what does bail type cash or bond mean

re. Cash Bond A cash bond simply means that the accused must pay the full amount of their bail via cash, though some courts may also accept credit cards. Some judges set the cash bail at an extraordinarily high amount if they want to ensure that the accused stays in jail during their trial.

Different Types of Bail Explained

Different Types of Bail Explained We often read about high-profile cases in the news where an accused person’s bail is set at an unusually large amount. They may even have their passports taken away so that they cannot flee the country. In exceptional cases, bail may be denied and the accused may remain in jail during their trial and up until sentencing. With that in mind, how do regular people post bail after being arrested and charged with a crime? What do they do if they cannot pay? If you or a loved one need to post bail, then you should know that there are several different types of bail available, and each can be tailored to fit both the charges being faced and the accused’s financial situation. Each case will have its own unique bond as determined by a judge at the bail hearing. There are five major types of bail, with some used more frequently than others. What is important in all instances is that the accused shows up to their court appearances and maintains contact with a judge throughout this period of time. If they “skip” or “jump” bail, the legal consequences could be very seve

This type of bond is often used when the judge deems the accused to be a flight risk or a danger to the public. If the accused does not appear in court for their pre-determined hearings, then they forfeit the bail and a warrant is issued for their arrest. If the defendant complies with the courts and attends all hearings, then the bail is returned to them after sentencing. Surety Bond A surety bond is sometimes referred to as a bail bond. These bonds are often used when the accused person cannot afford to pay the bond that is set by the officiating judge. A friend or relative contacts a bail agent, who is usually an employee of a surety company, which is a type of insurance company. These agents, or bondsmen, will appear in court with the accused and pledge to pay the full amount of money if the accused person does not make it to their court appearances. The bondsman will then charge the accused or the accused’s relatives a certain premium and may hold some larger personal possessions as collateral. If the accused does not make their court appearances, or the relative does not or cannot pay back the bondsman, there may be severe repercussions depending on the accused’s local jurisdiction. They could face being tracked down by bounty hunters, who will take a percentage of the bond amount in return for turning in the accused to the authorities. Licensed bondsmen are available in several states and jurisdictions. A loved one or friend can contact one for the accused after they have been booked and are awaiting their bond hearing, or they can do the same for a friend or relative in jail. They can often be found in phonebooks, and several bondsmen maintain their own websites with contact information and easy-to-read financial details. Property Bond A property bond uses a person’s personal possessions as a way to ensure bail payment. Usually, this involves larger items such as a car, house, or other property. The court then places a lien, or a claim, on the property. Skipped court appearances can mean that the courts can possess these items and force the accused to forfeit ownership in order to cover the cost of bail. Using one’s property as a way to pay bail should be considered very carefully and used only as a last resort. Losing a home, vehicle, or land can cause financial misery well after the accused’s legal troubles are over. Immigration Bond If someone is being held by the federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement department, or ICE, they’ll need an immigration bond to be released from custody. An immigration bail bond is very similar to a surety bond in that you pay to bond agent a premium and they put up the remainder to get the accused released from detention. Once released the accused must attend all their immigration hearings and report to ICE if they’re ordered deported. If they miss any hearings or do not report for deportation they forfeit the bond and a warrant will be issued for their arrest. Personal Recognizance If a judge chooses to release someone on personal recognizance, it means that the accused is entirely responsible for showing up to their court appearances, and bail money does not have to be paid to the courts. If the accused person does not adhere to these conditions, they may be remanded into custody until their trial takes place or they are sentenced. Personal recognizance bail is typically not allowed for high-risk cases. If a person is deemed to be a flight risk or a danger to others, personal recognizance will not be granted. Release on Citation This type of bail is sometimes referred to as a “cite out”. Essentially, a citation is issued to the accused by the arresting officer. This citation will act as a court summons if a criminal violation is cited by the officer. Failing to appear in court on the specified date can lead to further legal trouble for the accused person. A warrant can be issued for their arrest, and they can even face time in jail. Depending on the state, they can lose their driver’s license, unemployment benefits, and tax refunds. A “cite out” is usually used for minor violations of the law. Like to share? The following two tabs change content below. Bio Latest Posts Clive Johnson Clive is a bail expert from the Tucson area who started this site to correct a number of myths about the industry. He's also a family man with a wife and three kids. When he's not working he spends his time on the golf course or at the Rotary club.


how long to hold old patient charts

State laws may require a health care provider keep a patient's medical records for a certain period of time. Under PA law, a doctor must keep a patient's medical record for at least 7 years after the last treatment date. The exception is for the medical records of a minor, those records must be kept until 1 year after the minor reaches the age of majority or for 7 years, whichever is longer. Similarly, hospitals must keep medical records for at least 7 years after a patient is discharged from the hospital. Hospital records of minors must be kept until age of majority plus 7 years. In practice, many health care providers keep their medical records longer. And for as long as those records are kept, a patient has a right to see them.

How long is a doctor required to keep medical records on a patient? Question Details: When can the records be destroyed? Asked on 4/9/2018 under: Medical Malpractice Pennsylvania More Legal Topics ▼ All States ▼Are you an attorney? Sign up to answer this question. M. D., Member, California And New York Bar / Free Advice Contributing Attorney Answered 7 years ago | Contributor

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The Answer (s) provided above are for general information only. The attorney providing the answer was not serving as the attorney for the person submitting the question or in any attorney-client relationship with such person. Laws may vary from state to state, and sometimes change. Tiny variations in the facts, or a fact not set forth in a question, often can change a legal outcome or an attorney's conclusion. Although Attorney Pages.com has verified the attorney was admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction, he or she may not be authorized to practice law in the jurisdiction referred to in the question, nor is he or she necessarily experienced in the area of the law involved. Unlike the information in the Answer (s) above, upon which you should NOT rely, for personal advice you can rely upon we suggest you go to Attorney Pages.com and retain an attorney to represent you. Top Ranking Attorneys Last 30 days All Time Gregory Abbott77 Answers | Points 800Contributor Anne Brady940 Answers | Points 500Contributor Joanna Mitchell11 Answers | Points 350Contributor Terence Fenelon228 Answers | Points 100Contributor Christine Socrates17 Answers | Points 50Contributor Maury Beaulier323 Answers | Points 50Contributor Are you an attorney? Easily grow your practice!Already a member? Sign In | Register Top Questions & Answers In Medical Malpractice ►How do you find out if someone received a settlement from a lawsuit?2 Answers | 30 Views | Asked in Medical Malpractice Can a doctor refuse to treat me just because I owe their office a little money?1 Answers | 30 Views | Asked in Medical Malpractice Can someone go back and sue a hospital after 15 years for medical malpractice?1 Answers | 30 Views | Asked in Medical Malpractice How long is a doctor required to keep medical records on a patient?1 Answers | 30 Views | Asked in Medical Malpractice How much money should I ask for in a dental malpractice suit for pain and suffering?1 Answers | 30 Views | Asked in Medical Malpractice Not what you need? find your legal advice


how many patients does texas oncology see?

. More than 68,000 patients are treated within the Texas Oncology network annually. [1]Texas Oncology doctors treat cancer, blood disorders, and related chronic diseases and specialize in medical oncology, hematology, gynecologic oncology, pediatric hematology/oncology, radiation oncology, breast, and urology care.

Texas Oncology

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Texas Oncology is a network of 300+ physicians and oncology specialists who provide advanced treatment options (technology, clinical trials, and research) to cancer patients in underserved rural and urban communities throughout Texas, with one office in New Mexico and one in Oklahoma

Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Research3 Locations4 Sources History [ edit]Founded in 1986 by several oncologists at Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, the organization has grown to include a network of over 300 physicians at more than 100 offices in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. [2]Texas Oncology focuses on a community-based approach, intending to give cancer patients in underserved rural or urban areas access to care and treatment in their local communities that is generally associated with major academic or medical centers. [1] More than 80 percent of all cancer treatment is delivered in an outpatient setting. [3]Research [ edit]In association with US Oncology, [4] physicians at Texas Oncology conduct ongoing research and regularly participate in clinical trials [5] for most types of cancers, including lung, colon, and breast. [6]Texas Oncology specialists have shared research at events including the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting [7] and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) [8] among others. Locations [ edit]Texas Oncology currently has more than 100 offices in Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Oklahoma and serves both rural and urban areas. [ citation needed] In Texas, there are Texas Oncology practices in primary metropolitan areas including Austin, Dallas/Fort Worth, and Houston as well as rural areas such as West Texas and the Texas Panhandle. The New Mexico practice is based in Las Cruces, and the Oklahoma location serves the Durant area. Sources [ edit]^ a b Zaragoza, Sandra. ""More Central Texans Means Growth for Oncology Providers"", Austin Business Journal, Austin, 8 November 2009. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.^ "" Texas Oncology Website, Mission, Vision, and History"" Retrieved on 2010-12-20.^ Wollam, Alison. ""Collaboration Creates Cancer Center"", Houston Business Journal, Houston, 8 August 2010. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.^ ""US Oncology Website, About Us"" Retrieved on 2010-12-20.^ Terri Gruca. ""Cancer trials help improve patients’ quality of life"", Texas Cable News Network, 24 April 2009. Retrieved on 2010-12-20.^ ""US Oncology Website, Find a Clinical Trial"" Retrieved on 2010-12-20.^ 2010 ASCO Annual Meeting Program at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 June 2013)^ 2010 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium Program Schedule at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 March 2012)Categories: Healthcare in Texas "


how much a square foot does it cost to have carpet installed

Cost of padding (if not included in the carpet or labor cost): $0.30-$0.60 per square foot Cost of labor: $0.50-$1 per square foot Cost of labor add-ons (furniture removal, Berber carpet installation, special cuts, hauling away, etc. ): $0.50-$2 per square foot Therefore, a standard 12-foot by 12-foot room without any odd angles or cutouts should cost between $300-$750 for carpet installation using a low- to middle-grade carpet material. That equals approximately $2-$5 per square foot.

How Much Does It Cost To Install Carpeting?

"On This Page: So What's the Average Cost per Sq Ft to Install? The Cost of Carpet Itself Styles & Options Additional Costs & Fees Carpet Maintenance Changing the carpeting in your home is an easy way to freshen up and modernize a space in a short period of time. Unlike some other home improvement projects, professional installation of carpeting is really necessary given the complex tools required to create a finished look. Many home improvement stores and flooring retailers offer ""free"" installation services with the purchase of carpeting from their locations; however, varying factors such as type of material, uneven floors, staircases, and old carpet removal can drastically increase the final cost of such convenient services, making them not as free as you might have hoped. Because effectively calculating the costs associated with carpet installation is not as straightforward as it seems, any homeowner looking to update his or her carpeting needs to consider far more than just the price per square foot of the material. Photo courtesy of Howell Flooring in Greensboro, NCWhat's the Average Cost per Square Foot to Install Carpeting? Many factors go into the final carpet prices and installation job, including room size and shape, carpet style, furniture removal, hauling out old flooring, labor, and more. That's why there is so much variety in our user reports, which show that the average cost of an entire carpet installation project is $1,596, with most homeowners paying between $739 and $2,453 but with some paying as little as $200 or as much as $4,000. Here's a look at those costs, broken down by square foot: Cost of carpeting: $1-$11 per square foot

Find a Carpet Installer Today Find Pros Return to Top The Cost of Carpet Itself The single most influential element that affects the final cost to install carpeting is the price of the carpet itself. The range of options is vast, spanning from basic olefin and polyester, priced around $1-$2 per square foot, all the way to wool and patterned Berber, which can cost upwards of $9-$11 per square foot. Basically, the style and materials used to make the carpet determine its cost, which means homeowners need to balance the desired look and effect with their budgets. Return to Top Carpet Styles and Options Despite the many choices in stores, carpet really only comes in three basic styles known as piles. These three types - cut, loop, and cut and loop - each offer distinctive features and benefits to homeowners and work best in different rooms of the home based on the level of foot traffic. Cut Pile Carpet: Created when the woven loops of carpet are all cut to the same height and tufted at the ends, its resulting appearance is dense and soft. Cut pile carpet includes four subcategories: Saxony or Plush: The most common type of carpet, this looks like a freshly mowed lawn. It’s subject to wear, however, and therefore best in low-traffic areas. Textured Saxony: This type is twisted to create a permanent curl and resist lines and wear. It’s great for medium- to high-traffic areas. Frieze: More tightly twisted than textured Saxony, the yarn from Frieze carpet actually curls over to create a durable product that resists lines and works well in high-traffic areas. Cable: Notable for its thicker and longer yarn, cable carpet is the plushest style. However, it is subject to wear and matting, making it best for low-traffic areas. Loop Pile Carpet: Also known as commercial carpet, loop pile is the uncut version of cut pile carpet commonly found in high-traffic areas of the home and in businesses. It is made of yarn that is actually looped into its backing, making it incredibly durable and resistant to lines. Often multicolored to hide dirt and stains, different types of loop pile carpet may include both low- and high-profile areas to add additional texture and concealment. Cut and Loop Carpet: By combining the techniques used to create cut pile and loop pile carpet, it is possible to make unique patterns and designs that add interest and texture to a room. Alternately known as ""cut and uncut carpet"" and ""sculpted carpet,"" this style of carpeting is durable and easily conceals lines, making it a good choice for medium- to high-traffic areas. Photo courtesy of Shop Carpet Corporation in Tamarac, FLCarpet Materials There are six common materials used to make carpet: acrylic, cotton, nylon, polyester, polypropylene (or olefin), and wool. While the majority of carpets sold in the United States are made of the synthetic fibers listed, each of these common materials offers homeowners different benefits, drawbacks, and price points. Acrylic: More common in area rugs, acrylic carpet fibers are notable for their spongy feel and resistance to stains, mold, mildew, and moths. Acrylic fibers are easy to clean and dye and are fade resistant. They are subject to pilling, however, and, as the closest material to high-cost wool, are a more premium fiber. Cotton: Also more common in area rugs, cotton carpets are most notable because they are incredibly soft. However, like cotton garments, these carpets stain easily and are subject to fading, so they are not optimal for homes with young children or pets. They also tend to be priced much higher than synthetic fiber alternatives. Nylon: Used in 65 percent of all carpets sold in the United States, nylon fibers are a good option because they are durable and easy to clean, making them suitable for families with kids and indoor/outdoor dogs and cats. Often used in the construction of mid-price carpet, nylon is notably the strongest type of carpet fiber and therefore is often found in high-traffic areas. It is also resistant to mold and mildew. Nylon carpets are subject to static, however, and often receive an anti-static treatment before installation. There are two different types of nylon used during manufacturing: Type 6 Nylon: considered the value fiber. Type 6 is often unbranded and may only meet minimum construction requirements or have inconsistent fiber quality. Type 6.6 Nylon: considered the premium fiber and often branded (Du Pont nylon, for example). Polyester: Well-known for its beautiful color applications, polyester carpet fiber also resists fading and wear over time. The fiber itself is also resistant to mold and mildew and is generally considered non-allergenic. However, the quality and density of the polyester weave vary from brand to brand. As a result, some polyester carpets are especially susceptible to tracking and crushing, making them a poor choice for high-traffic areas. To get the most out of polyester carpet, look for higher-density construction and lower profiles but higher twist levels. Avoid high piles, low density, and ""blown"" yarns, all of which tend to show wear more quickly. Polypropylene or Olefin: The fastest-growing fiber in carpet construction in terms of usage, polypropylene or olefin is used in about 30 percent of all carpets manufactured in the United States and has many of the same characteristics as polyester. It is notable for its incredible stain resistance. It also resists bleaching and sun fading and maintains its color because it is solution-dyed rather than topically dyed. Olefin is also moisture resistant, reducing the occurrence of mold and mildew, and incredibly durable. Buyers are most likely to find olefin fibers in Berber or loop pile carpet, which do well in high-traffic residential areas as cheaper alternatives to nylon. Wool: The most traditional choice when it comes to carpet material, wool is a premium carpet fiber notable for its deep, rich look and luxurious feel. Along with an incredibly high price tag, homeowners who opt for wool should expect a durable, stain-resistant product. Because it is a natural fiber, wool is more susceptible to fading and static, however, and actually absorbs moisture, possibly leading to mold and mildew in wetter areas such as a basement. Get Your Carpet Installed Now Find Pros Return to Top Additional Costs & Fees to Install Carpeting In addition to the cost of the carpet itself along with the labor charges associated with its installation, there are several other factors that seriously affect the final price tag of any job. Subfloor Installation: This applies to new builds and additions where a new subfloor may not be installed or ready to have carpet installed over the top. Adding Moldings: Used to separate rooms and help secure doors, you may need to add moldings if you are changing floor types from something else to carpeting. Baseboards: Used to define the line between the wall and floor, at a minimum, baseboards may need to be removed and reinstalled for proper carpet installation. However, when adding or replacing carpet, replacing or repainting baseboards is a common add-on. Custom Cuts: Any time a contractor has to lay carpet in anything but a square or rectangular room there may be an add-on to compensate for the extra time and skill it takes to complete the install. This is especially true when carpeting stairs, which is considered a specialty installation and will not be included in most promotional installation offers. Removal of Old Flooring: Carpet installation quotes are based on bare subfloors without any nails or glue on top. If you have existing carpet, tile, or other flooring in a room, it will likely need to be removed before you add new carpet. Moving or Rearranging Furniture: If you currently live in your home, you may either need to clear the room that will be having carpet added or else pay the installers to move the furniture themselves. Don't wait until the last minute. Get in touch with a carpet professional today. Return to Top Photo courtesy of The Steam Team Carpet Cleaning, LLC in Gibsonton, FLCarpet Maintenance Once your new carpet is installed, getting the most out of its life means performing regular cleaning and other maintenance to keep it looking its best. Tips to get this done include keeping outside shoes off of carpeted surfaces, vacuuming regularly to rid carpeting of dust and dirt, and always removing spots and stains immediately using a blotting method - never rub a carpet stain!It is also important to carefully consider the foot traffic in any area where you want to put carpet. No matter the style and fiber used in your carpet's construction, if it’s in a high-traffic area such as a main hallway, it’s going to show wear faster than if it’s in an out-of-the-way spot like a guest bedroom. Sometimes the best maintenance you can perform is prevention. You can also ask carpet repair or installation pros. Return to Top "


what is lmis

What is LMISThe national Labour Market Information System (LMIS) is a job matching facility as well as a database of qualitative and quantitative information. The information is collected from a number of labour market information producers and disseminated via the web site in order to improve access.

The services are available at no cost to you. In addition to this website, LMIS services may be accessed at any Ministry of Labour and Social Security (MLSS) office island wide. You may also visit its Facebook page at www.facebook.com/page/Jamaica Labour Market Information System. The stakeholders of the LMIS include students, Guidance and Career Counsellors, and researchers as well as education and training policy makers and planners. The LMIS has three components: The Electronic Labour Exchange (ELE): As the core component of the LMIS, the ELE facilitates the matching of job seekers with employers. The services are available both on-line and off-line. On-line Services for Job-seekers: Tips on résumé writing, preparing for interviews and job searchcounsellingrésuméssearch Facilities at the North Street office to check email for notification from employers about job interviews. Off-line Services for Job-seekers: Computer facilities to post résumés and conduct job search Referral to other institutions Presentations/workshops on topics such as labour market trends and workplace readiness Entrepreneurship workshops which expose ELE clients to income generating skills which are easily learnt e.g. floral arrangement, sewing and making gift baskets Career development activities for secondary schools On-line Services for Employers: Posting job vacancies Access to a database of skilled workers Search for and selection of candidates Off-line Services for Employers: Interview and short listing of candidates for employers Guidance to employers on how to post job vacancies Posting vacancies for employers Conference room facility at the Ministry’s North Street office which may be used by employers to conduct interviews. Skills Bank: The Skills Bank is a database of Jamaicans with certified skills. Qualified persons are encouraged to register on-line so that employers can access workers with the required competencies. It is hoped that the database will provide information which can used to help determine the supply of and demand for labour, shortages and trends, as well as facilitate occupational projections. Labour Market Intelligence: This is a combination of current and historical data on the local economy, population and labour market. It also includes information on training opportunities for the youth, sources of funding for education, the most frequently advertised jobs (hottest jobs) and summaries of labour market research conducted by MLSS. The LMIS has assisted hundreds of persons to gain employment. It is designed to create an environment in which decisions by individuals in the labour market are based on reliable information. This should translate into an efficiently functioning labour market with less mismatch between the skills that job seekers are offering and those required by employers.


foods for pregnancy constipation

Can I Prevent Constipation During Pregnancy? Healthy eating habits and regular exercise encourage a speedy digestive system, which can help prevent constipation during pregnancy. Consuming lots of fiber-rich foods (fruits, veggies, whole grains, beans), drinking enough water and staying (or getting) active can all combine to prevent constipation by counteracting the natural digestive slowdown of pregnancy.

Constipation During Pregnancy

Pregnancy > Your Health Constipation During Pregnancy Updated: November 27, 2017Kayla Snell/Stocksy What causes constipation during pregnancy — and what to do when your bowels just can't seem to get a move on. In This Article When Does Constipation Start During Pregnancy? What Causes Constipation During Pregnancy? What Can I Do About Constipation When I'm Pregnant? Can I Prevent Constipation During Pregnancy? When Can I Expect Constipation to End While I'm Pregnant? Irregular bowel movements causing a bloated, gassy, clogged-up feeling are a very regular pregnancy complaint. Here's what you can do if you're feeling stopped up. When Does Constipation Generally Start During Pregnancy? Constipation tends to start as early as progesterone levels rise, around the second to third month of pregnancy. It may get worse as pregnancy progresses and your uterus grows. What Causes Constipation During Pregnancy? As with many other pregnancy symptoms, pregnancy hormones are the culprit behind constipation. Progesterone causes the muscles in your bowels to relax, allowing food to hang around longer in the digestive tract. The upside is there's added time for nutrients to be absorbed into your bloodstream and reach your baby. The downside is you end up with a waste-product traffic jam. Your expanding uterus also takes up valuable space normally occupied by your bowel, cramping its usual activity. What Can I Do About Constipation When I'm Pregnant? You don't have to resign yourself to nine months of misery. There are plenty of tactics to combat colon congestion (all the while heading off hemorrhoids, a common side effect of constipation): Fight back with fiber. Fiber-rich foods help you eliminate waste; aim for 25 to 35 grams each day. Check the food labels if you want, but there's no need to do the math. Instead, focus on simply eating plenty of whole-grain cereals and breads, legumes (peas and beans), fresh fruits and veggies (raw or lightly cooked — preferably with skin left on) and dried fruits. Going for the green can also help you go, in both the form of leafy green vegetables and kiwi fruit, which packs a potent laxative effect. Sample from this fiber-rich and tasty menu to get started. Really plugged up? Try adding some bran or psyllium to your diet, starting with a sprinkle and increasing as needed. Be sure to check with your doctor first before you do this, though, and don't go overboard, since these fiber powerhouses can carry away important nutrients before they can be absorbed. (Also be prepared for some flatulence, another common complaint of pregnancy as well as a temporary side effect of upping the fiber in your diet. )Resist refined. Shun refined grains (white bread, white rice, refined cereals and pasta), which tend to back things up. Drink up. Downing 12 to 13 full glasses of fluids ( water, vegetable or fruit juice and broth) every day keeps solids moving through your digestive tract and makes your stool soft and easier to pass. You can also turn to warm liquids, including that health spa staple, hot water and lemon, to help stimulate peristalsis (the intestinal contractions that help you go). Prune juice is a good pick for truly tough cases, since it's a mild laxative. Don't max out at mealtime. Big meals can overtax your digestive tract, leading to things getting backed up. Try eating six mini-meals a day rather than three large ones and you'll also experience less gas and bloating. Go when you gotta go. Regularly holding it in can weaken the muscles that control your bowels and lead to constipation, so try to go whenever you have to. Consider your supplements and medications. Ironically, many of the supplements and medications that do a pregnant body good ( prenatal vitamins, calcium and iron supplements, and antacids) can exacerbate constipation. So check with your practitioner about alternatives (such as slow-release iron supplements) or adjustments in dosages until the situation improves. Also ask your practitioner about taking a magnesium supplement to help fight constipation. Taking it at night may relax achy muscles and help you sleep better, too. Get your fill of probiotics. The probiotic acidophilus, found in yogurts that contain active cultures, stimulate the intestinal bacteria to break down food better to keep things moving. You can also ask your practitioner to recommend a good probiotic supplement in capsules, chewables or powder form that can be added to smoothies. Get a move on. Regular exercise during pregnancy encourages regular bowel movements. Even just a 10-minute walk can get things moving, so make sure you're getting the recommended amount of practitioner-approved exercise. Do your Kegels. Pelvic floor exercises can help keep you regular when practiced regularly. Stay away from stimulant laxatives. Not all laxatives and stool softeners (especially herbal or homemade ones) are safe for use during pregnancy. Talk to your practitioner before taking any constipation medication or remedy.

When Can I Expect Constipation to End While I'm Pregnant? For some women, constipation lasts throughout pregnancy as progesterone levels peak. However if you change up your eating and exercise habits, things usually begin moving more smoothly. And you can take steps to combat constipation at any point during your pregnancy. More on Pregnancy Symptoms and Health Diarrhea During Pregnancy6 Kitchen Staples to Have On Hand When You're Pregnant The 7 Weirdest Pregnancy Symptoms From the What to Expect editorial team and Heidi Murkoff, author of What to Expect When You're Expecting. Health information on this site is based on peer-reviewed medical journals and highly respected health organizations and institutions including ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics), as well as the What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. View Sources Related Topics Your Health Pregnancy Pregnancy Groups Second Trimester Trending On What to Expect1. Drinking During Pregnancy: Is a Little Alcohol Ever Okay?2. When to Call Your Doctor During Pregnancy3. Packing Your Hospital Bag4. Breakfast During Pregnancy5. Nursery Basics That Go Beyond the Crib


what kind of grades do you need to be a dental hygienist

Entrance Requirements & Selection Process Eligibility To be eligible for admission to the Dental Hygiene program, you must meet the following conditions: Completed prerequisites with a GPA of 2.5 or higher before applying for admission to Dental Hygiene (see exception on the prerequisite list)All required science classes must have been taken within seven (7) years of your application (Virtual or Online labs with science courses WILL NOT be accepted.

Dental Hygiene Entrance Requirements for Dental Hygiene How to Apply to Dental Hygiene Faculty and Staff Dental Clinic Home Learning Outcomes Program Costs Scholarship Opportunities Shoreline Community College Dental Hygiene Entrance Requirements & Selection Process

)Prerquisite coursework may be in progress at the time of application, and must be completed by the end of Winter Quarter to qualify for selection. Human Relations and Multicultural courses may be completed after acceptance to the Program, and must be completed prior to Fall enrollment to the Program. Only fully complete applications will be considered. Once an applicaiton is submitted, it cannot be altered. Application Process The application is submitted ONLINE and will be open each year between January 15 and February 15. Go to How to Apply to Dental Hygiene. The following materials must be mailed or hand delivered to the Dental Hygiene Program. If mailed, postmark must be dated no later than the deadline. Hand delivered material must be recieved no later than 4:00 PM on the deadline. It is the applicants responsibility to see that his/her file is complete and up-to-date, submitted in ONE ENVELOPE prior to established deadline.$20.00 nonrefundable processing fee, check or money order made payable to Shoreline Community College (NO DEBIT OR CREDIT CARD PAYMENTS)Work Experience Verifications form (s), signed by supervisor Copy of official transcripts SHORELINE COMMUNITY COLLEGEDENTAL HYGIENE PROGRAM16101 Greenwood Ave NShoreline, WA 98133Selection Process A point system is used to rank applicants. Space is limited to twenty-four new students, so admission is determined according to ranking. Points are given for:50%--academics (grades of prerequisite courses only)20%--work and educational experience, if any30%--interview All the materials recieved by the deadline are evaluated and ranked based on points for academics, work and educational experience. The top fifty (50) applicants of this first evaluation will be notified in approximately 2-3 weeks and invited to an interview. Interviews are scheduled during the Shoreline CC Winter finals week (typically the 3rd week in March). A twenty (20) minute interview is conducted for each candidate. After points are totaled from the evaluation and interview, the top twenty-four (24) applicatns will be invited to join the Dental Hygiene Program to begin Fall Quarter. (Interview committee members are trained according to ADA guidelines)There is a waitlist, based on rank, in case an applicant in the top twenty-four does not accept or enroll, the next ranked candidate will be notified of their acceptance into the program. Reapplication Process If you are not admitted on your first attempt, you may reapply the following year. If you feel it is necessary, you may retake any prerequisite courses. Be sure to submit updated transcripts. Complete the process as you did the first time. After acceptance to the Program, you will be asked to submit documentation showing: Medical and Required Immunizations Forms and TB skin test results Hepatitis B series Influenza MMRVaricella (chickenpox)Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis TB skin test (annually)Background Check from www.castlebranch.com Current FIRST AID certification must be valid for the entire program (Note: CPR/AED will be taught the second quarter in the dental hygiene program before treating patients)


where is lima beads located

Lima Beads is located in the college town of Ann Arbor, MI USA. Go Blue! You can read more about our little company on the About Us page.

Hi, there! How can we help you?

Hi, there! How can we help you? Send Us a Message: We’ll respond personally to your questions, problems, concerns, or anything else you send our way! If you’d prefer, e-mail us: team@limabeads.com Your Name: Your E-mail: Your Message: Fast Answers: Where’s my order? Log in to see your order history. Need to return something? Request a return to get started. Other common questions: For questions on shipping, restocking, and other policies, see the FAQ below. Frequently Asked Questions When will my order ship and how much will it cost? Our shipping is fast! U. S. orders over $40 ship free, and shipping for U. S. orders under $40 starts at just $2.99. Our international shipping rates are great, too! See our complete shipping policy and rates. Which payment methods does Lima Beads accept? We're proud to accept Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover and Paypal via our secure checkout process. Simply choose your preferred payment method at checkout. At this time, we're not able to accept checks or money orders. Can I return something if I don't like it? Absolutely! We have a 30 day, 100% refund return policy. Read the full return policy or request a return now. Where are you located?

Do you have a showroom or retail location? Unfortunately, no. We're considering opening a showroom someday so we can meet more of our customers in person, but we're just not ready for that yet :) We know it can be difficult to buy beads without being able to see them in person. If you have questions regarding our products, please contact our team. We'll be happy to work with you to select items you'll love! If you're not happy with any item, you can always return it within 30 days for a 100% refund. Can you tell me when an item will be restocked? This can be a tough one to answer. Every two weeks, we receive shipments from manufacturers including: Tierra Cast, Vintaj, Nunn Design, TOHO seed beads, Beadalon, Soft Flex, and others. If you're looking for this type of brand name product, we'll most likely have it back in stock within two weeks. If you're looking for something more like gemstone beads, pearls, designer Czech glass, tagua nuts, or recycled glass, it can take longer because those shipments arrive less frequently. We try not to be out of any item for more than 30 days, if at all possible.


graveyard shift meaning

The Graveyard Shift, or Graveyard Watch, was the name coined for the work shift of the early morning, typically midnight until 8am. The name originated in the USA at the latter end of the 1800s.

Graveyard shift

"Graveyard shift Other phrases about: Death and dying Religion What's the meaning of the phrase 'Graveyard shift'? A late-night/early-morning work shift. What's the origin of the phrase 'Graveyard shift'? I am loath to do it, as there may just be someone who will take the following passage as literal truth, but here's a reprint of the last (and quite possibly the least) paragraph of the collection of invented and untrue twaddle that has been circulating on the Internet for some time, under the name of 'Life in the 1500s': England is old and small and they started running out of places to bury people. So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a ""bone-house"" and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night (the ""graveyard shift"") to listen for the bell; thus, someone could be ""saved by the bell"" or was considered a ""dead ringer. ""We have debunked the saved by the bell and dead ringer myths previously, so now let's take a look at 'graveyard shift'. Given that the derivation of the phrases 'saved by the bell' and 'dead ringer' had nothing whatever to do with burials or graveyards, it might be thought that 'graveyard shift' could be dismissed without further investigation. That may be a little hasty. Those phrases may have had nothing to do with bells being attached to coffins to guard against premature burial, but such devices did exist and were occasionally used. Given that some people had sufficient fear of being buried alive to invest in such coffins, it is at least plausible that they would also have made arrangements for someone to monitor the grave so that their coffin's bell could be heard in the event of them ringing it. Nevertheless, and as usual with phrase etymology, plausibility and truth are only distant relatives.

There's no evidence at all that it had anything directly to do with watching over graveyards, merely that the shifts took place in the middle of the night, when the ambience was quiet and lonely. The earliest example of the phrase in print that I have found is in the US newspaper The Salt Lake Tribune, June 1897: The police changed shifts for the month yesterday. This month Sergeant Ware takes the morning relief. Sergeant Matt Rhodes the middle and Sergeant John Burbidge the graveyard shift. The 'graveyard watch' version of the phrase was normally used by sailors on watch - hardly a group in a position to supervise buried coffins. The graveyard link was made explicit in this definition, offered by the American mariner Gershom Bradford, in A Glossary of Sea Terms, 1927:"" Graveyard watch, the middle watch or 12 to 4 a.m., because of the number of disasters that occur at this time. ""One more nail in the coffin of folk etymology, let's hope, or can I still hear a faint bell clanking in the Internet graveyard? See also saved by the bell, dead ringer and Life in the 1500s. "


withdrawal symptoms for coffee

When you deprive your body of the caffeine it has grown accustomed to, it struggles to cope with this sudden change. In the coping process, you end up with a pounding headache. Headaches, irritability, lethargy, nervousness, and mild depression are all fairly common withdrawal symptoms associated with caffeine intake.

Coffee withdrawal symptoms?

"Hi Alice,Been reading your site for a while and wanted to first thank you for an excellent site! So anyway, here's the question: I've been having headaches off and on for the past year and noticed that it seems to coincide with days that I don't drink coffee in the morning. I've heard of becoming ""addicted"" to caffeine, so I decided I should just go ahead and quit for a while. This past week, I cut out coffee and all caffeine-related products from my diet, and have been suffering from pounding headaches every day. Today (six days from my last cup of coffee) is the first day that I don't seem to have a headache. Is this common? And also, any ideas on what will happen if I do have some coffee? Will my system require coffee every day again (at the sake of a pounding headache)? I'm completely clueless on this, and I love coffee, so any advice would be helpful.— de-caffeinated and hating it Dear de-caffeinated and hating it,Headaches are a normal response to an abrupt and drastic cut in the supply of caffeine to the system. If you drink lots of coffee, or somehow provide your body with a steady, high supply of caffeine, with time, your body will develop a tolerance to caffeine.

As you have experienced, withdrawal symptoms from cutting caffeine from your routine typically go away after several days. Withdrawal symptoms from a caffeine ""detox"" are nowhere near as severe as symptoms of withdrawal from other drugs. Although it does produce physical dependence, most of us would not identify caffeine as a dependency-producing drug. For more information on caffeine specifically, you can check out Long-term effects of caffeine-based drugs in the Go Ask Alice!Alcohol & Other Drugs archives. As for your other issue, it's not a question of ""if I do have some coffee...?"" — rather, it's one of ""can I have some coffee without having some more, and then maybe one more cup for the road?"" It's possible to drink a cup of coffee every now and then, or even one a day, without developing such a strong tolerance that your headaches come back to haunt you on your first coffeeless morning. The key here is moderation. It's also good to be aware of the caffeine content of other beverages you drink, primarily teas and sodas. Make sure you're not substituting one form of caffeine for another. For more information, see Caffeine content. If you really can't live without coffee, drink one cup of full strength and then switch to decaf for the rest of the day. Or, make your pots half-decaf and half-caff, and use premium coffee roasts, such as French Roast, Viennese, and Yukon Gold... get the aroma? Bottoms up!Alice!Share this page on Facebook Share this page on Twitter Share this page on Google+ Printer-friendly version Send by email PDF version "


when did women's rights begin in canada

916 Women in Manitoba are the first in Canada to gain the right to vote and run for office in Provincial Elections when the Manitoba Legislative Assembly Manitoba passes an act to amend the Manitoba Election Act, S. M. 1917 c. 28 (January 28).

Canadian History of Womenâs Rights

Canadian History of Women’s Rights Date Timeline Event1758 – 1866 With few exceptions in the colonies that would later form Canada, the vote is a privilege reserved for a limited segment of the population – mainly affluent men. Eligibility is based on property ownership. To be eligible, an individual has to own property or assets of a specified value or pay a certain amount in taxes or rent. Women are excluded.1809 – 1849 Women with property in Québec have the right to vote from 1809 until 1849, when the word “male” is inserted into Québec’s franchise act.1850 In Ontario, women with property, married or single, have the right to vote for school trustees.1857 The British Matrimonial Causes Act , adopted in Canada, makes divorce possible for women on the grounds of adultery.1859 Married women can own property in Canada, but they cannot sell it. Sale of the property requires the agreement of the woman and her husband.1867 Dr. Emily Stowe (1831-1903) graduates in medicine from New York State University. Dr. Stowe, who later became a groundbreaking woman and suffragist, is not legally allowed to practice in Canada until 1880.1867 – 1884 Canadian Confederation. In all provinces, there are three basic conditions for becoming an elector:1. being male2. being 21 or older3. being a British subject by birth or naturalization1871 According to Manitoba’s Act Respecting Married Women, a woman is allowed to keep ownership of her property, but any wages she makes goes to her spouse. If he is judged cruel or insane, she is entitled to her wages and those of any dependent children.1872 The Married Women’s Property Act of Ontario gives a married woman the right to her own wage earnings free from her husband’s control. In accordance with the Public Lands of the Dominion Statute, women without a husband who have dependent children may have homestead land.1874 The Women’s Christian Temperance Union is founded in Owen Sound, Ontario.1875 Grace Annie Lockhart (1855-1916) is the first woman to receive a university degree in Canada. (Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick). Dr. Jennie Trout (1841-1921) returns from an American medical school with a degree. She is the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Canada.1876 A British common law ruling states that “women are persons in matters of pains and penalties, but are not persons in matters of rights and privileges.”Dr. Emily Howard Stowe and her daughter, Dr. Augusta Stowe-Gullen, found the Toronto Women’s Literary Club. The group is created for suffrage activities.1882 The Toronto Labour Council supports the principle of equal pay for equal work. First major strike of women workers in Toronto. Women shoemakers strike for union recognition, uniform wages, and a wage advances.1883 The Toronto Women’s Literary and Social Progress Club becomes the Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association. Sir John A. Macdonald introduces a bill into parliament that includes the granting of Dominion franchise to unmarried women and widows possessing the required property qualifications. The bill is not passed.1884 The bill is reintroduced in 1884 and defeated. It makes woman suffrage a provincial issue. The first municipal franchise was granted to widows and spinsters in Ontario. The Married Women’s Property Act gives married women in Ontario the same legal capacity as men, meaning that they can make legal agreements and buy property.1885 The Dominion Franchise Act is established and remains in effect until 1898. An eligible voter is identified as a male person, including any person of Aboriginal descent but excluding any person of Asian descent. A man can vote if he or his wife own property; she is responsible for the property tax. In Alberta, unmarried women property owners gain the right to vote and hold office in school matters.1886 Married women’s property legislation is passed in the Northwest Territories.1887 Women in Manitoba gain the right to vote in municipal elections, but are not eligible for municipal office until 1917.1889 The Dominion Women’s Enfranchisement Association is created from The Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association and campaigns for the vote for women.1890 At this time, women in Iceland are allowed to vote. Margaret Benedictsson leads Canadian Icelandic women to start the first suffrage movement in the west. Women ratepayers in Manitoba are able to vote and hold office at the school board level.1890 – 1900 During the decade 1890-1900, bills for the provincial enfranchisement of women are introduced into the legislatures of Ontario, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Quebec. They are all defeated.1890s During this decade, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and the North West Territories grant the municipal franchise to widows and spinsters. Nova Scotia includes widows and spinsters and any married woman owning property, provided her husband is disqualified. British Columbia and Manitoba extend the municipal franchise to all women ratepayers. In all the provinces, women ratepayers are given the school vote. In Ontario, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the North West Territories, women are eligible to become school trustees.1893 The National Council of Women of Canada is founded. It works for social rights of women and children.1894 The North West Territories allows unmarried women to vote in municipal elections, but not to hold office.1894 – 1896 Petitions for the enfranchisement of women, from the Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association, together with the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, are presented to parliament in 1894 and 1896.1897 Adelaide Hunter Hoodless and Erland Lee form the Women’s Institute.1900 Teaching is the only profession open to women that leads to a pension. Under The Dominion Elections Act , the only people who can vote in a federal election are ones who have the legal right to vote in a provincial election. Minorities (including women) who are excluded from voting in provincial elections are therefore automatically excluded from voting in federal elections. The Married Women’s Property Act gives married women in Manitoba the same legal capacity as men. Previously, a woman living in Manitoba lost most of her legal rights respecting property when she married. All her property, for example, became legally vested in her husband. The Married Women’s Property Act allows a wife to own her own property separately from her husband and to control her own wages and profits. She is also jointly responsible for the support of their children.1903 The Married Women’s Property Act gives married women in Prince Edward Island the same legal capacity (legal right in matters of property) as men.1907 The Manitoba Municipal Act is amended so that women are excluded as voters in municipal elections, although they had been granted this right previously. Public protest forces the act to be amended again. The Married Women’s Property Act gives married women in Saskatchewan the same legal capacity (legal right in matters of property) as men.1910 Alberta grants the municipal franchise to widows and spinsters, but not to married women. The Manitoba Women’s Institute is formed in Morris, Manitoba.1911 The Saskatchewan Deserted Wives’ Maintenance Act requires husbands to pay support if they deserted their wives or forced them to leave.1912 The Manitoba Illegitimate Children’s Act allows an unwed mother to bring court action to require the child’s father to pay child support and expenses. Carie Derick is the first woman in Canada to become a full professor at Mc Gill University in Montreal. The Manitoba Political Equality League is founded in Winnipeg by a group of women including Nellie Mc Clung. Montreal Suffrage Association is formed.1914 Alice Jamieson is appointed judge of the juvenile court in Calgary in 1914. She becomes the first woman in Canada and in the British Empire appointed to a court. On January 28, Nellie Mc Clung and other members of the Manitoba Political Equality League stage a mock “Women’s Parliament” in Winnipeg’s Walker Theatre to debate the question of whether men should be allowed to vote. The mock parliament uses humour to point out the unfairness of denying women the vote.1

Saskatchewan passes An Act to Amend the Saskatchewan Election Act , and women in Saskatchewan gain the right to vote. (March 14)Alberta passes The Equal Suffrage Statutory Law Amendment Act S. A. 1916 c.5 and women gain the right to vote. (April 17)Emily Murphy, Edmonton, is the first woman appointed as a magistrate in the British Empire.1917 Emily Murphy faces opposition from some lawyers who stated that she was not a person under the law and should not sit as a judge. She begins a long struggle to have women legally defined as persons. Women gain the right to vote and run for office in British Columbia provincial elections. They also gain the right to vote in Ontario and Alberta. (April 4)Alberta women Louise Mc Kinney and Roberta Mac Adams become the first women elected to a provincial legislature. Mc Kinney was sworn in first and as a result is often referred to as the first woman elected to a provincial legislature. Alberta becomes the first province to adopt a minimum wage law for women. British Columbia becomes the first province to give mothers the same legal rights as fathers regarding their children. On September 20, The Military Voters Act extends the federal vote, until the end of the war, to women in the services and to those women who had close relatives in the armed services of Canada or Great Britain. Nurses in the armed forces are also given the vote. The Dower Act is passed in Alberta providing that a homestead in which a wife has a life interest cannot be disposed of without her consent.1918 Women gain the right to vote and run for office in provincial elections in Nova Scotia. (April 26)Women gain the right to vote in federal elections (24 May) through An Act to Confer Electoral Franchise Upon Women . Eligibility:age 21 or oldernot alien-bornmeet property requirements in provinces where they exist The Federal Electoral law is amended and women can now stand for the House of Commons.1919 Women gain the right to vote and run for office in New Brunswick provincial elections. (April 17)1920 The Federal electoral law is amended. The Dominion Elections Act recognizes that every eligible Canadian over 21, male or female, can vote in federal elections. This does not, however, include Aboriginal peoples, Inuit or anyone barred from a provincial voters’ list, including Asians and Hindus.1921 The first federal election in which in which women are eligible to vote and hold office women is held. Just four women candidates run. Only Agnes Mac Phail wins as an independent from Ontario. She serves for 19 years. During the time she was in the House of Commons, she was joined by only one other woman, Martha Black from the Yukon (1935-1940). Nellie Mc Clung is elected as a Liberal member in the Alberta Legislature. Mary Ellen Smith is appointed a cabinet minister in British Columbia She is the first female provincial cabinet minister and the first in the British Empire. Irene Parlby is appointed Minister without Portfolio in the United Farmer’s government, becoming the first woman in Alberta and the second woman in the British Empire to serve as a cabinet minister. Women are forced to resign from the Canada Civil Service when they get married. In British Columbia, the first maternity leave legislation is passed (six weeks leave).1922 Women in PEI gain the right to vote in provincial elections. (May 3)Alberta passes the Married Women’s Property Act , which gives married women in Alberta the same legal capacity as men. This means that the women who chose to marry no longer have to forfeit the rights to their properties.1925 The federal divorce law is changed allowing women for the first time to obtain a divorce on the same grounds as men. Women gain the vote in Newfoundland. (April 13)1927 – 1928 In August, Emily Murphy, invites four women, Irene Parlby, Nellie Mc Clung, Henrietta Muir Edwards and Louise Crummy Mc Kinney, to her house to consider petitioning the Supreme Court for a decision on the question of whether woman are persons according to the British North America Act of (1867). The Department of Justice recommends to Prime Minister King that the best question to present to the Supreme Court is, “Does the word “persons” in Section 24, of the British North America Act, 1867, include female persons?” (Edwards v. AG for Canada – The “Persons” Case). The arguments are presented on March 14, 1928 (Murphy’s 60th birthday).1928 Alberta’s Sexual Sterilization Act is enacted. Similar laws are enacted in other provinces. In Edwards v. AG for Canada (The “Persons” Case) , the Supreme Court of Canada decides that a woman is not a “qualified person” and therefore cannot be appointed to the Senate of Canada.1929 The Famous Five, as Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Nellie Mc Clung, Henrietta Muir Edwards and Louise Crummy Mc Kinney have become known, take their case to The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England (Canada’s final Court of Appeal at the time) which overturns the decision of the Canadian Supreme Court’s “Persons” case and recognizes Canadian women as persons under the law. As a result, women are “eligible to be summoned to and become members of the Senate of Canada” (October 18).1930 Montreal’s Cairine Reay Wilson becomes the first woman appointed to the Senate.1940 Women in Quebec gain the right to vote through The Act Granting to Women the Right to Vote and to be Eligible as Candidates . Québec becomes the last existing province to make it legal for women, excluding those from a racial minority already banned from voting in other provinces to vote and run for office.1948 The Federal Elections Act is changed so that race is no longer a ground for exclusion from voting in federal elections.1951 Two new laws are passed in Ontario: The Fair Employment Practices Act and the Female Employee’s Fair Remuneration Act . The Fair Employment Practices Act targets discrimination in hiring practices and the work place by establishing fines as well as a procedure for complaints. The Female Employee’s Fair Remuneration Act addresses the common practice in some work places of paying women less than their male colleagues – the act seeks to provide women with equal pay for work of equal value.1952 Equal pay legislation is passed in Saskatchewan.1953 Canada passes The Fair Employment Practices Act . The federal government passes the Canada Fair Employment Practices Act in order to combat discrimination within the civil service. The Act applies to the federal government and all sectors within its jurisdiction, such as inter provincial transportation and telecommunications. Equal pay legislation is passed in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia.1954 The federal government declares a fair wages policy.1956 The federal government passes The Female Employees Equal Pay Act. The government creates a policy wherein women are entitled to be paid the same wage as men for similar work. In other words, The Female Employees Equal Pay Act makes discrimination in wages on account of sex against the law. Equal pay legislation is passed in Nova Scotia and Manitoba. Fair employment legislation is enacted in New Brunswick, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Doukabours are given the right to vote in federal elections.1957 Equal pay legislation is passed in Alberta. Ellen Fairclough becomes the first woman in Canada to be appointed to the federal cabinet when Prime Minister John Diefenbaker names her Secretary of State.1960 Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples, including Aboriginal women, are finally granted a ‘no-strings-attached’ right to vote. Beginning in 1960, Aboriginal Canadians were no longer required to give up their treaty rights and renounce their status under the Indian Act in order to qualify for the vote. The Canadian Bill of Rights receives Royal Assent.1962 Ontario enacts The Human Rights Code. It prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, creed, colour, nationality, ancestry or place of origin – but not sex.1964 Bill 16 is passed in Quebec’s National Assembly giving married women the same rights as their husbands.1967 Prime Minister Lester Pearson establishes a Royal Commission on the Status of Women.1970 The Royal Commission on the Status of Women recommends changes to the military to create equal conditions for all.1974 The first female RCMP recruits begin training at Regina. The Native Women’s Association of Canada is established.1975 Quebec passes a Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. It includes political rights, fundamental freedoms, anti-discriminatory provisions, and equal pay provisions.1981 The federal government creates the cabinet portfolio of Minister Responsible for the Status of Women.1982 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is enacted as part of the Constitution Act.1986 The Federal Government passes the Employment Equity Act . It applies to federally regulated employees but not to the federal public service. Essentially, employment equity requires employers to identify and eliminate unnecessary barriers that limit the employment opportunities of historically disadvantaged groups such as visible minorities, women, and Aboriginal persons.1987 Systemic discrimination in the hiring of women is found to be unlawful. A public interest lobby group supporting women’s rights complains to the Canadian Human Rights Commission that CNR is guilty of systemic discrimination. A tribunal discovers that CNR has made no real effort to hire women and orders the CNR to start an employment equity program. CNR refuses and appeals its case to the Supreme Court of Canada. The CNR loses the case. Citing s.41 (2) (a) of the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Supreme Court rules that the commission had the right to impose an employment equity program to break CNR’s continuing cycle of systemic discrimination that included exclusionary hiring and promotion policies as well as the harassment of female employees.1989 The Supreme Court of Canada decides that sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination.


what song does notre dame use for kickoff

ay. Unique to the tradition of the Irish Guard is the uniform, which was patterned after the traditional Irish kilt. The “Notre Dame Victory March” was written by brothers Michael and John Shea, both graduates of the University. The fight song was first performed at Notre Dame on Easter Sunday, 1909. 2008 marks the 100th anniversary of the “Victory March.”F

Traditions

"Traditions The Leprechaun In keeping with the nickname the Fighting Irish and the Irish folklore, a leprechaun serves as the Notre Dame mascot. The Notre Dame logo features a side view of the figure with his dukes up, ready to battle anyone that comes his way. The mascot is a student, chosen annually at tryouts, dressed in a cutaway green suit and Irish country hat. The leprechaun brandishes a shillelagh and aggressively leads cheers and interacts with the crowd, bringing good luck to the Notre Dame team. The leprechaun wasn’t always the official mascot of Notre Dame– for years the team was represented by a series of Irish terrier dogs, most of them named “Clashmore Mike.” The leprechaun became the mascot in 1965. The leprechaun is a member of the varsity cheer squad. The cheerleaders lead the fans at every home game, and travel to every away football game and, if invited, to a bowl game. They lead the team out of the tunnel at the beginning of every home game, and celebrate an Irish touchdown by running flags that spell “Irish” around the field. The Band of the Fighting Irish The earliest reference to the Notre Dame Band is in 1846 when it played at the first graduation ceremony. The band was there for the very first football game against Michigan in 1887 and has been present at every home game since. The band keeps the crowd’s spirits high before, during, and after all Notre Dame home football games. It bursts into the stadium to perform a pre-game show, ending with a formation spelling out the word “Irish.” The band leads cheers and cadences throughout the game, and plays the “Victory Clog” and the “Victory March” after every touchdown. Traditional songs include “Hike Notre Dame,” “Celtic Chant,” “Down the Line,” and the “Rakes of Mallow.”At halftime, the band performs a lively show culminating in the formation of the monogram ND. At the end of the third quarter, the band plays the “1812 Overture” while the crowd cheers for the team. After the game, the band plays the alma mater, “Notre Dame Our Mother,” and the “Victory March” for the team and students. The band is led by the Irish Guard, a group of precision marchers formed in 1949 when then director H. Lee Hope conceived the idea of adding color to the band while maintaining the dignity befitting the nation’s oldest university band. The Guard was meant to be impressive and, as such, each member was required to be a minimum of six feet, two inches tall, a regulation still in effect tod

ootball Weekend Traditions Every Friday before a home game, a pep rally is held in Notre Dame’s Joyce Center, led by the leprechaun and featuring the football team and coaches, as well as the cheerleaders and band. Every Friday before Notre Dame home football games, the trumpet section of the marching band plays inside the Golden Dome of the administration building to get fans excited for a win. At midnight the night before home football games, the Notre Dame Drumline congregates at the step of Main Building for Midnight Drummer’s Circle. The drumline leads students and fans in cheers, cadences, and songs to kick off game day. The football team attends a pre-game Mass in the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on Saturdays before the game, then walks across campus to the stadium. The Notre Dame Band performs a concert on the steps of Bond Hall 90 minutes prior to the game, followed by a rigorous Irish Guard inspection. The band steps off from the Dome an hour before kickoff and, led by the leprechaun and cheerleaders, marches to the stadium. At each kickoff of the game, the stadium resounds with the""Go Irish!"" cheer. Students traditionally raise each other in the air for push-ups after every Notre Dame touchdown, and stand for the entire game. They dance an Irish jig when the band plays “Rakes of Mallow,” cheer throughout the game, and as the clock counts down the final seconds of the game, the student section begins the “we are ND” cheer. Mass is held in the Basilica and Stepan Center 30 minutes after the game. Both North and South Dining Halls offer special “Candlelight Dinners” for hungry fans. Big wins are celebrated by running though Clark Memorial Fountain on the Fieldhouse Mall. Power To Inspire Notre Dame Stadium is a structure whose power to inspire comes from many different qualities, reaches many different kinds of people, and conveys many different messages.“This is not merely a football field,” says Notre Dame’s Official Campus Guide. “It is an experience, a uniquely Notre Dame synthesis of sport, tradition, pride, loyalty, and belief. It is haunted by a thousand ghosts of glorious seasons past: the Four Horsemen riding into immortality on the words of Grantland Rice; the multi-talented George Gipp and “Jumpin’ Joe” Savoldi; Joe Montana, a field general in a green jersey; Raghib “The Rocket” Ismail flying toward the end zone; and, of course, Knute Rockne, pioneer of the forward pass, master of the locker room speech, brilliant motivator, relentless innovator, and though gone from the gridiron since 1930, still the most victorious coach (winning an amazing .881 of his games) in college football history.”To a steelworker in the classic film Rudy, this stadium (experienced personally without the static of his living room TV) was an instrument of joy. Rudy Ruettiger’s dad said simply: “This is the most beautiful sight these eyes have ever seen.”To one of the 20th century’s greatest Catholic writers, this stadium, situated far from his native England but comfortingly close to a golden statue of Our Lady, was a symbol of enduring faith. G. K. Chesterton, visiting Notre Dame in 1930, saw a deeper meaning in American football as played in “The Arena”:“I have seen, where a strange country Opened its secret plains about me, One great golden dome stand lonely with its golden image, one Seen afar, in strange fulfillment, Through the sunlit Indian summer That Apocalyptic portent that has clothed her with the Sun. She too looks on the Arena Sees the gladiators grapple, She whose names are Seven Sorrows and the Cause of All Our Joy…”Notre Dame Stadium is a building that helps to fulfill this University’s mission. It engages the culture … with a culture of its own. It doesn’t just deserve respectful preservation … it embodies it. It is a building where people and ideas and traditions come together. It will be best suited to speak boldly about tomorrow’s hopes if we preserve its ability to speak proudly about yesterday’s—and today’s—dreams coming true. "