what is an atm used for

ATM is based on the efforts of the ITU-T Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) standard. It was originally conceived as a high-speed transfer technology for voice, video, and data over public networks. The ATM Forum extended the ITU-T's vision of ATM for use over public and private networks.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Switching

"Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is an International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standards Section (ITU-T) standard for cell relay wherein information for multiple service types, such as voice, video, or data, is conveyed in small, fixed-size cells. ATM networks are connection-oriented. This article provides summaries of ATM protocols, services, and operation. Figure: A Private ATM Network and a Public ATM Network Both Can Carry Voice, Video, and Data Traffic illustrates a private ATM network and a public ATM network carrying voice, video, and data traffic. Guide Contents Internetworking Basics LAN Technologies WAN Technologies Internet Protocols Bridging and Switching Routing Network Management Voice/Data Integration Technologies Wireless Technologies Cable Access Technologies Dial-up Technology Security Technologies Quality of Service Networking Network Caching Technologies IBM Network Management Multiservice Access Technologies Contents [ hide]1 Figure: A Private ATM Network and a Public ATM Network Both Can Carry Voice, Video, and Data Traffic2 Standards3 ATM Devices and the Network Environment3.1 ATM Cell Basic Format3.1.1 Figure: An ATM Cell Consists of a Header and Payload Data3.2 ATM Devices3.2.1 Figure: An ATM Network Comprises ATM Switches and Endpoints3.3 ATM Network Interfaces3.3.1 Figure: ATM Interface Specifications Differ for Private and Public Networks4 ATM Cell Header Format4.1 Figure: An ATM Cell, ATM UNI Cell, and ATM NNI Cell Header Each Contain 48 Bytes of Payload4.2 ATM Cell Header Fields5 ATM Services5.1 ATM Virtual Connections5.1.1 Figure: VCs Concatenate to Create VPs6 ATM Switching Operations7 ATM Reference Model7.1 Figure: The ATM Reference Model Relates to the Lowest Two Layers of the OSI Reference Model7.2 The ATM Physical Layer7.3 ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL17.3.1 Figure: AAL1 Prepares a Cell for Transmission So That the Cells Retain Their Order7.4 ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL27.5 ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL3/47.6 ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL58 ATM Addressing8.1 Subnetwork Model of Addressing8.2 NSAP Format ATM Addresses8.2.1 Figure: Three Formats of ATM Addresses Are Used for Private Networks8.3 ATM Address Fields9 ATM Connections10 ATM and Multicasting11 ATM Quality of Service12 ATM Signaling and Connection Establishment12.1 The ATM Connection-Establishment Process12.2 Connection-Request Routing and Negotiation12.2.1 Figure: ATM Devices Establish Connections Through the One-Pass Method13 ATM Connection-Management Messages14 PNNI15 Integrated Local Management Interface15.1 Table: Commonly Used VCI Values16 LAN Emulation16.1 Figure: ATM Networks Can Emulate a Physical LAN16.2 The LANE Protocol Architecture16.2.1 Figure: LANE Protocol Architecture Can Be Implemented in ATM Network Devices16.3 LANE Components16.3.1 Figure: An ELAN Consists of Clients, Servers, and Various Intermediate Nodes16.4 LAN Emulation Connection Types16.4.1 Figure: LANE Data Connections Use a Series of VCLs to Link a LAN Switch and ATM Hosts16.4.2 Figure: LANE Control Connections Link the LES, LECS, LAN Switch, and ATM Host16.5 LANE Operation16.5.1 Initialization and Configuration16.5.2 Joining and Registering with the LES16.5.3 Finding and Joining the BUS16.5.4 Data Transfer17 Multiprotocol over ATM17.1 Figure: A Comparison of Inter-ELAN Communications Without (Part A) and with (Part B) MPOA18 Review Questions19 For More Information Figure: A Private ATM Network and a Public ATM Network Both Can Carry Voice, Video, and Data Traffic Standards

The ATM Forum has released work on the following specifications: User-to-Network Interface (UNI) 2.0UNI 3.0UNI 3.1UNI 4.0Public-Network Node Interface (P-NNI)LAN Emulation (LANE)Multiprotocol over ATMATM Devices and the Network Environment ATM is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that combines the benefits of circuit switching (guaranteed capacity and constant transmission delay) with those of packet switching (flexibility and efficiency for intermittent traffic). It provides scalable bandwidth from a few megabits per second (Mbps) to many gigabits per second (Gbps). Because of its asynchronous nature, ATM is more efficient than synchronous technologies, such as time-division multiplexing (TDM). With TDM, each user is assigned to a time slot, and no other station can send in that time slot. If a station has much data to send, it can send only when its time slot comes up, even if all other time slots are empty. However, if a station has nothing to transmit when its time slot comes up, the time slot is sent empty and is wasted. Because ATM is asynchronous, time slots are available on demand with information identifying the source of the transmission contained in the header of each ATM cell. ATM Cell Basic Format ATM transfers information in fixed-size units called cells. Each cell consists of 53 octets, or bytes. The first 5 bytes contain cell-header information, and the remaining 48 contain the payload (user information). Small, fixed-length cells are well suited to transferring voice and video traffic because such traffic is intolerant of delays that result from having to wait for a large data packet to download, among other things. Figure: An ATM Cell Consists of a Header and Payload Data illustrates the basic format of an ATM cell. Figure: An ATM Cell Consists of a Header and Payload Data ATM Devices An ATM network is made up of an ATM switch and ATM endpoints. An ATM switch is responsible for cell transit through an ATM network. The job of an ATM switch is well defined: It accepts the incoming cell from an ATM endpoint or another ATM switch. It then reads and updates the cell header information and quickly switches the cell to an output interface toward its destination. An ATM endpoint (or end system) contains an ATM network interface adapter. Examples of ATM endpoints are workstations, routers, digital service units (DSUs), LAN switches, and video coder-decoders (CODECs). Figure: An ATM Network Comprises ATM Switches and Endpoints illustrates an ATM network made up of ATM switches and ATM endpoints. Figure: An ATM Network Comprises ATM Switches and Endpoints ATM Network Interfaces An ATM network consists of a set of ATM switches interconnected by point-to-point ATM links or interfaces. ATM switches support two primary types of interfaces: UNI and NNI. The UNI connects ATM end systems (such as hosts and routers) to an ATM switch. The NNI connects two ATM switches. Depending on whether the switch is owned and located at the customer's premises or is publicly owned and operated by the telephone company, UNI and NNI can be further subdivided into public and private UNIs and NNIs. A private UNI connects an ATM endpoint and a private ATM switch. Its public counterpart connects an ATM endpoint or private switch to a public switch. A private NNI connects two ATM switches within the same private organization. A public one connects two ATM switches within the same public organization. An additional specification, the broadband intercarrier interface (B-ICI), connects two public switches from different service providers. Figure: ATM Interface Specifications Differ for Private and Public Networks illustrates the ATM interface specifications for private and public networks. Figure: ATM Interface Specifications Differ for Private and Public Networks ATM Cell Header Format An ATM cell header can be one of two formats: UNI or NNI. The UNI header is used for communication between ATM endpoints and ATM switches in private ATM networks. The NNI header is used for communication between ATM switches. Figure: An ATM Cell, ATM UNI Cell, and ATM NNI Cell Header Each Contain 48 Bytes of Payload depicts the basic ATM cell format, the ATM UNI cell header format, and the ATM NNI cell header format. Figure: An ATM Cell, ATM UNI Cell, and ATM NNI Cell Header Each Contain 48 Bytes of Payload Unlike the UNI, the NNI header does not include the Generic Flow Control (GFC) field. Additionally, the NNI header has a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) field that occupies the first 12 bits, allowing for larger trunks between public ATM switches. ATM Cell Header Fields In addition to GFC and VPI header fields, several others are used in ATM cell header fields. The following descriptions summarize the ATM cell header fields illustrated in the above figure: Generic Flow Control (GFC) - Provides local functions, such as identifying multiple stations that share a single ATM interface. This field is typically not used and is set to its default value of 0 (binary 0000). Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) - In conjunction with the VCI, identifies the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on the way to its destination. Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) - In conjunction with the VPI, identifies the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on the way to its destination. Payload Type (PT) - Indicates in the first bit whether the cell contains user data or control data. If the cell contains user data, the bit is set to 0. If it contains control data, it is set to 1. The second bit indicates congestion (0 = no congestion, 1 = congestion), and the third bit indicates whether the cell is the last in a series of cells that represent a single AAL5 frame (1 = last cell for the frame). Cell Loss Priority (CLP) - Indicates whether the cell should be discarded if it encounters extreme congestion as it moves through the network. If the CLP bit equals 1, the cell should be discarded in preference to cells with the CLP bit equal to 0. Header Error Control (HEC) - Calculates checksum only on the first 4 bytes of the header. HEC can correct a single bit error in these bytes, thereby preserving the cell rather than discarding it. ATM Services Three types of ATM services exist: permanent virtual circuits (PVC), switched virtual circuits (SVC), and connectionless service (which is similar to SMDS). PVC allows direct connectivity between sites. In this way, a PVC is similar to a leased line. Among its advantages, PVC guarantees availability of a connection and does not require call setup procedures between switches. Disadvantages of PVCs include static connectivity and manual setup. Each piece of equipment between the source and the destination must be manually provisioned for the PVC. Furthermore, no network resiliency is available with PVC. An SVC is created and released dynamically and remains in use only as long as data is being transferred. In this sense, it is similar to a telephone call. Dynamic call control requires a signaling protocol between the ATM endpoint and the ATM switch. The advantages of SVCs include connection flexibility and call setup that can be handled automatically by a networking device. Disadvantages include the extra time and overhead required to set up the connection. ATM Virtual Connections ATM networks are fundamentally connection-oriented, which means that a virtual channel (VC) must be set up across the ATM network prior to any data transfer. (A virtual channel is roughly equivalent to a virtual circuit. )Two types of ATM connections exist: virtual paths, which are identified by virtual path identifiers, and virtual channels, which are identified by the combination of a VPI and a virtual channel identifier (VCI). A virtual path is a bundle of virtual channels, all of which are switched transparently across the ATM network based on the common VPI. All VPIs and VCIs, however, have only local significance across a particular link and are remapped, as appropriate, at each switch. A transmission path is the physical media that transports virtual channels and virtual paths. Figure: VCs Concatenate to Create VPs illustrates how VCs concatenate to create VPs, which, in turn, traverse the media or transmission path. Figure: VCs Concatenate to Create VPs ATM Switching Operations The basic operation of an ATM switch is straightforward: The cell is received across a link on a known VCI or VPI value. The switch looks up the connection value in a local translation table to determine the outgoing port (or ports) of the connection and the new VPI/VCI value of the connection on that link. The switch then retransmits the cell on that outgoing link with the appropriate connection identifiers. Because all VCIs and VPIs have only local significance across a particular link, these values are remapped, as necessary, at each switch. ATM Reference Model The ATM architecture uses a logical model to describe the functionality that it supports. ATM functionality corresponds to the physical layer and part of the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The ATM reference model is composed of the following planes, which span all layers: Control - This plane is responsible for generating and managing signaling requests. User - This plane is responsible for managing the transfer of data. Management - This plane contains two components: Layer management manages layer-specific functions, such as the detection of failures and protocol problems. Plane management manages and coordinates functions related to the complete system. The ATM reference model is composed of the following ATM layers: Physical layer - Analogous to the physical layer of the OSI reference model, the ATM physical layer manages the medium-dependent transmission. ATM layer - Combined with the ATM adaptation layer, the ATM layer is roughly analogous to the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The ATM layer is responsible for the simultaneous sharing of virtual circuits over a physical link (cell multiplexing) and passing cells through the ATM network (cell relay). To do this, it uses the VPI and VCI information in the header of each ATM cell. ATM adaptation layer (AAL) - Combined with the ATM layer, the AAL is roughly analogous to the data link layer of the OSI model. The AAL is responsible for isolating higher-layer protocols from the details of the ATM processes. The adaptation layer prepares user data for conversion into cells and segments the data into 48-byte cell payloads. Finally, the higher layers residing above the AAL accept user data, arrange it into packets, and hand it to the AAL. Figure: The ATM Reference Model Relates to the Lowest Two Layers of the OSI Reference Model illustrates the ATM reference model: Figure: The ATM Reference Model Relates to the Lowest Two Layers of the OSI Reference Model The ATM Physical Layer The ATM physical layer has four functions: Cells are converted into a bitstream, the transmission and receipt of bits on the physical medium are controlled, ATM cell boundaries are tracked, and cells are packaged into the appropriate types of frames for the physical medium. For example, cells are packaged differently for SONET than for DS-3/E-3 media types. The ATM physical layer is divided into two parts: the physical medium-dependent (PMD) sublayer and the transmission convergence (TC) sublayer. The PMD sublayer provides two key functions. First, it synchronizes transmission and reception by sending and receiving a continuous flow of bits with associated timing information. Second, it specifies the physical media for the physical medium used, including connector types and cable. Examples of physical medium standards for ATM include Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Network (SDH/SONET), DS-3/E3, 155 Mbps over multimode fiber (MMF) using the 8B/10B encoding scheme, and 155 Mbps 8B/10B over shielded twisted-pair (STP) cabling. The TC sublayer has four functions: cell delineation, header error control (HEC) sequence generation and verification, cell-rate decoupling, and transmission frame adaptation. The cell delineation function maintains ATM cell boundaries, allowing devices to locate cells within a stream of bits. HEC sequence generation and verification generates and checks the header error control code to ensure valid data. Cell-rate decoupling maintains synchronization and inserts or suppresses idle (unassigned) ATM cells to adapt the rate of valid ATM cells to the payload capacity of the transmission system. Transmission frame adaptation packages ATM cells into frames acceptable to the particular physical layer implementation. ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL1AAL1, a connection-oriented service, is suitable for handling constant bit rate sources (CBR), such as voice and videoconferencing. ATM transports CBR traffic using circuit-emulation services. Circuit-emulation service also accommodates the attachment of equipment currently using leased lines to an ATM backbone network. AAL1 requires timing synchronization between the source and the destination. For this reason, AAL1 depends on a medium, such as SONET, that supports clocking. The AAL1 process prepares a cell for transmission in three steps. First, synchronous samples (for example, 1 byte of data at a sampling rate of 125 microseconds) are inserted into the Payload field. Second, Sequence Number (SN) and Sequence Number Protection (SNP) fields are added to provide information that the receiving AAL1 uses to verify that it has received cells in the correct order. Third, the remainder of the Payload field is filled with enough single bytes to equal 48 bytes. Figure: AAL1 Prepares a Cell for Transmission So That the Cells Retain Their Order illustrates how AAL1 prepares a cell for transmission. Figure: AAL1 Prepares a Cell for Transmission So That the Cells Retain Their Order ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL2Another traffic type has timing requirements like CBR but tends to be bursty in nature. This is called variable bit rate (VBR) traffic. This typically includes services characterized as packetized voice or video that do not have a constant data transmission speed but that do have requirements similar to constant bit rate services. AAL2 is suitable for VBR traffic. The AAL2 process uses 44 bytes of the cell payload for user data and reserves 4 bytes of the payload to support the AAL2 processes. VBR traffic is characterized as either real-time (VBR-RT) or as non-real-time (VBR-NRT). AAL2 supports both types of VBR traffic. ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL3/4AAL3/4 supports both connection-oriented and connectionless data. It was designed for network service providers and is closely aligned with Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS). AAL3/4 is used to transmit SMDS packets over an ATM network. AAL3/4 prepares a cell for transmission in four steps. First, the convergence sublayer (CS) creates a protocol data unit (PDU) by prepending a beginning/end tag header to the frame and appending a length field as a trailer. Second, the segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sublayer fragments the PDU and prepends a header to it. Then the SAR sublayer appends a CRC-10 trailer to each PDU fragment for error control. Finally, the completed SAR PDU becomes the Payload field of an ATM cell to which the ATM layer prepends the standard ATM header. An AAL 3/4 SAR PDU header consists of Type, Sequence Number, and Multiplexing Identifier fields. Type fields identify whether a cell is the beginning, continuation, or end of a message. Sequence number fields identify the order in which cells should be reassembled. The Multiplexing Identifier field determines which cells from different traffic sources are interleaved on the same virtual circuit connection (VCC) so that the correct cells are reassembled at the destination. ATM Adaptation Layers: AAL5AAL5 is the primary AAL for data and supports both connection-oriented and connectionless data. It is used to transfer most non-SMDS data, such as classical IP over ATM and LAN Emulation (LANE). AAL5 also is known as the simple and efficient adaptation layer (SEAL) because the SAR sublayer simply accepts the CS-PDU and segments it into 48-octet SAR-PDUs without reserving any bytes in each cell. AAL5 prepares a cell for transmission in three steps. First, the CS sublayer appends a variable-length pad and an 8-byte trailer to a frame. The pad ensures that the resulting PDU falls on the 48-byte boundary of an ATM cell. The trailer includes the length of the frame and a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) computed across the entire PDU. This allows the AAL5 receiving process to detect bit errors, lost cells, or cells that are out of sequence. Second, the SAR sublayer segments the CS-PDU into 48-byte blocks. A header and trailer are not added (as is in AAL3/4), so messages cannot be interleaved. Finally, the ATM layer places each block into the Payload field of an ATM cell. For all cells except the last, a bit in the Payload Type (PT) field is set to 0 to indicate that the cell is not the last cell in a series that represents a single frame. For the last cell, the bit in the PT field is set to 1. ATM Addressing The ITU-T standard is based on the use of E.164 addresses (similar to telephone numbers) for public ATM (B-ISDN) networks. The ATM Forum extended ATM addressing to include private networks. It decided on the subnetwork or overlay model of addressing, in which the ATM layer is responsible for mapping network layer addresses to ATM addresses. This subnetwork model is an alternative to using network layer protocol addresses (such as IP and IPX) and existing routing protocols (such as IGRP and RIP). The ATM Forum defined an address format based on the structure of the OSI network service access point (NSAP) addresses. Subnetwork Model of Addressing The subnetwork model of addressing decouples the ATM layer from any existing higher-layer protocols, such as IP or IPX. Therefore, it requires an entirely new addressing scheme and routing protocol. Each ATM system must be assigned an ATM address, in addition to any higher-layer protocol addresses. This requires an ATM address resolution protocol (ATM ARP) to map higher-layer addresses to their corresponding ATM addresses. NSAP Format ATM Addresses The 20-byte NSAP-format ATM addresses are designed for use within private ATM networks, whereas public networks typically use E.164 addresses, which are formatted as defined by ITU-T. The ATM Forum has specified an NSAP encoding for E.164 addresses, which is used for encoding E.164 addresses within private networks, but this address can also be used by some private networks. Such private networks can base their own (NSAP format) addressing on the E.164 address of the public UNI to which they are connected and can take the address prefix from the E.164 number, identifying local nodes by the lower-order bits. All NSAP-format ATM addresses consist of three components: the authority and format identifier (AFI), the initial domain identifier (IDI), and the domain-specific part (DSP). The AFI identifies the type and format of the IDI, which, in turn, identifies the address allocation and administrative authority. The DSP contains actual routing information. Note: Summarized another way, the first 13 bytes form the NSAP prefix that answers the question, ""Which switch?"" Each switch must have a prefix value to uniquely identify it. Devices attached to the switch inherit the prefix value from the switch as part of their NSAP address. The prefix is used by switches to support ATM routing. The next 6 bytes, called the end station identifier (ESI), identify the ATM element attached to the switch. Each device attached to the switch must have a unique ESI value. The last byte, called the selector (SEL) byte, identifies the intended process within the device that the connection targets. Three formats of private ATM addressing differ by the nature of the AFI and IDI. In the NSAP-encoded E.164 format, the IDI is an E.164 number. In the DCC format, the IDI is a data country code (DCC), which identifies particular countries, as specified in ISO 3166. Such addresses are administered by the ISO National Member Body in each country. In the ICD format, the IDI is an international code designator (ICD), which is allocated by the ISO 6523 registration authority (the British Standards Institute). ICD codes identify particular international organizations. The ATM Forum recommends that organizations or private network service providers use either the DCC or the ICD formats to form their own numbering plan. Figure: Three Formats of ATM Addresses Are Used for Private Networks illustrates the three formats of ATM addresses used for private networks. Figure: Three Formats of ATM Addresses Are Used for Private Networks ATM Address Fields The following descriptions summarize the fields illustrated in the above figure: AFI - Identifies the type and format of the address (E.164, ICD, or DCC). DCC - Identifies particular countries. High-Order Domain-Specific Part (HO-DSP) - Combines the routing domain (RD) and the area identifier (AREA) of the NSAP addresses. The ATM Forum combined these fields to support a flexible, multilevel addressing hierarchy for prefix-based routing protocols. End System Identifier (ESI) - Specifies the 48-bit MAC address, as administered by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). Selector (SEL) - Is used for local multiplexing within end stations and has no network significance. ICD - Identifies particular international organizations. E.164 - Indicates the BISDN E.164 address. ATM Connections ATM supports two types of connections: point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. Point-to-point connects two ATM end systems and can be unidirectional (one-way communication) or bidirectional (two-way communication). Point-to-multipoint connects a single-source end system (known as the root node) to multiple destination end systems (known as leaves). Such connections are unidirectional only. Root nodes can transmit to leaves, but leaves cannot transmit to the root or to each other on the same connection. Cell replication is done within the ATM network by the ATM switches where the connection splits into two or more branches. It would be desirable in ATM networks to have bidirectional multipoint-to-multipoint connections. Such connections are analogous to the broadcasting or multicasting capabilities of shared-media LANs, such as Ethernet and Token Ring. A broadcasting capability is easy to implement in shared-media LANs, where all nodes on a single LAN segment must process all packets sent on that segment. Unfortunately, a multipoint-to-multipoint capability cannot be implemented by using AAL5, which is the most common AAL to transmit data across an ATM network. Unlike AAL3/4, with its Message Identifier (MID) field, AAL5 does not provide a way within its cell format to interleave cells from different AAL5 packets on a single connection. This means that all AAL5 packets sent to a particular destination across a particular connection must be received in sequence; otherwise, the destination reassembly process will be incapable of reconstructing the packets. This is why AAL5 point-to-multipoint connections can be only unidirectional. If a leaf node were to transmit an AAL5 packet onto the connection, for example, it would be received by both the root node and all other leaf nodes. At these nodes, the packet sent by the leaf could be interleaved with packets sent by the root and possibly other leaf nodes, precluding the reassembly of any of the interleaved packets. ATM and Multicasting ATM requires some form of multicast capability. AAL5 (which is the most common AAL for data) currently does not support interleaving packets, so it does not support multicasting. If a leaf node transmitted a packet onto an AAL5 connection, the packet could be intermixed with other packets and be improperly reassembled. Three methods have been proposed for solving this problem: VP multicasting, multicast server, and overlaid point-to-multipoint connection. Under the first solution, a multipoint-to-multipoint VP links all nodes in the multicast group, and each node is given a unique VCI value within the VP. Interleaved packets hence can be identified by the unique VCI value of the source. Unfortunately, this mechanism would require a protocol to uniquely allocate VCI values to nodes, and such a protocol mechanism currently does not exist. It is also unclear whether current SAR devices could easily support such a mode of operation. A multicast server is another potential solution to the problem of multicasting over an ATM network. In this scenario, all nodes wanting to transmit onto a multicast group set up a point-to-point connection with an external device known as a multicast server (perhaps better described as a resequencer or serializer). The multicast server, in turn, is connected to all nodes wanting to receive the multicast packets through a point-to-multipoint connection. The multicast server receives packets across the point-to-point connections and then retransmits them across the point-to-multipoint connection-but only after ensuring that the packets are serialized (that is, one packet is fully transmitted before the next is sent). In this way, cell interleaving is precluded. An overlaid point-to-multipoint connection is the third potential solution to the problem of multicasting over an ATM network. In this scenario, all nodes in the multicast group establish a point-to-multipoint connection with each other node in the group and, in turn, become leaves in the equivalent connections of all other nodes. Hence, all nodes can both transmit to and receive from all other nodes. This solution requires each node to maintain a connection for each transmitting member of the group, whereas the multicast-server mechanism requires only two connections. This type of connection also requires a registration process for informing the nodes that join a group of the other nodes in the group so that the new nodes can form the point-to-multipoint connection. The other nodes must know about the new node so that they can add the new node to their own point-to-multipoint connections. The multicast-server mechanism is more scalable in terms of connection resources but has the problem of requiring a centralized resequencer, which is both a potential bottleneck and a single point of failure. ATM Quality of Service ATM supports Qo S guarantees comprising traffic contract, traffic shaping, and traffic policing. A traffic contract specifies an envelope that describes the intended data flow. This envelope specifies values for peak bandwidth, average sustained bandwidth, and burst size, among others. When an ATM end system connects to an ATM network, it enters a contract with the network, based on Qo S parameters. Traffic shaping is the use of queues to constrain data bursts, limit peak data rate, and smooth jitters so that traffic will fit within the promised envelope. ATM devices are responsible for adhering to the contract by means of traffic shaping. ATM switches can use traffic policing to enforce the contract. The switch can measure the actual traffic flow and compare it against the agreed-upon traffic envelope. If the switch finds that traffic is outside of the agreed-upon parameters, it can set the cell-loss priority (CLP) bit of the offending cells. Setting the CLP bit makes the cell discard eligible, which means that any switch handling the cell is allowed to drop the cell during periods of congestion. ATM Signaling and Connection Establishment When an ATM device wants to establish a connection with another ATM device, it sends a signaling-request packet to its directly connected ATM switch. This request contains the ATM address of the desired ATM endpoint, as well as any Qo S parameters required for the connection. ATM signaling protocols vary by the type of ATM link, which can be either UNI signals or NNI signals. UNI is used between an ATM end system and ATM switch across ATM UNI, and NNI is used across NNI links. The ATM Forum UNI 3.1 specification is the current standard for ATM UNI signaling. The UNI 3.1 specification is based on the Q.2931 public network signaling protocol developed by the ITU-T. UNI signaling requests are carried in a well-known default connection: VPI = 0, VPI = 5. The ATM Connection-Establishment Process ATM signaling uses the one-pass method of connection setup that is used in all modern telecommunication networks, such as the telephone network. An ATM connection setup proceeds in the following manner. First, the source end system sends a connection-signaling request. The connection request is propagated through the network. As a result, connections are set up through the network. The connection request reaches the final destination, which either accepts or rejects the connection request. Connection-Request Routing and Negotiation Routing of the connection request is governed by an ATM routing protocol (Private Network-Network Interface [PNNI], which routes connections based on destination and source addresses), traffic, and the Qo S parameters requested by the source end system. Negotiating a connection request that is rejected by the destination is limited because call routing is based on parameters of initial connection; changing parameters might affect the connection routing. Figure: ATM Devices Establish Connections Through the One-Pass Method highlights the one-pass method of ATM connection establishment. Figure: ATM Devices Establish Connections Through the One-Pass Method ATM Connection-Management Messages A number of connection-management message types, including setup, call proceeding, connect, and release, are used to establish and tear down an ATM connection. The source end system sends a setup message (including the address of the destination end system and any traffic Qo S parameters) when it wants to set up a connection. The ingress switch sends a call proceeding message back to the source in response to the setup message. The destination end system next sends a connect message if the connection is accepted. The destination end system sends a release message back to the source end system if the connection is rejected, thereby clearing the connection. Connection-management messages are used to establish an ATM connection in the following manner. First, a source end system sends a setup message, which is forwarded to the first ATM switch (ingress switch) in the network. This switch sends a call proceeding message and invokes an ATM routing protocol. The signaling request is propagated across the network. The exit switch (called the egress switch) that is attached to the destination end system receives the setup message. The egress switch forwards the setup message to the end system across its UNI, and the ATM end system sends a connect message if the connection is accepted. The connect message traverses back through the network along the same path to the source end system, which sends a connect acknowledge message back to the destination to acknowledge the connection. Data transfer can then begin. PNNIPNNI provides two significant services: ATM topology discovery and call establishment. For switches to build connections between end points, the switch must know the ATM network topology. PNNI is the ATM routing protocol that enables switches to automatically discover the topology and the characteristics of the links interconnecting the switches. A link-state protocol much like OSPF, PNNI tracks things such as bandwidth on links. When a significant event occurs that changes the characteristics of a link, PNNI announces the change to the other switches. When a station sends a call setup request to its local switch, the ingress switch references the PNNI routing table to determine a path between the source and the intended destination that meets the Qo S requirements specified by the source. The switch attached to the source then builds a list defining each switch hop to support the circuit to the destination. This is called the designated transit list (DTL). VCI = 18 is reserved for PNNI. Integrated Local Management Interface Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI) enables devices to determine status of components at the other end of a physical link and to negotiate a common set of operational parameters to ensure interoperability. ILMI operates over a reserved VCC of VPI = X, VCI = 16. Administrators may enable or disable ILMI at will, but it is highly recommended to enable it. Doing so allows the devices to determine the highest UNI interface level to operate (3.0, 3.1, 4.0), UNI vs. NNI, as well as numerous other items. Furthermore, ILMI allows devices to share information such as NSAP addresses, peer interface names, and IP addresses. Without ILMI, many of these parameters must be manually configured for the ATM attached devices to operate correctly. Note: The VCI values of 0 through 31 are reserved and should not be used for user traffic. Three frequently encountered VCI values are shown in Table: Commonly Used VCI Values. Table: Commonly Used VCI Values VCI Function5Signaling from an edge device to its switch (ingress switch)16ILMI for link parameter exchanges18PNNI for ATM routing LAN Emulation LAN Emulation (LANE) is a standard defined by the ATM Forum that gives to stations attached via ATM the same capabilities that they normally obtain from legacy LANs, such as Ethernet and Token Ring. As the name suggests, the function of the LANE protocol is to emulate a LAN on top of an ATM network. Specifically, the LANE protocol defines mechanisms for emulating either an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet or an 802.5 Token Ring LAN. The current LANE protocol does not define a separate encapsulation for FDDI. (FDDI packets must be mapped into either Ethernet or Token Ring-emulated LANs [ELANs] by using existing translational bridging techniques.) Fast Ethernet (100Base T) and IEEE 802.12 (100VG-Any LAN) both can be mapped unchanged because they use the same packet formats. Figure: ATM Networks Can Emulate a Physical LAN compares a physical LAN and an ELAN: Figure: ATM Networks Can Emulate a Physical LANThe LANE protocol defines a service interface for higher-layer (that is, network layer) protocols that is identical to that of existing LANs. Data sent across the ATM network is encapsulated in the appropriate LAN MAC packet format. Simply put, the LANE protocols make an ATM network look and behave like an Ethernet or Token Ring LAN-albeit one operating much faster than an actual Ethernet or Token Ring LAN network. It is important to note that LANE does not attempt to emulate the actual MAC protocol of the specific LAN concerned (that is, CSMA/CD for Ethernet or token passing for IEEE 802.5). LANE requires no modifications to higher-layer protocols to enable their operation over an ATM network. Because the LANE service presents the same service interface of existing MAC protocols to network layer drivers (such as an NDIS- or ODI-like driver interface), no changes are required in those drivers. The LANE Protocol Architecture The basic function of the LANE protocol is to resolve MAC addresses to ATM addresses. The goal is to resolve such address mappings so that LANE end systems can set up direct connections between themselves and then forward data. The LANE protocol is deployed in two types of ATM-attached equipment: ATM network interface cards (NICs) and internetworking and LAN switching equipment. ATM NICs implement the LANE protocol and interface to the ATM network but present the current LAN service interface to the higher-level protocol drivers within the attached end system. The network layer protocols on the end system continue to communicate as if they were on a known LAN by using known procedures. However, they are capable of using the vastly greater bandwidth of ATM networks. The second class of network gear to implement LANE consists of ATM-attached LAN switches and routers. These devices, together with directly attached ATM hosts equipped with ATM NICs, are used to provide a virtual LAN (VLAN) service in which ports on the LAN switches are assigned to particular VLANs independently of physical location. Figure: LANE Protocol Architecture Can Be Implemented in ATM Network Devices shows the LANE protocol architecture implemented in ATM network devices. Figure: LANE Protocol Architecture Can Be Implemented in ATM Network Devices { {note: The LANE protocol does not directly affect ATM switches. As with most of the other ATM internetworking protocols, LANE builds on the overlay model. As such, the LANE protocols operate transparently over and through ATM switches, using only standard ATM signaling procedures. }}LANE Components The LANE protocol defines the operation of a single ELAN or VLAN. Although multiple ELANs can simultaneously exist on a single ATM network, an ELAN emulates either an Ethernet or a Token Ring and consists of the following components: LAN Emulation client (LEC) - The LEC is an entity in an end system that performs data forwarding, address resolution, and registration of MAC addresses with the LAN Emulation Server (LES). The LEC also provides a standard LAN interface to higher-level protocols on legacy LANs. An ATM end system that connects to multiple ELANs has one LEC per ELAN. LES - The LES provides a central control point for LECs to forward registration and control information. (Only one LES exists per ELAN.) The LES maintains a list of MAC addresses in the ELAN and the corresponding NSAP addresses. Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS) - The BUS is a multicast server that is used to flood unknown destination address traffic and to forward multicast and broadcast traffic to clients within a particular ELAN. Each LEC is associated with only one BUS per ELAN. LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS) - The LECS maintains a database of LECs and the ELANs to which they belong. This server accepts queries from LECs and responds with the appropriate ELAN identifier-namely, the ATM address of the LES that serves the appropriate ELAN. One LECS per administrative domain serves all ELANs within that domain. Because single server components lack redundancy, Cisco has overcome this shortcoming by implementing a proprietary solution called Simple Server Redundancy Protocol. SSRP works with any vendors LECs; however, it requires the use of Cisco devices as server components. It allows up to 16 LECSs per ATM LANE network and an infinite number of LES/BUS pairs per ELAN. The ATM Forum also released a vendor-independent method of providing server redundancy: Lane Emulation Network-Network Interface (LNNI). Therefore, servers from different vendors can provide interoperable redundancy. Figure: An ELAN Consists of Clients, Servers, and Various Intermediate Nodes illustrates the components of an ELAN. Figure: An ELAN Consists of Clients, Servers, and Various Intermediate Nodes LAN Emulation Connection Types The Phase 1 LANE entities communicate with each other by using a series of ATM VCCs. LECs maintain separate connections for data transmission and control traffic. The LANE data connections are data-direct VCC, multicast send VCC, and multicast forward VCC. Data-direct VCC is a bidirectional point-to-point VCC set up between two LECs that want to exchange data. Two LECs typically use the same data-direct VCC to carry all packets between them rather than opening a new VCC for each MAC address pair. This technique conserves connection resources and connection setup latency. Multicast send VCC is a bidirectional point-to-point VCC set up by the LEC to the BUS. Multicast forward VCC is a unidirectional VCC set up to the LEC from the BUS. It typically is a point-to-multipoint connection, with each LEC as a leaf. Control connections include configuration-direct VCC, control-direct VCC, and control-distribute VCC. Configuration-direct VCC is a bidirectional point-to-point VCC set up by the LEC to the LECS. Control-direct VCC is a bidirectional VCC set up by the LEC to the LES. Control-distribute VCC is a unidirectional VCC set up from the LES back to the LEC (this is typically a point-to-multipoint connection). Figure: LANE Data Connections Use a Series of VCLs to Link a LAN Switch and ATM Hosts shows the LANE data connections. Figure: LANE Data Connections Use a Series of VCLs to Link a LAN Switch and ATM Hosts Figure: LANE Control Connections Link the LES, LECS, LAN Switch, and ATM Host illustrates LANE control connections. Figure: LANE Control Connections Link the LES, LECS, LAN Switch, and ATM Host LANE Operation The operation of a LANE system and components is best understood by examining these stages of LEC operation: performing initialization and configuration, joining and registering with the LES, finding and joining the BUS, and performing data transfer. Initialization and Configuration Upon initialization, an LEC finds the LECS to obtain required configuration information. It begins this process when the LEC obtains its own ATM address, which typically occurs through address registration. The LEC must then determine the location of the LECS. To do this, the LEC first must locate the LECS by one of the following methods: by using a defined ILMI procedure to determine the LECS address, by using a well-known LECS address, or by using a well-known permanent connection to the LECS (VPI = 0, VCI = 17). (The well-known permanent connection is not commonly used. )After the LEC discovers the LECS's NSAP, the LEC sets up a configuration-direct VCC to the LECS and sends an LE_CONFIGURE_REQUEST message. If a matching entry is found, the LECS returns a LE_CONFIGURE_RESPONSE message to the LEC with the configuration information that it requires to connect to its target ELAN, including the following: ATM address of the LES, type of LAN being emulated, maximum packet size on the ELAN, and ELAN name (a text string for display purposes). Joining and Registering with the LESWhen an LEC joins the LES and registers its own ATM and MAC addresses, it does so by following three steps: After the LEC obtains the LES address, the LEC optionally clears the connec- tion to the LECS, sets up the control-direct VCC to the LES, and sends an LE_JOIN_REQUEST message on that VCC. This allows the LEC to register its own MAC and ATM addresses with the LES and (optionally) any other MAC addresses for which it is proxying. This information is maintained so that no two LECs will register the same MAC or ATM address. After receipt of the LE_JOIN_REQUEST message, the LES checks with the LECS via its open connection, verifies the request, and confirms the client's membership. Upon successful verification, the LES adds the LEC as a leaf of its point-to-multipoint control-distribute VCC and issues the LEC a successful LE_JOIN_RESPONSE message that contains a unique LAN Emulation client ID (LECID). The LECID is used by the LEC to filter its own broadcasts from the BUS. Finding and Joining the BUSAfter the LEC has successfully joined the LECS, its first task is to find the BUS's ATM address to join the broadcast group and become a member of the emulated LAN. First, the LEC creates an LE_ARP_REQUEST packet with the MAC address 0x FFFFFFFF. Then the LEC sends this special LE_ARP packet on the control-direct VCC to the LES. The LES recognizes that the LEC is looking for the BUS and responds with the BUS's ATM address on the control-distribute VCC. When the LEC has the BUS's ATM address, it joins the BUS by first creating a signaling packet with the BUS's ATM address and setting up a multicast-send VCC with the BUS. Upon receipt of the signaling request, the BUS adds the LEC as a leaf on its point-to-multipoint multicast forward VCC. The LEC is now a member of the ELAN and is ready for data transfer. Data Transfer The final state, data transfer, involves resolving the ATM address of the destination LEC and actual data transfer, which might include the flush procedure. When a LEC has a data packet to send to an unknown destination MAC address, it must discover the ATM address of the destination LEC through which the particular address can be reached. To accomplish this, the LEC first sends the data frame to the BUS (via the multicast send VCC) for distribution to all LECs on the ELAN via the multicast forward VCC. This is done because resolving the ATM address might take some time, and many network protocols are intolerant of delays. The LEC then sends a LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol Request (LE_ARP_Request) control frame to the LES via a control-direct VCC. If the LES knows the answer, it responds with the ATM address of the LEC that owns the MAC address in question. If the LES does not know the answer, it floods the LE_ARP_REQUEST to some or all LECs (under rules that parallel the BUS's flooding of the actual data frame, but over control-direct and control-distribute VCCs instead of the multicast send or multicast forward VCCs used by the BUS). If bridge/switching devices with LEC software participating in the ELAN exist, they respond to the LE_ARP_REQUEST if they service the LAN device with the requested MAC address. This is called a proxy service. In the case of actual data transfer, if an LE_ARP message is received, the LEC sets up a data-direct VCC to the destination LEC and uses this for data transfer rather than the BUS path. Before it can do this, however, the LEC might need to use the LANE flush procedure, which ensures that all packets previously sent to the BUS were delivered to the destination prior to the use of the data-direct VCC. In the flush procedure, a control frame is sent down the first transmission path following the last packet. The LEC then waits until the destination acknowledges receipt of the flush packet before using the second path to send packets. Multiprotocol over ATMMultiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) provides a method of transmitting data between ELANs without needing to continuously pass through a router. Normally, data passes through at least one router to get from one ELAN to another. This is normal per-hop routing as experienced in LAN environments. MPOA, however, enables devices in different ELANs to communicate without needing to travel hop by hop. Figure: A Comparison of Inter-ELAN Communications Without (Part A) and with (Part B) MPOA illustrates the process without MPOA in part A and with MPOA in part B. With MPOA-enabled devices, only the first few frames between devices pass through routers. This is called the default path. The frames pass from ELAN to ELAN through appropriate routers. After a few frames follow the default path, the MPOA devices discover the NSAP address of the other device and then build a direct connection called the shortcut for the subsequent frames in the flow. The edge devices that generate the ATM traffic are called multiprotocol clients (MPC) and may be an ATM-attached workstation, or a router. The inter-ELAN routers are called multiprotocol servers (MPS) and assist the MPCs in discovering how to build a shortcut. MPSs are always routers. This reduces the load on routers because the routers do not need to sustain the continuous flow between devices. Furthermore, MPOA can reduce the number of ATM switches supporting a connection, freeing up virtual circuits and switch resources in the ATM network. Figure: A Comparison of Inter-ELAN Communications Without (Part A) and with (Part B) MPOA illustrates the connection before and after the shortcut is established. Note that MPOA does not replace LANE. In fact, MPOA requires LANE version 2. Figure: A Comparison of Inter-ELAN Communications Without (Part A) and with (Part B) MPOAReview Questions Q - Name the four components of LANE. A - LAN Emulation client (LEC), LANE Configuration Server (LECS), LAN Emulation Server (LES), Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS). Q - Which LANE component maintains an ATM ARP table? A - The LAN Emulation Server (LES) keeps a database of LEC MAC and NSAP addresses. Q - Which LANE component maintains policy for ELAN membership? A - The LANE Configuration Server (LECS) acts as a membership policy device. Q - List two functions of PNNI. A - ATM topology discovery and switched circuit establishment. Q - Which field in the ATM header checks the header integrity? A - The HEC field checks for header errors and can correct a single header bit error. Q - What is the primary difference between the UNI header and the NNI header? A - The UNI header has an 8-bit VPI field and a 4-bit GFC, while the NNI header absorbs the GFC field and expands the VPI field to 12 bits. Q - Which adaptation mode is most appropriate to interconnect T1 signals from PBXs over ATM? A - AAL1 is most suitable for constant bit rate traffic such as a T1 source. Q - Which adaptation mode is most frequently implemented for data transport over ATM? A -AAL5 provides an appropriate adaptation method for data traffic such as that produced by routers and ATM-attached workstations. Q - What VCI value is reserved for call setup requests from an ATM edge device? A -VCI = 5 is reserved for ATM edge devices to send a signaling request to the ingress ATM switch requesting a connection to another device. Q - What ATM protocol simplifies the ATM administrator's life by automatically ensuring that certain ATM parameters are compatible between two devices connected to the same link? A - ILMI enables two devices to communicate with each other and share ATM parameters that facilitate the link functionality. Q - What ATM protocol communicates exclusively between ATM switches? A - PNNI, the ATM routing protocol, occurs only between ATM switches. Q - Describe the difference between PVC and SVC. A - A PVC (permanent virtual circuit) must be manually provisioned. Every piece of equipment supporting the circuit between the source and destination must be configured. PVC does not provide any resiliency for media or equipment failures. SVC (switched virtual circuit) automatically establishes a connection between the source and the destination. The source indicates that it desires a connection, and the network builds the circuit. Q - What is the purpose of the adaptation layer? A - The adaptation layer converts user data into cell payloads. Some adaptation modes use all 48 bytes of the payload, while others use extra bits from the payload for functional purposes resulting in lower than 48 bit user data/payload size. Q - What advantage is there to implementing MPOA? A - MPOA provides two advantages. First, it reduces the workload for routers because the routers will not need to support continuous flows of data. Second, MPOA can reduce the number of times that data must cross the ATM network. Without MPOA, the data must cross all necessary ELANs to get to the destination. With MPOA, a single circuit is built, allowing the data to traverse the network once. For More Information Clark, Kennedy, and Kevin Hamilton. CCIE Professional Development: Cisco LAN Switching. Indianapolis: Cisco Press, 1999. Ginsburg, David. ATM: Solutions for Enterprise Internetworking. Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, 1996. Mc Dysan, David E., and Darren L. Spohn. ATM Theory and Application. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1998http://www.atmforum.com for ATM standards document Currently 3.49/5 1 2 3 4 5Rating: 3.5 /5 (35 votes cast)Related Discussions from the Cisco Support Community Category: IOS Technology Handbook "


what kind of oil is used in salad dressing

For salads, olive, sunflower, safflower, flaxseed, or walnut oils are excellent choices. With the exception of extra-virgin olive oil, olive oil has a robust flavor, while sunflower oil (pressed from the seeds) and safflower oil (pressed from a thistle-type flower) have a delicate taste and a lighter texture.

What type of oil should I use on salads?

Toby Smithson on behalf of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition & Dietetics Canola, olive, walnut, and peanut oil are mono or polyunsaturated fats. These types of oils are healthy choices. Recent research has shown health benefits from having some type of mono or polyunsaturated fats added to your salad to help you absorb the fat soluble vitamins from your salad. If you do not use oil in your salad, you can also add foods like nuts, avocados, or olives to your salad as a source of healthy fats. Keri Gans Nutrition & Dietetics

If you opt for sunflower oil, you can get either high-oleic sunflower oil, which has monounsaturated levels of 80 percent and above, or the more common linoleic sunflower oil, which is high in polyunsaturates or linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. Flaxseed’s rich, nutty taste adds a pleasant flavor to a salad, and it’s a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which your body converts into omega- 3s. It goes rancid quickly—high or even room temperatures destroy its fragile structure -- so keep it in the refrigerator and use it within a few months of opening. Walnut oil is best used uncooked or in cold sauces because it becomes slightly bitter when heated. More About this Book The Small Change Diet: 10 Steps to a Thinner, Healthier You THE ONLY “DIET” PLAN YOU WILL EVER NEED! No deprivation, no struggles. Just ten small changes that will transform your life. Keri Gans, spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association, shares... Buy the Book Continue Learning about Cooking & Health Related to Cooking & Health Food Storage & Health Health Value Of Foods Recipes for Healthy Cooking Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Trending on Sharecare


what is eaglewood

ews Eaglewood Overview Eaglewood in Hobe Sound, Florida is a 55+ community situated in the scenic Treasure Coast area. This equity-owned community is built around a private 18-hole golf course with 300 homes available on a resale-only basis. Residents enjoy an active lifestyle inside the 3,000 square-foot clubhouse.

Eaglewood - Hobe Sound, FL

Eaglewood - Hobe Sound, FLHome Florida Central Atlantic Coast Treasure Coast Area Hobe Sound Eaglewood View all 12 images Overview Amenities Lifestyle Models Map Revi

Homebuyers can choose from single-family homes and attached homes all built with active adults in mind. The low-maintenance lifestyle offered in Eaglewood combined with never ending activities and a beautiful climate attracts 55+ homebuyers from across the country. Eaglewood Amenities At the center of Eaglewood, homeowners enjoy a 3,000 square-foot clubhouse. Inside the clubhouse, residents can join games in the card room or meet with one of the arts and crafts clubs in the craft room. The library has hundreds of great titles and provides residents with a great place to relax. Residents also enjoy the numerous parties and dances held inside the ballroom. The amenities continue outside with a heated swimming pool, two tennis courts, and two bocce ball courts. One of the larger amenities at Eaglewood is the 18-hole executive golf course. The links style course offers beautiful views and play for all levels. Eaglewood Homes & Real Estate Eaglewood is a 300-home community spread across 163 acres. Homebuyers can select from single-family and attached homes on a resale-only basis. Homes in the community offer low-maintenance living great for active adults. Single-family homes range between 1,115 and 1,990 square feet of living space with one to three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a one to two-and-a-half-car garage. Those looking for a smaller home with the same functionality will like the attached homes available. These homes range in size from 1,324 to 1,836 square feet and offer one to three bedrooms, two to three bathrooms, and a one to two-car garage. These homes all come with screen enclosed back porches perfect for reading the morning paper or entertaining guests. Eaglewood Lifestyle Residents of Eaglewood enjoy an active and low-maintenance lifestyle. Homeowners in the community do not worry about their lawn care as it is taken care of by the homeowners' association. Each resident pays a small annual fee that covers the general maintenance of the community grounds and common areas. This allows homeowners to enjoy all the great activities offered inside Eaglewood and the surrounding area. Area Located in Hobe Sound, Florida, Eaglewood is surrounded by convenient amenities and beautiful surroundings. Multiple places of worship are located just down the road along with a shopping market and medical offices. Situated just east of Florida's Turnpike, travel to other parts of Florida is easy. Residents enjoy the great location of Eaglewood by taking trips to any one of the numerous coastal beaches just a few minutes away. Nature lovers can take long walks and enjoy the wildlife at either of the nature preserves less than 15 minutes away. A convenient location along side a beautiful climate all year-round attracts active adults to Eaglewood from across the country. Want to learn more about Eaglewood? Contact Don People Who Like This Community Also Like... Copperleaf Palm City, FLView Community PGA Village Verano Port St Lucie, FLView Community Kings Isle Port St Lucie, FLView Community Magnolia Lakes Port St Lucie, FLView Community55places.com is not affiliated with the developer (s) or homeowners association of Eaglewood. The information you submit is distributed to a 55places.com Partner Agent, who is a licensed real estate agent. The information regarding Eaglewood has not been verified or approved by the developer or homeowners association. Please verify all information prior to purchasing. 55places.com is not responsible for any errors regarding the information displayed on this website. Real Estate Expert Don Van Harken Century 21 Tenace Realty Lic. #3179155Want to learn more about Eaglewood? Don is a real estate agent who specializes in helping buyers and sellers in this community. He can help you find resale homes for sale.4.918 reviews Contact Me Request Info Quick Facts Price Range High $100s - Mid $200s Home Types Single Family, Attached Number of Homes 300New/Resale Resale Homes Only Age Restrictions 55+Gated No Construction Dates 1982 - 1990Request Info Get Directions Go View Map Eaglewood8500 Southeast Eaglewood Way Hobe Sound, Florida 33455For Real Estate/Home Sales: (561) 402-7076Association/Clubhouse: (772) 546-3656Need to sell a home in this community? Start Now Share this Page Share this page with friends and family!Subscribe to our Newsletter Get Weekly Updates Join


who is kathleen a. crowley esq.,

RANKKathleen Crowley (I) (1929–2017)Actress Kathleen Crowley represented her home state of New Jersey in the Miss America pageant in 1949, placed sixth and (with the scholarship money she won) enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Art in New York.

Kathleen Crowley (I)  (1929â2017)

"SEE

She played the plum title roles in prestigious TV productions of Robert Montgomery Presents: A Star Is Born (1951) and Kraft Theatre: Jane ... See full bio »Born: December 26, 1929 in Green Bank, New Jersey, USADied: April 23, 2017 (age 87) in Green Bank, New Jersey, USA9 photos »Quick Links Biography Awards Photo Gallery Filmography (by Job)Trailers and Videos Explore More Can You Guess This Celeb From His Yearbook Photo? Here's a hint: He just might be your favorite superhero. See if you can guess these other celebrities by their yearbook photos. Start the game Share this page: Related News Kathleen Crowley, Actress in Low-Budget 1950s Horror Movies, Dies at 8726 April 2017 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News Kathleen Crowley, Actress in Low-Budget 1950s Horror Movies, Dies at 8726 April 2017 | The Hollywood Reporter - TV News Downhill Racer08 December 2015 | Trailers from Hell See all related articles »Around The Web Powered by Zerg Net On Prime Video Watch Now Downhill Racer See more on Prime Video »Create a list »User Lists Related lists from IMDb users In Memoriam 2017a list of 1148 people created 04 Jan 2017R. I. P.2017a list of 390 people created 01 Jan 2017Bat-actors by The Measured Circlea list of 1036 people created 03 Jan 2013Actress Lista list of 135 people created 07 Aug 2012Actresses -- most physically beautiful -- first name starts with Ka list of 63 people created 27 Jan 2016See all related lists »Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDb Page Find out more at IMDb Pro »How Much Have You Seen? How much of Kathleen Crowley's work have you seen? User Polls Favorite oft-adapted male literary character from the 19th century Forbes Fictional 15's See more polls »Known For The Rebel Set Jeanne Mapes (1959)Kraft Theatre Jane Eyre (1951)Target Earth Nora King (1954)The Farmer Takes a Wife Susanna (1953)Show all | | Edit Filmography Jump to: Actress | Self | Archive footage Hide Actress (85 credits)1970The Lawyer Alice Fiske1969Downhill Racer Reporter1969The High Chaparral (TV Series) Countess Maria Kettenden von München - Once on a Day in Spring (1969) ... Countess Maria Kettenden von München1966-1969Family Affair (TV Series) Lois Mason / Nedra Wolcott - A Family Group (1969) ... Lois Mason- Room with a Viewpoint (1966) ... Nedra Wolcott1960-1968Bonanza (TV Series) Madamoiselle Denise / Laurie Hayden / Kathleen aka Quick-Buck Kate - Stage Door Johnnies (1968) ... Madamoiselle Denise- Five into the Wind (1963) ... Laurie Hayden- San Francisco (1960) ... Kathleen aka Quick-Buck Kate1966Batman (TV Series) Sophia Starr - Not Yet, He Ain't (1966) ... Sophia Starr- The Penguin Goes Straight (1966) ... Sophia Starr1966Gidget (TV Series) Barbara - We Got Each Other (1966) ... Barbara1958-1966Perry Mason (TV Series) Grace Knapp / Lillian Bradisson / Marylin Cartwright - The Case of the Bogus Buccaneers (1966) ... Grace Knapp- The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito (1963) ... Lillian Bradisson- The Case of the Lonely Heiress (1958) ... Marylin Cartwright1965Branded (TV Series) Laura Rock - Judge Not (1965) ... Laura Rock1965The Bravo Duke (TV Movie)1965The Virginian (TV Series) Jennifer Mc Leod - Farewell to Honesty (1965) ... Jennifer Mc Leod1964The Farmer's Daughter (TV Series) Grace - The Helping Hand (1964) ... Grace1964My Three Sons (TV Series) Lois Wilson - Caribbean Cruise (1964) ... Lois Wilson1964The Donna Reed Show (TV Series) Nancy Patterson - Love Letters Are for Burning (1964) ... Nancy Patterson1963Redigo (TV Series) Laura - Shadow of the Cougar (1963) ... Laura1963Showdown Estelle1963Route 66 (TV Series) Diana Kirk - ... Shall Forfeit His Dog and Ten Shillings to the King (1963) ... Diana Kirk1963FBI Code 98 (TV Movie) Marian Nichols1962Checkmate (TV Series) Pauline Spencer - Rendezvous in Washington (1962) ... Pauline Spencer1959-1962Tales of Wells Fargo (TV Series) Royal Maroon / Gilda - Royal Maroon (1962) ... Royal Maroon- The Jackass (1959) ... Gilda1957-1962Maverick (TV Series) Marla / Melanie Blake / Modesty Blaine / ... - One of Our Trains Is Missing (1962) ... Modesty Blaine- The Troubled Heir (1962) ... Marla- Dade City Dodge (1961) ... Marla- Kiz (1960) ... Kiz Bouchet- A Bullet for the Teacher (1960) ... Flo Baker Show all 8 episodes1958-1962Bronco (TV Series) Belle Siddons / Redemption Mc Nally - Destinies West (1962) ... Belle Siddons- Long Ride Back (1958) ... Redemption Mc Nally1960-1961Hawaiian Eye (TV Series) Julia Abbott / May Caldwell - The Classic Cab (1961) ... Julia Abbott- The Kamehameha Cloak (1960) ... May Caldwell1958-196177 Sunset Strip (TV Series) Melody / Claire Dickens / Martiza Vedar / ... - Reserved for Mr. Bailey (1961) ... Melody (voice, uncredited)- The Desert Spa Caper (1961) ... Claire Dickens- Strange Bedfellows (1961) ... Martiza Vedar- The Valley Caper (1960) ... Abigail Allen- Attic (1960) ... Vetta Nygood Show all 7 episodes1961Surfside 6 (TV Series) Dr. Leslie Halliday / Lady Kay Smallens - Prescription for Panic (1961) ... Dr. Leslie Halliday- Black Orange Blossoms (1961) ... Lady Kay Smallens1961Thriller (TV Series) Dr. Lois Walker - The Ordeal of Dr. Cordell (1961) ... Dr. Lois Walker1961The Americans (TV Series) Lucy Vickery - The Regular (1961) ... Lucy Vickery1959-1960Bat Masterson (TV Series) Mari Brewster / Jo Hart - Murder Can Be Dangerous (1960) ... Mari Brewster- Incident in Leadville (1959) ... Jo Hart1960The Deputy (TV Series) Martha Jackson - The Fatal Urge (1960) ... Martha Jackson1960Laramie (TV Series) Laurie Allen - Street of Hate (1960) ... Laurie Allen1959Bourbon Street Beat (TV Series) Adele Deckbar - Invitation to a Murder (1959) ... Adele Deckbar1959Death Valley Days (TV Series) - Somewhere in the Vultures (1959)1959Markham (TV Series) Ellen Childs - Forty-Two on a Rope (1959) ... Ellen Childs1959The Rebel Set Jeanne Mapes1959Rawhide (TV Series) Millie Wade - Incident Below the Brazos (1959) ... Millie Wade1959Curse of the Undead Dolores Carter1958Cimarron City (TV Series) Claire Norris - Mc Gowan's Debt (1958) ... Claire Norris1958Yancy Derringer (TV Series) Desiree - Marble Fingers (1958) ... Desiree1958Lux Playhouse (TV Series) Anna - Coney Island Winter (1958) ... Anna1958The Rough Riders (TV Series) Tess Pearce - Blood Feud (1958) ... Tess Pearce1958Suspicion (TV Series) Lurene Guthrie - Eye for Eye (1958) ... Lurene Guthrie1958The Flame Barrier Carol Dahlmann1958Tombstone Territory (TV Series) Wyn Simmons - Guilt of a Town (1958) ... Wyn Simmons1958The Restless Gun (TV Series) Mary Blackwell - Woman from Sacramento (1958) ... Mary Blackwell1958Wagon Train (TV Series) Ann Jamison - The Mark Hanford Story (1958) ... Ann Jamison1958Colt .45 (TV Series) Elena - Decoy (1958) ... Elena1956-1958Matinee Theatre (TV Series) - The 10th Muse (1958)- The Pushover (1957)- Dark Possession (1956)1957Cheyenne (TV Series) Marilee Curtis - Town of Fear (1957) ... Marilee Curtis1955-1957Climax! (TV Series) Jeanne Warren / Sally / Louise / ... - The Stranger Within (1957) ... Jeanne Warren- And Don't Ever Come Back (1957) ... Sally- The Circular Staircase (1956) ... Louise- Wild Stallion (1955) ... Laura Harriss1957Lux Video Theatre (TV Series) Dot - Edge of Doubt (1957) ... Dot1957The Joseph Cotten Show: On Trial (TV Series) Felicity O'Brien - The Case of the Girl on the Elsewhere (1957) ... Felicity O'Brien1957Crossroads (TV Series) Terry - Coney Island Wedding (1957) ... Terry1957The 20th Century-Fox Hour (TV Series) Alice - The Great American Hoax (1957) ... Alice1957The Phantom Stagecoach Fran Maroon1957The Quiet Gun Teresa Carpenter1956Westward Ho, the Wagons! Laura Thompson1956Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (TV Series) Laura Thompson - Along the Oregon Trail (1956) ... Laura Thompson1956Tales of the 77th Bengal Lancers (TV Series) - The Hostage (1956)1955-1956Schlitz Playhouse (TV Series) Peggy Prentiss - Enoch Prentiss (1956) ... Peggy Prentiss- Meet Mr. Justice (1955)1956Female Jungle Peggy Voe1956The Adventures of Champion (TV Series) Ellie Powell - The Die-Hards (1956) ... Ellie Powell1956The Star and the Story (TV Series) - Appearances and Reality (1956)1956Star Stage (TV Series) - Screen Credit (1956)1955General Electric Theater (TV Series) Mary - Farewell to Kennedy (1955) ... Mary1955Seven Cities of Gold Mother (uncredited)1955City of Shadows Fern Fellows1954-1955Fireside Theatre (TV Series) Peggy - Not the Marrying Kind (1955) ... Peggy- Return in Triumph (1955)- Girl Not Wanted (1954)- Second Elopement (1954)1955Studio 57 (TV Series) Clara - The Westerner (1955) ... Clara1955Ten Wanted Men Mrs. Marva Gibbons (uncredited)1954-1955Waterfront (TV Series) Terry Van Buren - The Yacht Race (1955) ... Terry Van Buren- Oil Island (1954) ... Terry Van Buren- The White Ducks (1954) ... Terry Van Buren- The Long Beach Pier (1954) ... Terry Van Buren- Backwash (1954) ... Terry Van Buren Show all 17 episodes1954The Lone Ranger (TV Series) Cindy Powers - Homer with a High Hat (1954) ... Cindy Powers1954Target Earth Nora King1954Cavalcade of America (TV Series) Abigail Paddock - The Forge (1954) ... Abigail Paddock1954The Lone Wolf (TV Series) Niki Armon - The Last Ballet Story (1954) ... Niki Armon1954City Detective (TV Series) Janet - Crazy Like a Fox (1954) ... Janet1954Mayor of the Town (TV Series) Helen - Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1954) ... Helen1953Chevron Theatre (TV Series) - The Westerner (1953)- Summer Night (1953)1953Sabre Jet Susan Crenshaw1953The Farmer Takes a Wife Susanna1953The Silver Whip Kathy Riley1952Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson (TV Series) - Mr. Influence1951Armstrong Circle Theatre (TV Series) - The Hero (1951)1951Starlight Theatre (TV Series) Louise - Miss Buell (1951) ... Louise1951Kraft Theatre (TV Series) Jane Eyre - Jane Eyre (1951) ... Jane Eyre1951Robert Montgomery Presents (TV Series) Esther Blodgett - A Star Is Born (1951) ... Esther Blodgett Show Self (2 credits)Show Archive footage (1 credit)Edit Personal Details Other Works: Appeared in the unsold pilot, ""Kitty Hawk"", in 1959, for her own series about a magazine correspondent, with Herbert Marshall cast as her father. Publicity Listings:1 Print Biography | 1 Interview | 1 Article | See more »Edit Did You Know? Personal Quote: [of Eric Fleming] He was a very sweet person and, of course, very involved with Rawhide (1959), and when you're doing a series like that, you have no other life. See more »Trivia: In February of 2008 she became a grandmother. See more »Star Sign: Capricorn Getting Started | Contributor Zone »Contribute to This Page Edit page "


how big can caimans get

ok, but dwarf female caimans only get about 3 or 4 feet. thats what is stated in most, if not all books and websites ive researched in. i know that is still pretty large, but its not going to take up 3/4 of my room.

"Member Message#269006Crocs View Profile How big do dwarf Caimans get? I was wondering how big does a female dwarf Caimans get cause i was thinking of getting one cause i have a lot of free time on my hands03/08/05 10:56pm#269655MX 4 LIFE 16View Profile Message To: Crocs In reference to Message Id: 269006How big do dwarf Caimans get? Females, 3-4 feet and males, 5-6 feet. MX03/09/05 06:53pm#269759Crocs View Profile Message To: MX In reference to Message Id: 269655How big do dwarf Caimans get?kool, thanks03/09/05 07:51pm#269930MX 4 LIFE 16View Profile Message To: Crocs In reference to Message Id: 269759How big do dwarf Caimans get? No prob.03/09/05 09:47pm#271029Celtic Tigeress View Profile Message To: MX In reference to Message Id: 269930How big do dwarf Caimans get?why not get on because they are cool?? I suggest researching them first and that means ALL breeds this seems rude but take into consideration the poor animal Lately I have seen many ignorant posts claiming either knowledge or the need, but the individual has no interest in the welfare of the animal NOR the knowledge to care for it. Personally Im sick of day in and day out answering the same bloody questions over and over until my head throbs so I figured ONE post. This doesnt go out to everyone the few might know who they are so here it begins. Have you ever actually researched the potential Buy? Thinking ""Now what happens if it gets six feet will I still want it?"" the crocodillian species is NOT something to be kept due to it being Cool neat spiffy whatever the words are these days Its just as bad as some ignorant jerk getting a Gaboon viper JUST to have it. Now lets answer a few frequently asked questions.. by frequently asked I mean every bloody day because people are too bloody lazy to read the previous posts. No, if you put them in a fifty gallon tank they will not stay small would you stay 2 foot if your mother so kindly crammed you into a two foot sock drawer because she didnt go and purchase the crib when you were born?? I mean parents arent ignorant, when you take on the responsibility of something that could POTENTIALLY eat you you take on the responsibility of a child so to speak.a demented child but a child.... See its not like having a bird or a bunny you can cuddle with feed stroke and love...oh and if you forget to feed and water it it withers and dies...nope not gonna happen...forget to feed your bloody croc species and your liable to lose a part of you you have grown attached to. Now Im not giving a bad name to them they arent as bad as people think but when starved, they will bite..even then they might bite sometime down the road...are you ready to have those lovely teeth sink into the warm fleshy part of your hand?? ?or are you gonna forget about it once your bit and not want it anymore? There are two types of Herpers in this world.. those that have been bitten those that will be bitten.. Im the first of the two.....matter of fact one of my babies broke my bloody index finger..... What do they eat how big do they get what should I put them in.... let me answer all these together... If you HAVE to ask that if you HAVE to ask dis [position...forget about getting one..... Pick up a book and read... if your on here obviously you have internet....so type it up AND research...also if your a minor Most wont sell to minors, nor people without proper permits where applicable... and my BIGGEST issue.. you want to buy instead of bloody adopt one... so then we as rescuers (myself a few others) are stucvk with some malnourished forgotten case or the parents discover it in the bedroom and kill it or call us...we get swamped with more and well... then here one of us is fussing. Dont bother, if you have to ask common sense questions found in a book then forget of getting the caiman alligator what you want and read more.... start off with a nile monitor at least then they dont get....too big.... but they bite and you can start getting an idea... someone thinking they are ready for a large species of a carnivore like a croc after keeping an iguana for two years alive...wrong... Cloud, I know you might find this rude (I know you all gasp..celtic princess rude/?not her heh)but I am freuqented with emails with people,""I have had my iguana for two years I want to adopt a alligator do you have any""IF I find someone wanting to adopt AND I have one to go out snake lizard croc... I question them speak with them via phone and have them fill out a printed application. Its how I always ran things, due to my love for the reptiles. What others do is THERE business but coming here asking who has a gator for sale..aint gonna cut it....if your that needy then you can find one butr if your having to look do the research before we hear another horrid tale of a mistreated animal or it winds up with one of us guys because ti was to much to start off with. Again something like ""Ive had a cornsnake for sixth months I want a hot"" sixth months of ownin... Why bother? Those of us that keep hots have had YEARS of experiance want a hot? get a Green tree python and handle it every day JUST to get bit..then say ""what if there were inch long fangs and venom"" they are not a novelty nor an animal you can handle every day. they will make you WISH you were dead if they dont kill you. Alligators will LATCH on and hurt.... Both are NOT for the inexperianced......and thats all I have to say about that..aside from Im about ready to take a break WITH Bam from here sheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesh Oh and if someone has told you,""An alligator only gets as big as the enclosure"" I have some beachfront property in Arizona ill sell cheap...thirty bucks. You ultimately stunt their growth just a wee bit but they dont stay small.... keep that in mind Caimans average 4-6 feet Dwarfs 3-6 Not much different Alligators 6-12 both a foot a year growth.....""When you stare into the abyss the abyss stares long into you and when you battle Monsters see in the process you do not become one""Celtic03/10/05 10:56pm#289201Paul n my boy Dawg View Profile Message To: Crocs In reference to Message Id: 269759Relatively Small and Nasty I think the most important thing to recognize is that just because a Caiman stays relatively small is that their temperament can be very nasty. Specifically i have run across a few dwarf caimen that were 4 times as nasty as any American Alligator that I have met (yet the Amer Alli were 4 times as large. In fact the temperament of Dawg is yet to be determined. Diamond (Mitch) has only been cross breading these guys for 4 years. The 4 year olds i have met have been very docile and ""tame"" but who knows what happens 5...6....7.....20yrs from now. For me I will still love my guy no matter how nasty he gets. I spent my high school years in PNG and we had a pet salty...can not get much nastier and bigger than that........................... Dawg rumbles ""grrrrrrrrr"" ""we’ll see about that""03/28/05 12:54pm#649272Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Paul In reference to Message Id: 289201Relatively Small and Nastyso i�ve done some research........now what the price range for a baby female dwarf caiman?? i figured that a caiman this size, even thought they will grow bigger, wont totally freak out my mom, and i do have expierience, my neighbor has 2, one tipped my finger one time while i was feeding them.02/13/06 10:14pm#657926Pugmar View Profile Message To: Pocketracr In reference to Message Id: 649272Relatively Small and Nasty Okay, you�ve done your research and your mom isn�t going to mind a 12 inch, cute little croc that is in a 50 gallon tank. What happens when it is 5 feet long and taking 3/4 of the space in your room? Are you going to be able to take the croc with you if you decide to go to college, No. What happens if you can only afford a small apartment in the next few years, wheres your croc going to go? These are some of the things that you have to think about.02/19/06 10:22pm#657963Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Pugmar In reference to Message Id: 657926Relatively Small and Nasty

02/19/06 10:34pm#658882Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Pocketracr In reference to Message Id: 657963Relatively Small and Nasty Your land area should consist of 48 sq. ft. and your water area at about 80 sq. ft. for a 4� animal. So, in other words, Unless you have a very large room, the enclosure will take up most, if not all of it.02/20/06 03:23pm#659053Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 658882Relatively Small and Nastyin the summer, i was planning on building an enclosure outside. and keeping a smaller, about 6 or 7 foot, by 6 or 7 foot, and as tall as needed so it wont escape, with a pond, which means it will be raised about 2 or 3 feet inside for the winter. the outdoor will be 10ft by 10ft, with a 6ft by 3 1/2ft pond give or take.02/20/06 05:12pm#659825Snakeman102889View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 658882Relatively Small and Nasty Ok wait there is no way a 4 ft dwarf caimen requires a 80 sq ft of water and 48 for land. The zoo doesn�t even have them in those. I have researched these species and i have one male that is 5 ft that was givin to me as a birthday gift when i was 12 years old. Now me and my dad built a cage that takes up about half my basement Its is about 3/4 water that goes down to about 3 ft deep and raises up and then it is 1/4 land astrotuff. We have UV lighting or it we feed live fish and dead pigs, sometimes the live rabbit or rats. But my point is my cage is about 12 ft by 7ft and that is big enough. I know some people who keep there is rooms just made for them and those rooms dont have 80 sq ft of water that is way 2 much for a 4 ft animal even 2 big for an alligator.02/20/06 11:35pm#660684Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Snakeman102889 In reference to Message Id: 659825Relatively Small and Nasty84sq. ft. is ok, I suppose. Also take notice in the key words in the last post. Bigger the room the better, and the people I know who have dedicated whole rooms to thier animals are often larger than this, being as most homes I have been in and built usually have 12�x12� rooms. I�m sure rooms are be smaller, but even a small 10�x10� room will provide adaquate space for my above statement, only losing about 28sq. feet or so to my advise. A four foot animal can manage in a smaller cage such as yours, but it only provides enough room for the animal to move around without touching the sides of your enclosure, which is good but, just enough isn�t good enough for me. Besides, there�s more to keeping crocodilians than just �enough� housing.. I stand by what I said.02/21/06 04:38pm#661031Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 660684Relatively Small and Nastyok, so are those cages big enough? i plan on getting a hatchling anyway.02/21/06 07:20pm#662342Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Pocketracr In reference to Message Id: 661031Relatively Small and Nasty No, still too small. In one�s mind, keeping crocodilians is like keeping fish. Nothing really fancy about keeping the fish itself, but if you have the enclosure decked out, that brings to life the fish. When you look at a gold fish in a small bowl, you think, ""eh"". When you see one in a very well decorated enclosure, you think ""Now that�s something."" Crocodilians are the same way. If one of us walked in to look at your place, and noticed you had a caiman, we would be neated towards it because you share the same passion, but in an enclosure like that, no one would be impressed. When people see my enclosures, even in pictures, my enclosures are what stands out. I get more responses about the back ground than I do the actual animals. This is also a reason why I have more pictures of the animals in the enclosures and not in my hands, like many other people have. In a 10x10� enclosure, you will not be able to present your animal, just show it. Everything you tried to house with it will be demolished, but it�s liveable; I guess.. If you�re gonna do it, do it right. Good thing is, Paleosuchus generally grow slow, so that�s a plus and gives you time to fund your project. Your idea seems great, just need to upgrade the sq. footage. As for the zoos and keeping crocodilians, What zoos have you been too? Nearly every single one Ive been to had way more room than I recommend, and most had even more than I give. The two that didn�t; one housed an adult (13-15�) green anaconda with 3-5� alligators and the other only had babies. Which picture are you more drawn too? Both are mine..02/22/06 03:56pm#662367Razeraze View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 662342Relatively Small and Nastyi know with monitors the general rule is twice as long as the monitor and as wide as the monitor. as of right now that monitor is 4+ feet and in a 44.5sq foot enclosure. with a 3x6 foot water tub. the first pic is me in the cage with her. she has plenty of room to swim/grow and as she gets bigger she will get a cage at least 8� by 16� ot 10� x 16� for a 4-5 foot caiman i think 50 sq feet should be plenty.02/22/06 04:13pm#662383Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Razeraze In reference to Message Id: 662367Relatively Small and Nastyok02/22/06 04:23pm#662388Razeraze View Profile Message To: Pocketracr In reference to Message Id: 662383Relatively Small and Nastyjust remember try and give them as much space as you can.02/22/06 04:27pm#662643Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Razeraze In reference to Message Id: 662388Relatively Small and Nasty Quote:for a 4-5 foot caiman i think 50 sq feet should be plenty. With an enclosure that small, I can�t help but feel the animal is nothing more than a status symbol; or an animal in quarantine..02/22/06 06:51pm#662693Razeraze View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 662643Relatively Small and Nastymine digs burrows/ lays eggs/swims. the same she would do in a bigger cage. that is an entire dining room. much like a studio apartment.02/22/06 07:20pm#663043Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Razeraze In reference to Message Id: 662693Relatively Small and Nastysee now the pet store has a 2 1/2 to 3 foot caiman in a cage that is like 5 foot by 3 foot.02/22/06 10:05pm#663077Razeraze View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 662643Relatively Small and Nasty Krokadilyanguy3 my master bedroom is only 10x13. i have my boas cage in it a queen size bed a weapons cabinet a t.v. and a huge foot locker. with plenty of space to work out or have a few people in playing twister. i will agree bigger is always better but what you are saying is an entire room or prison cell (ususally 2 prisoners to a cell) is not big enough to keep a monitor or small cayman species. i could easily live in my room if given the proper enviorement.02/22/06 10:16pm#663218Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Razeraze In reference to Message Id: 663077Relatively Small and Nasty Raz, Your monitor enclosure looks good, as does your Boid cage but 50 sq feet for an adult Pal. is cutting it. It�s doable sure but I would question why you had the animal as much as I would question someone having a slider in a 15g tank or a betta in a vase. Both is equally doable but how many of you would dispise it? The people who wouldn�t would be generally the people who knew close to nothing about both these animals. I would question someone�s monitor enclosure if they gave it the space as you described as the minimum. Yours look decent, the animal has space to move around in, however, a 50 sq. ft. enclosure would be just enough for the animal to turn. Be kinda hard to vary temps both in water and on land. You probably could live in your room, but you are still getting more space than the 5� crocodilian, that is suggested to have only 50sq ft of ground space. Pock, If everyone followed most pet store examples, many animals would probably cease to exist.02/22/06 11:35pm#663574Razeraze View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 663218Relatively Small and Nastyyeah i am sure crocs need more flat space than monitors because monitors climb and burrow. mine is all over her cage. we were supposed to be in a house this year and the water was going to get a bigger area for when she is 7+ feet. however i got in a bad car accident and have had 3 suregeries on my shoulder. untill i am back to work and get out of this apt. she is going to have to live in our dining room. the one she is in is 44.5 sq feet. the temps go from 140F-76F the water stay 80F.02/23/06 12:09pm#663743Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Razeraze In reference to Message Id: 663574Relatively Small and Nasty I�ve always wanted to get a desert enclosure that ran one side of my living room and came out at about 2� and fill it with a few collards, crotalids and a few other desert dwellers. But since my living room has too many doors leading to the deck, I�m stuck with smaller versions of habitats for the indoors.02/23/06 03:14pm#663848Pocketracr View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 663743Relatively Small and Nastydont worry i dont trust pet stores, i was just mentioning that02/23/06 04:26pm#663892Razeraze View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 663743Relatively Small and Nastyany tips on de contaminating large peices of wood? or rocks?02/23/06 04:57pm#664227Krokadilyanguy3View Profile Message To: Razeraze In reference to Message Id: 663892Relatively Small and Nasty I use a high concentration of salt over water. Bleach has also been good. Baking rocks would work as well.02/23/06 07:05pm#666224Younglife View Profile Message To: Krokadilyanguy3 In reference to Message Id: 664227Relatively Small and Nastyfor the question about wood or rocks you can back at like 250 for like 30 mins and it should kill anything on it....just what ive been told to do..chris02/25/06 08:55am#669465Razeraze View Profile Message To: Younglife In reference to Message Id: 666224Relatively Small and Nastyyou can�t bake a peice of wood 4+ feet long. nor can you bake a boulder. i have big pets. big pets need big decor. sturdy enough to hold their fat butts. nothing i need for a cage will fit in an oven.02/27/06 02:53pm "


phone number for autozone in calhoun ga

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AutoZone Dalton - Hours & Locations

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