how much is it to renew wisconsin insurance license

The cost to renew drivers license in Wisconsin may vary, and the WI DOT will charge additional fees depending on the payment method you choose. When renewing drivers license in WI, applicants will be charged a fee in the amount of $34 for an eight-year renewal of their regular license to drive.

"1. Get Started With Drivers License Renewal Assistance Online In order to renew your Wisconsin drivers license, you need to complete a number of important steps when applying. In order to simplify the process, you will need to gather the necessary documents and calculate your required fee payment before being able to renew your Wisconsin drivers license. Online assistance can help you complete all of these steps quickly and easily by providing you with all of the information you need to know about renew your license. Start simplifying your application process today.2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some Wisconsin residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3. Via a DMV Office Certain transactions must be completed in person at a Wisconsin DMV office. However, before visiting a local branch, be sure to verify that the location offers the service you require. Not all DMV procedures can be completed at every location. Additionally, note that wait times are typically lengthy. So make sure to take advantage of online assistance to prepare for your visit. Wisconsin Drivers License Renewal To renew drivers license in Wisconsin, drivers must address the WI Department of Transportation (DOT). Your WI driver's license expires on your birthday, and to apply for a WI DMV license renewal, you must appear at a local DMV branch. Drivers may decide on other WI drivers license renewal methods in addition to the in-person service, proven they are eligible to do so. For more information on renewing driving license in WI, continue reading below. How To Renew Your WI Driver's License Note: You will find the date of expiry in the front of your current driver's license. A WI drivers license renewal can be completed for a probationary Class D driver's license or a regular Class D license to drive. The only difference between these two types consists of the restrictions listed on the back. To renew drivers license in WI, applicants must appear personally at their nearest WI DMV location. When renewing your Wisconsin drivers license in person, you will be required to complete a series of steps. Drivers may be allowed to renew drivers license online using the interactive driver licensing guide and submit their application electronically, depending on the eligibility. You may also utilize this online service to schedule an appointment with the local WI DMV branch and avoid facing long queues at the office. For more details on these two methods read the applicable sections below. Fees

Be sure to apply for a Wisconsin DMV license renewal before your birthday, as your driving license expires on the same day. Failure to do so, you will have to pay a $5 late fee in addition to the usual amount. WI DMV branches accept several payment methods, including credit/debit cards, cash or checks. Note that a convenience fee is required when paying by a credit or debit card. Drivers submitting a drivers license renewal application will have the amount of the product fee and the convenience fee displayed before completing the transaction. When To Renew Your WI Driver's License Renewing drivers licenses in Wisconsin must be completed during an allotted period of time, determined by the type of driving license you hold. Make sure to apply for a Wisconsin DMV license renewal prior to the expiry date, which is the same as your date of birth. If not, you will be required to pay an additional late fee. WI drivers who possess a regular driving license may renew within one year of its expiration. Those who hold a probationary license to drive may conduct a WI DMV license renewal within 90 days after the expiration date. You will be issued a regular drivers license valid for eight years upon renewal. As a reminder to renew your WI driving license, DMV offices will mail you a courtesy renewal notice 45 to 60 days in advance. Sponsored Ads Learner's Permit Test License Renewal Driver's License Services Online Driving Exam Replacement License Student Auto Insurance Car Insurance Quotes Auto Financing Expired License To renew drivers licenses, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation requires drivers to do so prior to its expiration date. They may renew expired drivers license either within 90 days or one year of its expiration, depending on the type of license drivers have. Drivers who have completed the renewal process will be issued a temporary license. Expired driving licenses in Wisconsin are only valid for active military members stationed out of state or overseas. Temporary Permits Once Wisconsin drivers complete the DMV license renewal steps, the DOT customer service center will issue a receipt as a temporary permit valid for 45 days. WI drivers can use the temporary license in the same capacity as a permanent driver's license during this time. The photo receipt received upon completing a WI DMV license renewal can be used for driving, voting, and identification until you receive your card in the mail. Requirements To Renew A Wisconsin License Wisconsin drivers license renewal requirements depend on the renewal method applicants are eligible for. To renew their drivers license, drivers must complete the necessary steps set by the Department of Transportation. If you do an in-person WI DMV license renewal, you must first appear at a local DMV office with the required documents in hand. You will have your vision screened for no charge and your photo taken at the branch. The state DOT may also oblige you to take a written and/or driving exam. To renew drivers license online in Wisconsin, eligible drivers may be able to submit the application through the interactive driver licensing guide. Note: If your WI driver's license has been expired for more than eight years, you must retake a knowledge test, a driving skills test and a highway sign recognition test. WI Drivers License Online Renewal To renew drivers license online in Wisconsin, motorists must satisfy the conditions set by the state DOT. When renewing WI drivers license online, you must first visit the official WI DOT website, and complete a checklist of requirements. The Department of Transportation offers an interactive guide for the purpose of helping applicants check eligibility and submit their online application. Note that non-U. S. citizens and out-of-state residents will not be allowed to use the interactive tool. Note: Your online drivers license renewal request will not be complete until you receive a confirmation message at the end of the transaction. Renewing Your WI Drivers License In Person Wisconsin drivers who wish to renew their drivers licenses, and are not qualified to apply online or by mail, must complete the process in person. For a personal WI drivers license renewal, you must appear at a local WI DMV location, and hand over the required documents. When renewing Wisconsin drivers license in person, applicants must do the following: Pass a vision screening. The WI DMV office will screen your vision for free. Drivers may also complete a vision test at a vision specialist's office at their expense within 90 days prior to renewal. In such case, to renew drivers license they must enclose proof of visual acuity. Have their photograph taken. Pass a written/and or driving exam (if required). Provide proof of legal name change (if they have changed their name). Present a Medical Examination Report in case of any existing medical conditions. Hand over a completed Driver License Application form. Pay the renewal fee. Once you satisfy the conditions, you will receive a temporary permit, and your license to drive will be mailed to your residence address. Non US Citizen To submit a Wisconsin drivers license renewal form, non-U. S. citizens must appear in person at a DMV customer service center. When renewing their driving licenses, they will be required to provide proof of legal presence status in the U. S. The state DOT does not allow non-U. S. residents to apply for a renewal online or by mail. Out-of-State Wisconsin Drivers License Renewal Temporarily out-of-state residents must apply for a drivers license renewal by mail. To renew your WI drivers license via mail, you must be a U. S. citizen and have your valid Social Security Number on file with the State DOT. The WI DMV branch will not process your drivers license renewal request if you have not completed your last renewal in person and your recent license was ""Valid without photo."" When renewing a driving license, applicants must do the following: Complete a Wisconsin Driver License Application. Note that you must include your temporary out-of-state address in the ""mailing address"" field. Have a vision test completed within the last 90 days. Present proof of residency and proof of identity. Provide a letter stating date of departure, return date, why you are temporarily out of Wisconsin, your phone number/email. Mail the completed documentation with a check or money order for the renewal fee to the official WI DOT address. Note: WI DMV offices will not process renewal requests if all documents are not included. Photocopies are acceptable. Out-of-State Military Renewal Renewing drivers license in Wisconsin is not so strict for military personnel on active duty. Your drivers license will only expire 30 days upon arrival in Wisconsin or 90 days after honorable discharge. For a WI drivers license renewal, military members can either use the mail or they can obtain a drivers license extension. Out-of-state Military: Renew By Mail When it comes to renewing WI drivers license by mail, members of the U. S. Armed Forces must complete an application form and fulfill the required steps. (To see the list of necessary steps, read carefully the Out-of-State Drivers License Renewal section). Note that if you have an expired drivers license because on active duty, your late fee will be waived. Drivers License Extensions Military members who cannot renew drivers licenses in Wisconsin by mail have the option to apply for a driving license extension. You will need to submit a signed statement including your name, date of birth, current residential address in Wisconsin, and your temporary mailing address. Once you do so, the WI DMV office will mail you a copy with a notation on your driver's record showing that your license will expire 30 days upon return or 90 days after being discharged honorably. Active military members must carry the record with the WI expired drivers license. "


how long does the cough last after having the whooping cough

How long is a person with whooping cough contagious? A person with whooping cough can pass it to others as soon as they get cold-like symptoms. They can also pass it up to 3 weeks after they start coughing. If the infected person takes an appropriate antibiotic, they will not spread the germ after 5 full days of treatment. What is the treatment? Antibiotics can prevent and treat whooping cough.

Pertussis or Whooping Cough Fact Sheet

Pertussis or Whooping Cough Fact Sheet Pertussis or Whooping Cough Fact Sheet is also available in Portable Document Format (PDF)What is pertussis? Pertussis is also called whooping cough. It is a serious lung infection caused by bacteria. It is also very contagious and causes coughing fits. Whooping cough is most serious for babies with very small airways. It can lead to death. What are the symptoms? Symptoms usually appear about 7 to 10 days after exposure. But symptoms can appear from 4 to 21 days after a person is infected. It is rare but it can take up to 6 weeks to develop symptoms. Some people have milder symptoms, especially if they have been vaccinated. Symptoms appear in 3 stages: Stage one lasts 1-2 weeks: runny nose, sneezing, low-grade fever, mild occasional cough. It may look like the common cold but the cough begins to get worse. Stage two can last 1-2 months: Cough becomes more severe. There are coughing fits that can be followed by a high- pitched whoop. The whoop means the person is trying to catch their breath. Sometimes a person will turn blue and vomit mucus or food. They also may have brief periods when they stop breathing. Stage three may last weeks to months: Recovery phase is when a person slowly gets better. Coughing fits can come back if the person gets another respiratory illness. What are the complications of whooping cough? Complications of whooping cough are more common in infants and young children. They may include pneumonia, middle ear infection, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, fainting, dehydration, seizures, altered brain function (encephalopathy), brief periods when breathing stops and death.

Recommended antibiotics include azithromycin, erythromycin and clarithromycin. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole can also be used. If my child or another family member has been exposed to whooping cough, what should I do? Call your local health department, doctor or clinic for advice. If you have close contact with an infected person, you will be given the same medicines used to treat whooping cough. This will help prevent you and others from getting sick. What is the best way to prevent whooping cough? The best way to prevent whooping cough is to get vaccinated. We recommend that all children and adults get a pertussis-containing vaccine. The recommended pertussis vaccine for infants and children is called DTa P. This protects children against 3 diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough (pertussis). DTa P shots are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. To maintain protection, boosters are also given at 15 through 18 months and 4 through 6 years of age.7- to 10-year-olds who are not fully immunized with DTa P, should get a Tdap vaccine which protects against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis). Preteens going to the doctor for their regular checkup at 11 or 12 years of age should get a booster dose of Tdap. If a preteen did not get this Tdap at 11 to 12 years, they should be vaccinated at their next doctor visit. All adults 19 and older who have not received a Tdap vaccine, need a booster shot. Adults should receive a tetanus and diphtheria (Td) booster every 10 years. They should also substitute a Tdap vaccine for one of the boosters. The Tdap can be given earlier than the 10-year spacing. It is very important for adults to make sure they are up-to-date with their pertussis-containing vaccines if they spend any time with infants. This includes parents, grandparents, siblings, babysitters, relatives and friends. Pregnant women should receive Tdap in the third trimester of every pregnancy to pass immunity to their newborn until the baby is old enough to begin shots at 2 months of age. Travelers should be up-to-date with pertussis-containing vaccines before they travel. Whooping cough occurs everywhere in the world. Health care staff who have direct contact with patients should get a single dose of Tdap if they have not already received it. What are the whooping cough vaccine requirements for school attendance? Prekindergarten (Day Care, Head Start, or Nursery): 4 doses (age-appropriate)Kindergarten through 5th grade: 5 doses, or 4 doses with the 4th dose at 4 years of age or older. Or, 3 doses if they start the series at 7 years of age or older Grades 6 through 12th grade: 3 doses Grades 6 to 12: one dose of Tdap (required for students enrolling in grades 6 to 12 who have not previously received Tdap at 7 years of age or older)What should I do if I'm not sure I received whooping cough vaccine? Check with your doctor. An adolescent or adult without documentation of having received a primary series of at least three doses of tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccines in their lifetime should receive this series. The first dose should be Tdap. The remaining two doses should be adult formulation Td. What should I or my family do to prevent whooping cough if we travel out of the country? Whooping cough is still common in the United States and in many other countries. Make sure that you and your children are fully vaccinated before traveling. Adults 19 or older should receive a single dose of Tdap vaccine. Confirm with your doctor that you have received the vaccine for pertussis. Infants, children and adolescents should be up-to-date with pertussis-containing vaccines as described above. Additional Information Travel and whooping cough (CDC.gov)Learn more about whooping cough (CDC.gov)How can I find out about whooping cough outbreaks? (CDC.gov)More information about vaccine-preventable diseases


what is the difference between graduate and undergraduate

• Graduate school and undergraduate schools are both connected with universities. Undergraduate schools offer degrees that work as a foundation degree programme. Graduate schools offer degrees that are specialized in a field of interest.

"Difference Between Graduate School and Undergraduate School Posted on March 19, 2011 by koshal Last updated on: January 7, 2015Graduate School vs Undergraduate School

One must know the difference between graduate school and undergraduate school if hoping to pursue higher studies. Graduate School and Undergraduate School are higher educational institutions. Generally, students who are studying to get a bachelor’s degree are called undergraduates.

Four years of study in undergraduate schools leads to a degree either in arts ( BA ), science ( B. Sc ), fine arts ( B. F. A) and so on. Graduate schools are those colleges that offer advanced courses that are to be done after completing undergraduate courses and these degrees are advanced degrees such as Master’s degrees. Only those who have done their undergraduate course are eligible to enroll in these advanced courses. Though there are many graduate schools, Universities, in general, award these degrees and such schools are affiliated with one of these Universities. What is Undergraduate School? As a rule, all colleges and Universities provide undergraduate degrees to students who are pursuing graduation. An undergraduate school offers no specialization and the degree that a student gets is of bachelor’s level only. You can study at an undergraduate school if you are interested in a bachelor’s degree. Four years of study is all that one requires for getting an undergraduate degree. Undergraduate course is like a foundation upon which one has to build by perusing a master’s degree to become a professional in his chosen field of study. An undergraduate course provides knowledge in many fields and not just one area. Thus, a student pursuing BA gets knowledge in many general subjects such as English, History, Humanities and social sciences. However, the same student, after completion of his undergraduate course enrolls for a graduate course in arts has to choose one particular subject to focus only in that subject. For example, Master’s in English. There are some undergraduate schools that do not provide any course after completion of undergraduate course. When it comes to the course, lecturers are there to guide you in an undergraduate school. You have to do your work but more supervision to your work is given. What is Graduate School? Most colleges and Universities provide graduate degrees to those who want to go for higher studies. In layman’s terms, a graduate school can be thought of as a school that provides specialized education to those who wish to become professionals such as MBA’s.

If you wish to get master’s degree in any field of study, you have to enroll in a graduate school. You have to undergo another 2-3 years of study at a graduate school to be eligible for a master’s degree. There are undergraduate courses in nearly all graduate schools. In a graduate school, supervision is minimum. The student is expected to be independent and follow the course with his or her ambition and hard work.

However, you can always get the help of a lecturer if you want. What is the difference between Graduate School and Undergraduate School?

• One should have gone to undergraduate school to be able to go to a graduate school.• The degree gained at an undergraduate school is only of the Bachelor’s level while the degree obtained at a graduate school can be a Master’s degree or a Ph D.• Four years of study is all that one requires getting an undergraduate degree, while you have to undergo another 2-3 years of study at a graduate school to be eligible for a master’s degree.• There are undergraduate courses in nearly all graduate schools though there are some undergraduate schools that do not provide any course after completion of undergraduate course.• Undergraduate school has more supervision for students. Graduate school makes the student do independent work. Images Courtesy: Bachelor’s Degree by Eric Hamiter ( CC BY-SA 2.0)Master’s Degree by Sarah Stierch ( CC BY 2.0)Related posts: Difference Between Associates Degree and Bachelors Degree Difference Between M. Sc and MBA Difference Between Thesis and Dissertation Difference Between MSc and MEng Difference Between MSc and Post Graduate Diploma (PGDip)Help us to improve our writing. Please Rate. (No Ratings Yet)Cite This Page ""Difference Between Graduate School and Undergraduate School."" Difference Between. Com. March 19, 2011. < http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-graduate-school-and-vs-undergraduate-school/ >Filed Under: Education Tagged With: advanced degrees courses, Associate degree, Bachelor's degree, Graduate School, graduate school and undergraduate school, graduate school degrees, Masters degree, postgraduate studies, postgraduates, Undergraduate School, undergraduates, universities "

define: Undergraduate degree is a degree you get from graduating a four-year university for the first time. define: A graduate degree is a degree you get from graduating from a graduate school, which you can only attend after you have graduated from a four-year university.darwin j · 8 years ago1

"Education & Reference Higher Education (University +)Difference between graduate and undergraduate degree?what is the difference between the two? thanks Follow 5 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Degrees are earned in steps or stages. When you earn your high school diploma, if you wish to continue your education, you can either earn an Associates Degree (2-yr degree), or a Bachelors Degree (4-yr. college or university). Once you earn a Bachelors Degree, if you want to continue schooling, you have two more choices: you can study for two to three more years and earn a Masters Degree (also called a graduate degree) or you can study for four to five years and earn a Ph D Degree (also called a graduate degree, and more specifically known as a Doctorate). The degree you will need or earn depends on the program you are interested in, how well you performed in school, and where you plan to go to school. The term ""undergraduate degree"" is a general term that means you are in a two or four-year program after high school completion while the term ""graduate degree"" means that you are working toward a higher degree after completing a four-year degree at a college or university. Source (s): I'm always write. Julof Denial · 8 years ago19 0 1 comment For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/aw Ysp

An MBA is a Masters of Business Administration which is a Masters Degree which is graduate school. Undergraduate is a Bachelors Degree (4 years of college) or an Associates Degree (2 years of college). Some schools have Masters Degree programs that are like 4+1 (5 years) that are a bit accelerated.

Good luck!Kimberley · 2 years ago0 0 Comment

Undergraduate degree is a degree you get from graduating a four-year university for the first time. A graduate degree is a degree you get from graduating from a graduate school, which you can only attend after you have graduated from a four-year university.

Belie · 8 years ago5 0 1 comment

0 Comment Undergraduate is where everyone does the same core classes until doing classes required for what they have declared for their major. Undergrad. is also a four year program. You receive your bachelors. Graduate school is what you will attend to get your ph.d. after graduating from your four year undergraduate. Here you will be required to write a thesis.tenbetty12 · 8 years ago0 4 Comment869Source (s): Online Degree FAQs - http://askonlinedegree.com Elvia · 1 year ago0 0 Comment--->> Tips---> https://trimurl.im/h6/difference-between-graduate-and-undergraduate-degree Anonymous · 3 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Get a Master's Degreee Online Official March Madness Gear Best Home Security System? Masters of marketing online "


fingers carpal tunnel symptoms

ms Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome may include: Numbness, tingling, burning, and pain—primarily in the thumb and index, middle, and ring fingers Occasional shock-like sensations that radiate to the thumb and index, middle, and ring fingers Pain or tingling that may travel up the forearm toward the shoulder

Anatomy

"Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition that causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm. The condition occurs when one of the major nerves to the hand — the median nerve — is squeezed or compressed as it travels through the wrist. In most patients, carpal tunnel syndrome gets worse over time, so early diagnosis and treatment are important. Early on, symptoms can often be relieved with simple measures like wearing a wrist splint or avoiding certain activities. If pressure on the median nerve continues, however, it can lead to nerve damage and worsening symptoms. To prevent permanent damage, surgery to take pressure off the median nerve may be recommended for some patients. Anatomy The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist, about an inch wide. The floor and sides of the tunnel are formed by small wrist bones called carpal bones. The roof of the tunnel is a strong band of connective tissue called the transverse carpal ligament. Because these boundaries are very rigid, the carpal tunnel has little capacity to ""stretch"" or increase in size. The median nerve is one of the main nerves in the hand. It originates as a group of nerve roots in the neck. These roots come together to form a single nerve in the arm. The median nerve goes down the arm and forearm, passes through the carpal tunnel at the wrist, and goes into the hand. The nerve provides feeling in the thumb and index, middle, and ring fingers. The nerve also controls the muscles around the base of the thumb. The nine tendons that bend the fingers and thumb also travel through the carpal tunnel. These tendons are called flexor tendons. Description Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the tunnel becomes narrowed or when tissues surrounding the flexor tendons swell, putting pressure on the median nerve. These tissues are called the synovium. Normally, the synovium lubricates the tendons, making it easier to move your fingers. When the synovium swells, it takes up space in the carpal tunnel and, over time, crowds the nerve. This abnormal pressure on the nerve can result in pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand. Most cases of carpal tunnel syndrome are caused by a combination of factors. Studies show that women and older people are more likely to develop the condition. Other risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome include: Heredity. This is likely an important factor. The carpal tunnel may be smaller in some people or there may be anatomic differences that change the amount of space for the nerve—and these traits can run in families. Repetitive hand use. Repeating the same hand and wrist motions or activities over a prolonged period of time may aggravate the tendons in the wrist, causing swelling that puts pressure on the nerve. Hand and wrist position. Doing activities that involve extreme flexion or extension of the hand and wrist for a prolonged period of time can increase pressure on the nerve. Pregnancy. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause swelling. Health conditions. Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and thyroid gland imbalance are conditions that are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Related Articles Diseases & Conditions Arthritis of the Wrist Diseases & Conditions Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome of the Wrist Treatment What Are NSAIDs? Sympto

Weakness and clumsiness in the hand—this may make it difficult to perform fine movements such as buttoning your clothes Dropping things—due to weakness, numbness, or a loss of proprioception (awareness of where your hand is in space)In most cases, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome begin gradually—without a specific injury. Many patients find that their symptoms come and go at first. However, as the condition worsens, symptoms may occur more frequently or may persist for longer periods of time. Night-time symptoms are very common. Because many people sleep with their wrists bent, symptoms may awaken you from sleep. During the day, symptoms often occur when holding something for a prolonged period of time with the wrist bent forward or backward, such as when using a phone, driving, or reading a book. Many patients find that moving or shaking their hands helps relieve their symptoms. To Top Doctor Examination Physical Examination During your evaluation, your doctor will talk to you about your general health and medical history and will ask about your symptoms. He or she will carefully examine your hand and wrist and perform a number of physical tests. During these tests, your doctor will: Press down or tap along the median nerve at inside of your wrist to see if it causes any numbness or tingling in your fingers (Tinel sign)Bend and hold your wrists in a flexed position to test for numbness or tingling in your hands Test sensitivity in your fingertips and hands by lightly touching them with a special instrument when your eyes are closed. Check for weakness in the muscles around the base of your thumb Look for atrophy in the muscles around the base of your thumb. In severe cases, these muscles may become visibly smaller. Tests Electrophysiological tests. These tests will help your doctor measure how well your median nerve is working and help determine whether there is too much pressure on the nerve. The tests will also help your doctor determine whether you have another nerve condition, such as neuropathy, or other sites of nerve compression that might be contributing to your symptoms. Close up of an EMG being performed with a nerve conduction study. Electrophysiological tests may include: Nerve conduction studies. These tests measure the signals travelling in the nerves of your hand and arm and can detect when a nerve is not conducting its signal effectively. Nerve conduction studies can help your doctor determine how severe your problem is and help to guide treatment. Electromyogram (EMG). An EMG measures the electrical activity in muscles. EMG results can show whether you have any nerve or muscle damage. Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to help create pictures of bone and tissue. Your doctor may recommend an ultrasound of your wrist to evaluate the median nerve for signs of compression. X-rays. X-rays provide images of dense structures, such as bone. If you have limited wrist motion or wrist pain, your doctor may order x-rays to exclude other causes for your symptoms, such as arthritis, ligament injury, or a fracture. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. These studies provide better images of the body's soft tissues. Your doctor may order an MRI to help determine other causes for your symptoms or to look for abnormal tissues that could be impacting the median nerve. An MRI can also help your doctor determine if there are problems with the nerve itself—such as scarring from an injury or tumor. To Top Treatment Although it is a gradual process, for most people carpal tunnel syndrome will worsen over time without some form of treatment. For this reason, it is important to be evaluated and diagnosed by your doctor early on. In the early stages, it may be possible to slow or stop the progression of the disease. Nonsurgical Treatment If diagnosed and treated early, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome can often be relieved without surgery. If your diagnosis is uncertain or if your symptoms are mild, your doctor will recommend nonsurgical treatment first. Wearing a splint or brace reduces pressure on the median nerve by keeping your wrist straight. Thinkstock © 2016. Nonsurgical treatments may include: Bracing or splinting. Wearing a brace or splint at night will keep you from bending your wrist while you sleep. Keeping your wrist in a straight or neutral position reduces pressure on the nerve in the carpal tunnel. It may also help to wear a splint during the day when doing activities that aggravate your symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Medications such as ibuprofen and naproxen can help relieve pain and inflammation. Activity changes. Symptoms often occur when your hand and wrist are in the same position for too long—particularly when your wrist is flexed or extended. If your job or recreational activities aggravate your symptoms, changing or modifying these activities can help slow or stop progression of the disease. In some cases, this may involve making changes to your work site or work station. A steroid injection into the carpal tunnel may relieve symptoms for a period of time. Nerve gliding exercises. Some patients may benefit from exercises that help the median nerve move more freely within the confines of the carpal tunnel. Specific exercises may be recommended by your doctor or therapist. Steroid injections. Corticosteroid, or cortisone, is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent that can be injected into the carpal tunnel. Although these injections often relieve painful symptoms or help to calm a flare up of symptoms, their effect is sometimes only temporary. A cortisone injection may also be used by your doctor to help diagnose your carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgical Treatment If nonsurgical treatment does not relieve your symptoms after a period of time, your doctor may recommend surgery. The decision whether to have surgery is based on the severity of your symptoms—how much pain and numbness you are having in your hand. In long-standing cases with constant numbness and wasting of your thumb muscles, surgery may be recommended to prevent irreversible damage. Surgical Procedure The surgical procedure performed for carpal tunnel syndrome is called a ""carpal tunnel release."" There are two different surgical techniques for doing this, but the goal of both is to relieve pressure on your median nerve by cutting the ligament that forms the roof of the tunnel. This increases the size of the tunnel and decreases pressure on the median nerve. In most cases, carpal tunnel surgery is done on an outpatient basis. The surgery can be done under general anesthesia, which puts you to sleep, or under local anesthesia, which numbs just your hand and arm. In some cases, you will also be given a light sedative through an intravenous (IV) line inserted into a vein in your arm. Open carpal tunnel release. In open surgery, your doctor makes a small incision in the palm of your hand and views the inside of your hand and wrist through this incision. During the procedure, your doctor will divide the transverse carpal ligament (the roof of the carpal tunnel). This increases the size of the tunnel and decreases pressure on the median nerve. After surgery, the ligament may gradually grow back together—but there will be more space in the carpal tunnel and pressure on the median nerve will be relieved. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release. In endoscopic surgery, your doctor makes one or two smaller skin incisions—called portals—and uses a miniature camera—an endoscope—to see inside your hand and wrist. A special knife is used to divide the transverse carpal ligament, similar to the open carpal tunnel release procedure. The outcomes of open surgery and endoscopic surgery are similar. There are benefits and potential risks associated with both techniques. Your doctor will talk with you about which surgical technique is best for you. Recovery Immediately following surgery, you will be encouraged to elevate your hand above your heart and move your fingers to reduce swelling and prevent stiffness. You should expect some pain, swelling, and stiffness after your procedure. Minor soreness in your palm may last for several weeks to several months. Grip and pinch strength usually return by about 2 to 3 months after surgery. If the condition of your median nerve was poor before surgery, however, grip and pinch strength may not improve for about 6 to 12 months. You may have to wear a splint or wrist brace for several weeks. You will, however, be allowed to use your hand for light activities, taking care to avoid significant discomfort. Driving, self-care activities, and light lifting and gripping may be permitted soon after surgery. Your doctor will talk with you about when you will be able to return to work and whether you will have any restrictions on your work activities. Complications Although complications are possible with any surgery, your doctor will take steps to minimize the risks. The most common complications of carpal tunnel release surgery include: Bleeding Infection Nerve aggravation or injury Outcomes For most patients, surgery will improve the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Recovery, however, may be gradual and complete recovery may take up to a year. If you have significant pain and weakness for more than 2 months, your doctor may refer you to a hand therapist who can help you maximize your recovery. If you have another condition that causes pain or stiffness in your hand or wrist, such as arthritis or tendonitis, it may slow your overall recovery. In long-standing cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with severe loss of feeling and/or muscle wasting around the base of the thumb, recovery will also be slower. For these patients, a complete recovery may not be possible. Occasionally, carpal tunnel syndrome can recur, although this is rare. If this happens, you may need additional treatment or surgery. To Top "


what is the merv rating on filters

All about MERV ratings Every furnace filter has a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) rating, which measures how efficiently the filter captures particles of specific sizes that pass through it as your furnace operates. MERV ratings range from 1 (least efficient) to 16 (extremely efficient).

All about MERV ratings

Particles are measured in microns and range from carpet and textile fibers (greater than 10 microns) to microscopic bacteria (less than 0.3 microns). To determine MERV ratings, air filters are put through two primary tests: The Dust Spot Efficiency Test, which measures the ability of the filter to remove atmospheric dust particles from the air, and the Arrestance Test, which measures the filter’s ability to remove synthetic particles that have been injected into the air for testing purposes. Most high-quality filters can remove 90% or more of injected particles from the air in the Arrestance test (in other words, they do a good job of removing what they’re expected to). Because atmospheric dust applies equally to all filters, Dust Spot Efficiency varies widely. To put it into real-world terms, a MERV rating of 1 would be a basic window air conditioning unit -- it filters large particles but isn’t meant to clean the air. A 16 is suitable for a hospital surgical environment, with an extremely high level of filtration that isn’t necessary for the vast majority of residential homes. Most residential air filters have a MERV rating of 1 - 4, which on the high end filters out pollen, dust mites, and fibers. These filters are generally disposable panel-type filters that are inexpensive but don’t do an adequate job of filtering particles smaller than 10 microns, including mold spores, pet dander and aerosol spray. We offer filters with MERV ratings of 6, 8, 11 and 13, providing a superior range that meets the needs of virtually all homes, providing clean, healthy air and protecting your HVAC equipment. When it comes to choosing a residential furnace filter, it’s best to factor in your household’s health needs, the environment (including pets and other potential indoor pollutants), and your budget. While it’s generally true that the higher the MERV rating, the higher the quality, the highest-rated filter isn’t necessarily the best choice for all homes. Families with certain health conditions and allergies can benefit from a filter with a MERV rating of 11 or 13, while others can enjoy both affordability and efficiency by choosing a 6 or 8.


what airport to use to get to tuscany region of italy

. Get in [ edit]From abroad, usually the best way to reach Chianti is to fly to an airport in Tuscany, such as the Pisa or Florence airport, or some other major airport in Italy. Alternatively, from Central Europe one might want to take a train to Italy.

"Chianti Book a Hotel In Out Check Rates Understand Get in Get around See Do Eat Sleep Chianti is an area of Tuscany, Italy made famous by the red wine of the same name. It has much to offer for a visitor interested in wine, food and natural beauty. Many of the wineries are open for a tour and a tasting, and some offer accommodation services as well. Cities [ edit]Chianti Region Florence Siena Greve (Greve in Chianti)Reggello San Casciano in Val di Pesa Tavarnelle Val di Pesa Radda Castellina Gaiole Panzano Castelnuovo Berardenga Montemarciano Understand [ edit]A view from the Castello di Querceto. Chianti is above all a wine zone. It is not an administrative region and includes parts of the Tuscan provinces of Florence, Siena, Arezzo and Pisa. The Chianti DOCG appellation is divided into seven subregions (Classico, Colli Aretini, Colli Fiorentini, Colline Pisane, Colli Senesi, Montalbano and Rufina), of which Classico is the most famous. The Chianti Classico region in turn is defined by the towns between Florence and Siena: Greve, Panzano, Castellina, Gaiole and Radda. Almost all the famous Chianti estates are located near one of these towns, although Rufina is to the East of Florence. In addition to the red wine, many producers make the dessert wine Vin Santo del Chianti as well as ""Super Tuscan"" wines that do not adhere to the DOC regulations. Some also make olive oil

Once in Italy and preferably in Tuscany, you have to find your way to Florence; this will be easy as the city has good train connections to the rest of the country. From Florence there are several alternatives to get to Chianti: rental car, bus, taxi, etc. Precise instructions are difficult to give since it depends so much on from where you are departing and exactly where you will be staying (in Florence, in Siena, in Greve, or some other place in the region). Get around [ edit]Chianti is easiest to explore with a car. The most likely place to begin the trip is Florence, where rental services are abundant. The most important road to know is the Chiantigiana from Florence to Siena, as it penetrates the heart of the region, Chianti Classico. Without car, the region is accessible with SITA buses from Florence. The hills of Chianti are a magnificent place for bike tours. Cycling you can enjoy at best the beautiful landscape of this region. You will rarely be cycling in flat roads, but you will also seldom have to climb steep passes (only, be ware of the hot hours of the day in the Summer). You can start from Greve, for example, where you can rent a bike. See [ edit] [ add listing]For someone interested in museums, churches and such things it is not necessary to leave Florence or Siena. However, the Chianti area can be an excellent base from which to explore Tuscany as whole without having to stay in these crowded cities. The countryside is beautiful, and absolute gems that should be visited are the hamlets of Montefioralle and Volpaia, and the beautiful towns of Greve, Panzano, Radda and Castellina. Do [ edit] [ add listing]The region is an invaluable treasure for those who are interested in exploring the eno-gastronomic culture of Tuscany. See also: Wine tourism#Italy With serious competition only from a few neighboring regions in Tuscany and from Piedmont, Chianti is one of Italy's prime wine regions. The best way to tour the wineries and sample their products is on the last Sunday of May when many producers throughout Italy open their doors for the festival of Cantine Aperte. Tastings are free and reservations unnecessary, so if you like wine and happen to be in Tuscany at the time, this is a fantastic opportunity for you. You should however keep in mind that not all the wine produced in Chianti is exceptional and that some of the best producers do not even participate in Cantine Aperte, so it makes sense to plan ahead and be choosy. Olive groves are also the region's pride, and while it is not normally possible to visit an oil press, olive oil can be purchased directly from the producers. Olives are pressed in November and December and the olio nuovo or new oil, which is very piquant for the first several months, is especially prized on bruschetta and ribollita . Activities [ edit]Helicopter tour of Chianti ( Tour in elicottero ), Via Torino 2, Milano, 20100 Italy, ☎+393478198849, [1]. If you want to see some of the best sights of the region, you can take a day trip to Chianti from Florence, which starts with a helicopter tour of the area and then continues with a guided safari-style tour of the countryside, wine tasting at the Fontodi Farm and a dinner at a famous local restaurant. edit Eat [ edit] [ add listing]Drink [ edit] [ add listing]If you want to go to Chianti, the natural assumption is that you want to drink the wine. It is made with the sangiovese grape, although lesser quantities of other grape varieties may be added. There are different philosophies of making Chianti: some prefer traditional blends with sangiovese and other local grapes (including white ones), some use international varieties such as merlot, and finally there are those who use only sangiovese for their Chianti. The taste of the wine depends a lot on the producer's decisions, but also on the exact place where the vines are grown. Sangiovese is known as a rather difficult grape to grow, and differences in the land affect the taste of the resulting wine. Traditionally Chianti is a light wine with high acidity with a slightly bitter but fruity taste and berry aromas. As international markets demand high-fruit, high-alcohol wines, Chianti is changing as well, and more modern versions have a fuller, although less recognizable taste. Sleep [ edit] [ add listing]There are lots of lovely hill-top towns in Chianti with plenty of good hotels and B&B's. However, if you want to get away from the traffic and noise, then this is your chance to stay in one of dozens of 'agriturismi' in the area, working farms that also rent out apartments or rooms to travellers who would like to experience at close hand the Chianti countryside. It makes good sense to pick a central location and to use this as a base for your trips to Florence and Siena, as well as your trips to the beautiful towns and villages, like Castellina in Chianti, San Gimignano, Panzano, Radda, and so on. Alcide Hotel ( Alcide Hotel ), Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 67/A, 53036 Poggibonsi Siena ( By train: 600 meters from train station / By car: exit of the Florence-Siena motorway junction ), ☎+39 0577 937501, [2]. Halfway between Siena and Florence motorway here starts the Chianti road. Services: wifi, private parking, restaurant, multilingual concierge.€60 double. edit La Villetta Montaione ( Holiday House La Villetta Montaione in the Chianti area ), Via Santo Stefano, 112 50050 Montaione (Firenze), ☎ +39 0571 698228, [3]. Cozy holiday house with swimming pool perfect for a family holiday and pet-friendly. Garden with playgrounds and panoramic view. All-year open. edit Get out [ edit]This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow! "


how many oz in a fifth

er To change millimeters to liters, the equation is L = m L / 1000.0. A fifth of liquor is also equal to 25.36 ounces. To convert millimeters to ounces, a person would use the formula fluid ounce = m L * 0.033814. This amount of liquor is also equivalent 4/5 quart or 1/5 gallon. When measuring shots in ounces, a fifth contains around 16.9 servings. When serving 1- ounce shots, a fifth contains slightly more than 25 shots.

How Many Liters Is a Fifth of Alcohol?

"Food Food Measurements Q: How Many Liters Is a Fifth of Alcohol? A: Quick Answer

There are 0.75 liters in a fifth of alcohol. A fifth of alcohol contains 750 milliliters, which can also be written as 3/4 of a liter.

Continue Reading Keep Learning How Do You Work Out Volumes in Liters? How Much Is 75 CL? How Much Liquid Does a Flagon Hold? Full Answ

Learn more about Food Measurements Sources: metric-conversions.org convertunits.com webtender.com Related Questions Q: How Do You Calculate a Liter to a Gallon? A: To convert a liter to a gallon, set a proportion of one gallon to the number of liters it contains versus the number of liters known to x gallons. A gallon... Full Answer >Filed Under: Food Measurements Q: How Many Beers Equal a 40 Ounce? A: The phrase ""40 ounce"" typically refers to a single glass bottle of malt liquor, a form of beer noted for its high alcohol content by volume. Depending on t... Full Answer >Filed Under: Food Measurements Q: How Big Is a Shot of Alcohol? A: The size of a shot of alcohol depends on the size of the shot glass used. Shot glasses are the small glasses that measure or hold alcohol for drinking stra... Full Answer >Filed Under: Food Measurements Q: How Much Is 1 Cup in Cooking? A: In the United States, a cup is a cooking measurement used for both liquid and dry ingredients. One cup is equal to 1/2 pound of a dry ingredients. In fluid... Full Answer >Filed Under: Food Measurements You May Also Like Q: How Many Cups Does 1 Pound of Powdered Sugar Equal? Q: How Many Liters Are Equal to One Kilometer? Q: How Many Quarts Are in a Pound? Q: Can You Drink Alcohol While Taking Antibiotics? Q: How Many Meatballs Should I Serve Per Person? Q: What Are the Effects of Concerta With Alcohol? "


how many seasons of dexter is there

PDTIt’s official: Dexter ‘s upcoming eighth season will be its last. Showtime made the announcement Thursday on the series’ Facebook page. The network also gave viewers a taste of the farewell season — which premieres June 30 — via the following clip. RELATED | Dexter Season 8 Spoilers — Yvonne Strahovski Returns as Hannah

Dexter 's Done: Showtime Confirms Season 8 Will Be Long-Running Drama's Last By Michael Ausiello / April 18 2013, 1:09 PM

Press PLAY below and then hit the comments with answers to the following questions: Is eight enough? Was Showtime smart to end it now? What are your hopes for the final season? Follow @Michael Ausiello If you like TVLine, you'll LOVE our weekly newsletter. Click here to subscribe. Add a Comment TAGS: Dexter, Showtime GET MORE: Cancellations


what channel shows ghost whisperer

rer Series Description Ghost Whisperer was a 60 minute dramatic fantasy series on CBS about a young woman who communicated with dead people who had messages for those they had left behind.

Ghost Whisperer

"Ghost Whispe

The messages she relayed were typically helpful to either the spirit, the living, or both but their meaning was often unclear, causing the living to doubt her honesty. Ghost Whisperer Cast Jennifer Love Hewitt ........... Melinda Gordon David Conrad ................... Jim Clancy Aisha Tyler .................... Andrea Moreno (2005-2006) Camryn Manheim ................. Delia Banks (2006-) Jay Mohr ....................... Professor Rick Payne (2007-)Ghost Whisperer Trivia If you haven't watched the Ghost Whisperer TV show, it's still likely that you've seen Jennifer Love Hewitt in one of her many movies. She starred on a TV series titled, ""Mc Kenna"" but it only lasted a measley five episodes! Another of her series, ""Byrds of Paradise"", lasted twelve episodes. Then Jennifer found huge success in her role as ""Sarah Reeves"" on the 1990s hit series, "" Party of Five "". Then, in the Fall 1999 season, Jennifer got her own series that was a "" spinoff "" of ""Party of Five"" called, "" The Time of Your Life "" but it unfortunately only lasted twelve episodes. Jennifer was also the object of one of Ashton Kutcher's practical jokes during the third season of "" Punk'd "" and she even hosted "" Saturday Night Live "" on November 21, 1998! Jennifer had a bit of trouble (like most young actresses) in making the transition from teen heartthrob to a grown woman on the screen but she's back as big as ever with the huge success of ""Ghost Whisperer""! ""Jennifer Love"" is a stage name. So how did Jennifer pick it? Especially her middle name? Well ... Jennifer got her first name from a girl that her brother Todd had a crush on. ""Love"" came from the name of her mother's best friend in college. Jennifer also uses ""Love"" as her nickname. In answer to the number one question asked about Ghost Whisperer, episode #70, ""Threshold"" is the one where Jim died and episode #80, ""Leap of Faith"", is where Jim regained his memory of his past life and got back together with Melinda. Ghost Whisperer has done well in its 8:00PM Friday time slot! When it premiered in September of 2005, its competition on ABC was ""Supernanny"", on FOX "" The Bernie Mac Show "" and "" Malcolm in the Middle "", on NBC "" Dateline NBC "", on UPN ""WWE Smackdown"", and on the WB "" What I Like About You "" and "" Twins "". Ghost Whisperer Dvds The Complete Series on 29 Dvds!Get More Information Including Price!Episodes List With Original Air Dates: Season 1Pilot Episode (9/23/2005)The Crossing (9/30/2005)Ghost, Interrupted (10/7/2005)Mended Hearts (10/14/2005)Lost Boys (10/21/2005)Homecoming (10/28/2005)Hope and Mercy (11/4/2005)On the Wings of a Dove (11/11/2005)Voices (11/18/2005)Ghost Bride (11/25/2005)Shadow Boxer (12/9/2005)Undead Comic (12/16/2005)Friendly Neighborhood Ghost (1/6/2006)Last Execution (1/13/2006)Melinda's First Ghost (1/27/2006)Dead Man's Ridge (2/3/2006)Demon Child (3/3/2006)Miss Fortune (3/10/2006)Fury (3/31/2006)The Vanishing (4/7/2006)Free Fall - Part 1 (4/28/2006)The One - Part 2 (5/5/2006)Season 2Love Never Dies (9/22/2006) at 8:00 PM (Eastern) on CBSLove Still Won't Die (9/29/2006)Drowned Lives (10/6/2006)The Ghost Within (10/13/2006)A Grave Matter (10/20/2006)The Woman of His Dreams (10/27/2006)A Vicious Cycle (11/3/2006)The Night We Met (11/10/2006)The Curse of the Ninth (11/17/2006)Giving Up The Ghost (11/24/2006)Cat's Claw (12/15/2006)Dead to Rights (1/5/2007)Deja Boo (1/12/2007)Speed Demon (2/2/2007)Mean Ghost (2/9/2007)The Cradle Will Rock (2/16/2007)The Walk-In (2/23/2007)Children Of Ghosts (3/30/2007)Delia's First Ghost (4/6/2007)The Collector (4/27/2007)The Prophet (5/4/2007)The Gathering (5/11/2007)Season 3The Underneath (9/28/2007)Don't Try This at Home (10/5/2007)Haunted Hero (10/12/2007)No Safe Place (10/19/2007)Weight of What Was (10/26/2007)Double Exposure (11/2/2007)Unhappy Medium (11/9/2007)Bad Blood (11/16/2007)All Ghosts Lead to Grandview (11/23/2007)Holiday Spirit (12/14/2007)Slam (1/11/2008)First Do No Harm (1/18/2008)Home But Not Alone (4/4/2008)The Gravesitter (4/11/2008)Horror Show (4/25/2008)Deadbeat Dads (5/2/2008)Stranglehold (5/9/2008)Pater Families (5/16/2008)Season 4Firestarter (10/3/2008)Big Chills (10/10/2008)Ghost in the Machine (10/17/2008)Save Our Souls (10/24/2008)Bloodline (10/31/2008)Imaginary Friends (11/7/2008)Threshold (11/14/2008)Heart & Soul (11/21/2008)Pieces of You (12/5/2008)Ball & Chain (12/19/2008)Life on the Line (1/9/2009)This Joint's Haunted (1/16/2009)Body of Water (1/23/2009)Slow Burn (2/6/2009)Greek Tragedy (2/13/2009)Ghost Busted (2/27/2009)Delusion of Grandview (3/6/2009)Leap of Faith (3/13/2009)Thrilled to Death (4/10/2009)Stage Fright (4/24/2009)Cursed (5/1/2009)Endless Love (5/8/2009)Book of Changes (5/15/2009)Season 5Birthday Presence (9/25/2009)See No Evil (10/2/2009)Till Death Do Us Start (10/9/2009)Do Over (10/16/2009)Cause For Alarm (10/23/2009)Head Over Heels (10/30/2009)Devil's Bargain (11/6/2009)Dead Listing (11/13/2009)Lost In The Shadows (11/20/2009)Excessive Forces (12/4/2009)Dead Air (1/8/2010)Blessings In Disguise (1/15/2010)Living Nightmare (1/29/2010)Dead to Me (2/5/2010)Implosion (3/5/2010)Old Sins Cast Long Shadows (3/12/2010)On Thin Ice (4/2/2010)Dead Eye (4/9/2010)Lethal Combination (4/30/2010)Blood Money (5/7/2010)Dead Ringer (5/14/2010)The Children's Parade (5/21/2010)Thank you for visiting our Ghost Whisperer page!Copyright © 1997-2018 Crazy About TV.com All rights reserved "


nonspecific lupus symptoms

top Lupus pictures You cannot usually tell whether or not someone has lupus based on physical appearance alone. Many signs and symptoms of the disease, such as a fever, are non-specific. Plus, some symptoms, like joint pain, imitate other illnesses. Often, the toll lupus takes on the body isn’t outwardly visible.

Lupus

What is lupus? Jump to: Symptoms | Causes | Pictures | Diagnosis | Treatment | Medications | Celebs with lupus | When should I see a doctor? | Is there a cure? | Lupus in children | Is it contagious? | Is it genetic? | How do you get it? |With its constellation of quirky symptoms (many of which can mimic other conditions), lupus is a hard disease to diagnose, leading some to call it “the great imitator.” Scientists don’t know exactly what causes lupus, and most people know very little about the disease—even though it affects an estimated 1.5 million Americans.

Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can attack the skin, joints, organs, nervous system, blood cells, kidneys, or some combination of body systems. Most cases strike women, although lupus can occur in men, too. To understand lupus, it helps to know how the immune system works.

A healthy body is hardwired to produce antibodies that fight off germs and other foreign substances. Lupus occurs when this system goes haywire. Instead of defending against enemy invaders, like viruses and bacteria, it produces antibodies that target healthy tissue, leading to inflammation, swelling, and damage. The term “lupus” commonly refers to systemic lupus erythematosus, or SLE, which accounts for 70% of all lupus cases. Some people also have cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a type of lupus that affects the skin. Back to top Signs and symptoms of lupus People with lupus may experience an array of symptoms. Some common ones include unexplained fever, fatigue, joint pain, or rash. All of these can easily be confused with any number of illnesses. If not closely managed, lupus can leave a trail of damage in its wake. Some people have symptoms that persist over long stretches of time, while others see their symptoms subside or disappear for a while (this is considered a remission), only to flare again later on. The type and severity of lupus symptoms can vary, as can the frequency of flares. In other words, one patient’s experience with the disease can be entirely different from someone else’s. Some people have lupus that affects a single body system—say, the skin or joints. In others, lupus leaves its mark across multiple body systems, such as the kidneys, heart, lungs, blood, blood vessels, and brain. A butterfly-shaped rash stretching from cheek to cheek across the bridge of the nose is a hallmark of lupus. The kidneys are particularly vulnerable in people with lupus. When the kidneys aren’t functioning properly, people can develop swelling around the ankles and eyes (edema), blood in the urine, or weigh gain. Some people have pain when breathing, a possible sign of inflammation of the lining of the chest. Signs of lupus include: Fatigue or malaise Joint pain, stiffness or swelling Muscle pain or weakness Fever with no known cause A red, butterfly-shaped rash across the nose and cheeks Other rashes, particularly on areas of the body exposed to the sun Pain in the chest when taking a breath Swelling in the feet, legs, or fingers, or around the eyes Hair loss Mouth ulcers, particularly on the roof, gums and sides of the mouth, or inside the nose Anemia Pain or purple fingers or toes due to cold or stress Sun sensitivity Dry eyes Headaches, confusion, and dizziness Blood clots Stroke Seizures or psychosis RELATED: 9 Celebrities With Lupus Back to top What causes lupus? Scientists don’t know exactly what causes lupus, but they think genetics may play a role. More than 100 genes have been linked to lupus, yet no single gene or combination of genes has been identified as the culprit. Some people appear to be at increased risk of developing lupus if a family member has it. It can also occur in people with no family history (although some family members may have other autoimmune conditions). The disease is more common in certain ethnic groups, especially African-Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asians. One theory is that environmental factors flip the switch that sets off lupus in people who are already genetically susceptible. Researchers have yet to pinpoint the exact factors, but possible triggers include: Ultraviolet light Certain infections Certain drugs, including sulfa-based medicines, tetracycline, and antibiotics Exhaustion or emotional stress Physical stress from bodily injury, surgery, pregnancy, or childbirth Some scientists suspect hormones—the body’s chemical messengers—may be involved in the disease process in some way. About 90% of lupus patients are women, mostly in their childbearing years, and many of them experience more symptoms of lupus in pregnancy or before their menstrual periods. However, more research on this is needed. Back to

However, there are a few telltale signs, especially in lupus patients who develop skin symptoms or have the form of lupus that only affects the skin, called cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Perhaps the most well known is a red rash (called a malar rash) that appears in the form of a butterfly across a person’s nose and cheeks. Some people develop red, raised, disk-shaped patches (a discoid rash), especially the face and scalp. Open, often-painless sores can also develop in the mouth or nose. As many as one in three lupus patients with the most common form of the disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, or SLE) develop a condition called Raynaud’s disease. Blood vessels in their fingers and toes constrict in response to cold or stress. The digits turn pale white or purplish blue as they lose blood flow. Lupus sufferers who experience joint pain may have visible redness and swelling in the fingers, wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, or toes. Back to top How is lupus diagnosed? There is no single diagnostic test to confirm whether someone has lupus. Doctors rely on a combination of tools, including a medical history and physical exam, blood tests, urinalysis, and kidney biopsy. Because of this, it can take months or years for someone to get a lupus diagnosis. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has identified 11 common signs of lupus to help doctors diagnose the condition. Usually, a person with four or more of these problems, either currently or in the past, may have the systemic form of lupus. The ACR tells doctors to look for butterfly and discoid rashes; photosensitivity (meaning a skin rash that develops due to sun exposure); mouth or nose sores; arthritic pain with tenderness or swelling in two or more joints; swelling in the lining of the heart or lungs; a neurologic problem (such as seizure or psychosis); a kidney disorder (such as excessive protein in the urine); a blood disorder (such as anemia); and other blood abnormalities. Blood tests can detect the presence of certain antibodies associated with lupus. An antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, for example, screens for proteins that cause the body to begin attacking itself. However, a positive ANA test doesn’t necessarily mean someone has lupus. RELATED: 7 People on What It’s Really Like to Have Lupus Back to top Lupus treatment Since there’s no cure, getting a lupus diagnosis and starting treatment as soon as possible in the key to keeping lupus under control. Since every person’s lupus is different, treatment regimens are tailor-made to the patient. In general, doctors prescribe medicines to alleviate symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and minimize organ damage. Anti-inflammatory medicines like as aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Motrin and Advil), and naproxen sodium (Aleve) are recommended to ease pain and fever, for example. Corticosteroids such as prednisone may be given to lessen the pain and swelling of inflammation in the body. Medicines for treating malaria have been shown to be effective in decreasing production of antibodies that attack the body’s own organs and tissues. Other treatments can be prescribed to quiet the immune system and minimize the toll of lupus on the body. Immune-suppressing drugs are helpful when steroids fail to control symptoms or when patients cannot tolerate high doses of steroids. However, people taking immunosuppressants must be closely monitored because these drugs reduce the body’s ability to fight infections. Lupus patients at risk of blood clots may be given low-dose aspirin or prescription warfarin or heparin. Belimumab (Benlysta) is the first new drug approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically to treat people with lupus. However, it’s not for everyone with lupus and has side effects. Back to top Medications Prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or over-the-counter versions, such as ibuprofen and naproxen for managing pain and swelling. Antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine to decrease production of antibodies that attack healthy tissue and organs. These drugs are usually used to treat lupus rash, joint pain, and mouth ulcers. Corticosteroids to control symptom flare-ups by suppressing inflammation. Belimumab (Benlysta). This monoclonal antibodies drug was developed specifically to treat lupus and targets an antibody thought to be involved in lupus. Acthar gel. This injectable drug helps manage symptom flare-ups by helping the body fight inflammation. Other medicines. Depending on symptoms, doctors may prescribe medicines for lupus-related problems, such as high blood pressure or depression. Back to top Celebrities with lupus A number of public figures have lupus, and many have opened up about what it’s like to live with the autoimmune disease. One of the most outspoken is singer Selena Gomez, who revealed in 2015 that she had taken time off to undergo treatment for lupus a few years earlier. “I was diagnosed with lupus, and I’ve been through chemotherapy,” Gomez told Billboard. “That’s what my break was really about.” Since then, Gomez has also raised awareness for mental health issues which can be triggered by lupus, such as anxiety and depression.“I’ve discovered that anxiety, panic attacks, and depression can be side effects of lupus, which can present their own challenges,” Gomez said to People in an exclusive statement in 2016. Actor and TV personality Nick Cannon also has lupus, and was hospitalized in late 2016 for complications from the autoimmune disease. Other celebrities with lupus include singer Toni Braxton, singer Seal, and the baseball player Tim Raines. Back to top When to see a doctor Many people struggle for years with vague or erratic symptoms before finally getting a diagnosis of lupus. Once you have been diagnosed with lupus, regular doctor visits are a must. Managing lupus often entails having a team of doctors and nurses by your side. You may see a rheumatologist (who specializes in treating joint, soft tissue, and autoimmune diseases) or an immunologist versed in immune system disorders. Depending on your symptoms and complications, you may also see physicians who specialize in treating heart, kidney, lung, blood, hormone, skin, and nervous system issues. You should see a doctor as soon as possible if your symptoms change or worsen, or if the medicine your doctor prescribed isn’t making you feel better. See a doctor immediately if you have severe abdominal pain; chest pain or shortness of breath; seizures; a new unexplained fever or high fever; excess bruising or bleeding; confusion or mood changes; or a combination or symptoms, such as severe headache, stiff neck, and fever. The National Resource Center on Lupus offers tips for preparing for doctor visits. Start by knowing your medical history (keeping a journal of your symptoms and when they first appeared can help). Be prepared to answer specific questions about your symptoms. Know the names of all the medicines you take (not just lupus medication) and bring copies of medical records from other physicians, including imaging test results. Ask for a summary of your doctor’s orders and take notes. Ask questions and bring up any problems or concerns you have. Back to top Is lupus curable? Currently, there is no cure for lupus. But there is hope. Scientists are grappling with key questions about what causes people to develop this autoimmune disease. Genetics clearly play some role, but inheritable traits only tell part of the story. What prompts the immune system to carry out its assault on healthy tissue and organs? Why do women develop lupus more often than men? And what can be done to better alleviate lupus symptoms? One day, researchers hope to pinpoint lupus causes, predict lupus flares, pioneer better treatment options, and, hopefully, identity a lupus cure. Until then, it’s important for patients to partner with their doctors about treatment plans. Medicines that ease pain, clear up rashes, reduce inflammation, and quell the immune system can help many lupus sufferers prevent and manage symptoms and stave off complications. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help people with lupus live life to the fullest. If you smoke, quitting can help (smoking can worsen the effects of lupus on the heart and blood vessels, and may complicate treatment). Likewise, a heart-healthy diet may be beneficial. Getting adequate rest is important, too, since fatigue is a chronic problem for many people with lupus. (The National Sleep Foundation recommends 7 to 9 hours of sleep each day for adults; young children and teens require even more shuteye. )Sun protection is another important step in managing lupus, since ultraviolet rays can trigger a symptom flare. Regular exercise, time management, and relaxation strategies like meditation: All of these can help keep stress—another possible lupus trigger—at bay. Back to top Lupus in children Lupus in children is as much of a mystery as in adults. In the beginning, the signs of trouble may be vague. Symptoms can appear then vanish, making it difficult to pinpoint the cause. Children can suffer for a longer period of time than adults before they get a diagnosis and, as a result, they may experience more health problems. Depending on the body systems affected, lupus looks very different from one child to the next. Some symptoms, like hair loss or skin rashes, are visible and may be scary for children. Other symptoms, including aches and pains or memory loss, are less obvious (but just as concerning). Raising a child or teen with lupus poses numerous challenges. You and your daughter or son will make regular trips to the doctor to keep the disease in check. It’s up to parents to make sure that their kids are eating a healthy diet, getting adequate sleep, and taking their medicines as directed. Children should learn to recognize their symptoms and how to prevent symptom flare-ups. That may mean slathering on sunscreen and wearing hats and long-sleeved shirts to avoid sun exposure—a potential trigger of lupus symptoms. There may be times that kids miss school activities or require a home tutor because of their illness. Still, parents should encourage their children to live life as normally as possible. Back to top Is lupus contagious? Lupus is not spread through viral or bacterial infections, and it’s not passed along from person to person through casual contact. Lupus is an autoimmune condition, meaning a person’s own immune system turns on itself. It begins attacking healthy tissue and organs as if fighting off some foreign invader. (There are dozens of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis . )It’s not clear why the immune system goes rogue. It may be partly due to the genes that someone inherits. But family history alone doesn’t fully explain why some people develop lupus and others do not. Scientists think something must trigger the disease. Potential lupus triggers include ultraviolet light, cigarette smoke, certain infections, physical trauma, stress, and certain drugs. None have proven to directly cause lupus. The key risk factors for lupus are gender, age, and race. Nine out of 10 cases involve women, although men get lupus, too. Most signs and symptoms of the disease appear between the ages of 15 and 45, but younger and older people can develop lupus as well. African-American women are more likely to have lupus than white women. The disease is also more prevalent in Hispanic, Asian, and Native American women. Back to top Is lupus genetic? Lupus has been called a family disease because it appears to have a hereditary component. Certain racial and ethnic groups, including people of African American, Hispanic, Asian and Native American descent, have a greater risk of developing lupus. That finding suggests that these groups share certain genes that predispose them to the disease. But, so far, no single gene or group of groups has been implicated, and studies suggest a person’s genetic makeup may only be one factor in developing lupus. In the majority of lupus cases, patients have no known relative with lupus. Who gets lupus may be partly determined by a person’s environment. Exposure to ultraviolet light, smoking, stress, and certain drugs may be triggers. Anyone who suspects they have lupus should see a physician for an evaluation. Tell your doctor if you have a family history of lupus. Back to top How do you get lupus? Lupus is not passed along like a virus. You cannot catch it from other people or transmit it through casual contact, but you may inherit a predisposition to it. Some people with lupus have a family history of the disease, but even those with an immediate family member with lupus don’t necessarily develop it. It is much more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, particularly African Americans, Hispanics, Asians and Native Americans. How you get lupus isn’t entirely clear, but evidence suggests that a person’s genes, environment, and sex hormones could be involved in determining who gets lupus. Researchers have identified over 100 genetic variations linked to lupus but no gene or combination that directly causes it. Some believe that certain environmental factors may have to be in play to “turn on” the disease. For example, smoking may play a role. Other potential environmental triggers include ultraviolet light, certain drugs, infections, exhaustion, and mental or physical stress or trauma. There may be a hormonal component, too, which would help to explain why lupus is much more common in women than men, especially women in their childbearing years