what does fc barcelona stand for

“FC” is usually a suffix for English clubs, and it stands for Football Club, such as Liverpool Football Club, Chelsea Football Club and Burnley Football Club. In Spanish, “FC” is a prefix which stands for Futbol Club, such as Futbol Club Barcelona and Futbol Club Cartagena.

"In soccer, what does ""FC"" mean?"

"Krish Bhattacharyya, Football enthusiast Answered Nov 3, 2016In England,it is a suffix which stand for Football Club,like Chelsea FC. In spain,it is a prefix stands for futbol club as FC Barcelona. In germany,it is also a prefix stands for fußbol club as FC Beyern Munchen.2.1k Views · View Upvoters Related Questions More Answers Below What does ""relegation soccer"" mean? What is the meaning of obstruction in soccer? What is the meaning of coach in soccer? What is the meaning of turnover in soccer? Are soccer stats necessary? Ask New Question Kieran Davis, Amateur football player, amateur football commentator, amateur football follower Answered Nov 1, 2016 · Author has 185 answers and 220k answer views

4.1k Views · View Upvoters Swarajdeep Mohanty, Football fan Answered Nov 12, 2016FC means ‘Football club’ . Its used as a suffix and prefix.like FC Internazionale Milano , Manchester United FCOther acronyms used are CF - Valencia CF - Valencia Club de Fútbol AS - AS Roma - Associazione Sportiva Roma AC - AC Milan - Associazione Calcio Milan SS - SS Lazio - Società Sportiva Lazio US - US Città di Palermo -Unione Sportiva Città di Palermo SSC - SSC Napoli - Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli ADO - ADO Den Haag - Alles Door Oefening Den Haag SV - Hamburger SV - Hamburger Sport-Verein However , these acronyms are not as commonly used as FC.‘FC’ is mainly used as suffix/prefix next to terms which represent , in most cases , the affiliation of the club to various entities like : Armed forces - Budapest Honvéd FC , FC Steaua București Factories creating weapons - Arsenal, FC Arsenal Tula , FC Arsenal Kyiv City name - Manchester United Beer ( sounds strange right?) - FC Obolon Kyiv Company name - FC Red Bull Salzburg , New York Red Bulls, Bethlehem Steel F. C. Railroad workers - FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Liski River - FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk , Rio Ave FCAncient Cities - Blacktown Spartans FCVictory - FC Viktoria Plzeň3.7k Views · View Upvoters Aditya Gautam Mishra, & its in. Answered Nov 9, 2016 · Author has 84 answers and 60.1k answer views FC is shortened form for Futbol Club , as in FC Barcelona. But, it can be anything from Fußball-Club Bayern München or Chelsea Football Club ,etc. I t just depends on the language of the country’s league that the team is playing in. In general, its Football Club.995 Views · View Upvoters Pratik Rao, The Real Football, not what only Americans call it. Answered Nov 10, 2016There's no such thing as soccer. There's Football as the world (except America) calls it, and Handegg, which is the safe rip-off version of Rugby. Since we are talking about football, ‘FC’ stands for ‘Football Club’, ‘Fuβball Club’ and ‘Futbol Club’ in England, Germany and Spain respectively.844 Views · View Upvoters Manasi Gadkari, I know about Football. Not Soccer. Answered Nov 10, 2016 · Author has 204 answers and 1.9m answer views FC = Football Club. It is usually used as a suffix by English clubs (like: Manchester United FC)And as a prefix by Spanish (Futbol Club) and German ( Fuβball Club) FC Barcelona, FC Schalke respectively.1.5k Views · View Upvoters Ikwuka Excellent Justin, B.sc Applied Geophysics, Covenant University (2019)Answered Nov 10, 2016 · Author has 63 answers and 27.6k answer views FC or sometimes CF depending on the language means football club. the Spanish translation CF can mean club de football. eg football team like Chelsea of London can be represented as Chelsea football club while Real Madrid can be represented in Spain as Real Madrid Club de Football. i guess am right?165 Views Soumabrata Dutta, Huge Manchester United fan. Following football since 2002. Answered Nov 8, 2016 · Author has 118 answers and 119.5k answer views‘Football Club’Example: MUFC- Manchester United Football Club. FC Barcelona- Futbol Club Barcelona and so on..98 Views Shane Finan, artist, researcher, reader, movie-lover, organiser Answered Nov 14, 2016 · Author has 92 answers and 152.9k answer views I expect you saw this in statistics about a single player (or a team across a game)? If yes, then it stands for ‘Fouls Committed’ - how many times the player fouled another player in the game. Other than that I’m not sure I’ve ever seen the stat, but if you share a screenshot of a game where you see it I can try to elaborate.462 Views · View Upvoters Payne Ace Boateng, Football enthusiast, Psychology, History, Ancient beliefs, Blogger Answered Nov 6, 2016FC at the end a football (soccer) clubs names mean Football Club. example is Arsenal FC, Chelsea Fc etc. but then again you could find FC in football (soccer) statistics page which can also mean fouls committed.680 Views · View Upvoters Dinesh Neupane, B. E. from Kathmandu University Answered Nov 26, 2016 · Author has 65 answers and 61.7k answer views Footbll Club. Like Barcelona FC means Barcelona Football Club. There are some other teams also that write CF instead of FC like Real Madrid CF meaning Real Madrid Clud De Futbol. (Spanish)146 Views Jeremy Watkins, Soccer player Answered Dec 26, 2017I am not sure for which country is the question. Because FC for GB, USA and I think Australia simple means football club. This is different for other countries for example in Russia the short form is FK because football club in Russian means Футбольный клуб.44 Views Khushi Singh, studied at Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Bokaro Steel City Answered Nov 4, 2016FC is just the abbreviation used for ‘Fotball Club’. For example: Fc Barcelona means Fotball Club Barcelona. This was for spanish clubs and here FC is used as prefix while for English clubs , they use it as a suffix. Here FC is ‘Football Club’.785 Views · View Upvoters Sauradeep Bhowmick, Football fan since 1998Answered Nov 13, 2016FC stands for Footbal/Futbal Club. Unlike in the US, where they call it soccer, Europeans and Asians call it Football. Clubs are named like: FC Barcelona- Which is the football club of Barcelona. Real Madrid C. F.- Real Madrid Club de Fútbol etc.505 Views Chris Hockman, Soccer journalist for 13 years Answered Nov 12, 2016I’m guessing that this was seen on a stat sheet somewhere. It’s fouls committed, on NCAA Statistics releases. I agree with the assumption here that it could be a clearer acronym, of course I don’t have a better option myself!33 Views Omkar Shendge, A Football Fanatic EPL fan and Diehard Dortmund Answered Nov 11, 2016Fc means Football club. But sometimes in spanish its club de futbol in case of real madrid so they put Cf in front of their name. Eg. Real Madrid Cf most football clubs put Fc like Arsenal Fc Barcelona Fc and many more.151 Views Quora User, works at Jack's Place Answered Nov 9, 2016I am guessing the questioner is from U. S. A; no one uses the word “Soccer” in the rest of the world. The word for the sport in the rest of the world is “Football”. F. C. = Football Club.58 Views Ghiyasuddin Nur, i have been football fan for 11 years. Answered Nov 3, 2016In soccer FC means Football Club. For instance: FC Barcelona, MUFC,MCFC,LCFC,etc..99 Views Shubhojit Chattopadhyay, Football manager player since 99Answered Nov 1, 2016 · Author has 115 answers and 769.1k answer views Usually, FC means “Football Club""1.7k Views · View Upvoters Jack Williams, studied at Schools Answered Nov 1, 2016 · Author has 143 answers and 241.5k answer views It stands for Football club.710 Views · View Upvoters1 2 3 Next → "


when did william whyte conduct his study

Whyte was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and graduated Princeton University in 1939. In 1946, he took a position at Fortune Magazine, where he gained recognition as a social and cultural theorist after publishing The Organization Man, a compilation of interviews from CEO’s that explored the corporate ethic.

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1917 - 1999William Whyte, Jr. Pioneer Information Related Landscapes

While at Fortune, Whyte developed an interest in urban planning and development. His 1969 work with the New York City Planning Commission to create a comprehensive city plan included a series of studies he conducted on spatial patterns and behaviors within the urban sector. This 16-year study involved the compilation of time-lapse photography and film documenting human behavior in open spaces within New York City. Known as The Street Life Project, Whyte’s findings were published in 1988 in his book City: Rediscovering the Center. His publications, including T he Exploding Metropolis (1958) and The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980), helped foster an understanding of how the design of space can influence the behavior of the individuals within it and has since directly influenced the development of urban spaces. Along with writing, Whyte traveled and lectured extensively and taught at Hunter College of the City University of New York. Media Gallery Laurie Olin Projects: Bryant Park Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. Related Content City Guide New York City Landscape Bryant Park New York, NYSee all related


cast of rock dog

2016Rock Dog - Coming 2016 Huayi Brothers & Mandoo Pictures present, a comedy directed by Academy Award® Nominated Writer-Director of SURF’S UP and Co-Director of TOY STORY 2, Ash Brannon. When a radio falls from the sky, a young Tibetan Mastiff is inspired to leave his village in the mountains and move into the big city to become a rock musician. Cast: Luke Wilson, Eddie Izzard, J. K. Simmons, Lewis Black, Kenan Thompson, Mae Whitman, Jorge Garcia, with Matt Dillon and Sam Elliott.

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what was the first music boxed set

. For most of the 19th century, the bulk of music box production was concentrated in Switzerland, building upon a strong watchmaking tradition. The first music box factory was opened there in 1815 by Jérémie Recordon and Samuel Junod. There were also a few manufacturers in Bohemia and Germany. By the end of the 19th century, some of the European makers had opened factories in the United States.

Music box

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Music box (disambiguation). Music box by Polyphon-Musikwerke in Leipzig, Germany. A music box Music box by Diego Evans, London. Now at the Museu de la Música de Barcelona Interior of the music box by Diego Evans, London. Now at the Museu de la Música de Barcelona The Blue Danube (0:58)Polyphon metal disk (1890)Problems playing this file? See media help. A music box or musical box is an automatic musical instrument in a box that produces musical notes by using a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc to pluck the tuned teeth (or lamellae) of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century and called carillons à musique (French for ""chimes of music""). Some of the more complex boxes also contain a tiny drum and/or bells in addition to the metal comb. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Evolving box production2 Coin-operated models3 Parts4 Repertoire5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External links8.1 Audio of historical music boxes History [ edit]Typical table music box, with six interchangeable cylinders. The original snuff boxes were tiny containers which could fit into a gentleman's waistcoat pocket. The music boxes could have any size from that of a hat box to a large piece of furniture, but most were tabletop specimens. They were usually powered by clockwork and originally produced by artisan watchmakers

The cylinders were normally made of metal and powered by a spring. In some of the costlier models, the cylinders could be removed to change melodies, thanks to an invention by Paillard in 1862, which was perfected by Metert of Geneva in 1879. [ citation needed] In some exceptional models, there were four springs, to provide continuous play for up to three hours. Music box using the metal disk system The very first boxes at the end of the 18th century made use of metal disks. The switchover to cylinders seems to have been completed after the Napoleonic wars. In the last decades of the 19th century, however, mass-produced models such as the Polyphon and others all made use of interchangeable metal disks instead of cylinders. The cylinder-based machines rapidly became a minority. Mechanical piano combined with strings. There are three violins each with only one string. Thus only tunes that do not require the missing fourth string can be played. Orchestrion The term ""music box"" is also applied to clockwork devices where a removable metal disk or cylinder was used only in a ""programming"" function without producing the sounds directly by means of pins and a comb. Instead, the cylinder (or disk) worked by actuating bellows and levers which fed and opened pneumatic valves which activated a modified wind instrument or plucked the chords on a modified string instrument. Some devices could do both at the same time and were often combinations of player pianos and music boxes, such as the Orchestrion. There were many variations of large music machines, usually built for the affluent of the pre-phonograph 19th century. Some were called the Symphonium, others were called the Concert Regina Music Box machine. Both variations were as tall as a grandfather clock and both used interchangeable large disks to play different sets of tunes. Both were spring-wound and driven and both had a bell-like sound. The machines were often made in England, Italy, and the US, with additional disks made in Switzerland, Austria, and Prussia. Early ""juke-box"" pay versions of them existed in public places also. Marsh's free Museum and curio shop in Long Beach, Washington (US) has several still-working versions of them on public display. The Musical Museum, Brentford, London has a number of machines. [1] The Morris Museum in Morristown, NJ, USA has a notable collection, including interactive exhibits. In addition to video and audio footage of each piece, the actual instruments are demonstrated for the public daily on a rotational basis. [2]At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, most music boxes were gradually replaced by player pianos, which were louder and more versatile and melodious, when kept tuned, and by the smaller gramophones which had the advantage of playing back voices. Escalating labour costs increased the price and further reduced volume. Now modern automation is helping bring music box prices back down. Collectors prize surviving music boxes from the 19th century and the early 20th century as well as new music boxes being made today in several countries (see ""Evolving Box Production"", below). The cheap, small windup music box movements (including the cylinder and comb and the spring) to add a bit of music to mass-produced jewellery boxes and novelty items are now produced in countries with low labour costs. Many kinds of music box movements are available to the home craft person, locally or through online retailers. Evolving box production [ edit]This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (August 2012)9th century: In Baghdad, Iraq, the Banū Mūsā brothers, a trio of Persian inventors, produced ""the earliest known mechanical musical instrument"", in this case a hydropowered organ which played interchangeable cylinders automatically, which they described in their Book of Ingenious Devices. According to Charles B. Fowler, this ""cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."" [3]Early 13th century: In Flanders, an ingenious bell ringer invents a cylinder with pins which operates cams, which then hit the bells. [3]1598: Flemish clockmaker Nicholas Vallin produces a wall mounted clock which has a pinned barrel playing on multiple tuned bells mounted in the superstructure. The barrel can be programmed, as the pins can be separately placed in the holes provided on the surface of the barrel. [4]1665: Ahasuerus Fromanteel in London makes a table clock which has quarter striking and musical work on multiple bells operated by a pinned barrel. These barrels can be changed for those playing different tunes. [5]1760s: Watches are made in London by makers such as James Cox which have a pinned drum playing popular tunes on several small bells arranged in a stack.1772: A watch is made by one Ransonet at Nancy, France which has a pinned drum playing music not on bells but on tuned steel prongs arranged vertically. [6]1780: The mechanical singing bird is invented by the Jaquet-Droz brothers, clockmakers from La Chaux-de-Fonds. In 1848, the manufacturing of the singing birds is improved by Blaise Bontems in his Parisian workshop, to the point where it has remained unchanged to this day. Barrel organs become more popular.1796: Antoine Favre-Salomon, a clockmaker from Geneva replaces the stack of bells by a comb with multiple pre-tuned metallic notes in order to reduce space. Together with a horizontally placed pinned barrel, this produces more varied and complex sounds. One of these first music boxes is now displayed at the Shanghai Gallery of Antique Music Boxes and Automata in Pudong 's Oriental Art Center. [7] Numerous musical objects are produced in greater quantities in Geneva by several makers.1800: Isaac Daniel Piguet in Geneva produces repeating musical watches with a pinned horizontal disc operating radially arranged tuned steel teeth.1811: The first music boxes are produced in Sainte-Croix; an industry which surpasses the watchmaking and lace industries, and rapidly brings renown to the town. At this time, the musical-box industry represents 10% of Switzerland's export. Pocket watch with musical movements1865: Charles Reuge, a watchmaker from the Val-de-Travers, settles in Sainte-Croix. He is one of many artisans making pocket watches with musical movements of the traditional calibre.1870: A German inventor creates a music box with discs, therefore allowing an easier and more frequent change of tunes. It is also the golden years of automata. Already known in Egypt, they will be improved to become real works of art.1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph, which has important consequences for the musical-box industry, especially around the end of the century.1892: Gustave Brachhausen, who had been involved with the manufacturer of Polyphon disk music boxes in Germany, sails for America to establish the Regina Music Box Company in New Jersey. Regina, whose boxes are renowned among collectors for their tone, becomes a success and some 100,000 are sold before sales cease in 1921. Early 20th century: The invention of the phonograph, the First World War and the economic crisis in the '20s bring down Sainte-Croix's main industry and make the luxury music box completely disappear. Music box with dancing Ballerina Between the two world wars most of the Swiss companies converted to the manufacture of other products requiring precise mechanical parts. Some went back to making watches, others were eventually responsible for the famous Bolex movie cameras and the Hermes typewriters. Some simply sold out to Reuge. Located near Lake Neuchâtel, Reuge is one of the last of the Swiss survivors making music boxes of all sizes and shapes, with or without automatons in a modern style with clear acrylic sides to see the mechanical operation. They have in a sense branched out widely from their original cylinder offerings since they also offered traditional looking music boxes with removable metal disks for around a 1,000 euros, with each disk costing in the neighborhood of 14 euros. The higher range boxes with removable cylinders and small assorted tables made of fine woods can cost up to 34,000 euros and about an equivalent number of US dollars. They also sell several models of clear acrylic paperweights with a music box movement inside, for a minimum of about 250 euros. They have, however, discontinued the smaller movements. Old Reuge music boxes are worth thousands of dollars but even so, cannot be compared to the fabulously large and highly complex music boxes which were produced in nineteenth century Switzerland by legendary makers such as Nicole Frères or Paillard. Since approximatively 2007 Reuge developped a strong business in the world of ""bespoke"" customized pieces for Leaders in business and politics. Nidec Sankyo in Japan started up in the aftermath of World War II, using the latest in automation. Modern production methods resulted in reasonable prices, producing company growth. Sankyo started with small movements, introduced 50-note movements by the late 1970s, and in 2006 is producing disc boxes playing discs as large as 16"" (with two 80-note combs and reminiscent of the ""Mira"") and are also working on a dual-cylinder 100-note movement. Sankyo now offers a wide variety of music boxes in Japan, and supplies movements to many other manufacturers and distributors. Some of these sell them retail (even online) to hobbyists for as low as 3 euros each. Sankyo Seiki bills itself as the biggest manufacturer of music boxes in the world, and advertises that it controls 50% of the market. Recently, it has started selling licences for its musical-box tunes to cellular phone companies, for use as ring tones. The company is an industrial concern which also makes magnetic and hologram card readers, appliance components, industrial robots and miniature motors of all kinds. The Porter Music Box company of Vermont produces steel disc music boxes in several formats. They offer clockwork, spring wound models as well as electric ones. They stand out by their continuing production of discs, with a selection of about a thousand tunes. The discs can also be played on many antique music boxes bearing the Polyphon and Regina brand names. The small 18-note musical movements are now being made almost exclusively in countries with low labour costs such as China and Taiwan. Many of these productions are used in mobiles, children's musical toys, and jewelry boxes. In March 2016, the band Wintergatan released a video of their homemade music box that took 14 months to make and played in any key using a 3,000-piece wooden construction fueled by 2,000 marbles. Band member Martin Molin used a hand crank to mobilize the marbles, which then created various noises on a vibraphone and other installed musical elements. [8]Coin-operated models [ edit]In Switzerland, coin-operated music boxes, usually capable of playing several tunes, were installed in places such as train stations and amusement parks. Some of the models had a mechanism for automatically changing the metal disks. These were, in a sense, the precursors to jukebox. However, they soon disappeared from their intended venues and were displaced by the jukebox, which could produce a greater variety of sounds and full songs rather than warped fragments. Because most of the coin-operated music boxes were built for rough treatment (such as typical slapping and kicking by a disgruntled customer), many of these large models have survived into the 21st century, despite their relatively low production quantities. They are sought by collectors who have the space for their large or very large cabinets. Parts [ edit]The ratchet lever [1] rotates the cylinder [2], the pins pluck the comb teeth [3] which produces the music. The whole thing rests on the bedplate [4]. Small fifty-tone musical box with detachable handle, around 1900? Explainer video The bedplate is the relatively heavy metal foundation on which all the other pieces are fastened, usually by screws. The ratchet lever or the windup key is used to put the spring motor under tension, that is to wind it up. The spring motor or motors (two or more can be used to make playing times longer) give anywhere from a few minutes to an hour or more of playing time. The comb is a flat piece of metal with dozens or even hundreds of tuned teeth, or 'reeds', of different lengths. The cylinder is the programming object, a metallic version of a punched card which instead of having holes to express a program, is studded with tiny pins at the correct spacing to produce music by displacing the teeth of the comb at the correct time. The tines of the comb 'ring', or sound, as they slip off the pins. The disc in a disc music box plays this function, with pins perpendicular to the plane surface. Multiple-tune cylinders have more than one set of pins intertwined on the same cylinder, with, for example, the B pins for a second song lying halfway between the B and C pins of the first song, etc. Offsetting the cylinder slightly relative to the comb brings the different set of pins into contact with the teeth, thereby playing an alternate piece of music. Many modern music boxes will have as many as four sets of pins intertwined, with a mechanism automatically shifting the cylinder from one song or movement to the next. Repertoire [ edit]Interchangeable music box cylinders In 1974–75, German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen composed Tierkreis, a set of twelve pieces on the signs of the zodiac, for twelve music boxes. Icelandic pop musician Björk makes use of disc-mechanism music boxes in the 2001 album Vespertine, with specially cut discs. London-based composer Richard Barrett has written a four-minute piece, 'trace', for two diatonic music boxes. French musician Colleen released Colleen et les Boîtes à Musique in 2006—an album composed and recorded using only music boxes. Electronica composer Aphex Twin created a piece called ""Nannou"" by sampling a music box. Austrian composer Karlheinz Essl wrote two pieces for punch-tape controlled music box, Listen Thing (2008) and Pandora's Secret (2009, with live-electronics). New Zealand electronica composer Rhian Sheehan uses music boxes as major instrumental and thematic devices, such as in 'Part 3' of his album Standing In Silence. Special edition pre-orders of the album came with a reproduction of the music box that played the main melody composed for the piece. Argentine composer Juan María Solare composed a series of pieces for music boxes in early 2015, a cycle Fairy Lullabies and Kate Crackernuts, based on a Scottish fairy tale. See also [ edit]Barrel organ Cuckoo clock Graphophone Musical clock Player piano Singing bird box Shanghai Gallery of Antique Music Boxes and Automata References [ edit]^ musicalmuseum.co.uk^ morrismuseum.org^ a b Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), ""The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments"", Music Educators Journal, MENC_ The National Association for Music Education, 54 (2): 45–49, doi: 10.2307/3391092, JSTOR 3391092. Citation on p. 45.^ In the Collections of the British Museum (M. L. Antiquities Dept. Ilbert collection)^ Horological Masterworks Exhibition AHS 2003 Catalogue No.14^ Sotheby's Auction Masterpieces from the Time Museum June 19th 2002 Lot 73^ en.shoac.com.cn, ""Antique Music Box Gallery"", accessed 18 Dec 2014.^ "" Wintergatan Marble Machine - A Feat of Both Music and Engineering "", indiebandguru.com, Retrieved March 3, 20169: The Musical Box Society Of Great Britain http://www.mbsgb.org.uk An international society formed around 60 years ago, with the aims of promoting the effective repair, restoration,conservation and education of these early technologies where some examples can cross the definiative threshold, where as a self playing instrument can justly be considered an art form. Further reading [ edit]Bahl, Gilbert. Music Boxes: The Collector's Guide to Selecting, Restoring and Enjoying New and Vintage Music Boxes. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press, 1993. Bowers, Q. David. Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments. ISBN 0-911572-08-2. Lanham, Maryland: Vestal Press, Inc., 1972. Diagram Group. Musical Instruments of the World. New York: Facts on File, 1976. Ganske, Sharon. Making Marvelous Music Boxes. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, 1997. Greenhow, Jean. Making Musical Miniatures. London: B T Batsford, 1979. Hoke, Helen, and John Hoke. Music Boxes, Their Lore and Lure. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1957. Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1973). Clockwork Music. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-789004-8. Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. The Musical Box: A Guide for Collectors. ISBN 0-88740-764-1. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1995. Reblitz, Arthur A. The Golden Age of Automatic Musical Instruments. ISBN 0-9705951-0-7. Woodsville, NH: Mechanical Music Press, 2001. Reblitz, Arthur A., Q. David Bowers. Treasures of Mechanical Music. ISBN 0-911572-20-1. New York: The Vestal Press, 1981. Sadie, Stanley. ed. Musical Box. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. ISBN 1-56159-174-2. Mac Millan. 1980. Vol 12. P. 814. Smithsonian Institution. History of Music Machines. ISBN 0-87749-755-9. New York: Drake Publishers, 1975. Templeton, Alec, as told to Rachael Bail Baumel. Alec Templeton's Music Boxes. New York: Wilfred Funk, 1958. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musical boxes. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "" Musical-box "". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Performance of Listen Thing and Pandora's Secret on a punched paper-tape controlled music box (video)Musical Box Society International Glossary of Terms Audio of historical music boxes [ edit]Polyphon Music Box, made app. 1850Mira Music Box - Sammy 1903Mechanical Music Box - Auld Lang Syne Mechanical Music from Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Sciences LP vinyl record: ""The Concert Regina Music Box and the Symphonium"" (1977, Nostalgia Repertoire Records - Sonic Arts Corporation, 665 Harrison Street, San Francisco Ca. 94107, Curator: Leo de Gar Kulka, Record No. RR 4771 Stereo. )Authority control GND: 4182265-1 NDL: 00568940 [ show]v t e Mechanical musical instruments [ show]v t e Plucked idiophones (lamellophones)Categories: Comb lamellophones Mechanical musical instruments "


what does carte blanche mean

t. In practice, Gorsuch’s opinion gives monopolists virtual carte blanche to perpetuate their dominance through unfair means, regardless of the consequences for consumers, competitors and citizens. – Washington Post Summary Carte blanche is another way to say that a person has permission to do things in whatever manner he or she chooses.

What Does Carte Blanche Mean?

What Does Carte Blanche Mean? Home » Phrase and Idiom Dictionary » What Does Carte Blanche Mean? Carte Blanche Meaning Definition: Freedom to do whatever one wishes. Origin of Carte Blanche Carte blanche comes from French, and it literally means blank paper. This expression started to become popular in the 1700s. Many people point to King Charles II as the originator of this idiom. Some say he gave those working for him a blank paper with only his signature on it. The idea was that the people with this sheet could write whatever terms they wanted on it. He wanted them to complete a task, but he was giving them freedom to do it however they deemed appropriate. Examples of Carte Blanche In this dialogue, two coworkers are talking about how to finish a complicated project for their boss. Deanna: There’s no way we’ll finish this in time. Emily: I know. Actually, we could give her the end product pretty quickly, but she attached all of these rules that we are supposed to follow. Deanna: I agree. If we could ignore the method she wants to follow and just do it our way, we could finish in a couple of days. Emily: It’s too bad she would never give us carte blanche like that. Deanna: Yeah. That is too bad. In the second example, two athletes are discussing a new game they are inventing. Billy: So you are saying the only rule is to get the ball to the target? Angie: Yep! There are no other rules. Billy: I don’t see how this game could possibly work. Angie: Think of it this way. All the players have carte blanche to do whatever they think will help them get the ball to the target. Billy: So punching is allowed? Angie: Anything. More Examples The first excerpt is about police officers who do not often have to pay for damages when they commit wrongdoing. The fact that officers do, in some cases, have to pay shows that they are not given carte blanche, according to the city attorney Thomas Platt. – Chicago Tribune The second excerpt is about giving monopolies permission to do whatever they wan


what is the weather in allentown?

hes)Guide to Allentown weather in December The average maximum daytime temperature in Allentown in December is a cold 4°C (39°F). The average night-time temperature is usually a very cold -4°C (25°F). There are usually 4 hours of bright sunshine each day, which represents 42% of the 9 hours of daylight.

Weather in Allentown in December 2018

Weather in Allentown in December 20184 4°C max day temperature4 4 hours of sunshine per day11 11 days with some rainfall-4 -4°C min night temperature9 9 hours of daylight per day0 No heat & humidity91 91 mm of monthly rainfall1 1 (Low) UV index Going to Allentown? Find the best month to visit Allentown based on the weather. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Expect 4°C daytime maximum temperatures in the shade with on average 4 hours of sunshine per day in Allentown in December. Check more long-term weather averages for Allentown in December before you book your next holiday to Pennsylvania in 2018. Alamo offer: FREE additional driver with USA cars Sale Book Alamo Gold in the USA & get FREE additional driver Prepay online & save up to £45 a week Alamo Gold is only available to UK residents Go to Alamo deal >>View all Alamo offers More about Allentown Weather overview Climate guide5-day forecast Best time to go Weather by month Today's conditions Compare weather Sunrise & Sunset Hurricane risk USA snow reports More destinations Top deals & discounts Back to Pennsylvania Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Metric (°C / mm) | Imperial (°F / inc

Expect 91mm (3.6 inches) of rainfall across the whole of December with 11 days with some rain falling. Maximum UV levels will be low (1 UV index) at midday when the skies are clear. Allentown sunrise & sunset times for December 2018Browse the sunrise & sunset times for Allentown in December 2018. Select a month to view Allentown sunrise & sunset times for the next twelve months. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Date Sunrise times Sunset times Saturday, 1st December 2018 07:06 16:36Sunday, 2nd December 2018 07:07 16:35Monday, 3rd December 2018 07:08 16:35Tuesday, 4th December 2018 07:09 16:35Wednesday, 5th December 2018 07:10 16:35Thursday, 6th December 2018 07:11 16:35Friday, 7th December 2018 07:12 16:35Saturday, 8th December 2018 07:13 16:35Sunday, 9th December 2018 07:14 16:35Monday, 10th December 2018 07:15 16:35Tuesday, 11th December 2018 07:15 16:35Wednesday, 12th December 2018 07:16 16:35Thursday, 13th December 2018 07:17 16:35Friday, 14th December 2018 07:18 16:36Saturday, 15th December 2018 07:18 16:36Sunday, 16th December 2018 07:19 16:36Monday, 17th December 2018 07:20 16:36Tuesday, 18th December 2018 07:20 16:37Wednesday, 19th December 2018 07:21 16:37Thursday, 20th December 2018 07:22 16:38Friday, 21st December 2018 07:22 16:38Saturday, 22nd December 2018 07:23 16:39Sunday, 23rd December 2018 07:23 16:39Monday, 24th December 2018 07:23 16:40Tuesday, 25th December 2018 07:24 16:40Wednesday, 26th December 2018 07:24 16:41Thursday, 27th December 2018 07:25 16:42Friday, 28th December 2018 07:25 16:42Saturday, 29th December 2018 07:25 16:43Sunday, 30th December 2018 07:25 16:44Monday, 31st December 2018 07:25 16:45BA sale offers: Save on beach holidays & city breaks Sale Save on holidays & flights with latest BA limited-time offers Book low fares on flights, beach holidays, city breaks & more Visit destinations across Europe, Caribbean & worldwide Go to British Airways deal >>Expires at 23:59 on Monday 30th April 2018 · View all British Airways offers Back to top More Pennsylvania destinations Allentown Du Bois Erie Gettysburg Harrisburg Lancaster Lewisburg Ohiopyle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Stroudsburg Warren Wilkes-Barre All destinations (A to Z)Can't see your chosen destination? Use our A to Z search to find your required the holiday weather guide: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZGet FREE travel offers Sign up to receive the latest deals and exclusive discounts on holidays, flights, hotels and more, plus inspiration on where to go when We promise not to share your details Related posts The multi-centre breaks from TUI you never knew existed 11 exciting summer holiday destinations you can visit with TUI 10 alternative winter sun destinations you can book with TUIPopular travel offers Titan Travel sale: up to £700 off per person Exclusive Holiday Autos: 10% off car hire + Alamo Gold package: Cheap USA car hire deals Top ^


what is the standard size of an ankle bracelet

It's All About Size Bracelet size Buying bracelets is much easier if you know your correct wrist size. When you order a bracelet you want to fit it properly! Most women feel comfortable wearing a bracelet that is 7 to 7½ inches in size, which is the standard size. The bracelet will hang between your hand and wrist bone, which is the most attractive position. Wrist sizing These simple instructions tell you how to measure your wrist properly so you can be sure your bracelets will fit right. When measuring for bracelets, measure tightly where your wrist is broadest.

"Home Buying Guides Jewelry & Watches Fashion Jewelry Bracelets How can I tell what bracelet size I need ?agustus-collection 18 Likes Like October 9, 2013

Measure your wrist with a flexible, soft tape measure just below the wrist bone (below the wrist bone is the area between your hand and the wrist bone). This is your actual wrist size, not your bracelet size. Add approx. ¼ inches up to 1 inch (½ inch is average) to your actual wrist size, this is your approximate bracelet size. The more you add to your wrist size the more your bracelet will hang lower to your hand. Using a flexible measuring tape*, Measure just above (towards elbow) the wrist bone, then add approx ¼ inch to 1 inch (½ inch is average) depending on how tight you like your bracelets to fit. That is the size bracelet you would wear. *Tip: If you don't have a tape measure handy, use a strip of paper or thin string, and mark it where it overlaps on your wrist. Then lay the strip flat to measure up to the mark using any ruler. Print a ruler at following link: printable-ruler.net Why it's important to use a flat tape measure or small string or strip of paper? With bracelets the actual length is not what is a concern, it's the inner circumference when latched shut. That's because the beads themselves take up space on the inside circumference. That makes making the inside measurement smaller than the length when laid out flat. What is needed to actually wear a bracelet or anklet is for the inner measurements to match the outer circumference of your wrist or ankle. That's why it is important use a tape measure, strip of paper, or small string -- it's not bulky, so the inner circumference is virtually the same as the lengthy when laid flat. Using bulky things to measure (like large beaded bracelets and thick chains, etc.) causes the problem. The length when laid flat not being the same as the inner circumference when worn. Standard Bracelet Sizes Extra Small XS ~ fits 6.5 inches = small woman's wrist Small S ~ fits 7 inches = average woman’s wrist Medium M ~ fits 8 inches = average man’s wrist or woman with large wrist Large L ~ fits 9 inches = for man with large wrist Extra Large XL ~ fits 9.5 inches = for man with a very large wrist1 inch = 2.54 cm When measuring for bracelets that roll over your hand, measure tightly where your hand is the broadest. 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how many grams of fiber does applesauce have

oad Fiber in Applesauce A 1-cup serving of unsweetened applesauce contains 2.7 grams of fiber, and the same serving of sweetened applesauce contains 3 grams of fiber. Any food with 2.5 to 4.9 grams of fiber per serving is considered a good source of fiber, according to the Colorado State University Extension. If you are counting calories, unsweetened applesauce, with 102 calories per serving, makes a better choice than the sweetened applesauce with 167 calories per serving.

Is Applesauce a Good Source of Fiber?

Is Applesauce a Good Source of Fiber?by JILL CORLEONE, RDN, LD Oct. 03, 2017People with higher intakes of fruit have lower rates of heart disease, obesity and cancer, according to the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The fiber in fruit may be responsible for some of these benefits. The good news is that processing fruits does not change its fiber content, making applesauce a good source of fiber. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to l

Benefits of Fiber Including more fiber in your diet from foods like applesauce offers a number of health benefits. Fiber, also known as roughage, cannot be digested and adds bulk to stool, helping prevent and alleviate constipation, according to CSU. Because it is not digested, fiber slows the digestion of other foods and helps prolong satiety, which can help with weight management. It also slows the release of sugar into the bloodstream and can help people with diabetes better manage their blood sugars. Fiber in food also prevents you from absorbing cholesterol, which can lower your blood cholesterol levels and decrease your risk of heart disease. Daily Fiber Needs Daily fiber needs vary depending on your age, gender and calorie needs. The general rule for fiber is that you need 14 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories. So if you consume 2,000 calories a day, you need 28 grams of fiber. There are also specific guidelines for men and women based on age. Men between the ages of 19 and 50 need 38 grams of fiber a day, and over the age of 51 need 30 grams of fiber a day. Women between the ages of 19 and 50 need 25 grams of fiber a day, and over the age of 51 need 21 grams of fiber a day, according to intake recommendations set by the Institute of Medicine. Uses for Applesauce Applesauce makes a great snack choice, but there are a number of ways you can add it to your diet and increase your fiber intake. Instead of brown sugar, sweeten your morning oatmeal with a few spoonfuls of applesauce. Reduce the fat in your baked goods and add some fiber by replacing 1/4 to 1/2 of the fat in your recipe with applesauce, as recommended by the University of Illinois Extension. Applesauce also makes a good side dish and dipping sauce for broiled pork chops. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEHow Many Calories in Applesauce? What Fruit Has the Most Fiber? Do Cantaloupes Have Fiber? Health Benefits of Applesauce Fruits and Vegetables Richest in Protein Naval Oranges Nutrition Nutrition Facts for Deep-Fried Bananas High-Fiber Foods: Dried Fruit 4 Ways to Lose Weight With Fruit Smoothies What Fruit Has the Lowest Calorie Count? Can Certain Nuts Help Lower Your High Blood Pressure? Fiber Count in Vegetables What Is the Percentage of Sugar in Dried Fruits? Growing Requirements for Pomegranate Trees What Are the Benefits of Citrus Fruits? Nutritional Content of Prunes Types of Sugar in Ripe Fruits What Vitamins Do Grapes Contain? Do Blueberries Have Potassium? The Best Fiber Foods for Vegetarians


how does a propeller create thrust

el. The propeller rotates clockwise to propel the ship forward when viewed from astern (right of picture); the person in the picture has his hand on the blade's trailing edge. A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil -shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air or water) is accelerated behind the blade.

Propeller

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Propeller (disambiguation). This article is about propellers generally. For propellers on aircraft, see Propeller (aircraft). Propeller on a modern mid-sized merchant vess

Propeller dynamics, like those of aircraft wings, can be modelled by either or both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law. A marine propeller of this type is sometimes colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw, however there is a different class of propellers known as cycloidal propellers – they are characterized by the higher propulsive efficiency averaging 0.72 compared to the screw propeller's average of 0.6 and the ability to throw thrust in any direction at any time. Their disadvantages are higher mechanical complexity and higher cost. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Early developments1.2 Screw propellers1.3 Aircraft propellers2 Propeller theory2.1 History2.2 Theory of operation2.3 Marine propeller cavitation2.4 Forces acting on a foil2.5 Propeller thrust2.5.1 Single blade2.5.2 Thrust and torque2.6 Actual performance3 Types of marine propellers3.1 Controllable-pitch propeller3.2 Skewback propeller3.3 Modular propeller4 Protection of small engines5 See also5.1 Propeller characteristics5.2 Propeller phenomena5.3 Propeller variations5.3.1 Cleaver5.3.2 Other5.4 Materials and manufacture6 Notes7 External links History [ edit]Early developments [ edit]The principle employed in using a screw propeller is used in sculling. It is part of the skill of propelling a Venetian gondola but was used in a less refined way in other parts of Europe and probably elsewhere. For example, propelling a canoe with a single paddle using a ""pitch stroke"" or side slipping a canoe with a ""scull"" involves a similar technique. In China, sculling, called ""lu"", was also used by the 3rd century AD. In sculling, a single blade is moved through an arc, from side to side taking care to keep presenting the blade to the water at the effective angle. The innovation introduced with the screw propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a single blade, but in practice there are nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved. Archimedes' screw The origin of the screw propeller starts with Archimedes, who used a screw to lift water for irrigation and bailing boats, so famously that it became known as Archimedes' screw. It was probably an application of spiral movement in space (spirals were a special study of Archimedes) to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by Egyptians for centuries. Leonardo da Vinci adopted the principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, sketches of which involved a large canvas screw overhead. In 1661, Toogood and Hays proposed using screws for waterjet propulsion, though not as a propeller. [1] Robert Hook in 1681 designed a horizontal watermill which was remarkably similar to the Kirsten-Boeing vertical axis propeller designed almost two and a half centuries later in 1928; two years later Hook modified the design to provide motive power for ships through water. [2] In 1752, the Academie des Sciences in Paris granted Burnelli a prize for a design of a propeller-wheel. At about the same time, the French mathematician Alexis-Jean-Pierre Paucton, suggested a water propulsion system based on the Archimedean screw. [3] In 1771, steam-engine inventor James Watt in a private letter suggested using ""spiral oars"" to propel boats, although he did not use them with his steam engines, or ever implement the idea. [4]However, these were all theoretical ideas. The first use of a propeller on a watercraft was on the Turtle designed in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1775 by Yale student and inventor David Bushnell, with the help of the clock maker, engraver, and brass foundryman Isaac Doolittle, and with Bushnell's brother Ezra Bushnell and ship's carpenter and clock maker Phineas Pratt constructing the hull in Saybrook, Connecticut. [5] [6] On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee piloted the Turtle in an attack on the HMS Eagle in New York Harbor. [7] [8] The Turtle also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described the propeller in an October 1787 letter to Thomas Jefferson: ""An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or foot."" [9] The brass propeller, like all the brass and moving parts on the Turtle, was crafted by the ""ingenious mechanic"" Issac Doolittle of New Haven. [10]In 1785, Joseph Bramah in England proposed a propeller solution of a rod going through the underwater aft of a boat attached to a bladed propeller, though he never built it. [11] In 1802, Edward Shorter proposed using a similar propeller attached to a rod angled down temporarily deployed from the deck above the waterline and thus requiring no water seal, and intended only to assist becalmed sailing vessels. He tested it on the transport ship Doncaster in Gibraltar and at Malta, achieving a speed of 1.5 mph. [12]The lawyer and inventor John Stevens in the USA, built a 25 foot boat with a rotary stem engine coupled to a four-bladed propeller, achieving a speed of 4 mph, but he abandoned propellers due to the inherent danger in using the high-pressure steam engines, and instead built paddle-wheeled boats. [13]By 1827, Czech-Austrian inventor Josef Ressel had invented a screw propeller which had multiple blades fastened around a conical base. He had tested his propeller in February 1826 on a small ship that was manually driven. He was successful in using his bronze screw propeller on an adapted steamboat (1829). His ship ""Civetta"" with 48 gross register tons, reached a speed of about six knots (11 km/h). This was the first ship successfully driven by an Archimedes screw-type propeller. After a new steam engine had an accident (cracked pipe weld) his experiments were banned by the Austro-Hungarian police as dangerous. Josef Ressel was at the time a forestry inspector for the Austrian Empire. But before this he received an Austro-Hungarian patent (license) for his propeller (1827). He died in 1857. This new method of propulsion was an improvement over the paddlewheel as it was not so affected by either ship motions or changes in draft as the vessel burned coal. [14]John Patch, a mariner in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at Saint John, New Brunswick, but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he was not an American citizen. [15] His efficient design drew praise in American scientific circles [16] but by this time there were multiple competing versions of the marine propeller. Screw propellers [ edit]Although there was much experimentation with screw propulsion until the 1830s, few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another. [17]Propellers of the RMS Olympic, a sister ship to the RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic Smith's original 1836 patent for a screw propeller of two full turns. He would later revise the patent, reducing the length to one turn. In 1835, two inventors in Britain, John Ericsson and Francis Pettit Smith, began working separately on the problem. Smith was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May, while Ericsson, a gifted Swedish engineer then working in Britain, filed his patent six weeks later. [18] Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention, which was demonstrated first on a pond at his Hendon farm, and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in London, where it was seen by the Secretary of the Navy, Sir William Barrow. Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright, Smith then built a 30-foot, 6- horsepower canal boat of six tons burthen called the Francis Smith, which was fitted with a wooden propeller of his own design and demonstrated on the Paddington Canal from November 1836 to September 1837. By a fortuitous accident, the wooden propeller of two turns was damaged during a voyage in February 1837, and to Smith's surprise the broken propeller, which now consisted of only a single turn, doubled the boat's previous speed, from about four miles an hour to eight. [18] Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery. In the meantime, Ericsson built a 45-foot screw propelled steamboat, Francis B. Ogden in 1837, and demonstrated his boat on the River Thames to senior members of the British Admiralty, including Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Symonds. In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour, comparable with that of existing paddle steamers, Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed. The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean-going service, while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently. [19] Following this rejection, Ericsson built a second, larger screw-propelled boat, the Robert F. Stockton, and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States, where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the U. S. Navy 's first screw-propelled warship, USS Princeton. [20]Screw propeller of SS Archimedes Apparently aware of the Navy's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service, Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong. In September 1837, he took his small vessel (now fitted with an iron propeller of a single turn) to sea, steaming from Blackwall, London to Hythe, Kent, with stops at Ramsgate, Dover and Folkestone. On the way back to London on the 25th, Smith's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy. The Admiralty's interest in the technology was revived, and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology's effectiveness. [21]A replica of SS Great Britain 's first propeller was created for this museum ship. The real propeller was replaced with a four-bladed model in 1845. The SS Great Britain was initially designed to have paddles but the design was modified after screw propellers were proven to be more effective and efficient. SS Archimedes was built in 1838 by Henry Wimshurst of London, as the world's first steamship [22] to be driven by a screw propeller [23] [24] [25] [26]Archimedes had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. Trials with Smith's SS Archimedes led to the famous tug-of-war competition in 1845 between the screw-driven HMS Rattler and the paddle steamer HMS Alecto; the former pulling the latter backward at 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h). She also had a direct influence on the design of another innovative vessel, Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's SS Great Britain, then the world's largest ship and the first screw-propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 1845. Propeller design stabilized in the 1880s. Aircraft propellers [ edit]ATR 72 propeller in flight Main article: Propeller (aeronautics)The twisted aerofoil shape of modern aircraft propellers was pioneered by the Wright brothers. While some earlier engineers had attempted to model air propellers on marine propellers, the Wrights realized that a propeller is essentially the same as a wing, and were able to use data from their earlier wind tunnel experiments on wings. They also introduced a twist along the length of the blades. This was necessary to ensure the angle of attack of the blades was kept relatively constant along their length. [27] Their original propeller blades were only about 5% less efficient than the modern equivalent, some 100 years later. [28] The understanding of low speed propeller aerodynamics was fairly complete by the 1920s, but later requirements to handle more power in smaller diameter have made the problem more complex. Alberto Santos Dumont, another early pioneer, applied the knowledge he gained from experiences with airships to make a propeller with a steel shaft and aluminium blades for his 14 bis biplane. Some of his designs used a bent aluminium sheet for blades, thus creating an airfoil shape. They were heavily undercambered, and this plus the absence of lengthwise twist made them less efficient than the Wright propellers. Even so, this was perhaps the first use of aluminium in the construction of an airscrew. Propeller theory [ edit]History [ edit]In the second half of the nineteenth century, several theories were developed. The momentum theory or disk actuator theory – a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller – was developed by W. J. M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and R. E. Froude (1889). The propeller is modelled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation. This disc creates a flow around the propeller. Under certain mathematical premises of the fluid, there can be extracted a mathematical connection between power, radius of the propeller, torque and induced velocity. Friction is not included. The blade element theory (BET) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude (1878), David W. Taylor (1893) and Stefan Drzewiecki to determine the behaviour of propellers. It involves breaking an airfoil down into several small parts then determining the forces on them. These forces are then converted into accelerations, which can be integrated into velocities and positions. Theory of operation [ edit]Marine propeller nomenclature1) Trailing edge 2) Face 3) Fillet area 4) Hub or Boss 5) Hub or Boss Cap6) Leading edge 7) Back 8) Propeller shaft 9) Stern tube bearing 10) Stern tube A propeller is the most common propulsor on ships, imparting momentum to a fluid which causes a force to act on the ship. The ideal efficiency of any size propeller (free-tip) is that of an actuator disc in an ideal fluid. An actual marine propeller is made up of sections of helicoidal surfaces which act together 'screwing' through the water (hence the common reference to marine propellers as "" screws ""). Three, four, or five blades are most common in marine propellers, although designs which are intended to operate at reduced noise will have more blades. The blades are attached to a boss (hub), which should be as small as the needs of strength allow – with fixed-pitch propellers the blades and boss are usually a single casting. An alternative design is the controllable-pitch propeller (CPP, or CRP for controllable-reversible pitch), where the blades are rotated normally to the drive shaft by additional machinery – usually hydraulics – at the hub and control linkages running down the shaft. This allows the drive machinery to operate at a constant speed while the propeller loading is changed to match operating conditions. It also eliminates the need for a reversing gear and allows for more rapid change to thrust, as the revolutions are constant. This type of propeller is most common on ships such as tugs where there can be enormous differences in propeller loading when towing compared to running free, a change which could cause conventional propellers to lock up as insufficient torque is generated. The downsides of a CPP/CRP include: the large hub which decreases the torque required to cause cavitation, the mechanical complexity which limits transmission power and the extra blade shaping requirements forced upon the propeller designer. For smaller motors there are self-pitching propellers. The blades freely move through an entire circle on an axis at right angles to the shaft. This allows hydrodynamic and centrifugal forces to 'set' the angle the blades reach and so the pitch of the propeller. A propeller that turns clockwise to produce forward thrust, when viewed from aft, is called right-handed. One that turns anticlockwise is said to be left-handed. Larger vessels often have twin screws to reduce heeling torque, counter-rotating propellers, the starboard screw is usually right-handed and the port left-handed, this is called outward turning. The opposite case is called inward turning. Another possibility is contra-rotating propellers, where two propellers rotate in opposing directions on a single shaft, or on separate shafts on nearly the same axis. Contra-rotating propellers offer increased efficiency by capturing the energy lost in the tangential velocities imparted to the fluid by the forward propeller (known as ""propeller swirl""). The flow field behind the aft propeller of a contra-rotating set has very little ""swirl"", and this reduction in energy loss is seen as an increased efficiency of the aft propeller. An azimuthing propeller is a propeller that turns around the vertical axis. The individual airfoil-shaped blades turn as the propeller moves so that they are always generating lift in the vessel's direction of movement. This type of propeller can reverse or change its direction of thrust very quickly. Fixed-wing aircraft are also subject to the P-factor effect, in which a rotating propeller will yaw an aircraft slightly to one side because the relative wind it produces is asymmetrical. It is particularly noticeable when climbing, but is usually simple to compensate for with the aircraft's rudder. A more serious situation can exist if a multi-engine aircraft loses power to one of its engines, in particular the one which is positioned on the side that enhances the P-factor. This power plant is called the critical engine and its loss will require more control compensation by the pilot. Marine propeller cavitation [ edit]Cavitating propeller in water tunnel experiment Cavitation damage evident on the propeller of a personal watercraft. Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in water near a moving propeller blade in regions of low pressure due to Bernoulli's principle. It can occur if an attempt is made to transmit too much power through the screw, or if the propeller is operating at a very high speed. Cavitation can waste power, create vibration and wear, and cause damage to the propeller. It can occur in many ways on a propeller. The two most common types of propeller cavitation are suction side surface cavitation and tip vortex cavitation. Suction side surface cavitation forms when the propeller is operating at high rotational speeds or under heavy load (high blade lift coefficient ). The pressure on the upstream surface of the blade (the ""suction side"") can drop below the vapor pressure of the water, resulting in the formation of a vapor pocket. Under such conditions, the change in pressure between the downstream surface of the blade (the ""pressure side"") and the suction side is limited, and eventually reduced as the extent of cavitation is increased. When most of the blade surface is covered by cavitation, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of the blade drops considerably, as does the thrust produced by the propeller. This condition is called ""thrust breakdown"". Operating the propeller under these conditions wastes energy, generates considerable noise, and as the vapor bubbles collapse it rapidly erodes the screw's surface due to localized shock waves against the blade surface. Tip vortex cavitation is caused by the extremely low pressures formed at the core of the tip vortex. The tip vortex is caused by fluid wrapping around the tip of the propeller; from the pressure side to the suction side. This video demonstrates tip vortex cavitation. Tip vortex cavitation typically occurs before suction side surface cavitation and is less damaging to the blade, since this type of cavitation doesn't collapse on the blade, but some distance downstream. Cavitation can be used as an advantage in design of very high performance propellers, in form of the supercavitating propeller. In this case, the blade section is designed such that the pressure side stays wetted while the suction side is completely covered by cavitation vapor. Because the suction side is covered with vapor instead of water it encounters very low viscous friction, making the supercavitating (SC) propeller comparably efficient at high speed. The shaping of SC blade sections however, make it inefficient at low speeds, when the suction side of the blade is wetted. (See also fluid dynamics ). A similar, but quite separate issue, is ventilation, which occurs when a propeller operating near the surface draws air into the blades, causing a similar loss of power and shaft vibration, but without the related potential blade surface damage caused by cavitation. Both effects can be mitigated by increasing the submerged depth of the propeller: cavitation is reduced because the hydrostatic pressure increases the margin to the vapor pressure, and ventilation because it is further from surface waves and other air pockets that might be drawn into the slipstream. The blade profile of propellers designed to operate in a ventilated condition is often not of an aerofoil section and is a blunt ended taper instead. These are often known as ""chopper"" type propellers.14-ton propeller from Voroshilov, a Kirov -class cruiser on display in Sevastopol Forces acting on a foil [ edit]The force (F) experienced by a foil is determined by its area (A), fluid density (ρ), velocity (V) and the angle of the foil to the fluid flow, called angle of attack ( ), where: The force has two parts – that normal to the direction of flow is lift (L) and that in the direction of flow is drag (D). Both can be expressed mathematically:andwhere C L and C D are lift coefficient and drag coefficient respectively. Each coefficient is a function of the angle of attack and Reynolds number. As the angle of attack increases lift rises rapidly from the no lift angle before slowing its increase and then decreasing, with a sharp drop as the stall angle is reached and flow is disrupted. Drag rises slowly at first and as the rate of increase in lift falls and the angle of attack increases drag increases more sharply. For a given strength of circulation ( ),. The effect of the flow over and the circulation around the foil is to reduce the velocity over the face and increase it over the back of the blade. If the reduction in pressure is too much in relation to the ambient pressure of the fluid, cavitation occurs, bubbles form in the low pressure area and are moved towards the blade's trailing edge where they collapse as the pressure increases, this reduces propeller efficiency and increases noise. The forces generated by the bubble collapse can cause permanent damage to the surfaces of the blade. Propeller thrust [ edit]Single blade [ edit]Taking an arbitrary radial section of a blade at r, if revolutions are N then the rotational velocity is. If the blade was a complete screw it would advance through a solid at the rate of NP, where P is the pitch of the blade. In water the advance speed is rather lower,, the difference, or slip ratio, is:where is the advance coefficient, and is the pitch ratio. The forces of lift and drag on the blade, d A, where force normal to the surface is d L:where:1 a41D ρAρ1 a41b r These forces contribute to thrust, T, on the blade:where:t a n βρb r As,From this total thrust can be obtained by integrating this expression along the blade. The transverse force is found in a similar manner: M L sinφ D cosφL sinφcos φρb r Substituting for and multiplying by r, gives torque as:which can be integrated as before. The total thrust power of the propeller is proportional to and the shaft power to. So efficiency is. The blade efficiency is in the ratio between thrust and torque:showing that the blade efficiency is determined by its momentum and its qualities in the form of angles and, where is the ratio of the drag and lift coefficients. This analysis is simplified and ignores a number of significant factors including interference between the blades and the influence of tip vortices. Thrust and torque [ edit]The thrust, T, and torque, Q, depend on the propeller's diameter, D, revolutions, N, and rate of advance,, together with the character of the fluid in which the propeller is operating and gravity. These factors create the following non-dimensional relationship: [ ()]where is a function of the advance coefficient, is a function of the Reynolds' number, and is a function of the Froude number. Both and are likely to be small in comparison to under normal operating conditions, so the expression can be reduced to: For two identical propellers the expression for both will be the same. So with the propellers, and using the same subscripts to indicate each propeller: For both Froude number and advance coefficient:where is the ratio of the linear dimensions. Thrust and velocity, at the same Froude number, give thrust power: For torque: Actual performance [ edit]When a propeller is added to a ship its performance is altered; there is the mechanical losses in the transmission of power; a general increase in total resistance; and the hull also impedes and renders non-uniform the flow through the propeller. The ratio between a propeller's efficiency attached to a ship () and in open water () is termed relative rotative efficiency. The overall propulsive efficiency (an extension of effective power ( )) is developed from the propulsive coefficient ( ), which is derived from the installed shaft power () modified by the effective power for the hull with appendages ( ), the propeller's thrust power ( ), and the relative rotative efficiency./ = hull efficiency =/ = propeller efficiency =/ = relative rotative efficiency =/ = shaft transmission efficiency Producing the following: The terms contained within the brackets are commonly grouped as the quasi-propulsive coefficient (, ). The is produced from small-scale experiments and is modified with a load factor for full size ships. Wake is the interaction between the ship and the water with its own velocity relative to the ship. The wake has three parts: the velocity of the water around the hull; the boundary layer between the water dragged by the hull and the surrounding flow; and the waves created by the movement of the ship. The first two parts will reduce the velocity of water into the propeller, the third will either increase or decrease the velocity depending on whether the waves create a crest or trough at the propeller. Types of marine propellers [ edit]Controllable-pitch propeller [ edit]A controllable-pitch propeller One type of marine propeller is the controllable-pitch propeller. This propeller has several advantages with ships. These advantages include: the least drag depending on the speed used, the ability to move the sea vessel backwards, and the ability to use the ""vane""-stance, which gives the least water resistance when not using the propeller (e.g. when the sails are used instead). Skewback propeller [ edit]An advanced type of propeller used on German Type 212 submarines is called a skewback propeller. As in the scimitar blades used on some aircraft, the blade tips of a skewback propeller are swept back against the direction of rotation. In addition, the blades are tilted rearward along the longitudinal axis, giving the propeller an overall cup-shaped appearance. This design preserves thrust efficiency while reducing cavitation, and thus makes for a quiet, stealthy design. [29]A small number of ships use propellers with winglets similar to those on some airplanes, reducing tip vortices and improving efficiency. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]See also: astern propulsion Modular propeller [ edit]A modular propeller provides more control over the boat's performance. There is no need to change an entire prop, when there is an opportunity to only change the pitch or the damaged blades. Being able to adjust pitch will allow for boaters to have better performance while in different altitudes, water sports, and/or cruising. [35]Protection of small engines [ edit]A failed rubber bushing in an outboard's propeller For smaller engines, such as outboards, where the propeller is exposed to the risk of collision with heavy objects, the propeller often includes a device that is designed to fail when overloaded; the device or the whole propeller is sacrificed so that the more expensive transmission and engine are not damaged. Typically in smaller (less than 10 hp or 7.5 k W) and older engines, a narrow shear pin through the drive shaft and propeller hub transmits the power of the engine at normal loads. The pin is designed to shear when the propeller is put under a load that could damage the engine. After the pin is sheared the engine is unable to provide propulsive power to the boat until a new shear pin is fitted. [36]In larger and more modern engines, a rubber bushing transmits the torque of the drive shaft to the propeller's hub. Under a damaging load the friction of the bushing in the hub is overcome and the rotating propeller slips on the shaft, preventing overloading of the engine's components. [37] After such an event the rubber bushing may be damaged. If so, it may continue to transmit reduced power at low revolutions, but may provide no power, due to reduced friction, at high revolutions. Also, the rubber bushing may perish over time leading to its failure under loads below its designed failure load. Whether a rubber bushing can be replaced or repaired depends upon the propeller; some cannot. Some can, but need special equipment to insert the oversized bushing for an interference fit. Others can be replaced easily. The ""special equipment"" usually consists of a funnel, a press and rubber lubricant (soap). If one does not have access to a lathe, an improvised funnel can be made from steel tube and car body filler; as the filler is only subject to compressive forces it is able to do a good job. Often, the bushing can be drawn into place with nothing more complex than a couple of nuts, washers and a threaded rod. A more serious problem with this type of propeller is a ""frozen-on"" spline bushing, which makes propeller removal impossible. In such cases the propeller must be heated in order to deliberately destroy the rubber insert. Once the propeller is removed, the splined tube can be cut away with a grinder and a new spline bushing is then required. To prevent a recurrence of the problem, the splines can be coated with anti-seize anti-corrosion compound. In some modern propellers, a hard polymer insert called a drive sleeve replaces the rubber bushing. The splined or other non-circular cross section of the sleeve inserted between the shaft and propeller hub transmits the engine torque to the propeller, rather than friction. The polymer is weaker than the components of the propeller and engine so it fails before they do when the propeller is overloaded. [38] This fails completely under excessive load, but can easily be replaced. See also [ edit]Screw-propelled vehicle Propeller characteristics [ edit]Advance ratio Axial fan design Propeller phenomena [ edit]Propeller walk Cavitation Propeller variations [ edit]Cleaver [ edit]A cleaver is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge is formed round, while the trailing edge is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance hydroplanes, that naturally have enough hydrodynamic bow lift. To compensate for the lack of bow lift, a hydrofoil may be installed on the lower unit. Hydrofoils reduce bow lift and help to get a boat out of the hole and onto plane. Other [ edit]Azimuth thruster Azipod Helix Impeller Kitchen rudder Ducted propeller Kort nozzle Pump-jet Paddle steamer Pleuger rudder Propulsor Voith-Schneider Cleaver Bow/stern thruster Folding propeller Modular propeller Supercavitating propeller Materials and manufacture [ edit]External video Construction of Wooden Propellers 1 23, NASA Langley Balancing machine Composite materials Notes [ edit]^ Carlton, John, Marine Propellers and Propulsion Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012, p. 363^ Carlton, p. 1^ <Carlton, p. 1^ Murihead, James Patrick, The Life of James Watt, with Selections from His Correspondence ... With Portraits and Woodcuts, London: John Murray,1858, p. 208^ Stein, Stephen K. The Sea in World History: Exploration, Travel, and Trade [2 volumes], Editor Stephen K. Stein, ABC-CLIO, 2017, Volume 1, p. 600^ Manstan, Roy R.; Frese, Frederic J., Turtle: David Bushnell's Revolutionary Vessel, Yardley, Pa: Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59416-105-6. OCLC 369779489, 2010, pp. xiii, 52, 53^ Tucker, Spencer, Almanac of American Military History, ABC-CLIO, 2013, Volume 1, p. 305^ Mansten pp. xiii, xiv^ Nicholson, William, A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, Volume 4, G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, p. 221^ Manstan, p.150^ Carlton, pp. 1-2^ Carlton, p.2^ Carlton, p.2^ Paul Augustin Normand, La Genèse de l'Hélice Propulsive (The Genesis of the Screw Propulsor). Paris: Académie de Marine, 1962, pp. 31–50.^ Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions Goose Lane Publishing (2001) pp. 58–59^ ""Patch's Propeller"", Scientific America, Vol. 4, No. 5 (October 10, 1848) p. 33, featured in The Archimedes Screw website retrieved 31 January 2010 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.^ Smith, Edgar C. (1905). A Short history of Naval and Marine Engineering. University Press, Cambridge. pp. 66–67.^ a b Bourne, p. 84.^ In the case of the Francis B. Ogden, Symonds was correct. Ericsson had made the mistake of placing the rudder forward of the propellers, which made the rudder ineffective. Symonds believed that Ericsson tried to disguise the problem by towing a barge during the test.^ Bourne, pp. 87–89.^ Bourne, p. 85.^ The emphasis here is on ship. There were a number of successful propeller-driven vessels prior to Archimedes, including Smith's own Francis Smith and Ericsson's Francis B. Ogden and Robert F. Stockton. However, these vessels were boats – designed for service on inland waterways – as opposed to ships, built for seagoing service.^ ""The type of screw propeller that now propels the vast majority of boats and ships was patented in 1836, first by the British engineer Francis Pettit Smith, then by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson. Smith used the design in the first successful screw-driven steamship, the Archimedes, which was launched in 1839."". Marshall Cavendish, p. 1335.^ ""The propeller was invented in 1836 by Francis Pettit Smith in Britain and John Ericsson in the United States. It first powered a seagoing ship, appropriately called the Archimedes, in 1839."" Macauley and Ardley, p. 378.^ ""In 1839, the Messrs. Rennie constructed the engines, machinery and propeller, for the celebrated Archimedes, from which may be said to date the introduction of the screw system of propulsion ..."". Mechanics Magazine, p. 220.^ ""It was not until 1839 that the principle of propelling steamships by a screw blade was fairly brought before the world, and for this we are indebted, as almost every adult will remember, to Mr. F. P. Smith of London. He was the man who first made the screw propeller practically useful. Aided by spirited capitalists, he built a large steamer named the ""Archimedes"", and the results obtained from her at once arrested public attention."". Mac Farlane, p. 109.^ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Oklahoma City: U. S. Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. pp. 2–7. FAA-8083-25A.^ Ash, Robert L., Colin P. Britcher and Kenneth W. Hyde. ""Wrights: How two brothers from Dayton added a new twist to airplane propulsion. ""Mechanical Engineering: 100 years of Flight, 3 July 2007.^ ""SILENT propellers"". www.francehelices.fr. JMCWeb Creation and Co. 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2017.^ Godske, Bjørn. "" Energy saving propeller "" (in Danish) Ingeniøren, 23 April 2012. Accessed: 15 March 2014. English translation^ Godske, Bjørn. "" Kappel-propellers pave the way for success at MAN "" (in Danish) Ingeniøren, 15 March 2014. Accessed: 15 March 2014. English translation^ "" Kappel agreement secures access to major market "" 30 August 2013.^ "" KAPRICCIO Project "" European Union. Accessed: 15 March 2014.^ "" Industry Pays Tribute to Innovation Awards Winners "" Marine link, 3 October 2002. Accessed: 15 March 2014. Quote: ""Winner: the energy-saving Kappel propeller concept from the European Commission-funded Kapriccio propulsion research project. Blades curved towards the tips on the suction side reduce energy losses, fuel consumption, noise and vibration""^ Smrcka, Karel (March 18, 2005). ""A new start for marine propellers"". Engineering News. Retrieved July 21, 2017.^ Getchell, David, The Outboard Boater's Handbook^ Admiralty Manual of Seamanship^ US 5484264, Karls, Michael & Daniel Lindgren, ""Torsionally twisting propeller drive sleeve and adapter"", published March 8, 1994, issued January 16, 1996External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Propellers. Titanic's Propellers Theory calculation propellers and wings: detailed article with blade element theory software application""What You Should Know About Propellers For Our Fighting Planes"", November 1943, Popular Science extremely detailed article with numerous drawings and cutaway illustrations Archimedes Screw History: The story of marine propulsionpropellers history: The story of propellers [1]: Wartsila Marine Propellers Categories: Propellers Watercraft components Swedish inventions "


how long does it take to get a receipt notice from uscis for premium

t. Getting Your Application Receipt Numberin a case without premium processing, after your employer has petitioned for your H-1B visa, USCIS will, after approximately one to two weeks, send you a receipt notice on Form I-797. The receipt notice will contain your name (listed as the beneficiary), your employer’s name (listed as the petitioner), and an address. If your employer retained an attorney, the attorney’s name and address will be listed on the receipt notice as well.

How Long It Takes to Get an H-1B Visa Petition Approved

"Once an employer has gone through the various preliminary steps and then filed an H-1B case petition (on Form I-129), the processing is in the hands of U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Some applicants receive approval in as few as 30 days, others may wait much longer. Employers willing to pay an additional $1,225 can get “premium processing” of the I-129 petition, which guarantees a decision within 15 days of filing, or within 15 days of a response to a Request for Evidence, should one be issued. Related Products MOREBecoming a U. S. Citizen Fiancé & Marriage Visas How to Get a Green Card U. S. Immigration Made Easy Because of the annual limit on the number of H-1B petitions that can be approved, an employer often must petition six months in advance of the date the employee starts the job. That leaves plenty of time for USCIS to approve or reject the petition so that the employee knows whether he or she can get an H-1B visa or get into H-1B status in the U. S. before the job starts. Premium processing would not be necessary in that usual case. But there are H-1B petitions that are not subject to the annual limit and for which you may need premium processing or be concerned about when USCIS will approve the petition. For planning purposes, the key will be to learn to monitor your application while it is being processed by USCIS. Here is how to do tha

If your employer filed without an attorney, the receipt notice will list the employer’s address. (Be sure to review these details for correct information as well as spelling. )In the top left-hand corner of the receipt notice is the case receipt number, which confirms the processing of your case as well as allows you to track the case through your USCIS Case Status Online. For example, your receipt number might read something like this: EAC-12-096-36548. We will explain how to read the number below. Checking the Average Processing Time of Cases in Your Category Once you have checked your current case status, you can also review the current processing times through the USCIS Processing Times Information website. (There is a link to this site from the Case Status Online results page. )To check processing times for your petition, you will need to know the USCIS office where the form is being reviewed and the date on which USCIS received the form. You can find this information on the receipt notice that USCIS mailed to the employer when your case was accepted for processing. On the processing times web page, from the Service Center drop box, select the Service Center handling your application. How will you know which service center to select? The first three letters of the receipt number indicate the service center where your application was filed. As of early 2016, this is either the Vermont Service Center or the California Service Center, depending on where your employer’s office is located and which center serves that geographic region. Receipt numbers beginning with EAC are at the Vermont Service Center and those beginning with WAC are at the California Service Center. The two numbers after the first three letters indicate the year the case was filed. The remainder of the numbers shows receipt of your specific case. Once you have chosen a Service Center and clicked the Service Center Processing dates button, you will see the current processing times for a list of petition types, as of the date that appears at the top of the list. (It’s usually a month or two old—USCIS doesn’t keep this list up-to-the-minute.) Information is presented in four columns: form number, title of the form, classification or basis for filing the form, and the processing timeframe. For H-1B petitions, look for I-129 in the form column (far left). In the classification or basis column, you’ll see three different types of H-1B filings: visa to be issued abroad (usually for workers not in the U. S. yet), change of status in the U. S. (for workers already in the U. S. with a different type of status), and extension of status in the U. S. (for workers who need their H-1B status extended). Look at the column on the far right to see the processing time for your type of petition. You’ll see either a time period (like “2 months”) or a fixed date (like “September 1, 2018”). If you see a time period, that means it should take USCIS that amount of time (after it received your petition) to give you a decision. If you see a date, it means USCIS is making decisions only on petitions that were filed on or before that date. So if your receipt date is after that, don’t expect an answer yet. But again, keep in mind the date on the top of the list—the list is usually a month or two old, so you might expect a decision a little bit quicker than the processing time you’re seeing. What If My Case Is Taking Longer Than USCIS's Estimated Processing Time? The information you get from the USCIS processing times website is USCIS’s best guess based on its most recent data. It’s not exact, and you can’t rely on it to be 100% accurate. But if your case is outside of the estimated processing time, the employer can call USCIS at 800-375-5283 and place a service request. For instance, if the case was receipted May 1, 2018 and the estimated processing time of your type of case is two months, this would indicate that USCIS should reach a final decision, approval or denial, on the case on or before July 1, 2018. Related Ads If it is after this date, and USCIS has made no decision on your case, it is appropriate to call USCIS. Once the agent places the service request on the case, USCIS will provide a confirmation number as well as a new estimated time of processing, typically 30 to 45 more days. Of course, if your employer paid for premium processing, there is a guarantee of a decision within 15 days, so you should be able to rely on that. If it is taking longer, your employer may have received a Request for Evidence that needs to be responded to before USCIS can make a decision. But even so, USCIS should make a decision within 15 days after receiving your employer’s response to the request. Will I Be Affected by Annual Limits on First-Time H-1B Visas? As mentioned above, you may be applying under the H-1B cap—that is, an annual limit of 65,000 on the number of H-1B petitions approved. USCIS allows ""cap"" petitions to be filed six months before the start of the ""fiscal year,"" which begins on October 1. H-1B ""cap"" workers can't get their H-1B status, and start their job, until October 1 at the soonest. So many people want H-1B status in most years that there’s a lottery just to be selected to apply. To get in the lottery, employers must file their ""cap"" petitions in the first week of April. If your petition is not chosen in the lottery, USCIS will return it to the employer. USCIS usually tells the employer whether the petition has been chosen or not by the end of May, at the latest. If your petition is accepted for further processing, USCIS will usually make a decision on the petition well before October 1. "