is There in the Human Body Glands in The Human Body Parts of the Human Eye How Many Vertebrae does a Human Being Have? Internal Organs of the Human Body Body Parts List


what is lite salt

Lite Salt is a trademarked salt alternative that has a lighter or smaller sodium content than regular salt. It contains a blend of regular salt and potassium chloride, according to Morton Salt.

How Much Potassium Is in Light Salt?

How Much Potassium Is in Light Salt?by LEXA W. LEE Oct. 03, 2017

Lite Salt may be suitable for you if you have blood pressure conditions associated with a number of chronic health problems, according to the University of Wisconsin. Sodium A reduced sodium product like Lite Salt may be useful because sodium is known to exacerbate elevated blood pressure that is associated with heart disease, kidney disease, liver failure, a history of long term steroid use, Eating over 2,400 milligrams a day may cause your blood pressure to rise. This figure includes the sodium content of your food as well as sodium-containing seasonings you may add. Excess sodium may cause you to retain more water and interfere with your medications. Potassium Content A quarter teaspoon of Morton's Lite Salt contains 360 milligrams of potassium and 300 milligrams of sodium, compared to no potassium and 575 mg of sodium in regular table salt. Both potassium and sodium are important electrolytes in your body. Their concentrations are closely regulated inside and outside of your cells because they enable electricity to flow across cell membranes, making possible heart, nerve and muscle activity, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. Hyperkalemia Lite Salt may not be suitable for you if you are suffering from problems that prevent your body from eliminating excess potassium in your urine. These problems include acute or chronic kidney failure, tissue damage from serious burns and trauma, rupture of red blood cells, and the use of drugs like potassium-conserving diuretics, anticoagulants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. You should also avoid Lite Salt if you have excessively high blood levels of aldosterone, an adrenal hormone that decreases the urinary excretion of potassium. Side Effects Healthy individuals are able to safely eliminate excess potassium. Side effects associated with potassium supplements, such as abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, are are mostly associated with potassium chloride tablets. If you are using Lite Salt because of blood pressure problems, you should also check food labels for sodium content. Processed foods often contain added sodium. and consult your doctor if you have questions concerning the use of salt substitutes. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEHow to Substitute Kosher Salt for Sea Salt in Baking How Much Sodium Is There in Seasoning Salt? What Are the Health Benefits of Red Sea Salt? List of Foods With No Salt List of Foods Low in Potassium & Salt How to Find a Salt Substitute Without Potassium Chloride Does Rock Salt Contain Less Sodium Than Table Salt? How Much Salt Should a Kid Have Every Day? Does Kosher Salt Have Less Sodium? What Are the Benefits of Himalayan Salt Crystal Lamps? No-Salt Diet How to Neutralize Salt Intake How Does Salt Affect Protein? Himalayan Rock Salt Health Benefits Signs & Symptoms of Too Much Salt in the Diet Craving Salt & Frequent Urination Are Salted Nuts Healthy? Can Salt Intake Affect Blood Pressure Immediately? How to Counteract Too Much Sodium in a Diet Salt Sensitivity Symptoms


how much milk is the average to bring home after every pump?

Because of the great variability in the amount of solids that babies take during the second six months, the amount of milk will vary, too. One study found average breastmilk intake to be 30 oz per day (875 ml/day; 93% of total intake) at 7 months and 19 oz (550 ml/day; 50% of total energy intake) at 11-16 months.

Home ▸ Breastfeeding ▸ Pumping & Employment ▸ Pumping issues ▸ How much expressed milk will my baby need? How much expressed milk will my baby need? Check out stylish, functional breast pump bags and accessories from our sponsor Sarah Wells Bags. By Kelly Bonyata, BS, IBCLCHow much milk do babies need? What if baby is eating solid foods? Is baby drinking too much or too little expressed milk? Other ways of estimating milk intake References Image credit: Jerry Bunkers on flickr How much milk do babies ne

ed? Many mothers wonder how much expressed breastmilk they need to have available if they are away from baby. In exclusively breastfed babies, milk intake increases quickly during the first few weeks of life, then stays about the same between one and six months (though it likely increases short term during growth spurts ).

Current breastfeeding research does not indicate that breastmilk intake changes with baby’s age or weight between one and six months. After six months, breastmilk intake will continue at this same level until — sometime after six months, depending in baby’s intake from other foods — baby’s milk intake begins to decrease gradually ( see below ). The research tells us that exclusively breastfed babies take in an average of 25 oz (750 m L) per day between the ages of 1 month and 6 months. Different babies take in different amounts of milk; a typical range of milk intakes is 19-30 oz per day (570-900 m L per day). We can use this information to estimate the average amount of milk baby will need at a feeding

: Estimate the number of times that baby nurses per day (24 hours). Then divide 25 oz by the number of nursings. This gives you a “ballpark” figure for the amount of expressed milk your exclusively breastfed baby will need at one feeding.

Example: If baby usually nurses around 8 times per day, you can guess that baby might need around 3 ounces per feeding when mom is away. (25/8=3.1). Milk Calculator (for the exclusively breastfed baby)Enter the Number of Feedings per Day Results in ounces: Average per feeding, ounces Low range, ounces High range, ounces Results in milliliters (m L)Average per feeding, m LLow range, m LHigh range, m LNotes: Babies younger than one month old and babies who are more established on solid foods are expected to have a lower daily milk intake. This calculator is based upon an average daily intake of 25 ounces, with a range of 19-30 ounces per day. Equivalent in m L is an average daily intake of 750 m L, with a range of 570-900 m L per day. What if baby is eating solid foods? Sometime between six months and a year (as solids are introduced and slowly increased) baby’s milk intake may begin to decrease, but breastmilk should provide the majority of baby’s nutrition through the first year.

Several studies have measured breastmilk intake for babies between 12 and 24 months and found typical amounts to be 14-19 oz per day (400-550 m L per day). Studies looking at breastmilk intake between 24 and 36 months have found typical amounts to be 10-12 oz per day (300-360 m L per day). Is baby drinking too much or too little expressed milk? Keep in mind that the amount of milk that baby takes at a particular feeding will vary, just as the amount of food and drink that an adult takes throughout the day will vary. Baby will probably not drink the same amount of milk at each feeding. Watch baby’s cues instead of simply encouraging baby to finish the bottle. If your baby is taking substantially more than the average amounts, consider the possibility that baby is being given too much milk while you are away. Things that can contribute to overfeeding include: Fast flow bottles. Always use the lowest flow bottle nipple that baby will tolerate. Even with a slower flowing nipple, it is important to pace the bottle feed to allow baby to better control his intake. Using bottle feeding as the primary way to comfort baby. Some well-meaning caregivers feed baby the bottle every time he makes a sound. Use the calculator above to estimate the amount of milk that baby needs, and start with that amount. If baby still seems to be hungry, have your caregiver first check to see whether baby will settle with walking, rocking, holding, etc. before offering another ounce or two. Baby’s need to suck. Babies have a very strong need to suck, and the need may be greater while mom is away (sucking is comforting to baby). A baby can control the flow of milk at the breast and will get minimal milk when he mainly needs to suck. When drinking from a bottle, baby gets a larger constant flow of milk as long as he is sucking. If baby is taking large amounts of expressed milk while you are away, you might consider encouraging baby to suck fingers or thumb, or consider using a pacifier for the times when mom is not available, to give baby something besides the bottle to satisfy his sucking needs. If, after trying these suggestions, you’re still having a hard time pumping enough milk, see I’m not pumping enough milk. What can I do? If baby is taking significantly less expressed milk than the average, it could be that baby is reverse-cycling, where baby takes just enough milk to “take the edge off” his hunger, then waits for mom to return to get the bulk of his calories. Baby will typically nurse more often and/or longer than usual once mom returns. Some mothers encourage reverse cycling so they won’t need to pump as much milk. Reverse cycling is common for breastfed babies, especially those just starting out with the bottle. If your baby is reverse cycling, here are a few tips: Be patient. Try not to stress about it. Consider it a compliment – baby prefers you!Use small amounts of expressed milk per bottle so there is less waste. If you’re worrying that baby can’t go that long without more milk, keep in mind that some babies sleep through the night for 8 hours or so without mom needing to worry that baby is not eating during that time period. Keep an eye on wet diapers and weight gain to assure yourself that baby is getting enough milk. Ensure that baby has ample chance to nurse when you’re together. Other ways of estimating milk intake There are various ways of estimating the amount of milk intake related to the weight of the baby and the age of the baby, based upon formula intake – research has shown that after the early weeks these methods overestimate the amount of milk that baby actually needs. These are the estimates that we used for breastfed babies for years, with the caveat that most breastfed babies don’t take as much expressed milk as estimated by these methods. Current research tells us that breastmilk intake is quite constant after the first month and does not appreciably increase with age or weight, so the current findings are validating what moms and lactation counselors have observed all along. More: Breast Versus Bottle: How much milk should baby take? By Nancy Mohrbacher, IBCLC, FILCASupplementation Guidelines from Low Milk Supply.org References Onyango, Adelheid W., Receveur, Olivier and Esrey, Steven A. The contribution of breast milk to toddler diets in western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ, 2002, vol.80 no.4. ISSN 0042-9686. Salazar G, Vio F, Garcia C, Aguirre E, Coward WA. Energy requirements in Chilean infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000 Sep;83 (2): F120-3. Kent JC, Mitoulas L, Cox DB, Owens RA, Hartmann PE. Breast volume and milk production during extended lactation in women. Exp Physiol. 1999 Mar;84 (2):435-47. Persson V, Greiner T, Islam S, and Gebre-Medhin M. The Helen Keller international food-frequency method underestimates vitamin A intake where sustained breastfeeding is common. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol.19 no.4. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press, 1998. Cox DB, Owens RA, Hartmann PE. Blood and milk prolactin and the rate of milk synthesis in women. Exp Physiol. 1996 Nov;81 (6):1007-20. Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Lonnerdal B. Maternal versus infant factors related to breast milk intake and residual milk volume: the DARLING study. Pediatrics. 1991 Jun;87 (6):829-37. Neville MC, et al. Studies in human lactation: milk volumes in lactating women during the onset of lactation and full lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Dec;48 (6):1375-86. Dewey KG, Finley DA, Lonnerdal B. Breast milk volume and composition during late lactation (7-20 months). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984 Nov;3 (5):713-20. Butte NF, Garza C, Smith EO, Nichols BL. Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. J Pediatr. 1984 Feb;104 (2):187-95. Dewey KG, Lonnerdal B. Milk and nutrient intake of breast-fed infants from 1 to 6 months: relation to growth and fatness. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1983;2 (3):497-506. Brown K, Black R, Robertson A, Akhtar N, Ahmed G, Becker S. Clinical and field studies of human lactation: methodological considerations. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:745-56. Jelliffe D, Jelliffe E. The volume and composition of human milk in poorly nourished communities: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:492-515. Summary of Research Data Baby’s Age Average Milk Intake per 24 hours Referenceg ml oz5 days 498 +/- 129 g 483 ml 16 oz Neville 19881 mo 728 g 706 ml 24 oz Salazar 20001 mo — 673 ml23 oz Dewey 19831 mo 708 +/- 54.7 g687 ml23 oz Cox 19961-6 mo 453.6+/-201 g per breast440 ml x2 = 880 ml30 oz Kent 19993 mo 818 g793 ml27 oz Dewey 19913-5 mo 753 +/- 89 g730 ml25 oz Neville 19886 mo — 896 ml30 oz Dewey 19836 mo 742 +/- 79.4 g720 ml24 oz Cox 19967 mo — 875 ml (93% of total energy intake)30 oz Dewey 198411-16 mo — 550 ml (50% of total energy intake)19 oz Dewey 198411-16 mo 502 +/- 34 g 487 ml (32% of total energy intake)16.5 oz Onyango 200212-17 mo 563 g546 ml18 oz Brown 198212-23 mo 548 g532 ml18 oz Persson 199815 mo 208.0+/-56.7 g per breast202 ml x2 = 404 ml14 oz Kent 199918-23 mo 501 g486 ml16 oz Brown 1982>24 mo 368 g357 ml12 oz Brown 198224-36 mo 312 g303 ml10 oz Persson 1998Specific Gravity of Mature Human Milk = 1.031, so Density of Mature Human Milk ~ 1.031 g/ml;1 oz = 29.6 ml;Numbers in gray were derived using the above conversion factors. Updated on January 14, 2018Filed Under: Pumping issues


what is a gsep

GSEP is a transdisciplinary degree program not limited to any specific science or engineering field. Transdisciplinary knowledge is essential for scientists and engineers to solve real-world global problems, as well as acquire intercultural leadership skills and a future vision.

What is the Global Scientists and Engineers Program or GSEP? The Global Scientists and Engineers Program (GSEP) is the first international Bachelor of Engineering degree program of Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech). The program started from April 2016. In this program, all of the subjects are taught in English, allowing qualified international students who have little or no proficiency in the Japanese language to pursue an engineering bachelor’s degree in Tokyo Tech. Every year, ten students will be awarded a scholarship by the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) for four years. These students are exempted from paying fees for application, admission, and tuition (more information about MEXT scholarship can be found here ). Monthly stipends for living expenses is also provided under the scholarship. Students without MEXT scholarships are also admitted to this program. They may apply for other scholarships after successful admission. Recipients of GSEP will be belong to the Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering which includes science, engineering, and management courses.

Many of the core courses will be team taught in project-based learning or hands-on formats covering various fields of science and engineering. Students can choose course topics and acquire advanced knowledge. GSEP 2018 Application has ended. The information written on the FAQ page is based on the GSEP 2018 application procedure. It is provided only for reference and may change in next year. Release of GSEP 2019 application procedure is undecided. Official updates will be available on the application guidelines page. Periodically visit the official GSEP website for updates. Latest News and Announcements Welcoming the GSEP 2018 freshmen April 5th, 2018The new academic year has begun, and the third batch of GSEP students have finally joined Tokyo Tech. The official start of their lives in Tokyo Tech was began last April 3, 2018. An entrance ceremony was held in the morning for all freshmen of Tokyo Tech with the presence of the newly elected president, […]Recruitment of student tutors for 2018March 8th, 2018Tutor recruitment is on-going. Tutors are Tokyo Tech students who are expected to assist our GSEP students during their arrival and 1st year of stay in Tokyo Tech. Details and requirements can be found in the following link: https://www.titech.ac.jp/english/enrolled/international_student/tutor.html If you are interested to become a tutor, you may apply by sending an e-mail to […]Best Teacher Awards 2017February 16th, 2018We are so pleased to share the wonderful news! Last month,our Eden-sensei, Alvin-sensei, Azril-sensei and Farid-sensei received the Best Teacher Award for their excellent contribution to GSEP, jointly from the three schools of Engineering, Materials and Chemical Technology, and Environment and Society. Without all senseis’ dedication and hard work, GSEP would not have been […]Inspirational talk by Prof. Roderick Smith Imperial College London January 12th, 2018On December 12, 2017, we had a great opportunity to listen to an inspirational talk from Prof. Roderick Smith of Imperial College London. The talk was held in conjunction with our lunch meeting participated by all GSEP students of the 1st and 2nd batches, as well as the faculty of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Department. He […]Voice from GSEP student – Ratchatawijin Maythawee January 5th, 2018Hello! I’m Aom, currently a second-year Thai student under the Global Scientists and Engineers Program (GSEP). When I first heard about the program with that long name, I had almost no idea of what I will face within the next four years. However, I chose to join because I would like to try stepping out […]More


benefits of hydrogenated water

The molecule of hydrogen water is small enough to penetrate into cells deeply. The utmost thing is hydrogen water can neutralize ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species which are notorious for destroying normal cells o r distorting DNAs. Besides, you can also enjoy helpful minerals dissolved in hydrogen water.

"The Amazing Healing Power Of Hydrogen Water""An important scientific innovation rarely makes its way by gradually winning over and converting its opponents. What does happen is that its opponents gradually die out and that the growing generation is familiar with the idea from the beginning. "" Max Planck What if told you there was a product that looked like water, and felt like water and is water but detoxed your body so amazingly that you wouldn't need to follow it up with to much else? You'd think I was crazy, right? But what if I told you that japanese men and women – the high priests and priestesses of longlife spans – have been using and raving about this amazing water for years? And what if ii told you that the waters from the largest natural healing centres like Lourdes in france,Tlacote in Mexico,Nadana village India etc were high in hydrogen... Now , do I have your attention.:)Dr. [Kim Young] Kwi (scientist and researcher for 25 years) had the opportunity to test and subsequently provide insight into the waters of Lourdes, France. Samples of the water were analyzed and compared to ordinary water. Here is what Dr. Kim Young had to say about the “miracle” waters of Lourdes:“The Lourdes water was found to have a higher concentration of activated hydrogen than regular water, which may be responsible for restoring health to cells damaged by oxidation”One of the most satisfying feelings I know – and also one of the most growth-promoting experiences for the other person – comes from my appreciating this individual in the same way that I appreciate a sunset. People are just wonderful as sunsets if I can let them be. In fact, perhaps the reason we can truly appreciate a sunset is that we cannot control it. When I look at a sunset as I did the other evening, I don’t find myself saying, “Soften the orange a little on the right hand corner, and put a bit more purple along the base, and use a little more pink in the cloud color.” I don’t do that. I don’t try to control a sunset. I watch with awe as it unfolds. - Carl Rogers -Change your Water Change your life The Amazing Healing Power Of Hydrogen Water Are you feeling faint, moody, constipated, tired, fatigued, achy, ill, or down? Well, what if I told you about a simple magical elixir that might help all of those symptoms? A tall glass of clean and clear hydrogen water. It may seem like only a plain element in comparison to all the new health drinks out there on the market, but hydrogen water can help prevent the undesired symptoms mentioned above. Here is why hydrogen water is the healthiest of beverages: