when do you start planting from seed

st There are many ways to start seeds, but a seed-starting system, such as the Grow Ease Seed Starting Kit ensures good results. G ROWING plants from seed is a great way to start gardening earlier in the season. With the right light and some simple equipment, it's easy to grow from seed to harvest.

How to Start Seeds

"How to Start Seeds A comprehensive guide to growing vegetables and flowers from seed By David Gri

Keep it simple Because each plant has unique seed-starting requirements, it helps to start small by growing just a few varieties. Some seeds — such as tomatoes and marigolds — are especially easy to start indoors. If you're a beginner, choose those first, and then move on to more fussy seeds, such as petunias. Other good choices for beginners: Basil Zinnia Coleus Nasturtium Cosmos Make sure you have lots of light All seedlings require a considerable amount of light, so make sure you have a sunny, south-facing window. If seedlings don't get enough light, they will be leggy and weak. If you don't have a sunny, south-facing window, invest in grow lights and a timer . It's the best way to ensure consistent, abundant light. Set the timer for 15 hours a day, water regularly and you're sure to get great results. Learn more in the article Gardening Under Lights. Get the timing right The goal with seed starting is to have your seedlings ready to go outside when the weather is favorable.

Start by looking at the seed packet, which should tell you when to start seeds inside. Usually, it will say something like, ""Plant inside six to eight weeks before last frost. ""Some types of vegetables, such as beans and squash, are best started outdoors.

There is little benefit to growing them indoors because they germinate and grow quickly. Some flowers, such as poppies, are best planted outdoors, too. These seeds are usually marked ""direct sow"". For more on timing, read the article When to Start Your Seeds. Six Steps, from Seed to Garden A seed starting tray with a built-in watering system makes seed starting foolproof.1. Find the right containers You can start seeds in almost any type of container, as long as it's at least 2-3 "" deep and has some drainage holes. If you are the DIY type, you might want to grow seedlings in yogurt cups, milk cartons or paper cups. I prefer the convenience of trays that are made especially for seed starting. It's easy to fill the trays, the watering system ensures consistent moisture and I can move them easily.2. Prepare the ""potting soil"" Choose potting soil that's made for growing seedlings. Do not use soil from your garden or re-use potting soil from your houseplants. Start with a fresh, sterile mix that will ensure healthy, disease-free seedlings. Before filling your containers, use a bucket or tub to moisten the planting mix. The goal is to get it moist but not sopping wet; crumbly, not gloppy. Fill the containers and pack the soil firmly to eliminate gaps. Remember that most mixes contain few, if any, nutrients, so you'll need to feed the seedlings with liquid fertilizer a few weeks after they germinate, and continue until you transplant them into the garden. Good-quality ""potting soil"" for seed starting doesn't actually have any soil in it. This sterile, free-draining mix is perfect for seedlings.3. Start planting Check the seed packet to see how deep you should plant your seeds. Some of the small ones can be sprinkled right on the soil surface. Larger seeds will need to be buried. For insurance, I plant two seeds per cell (or pot). If both seeds germinate, I snip one and let the other grow. It's helpful to make a couple divots in each pot to accommodate the seeds. After you've dropped a seed in each divot, you can go back and cover the seeds. Moisten the newly planted seeds with a mister or a small watering can. To speed germination, cover the pots with plastic wrap or a plastic dome that fits over the seed-starting tray. This helps keep the seeds moist before they germinate. When you see the first signs of green, remove the cover.4. Water, feed, repeat As the seedlings grow, use a mister or a small watering can to keep the soil moist but not soggy. Let the soil dry slightly between waterings. Set up a fan to ensure good air movement and prevent disease. I use a fan that's plugged into the same timer as my grow lights. Remember to feed the seedlings regularly with liquid fertilizer, mixed at the rate recommended on the package.5. Light, light, light! Seedlings need a lot of light. If you're growing in a window, choose a south-facing exposure. Rotate the pots regularly to keep plants from leaning into the light. If you're growing under lights, adjust them so they're just a few inches above the tops of the seedlings. Set the lights on a timer for 15 hours a day. Keep in mind that seedlings need darkness, too, so they can rest. As the seedlings grow taller, raise the lights.6. Move seedlings outdoors gradually It's not a good idea to move your seedlings directly from the protected environment of your home into the garden. You've been coddling these seedlings for weeks, so they need a gradual transition to the great outdoors. The process is called hardening off. About a week before you plan to set the seedlings into the garden, place them in a protected spot outdoors (partly shaded, out of the wind) for a few hours, bringing them in at night. Gradually, over the course of a week or 10 days, expose them to more and more sunshine and wind. A cold frame is a great place to harden off plants. Troubleshooting Seed-starting FAQs Only one-quarter of my seeds germinated. What went wrong? There are a number of factors that affect seed germination. Check the seed packet to determine if all the requirements for temperature and light were met.

If the soil was cold and excessively wet, the seeds may have rotted. Dig up one of the seeds and examine it. If it is swollen and soft, the seed has rotted and you will need to start over. If the soil was too dry, the seeds may not have germinated or may have dried up before their roots could take hold. If the seeds were old, they may no longer be viable.

Try again and be sure to provide consistent moisture. From our Garden Lab: The seedlings on the right were grown on a windowsill. You can see how the stems are long and spindly, with tiny leaves. On the left are seedlings grown under lights. My seedlings are spindly. What can I do? Plants grow tall and leggy when they do not receive enough light. Use grow lights to ensure that they receive 15 hours of bright light each day. Warm temperatures can also stimulate leggy growth. Try lowering the room temperature and reducing the amount of fertilizer you apply. For more on this topic, see the article Growing Under Lights. The tray on the left was grown with water-soluble fertilizer. The leaves on my tomatoes are starting to look purple along the veins and on the underside of the leaves. What's happening? Purple leaves are an indication that the plant is not receiving enough phosphorus. If you have been using half-strength fertilizer for the first three to four weeks of the seedling's life, it may be time to increase the fertilizer to full strength. The phosphorus content (the middle number on the fertilizer analysis) should be at least 3. My seedlings were growing well until all of a sudden they toppled over at the base. What happened? When the stems of young seedlings become withered and topple over, they have probably been killed by a soil-borne fungus called ""damping off."" This fungus is difficult to eradicate once it is present in the soil, but you can avoid it by using a sterile, soilless growing medium , and by providing good air circulation. Mold is growing on the top of the soil surface. It doesn't appear to be hurting my plants, but should I be concerned? Mold is an indication that the growing medium is too wet. It will not harm your plants as long as you take action. Withhold water for a few days and try to increase air circulation around the containers by using a small fan. You can also scrape off some of the mold or try transplanting the seedlings into fresh soil. Related articles Seed-starting FAQs When to Start Your Seeds Gardening Under Lights Growing Tomatoes from Seed "


why ph levels are important in hydroponics

sp H in a Hydroponic System Balancing the p H in your hydroponics system is incredibly important to the health and vitality of your crop. If the p H is not in the correct range then essential nutrients and micro nutrients will not be available for uptake by your plant. This can lead to nutrient deficiencies and eventually death.

The Importance of pH in a Hydroponic System

The Importance of p H in a Hydroponic System By Easy Grow Ltdon May 4, 2015 | 0 comment

The definition of p Hp Hpiːˈeɪtʃ/noun CHEMISTRYa figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline. The p H is equal to −log 10 c, where c is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre Less technically, it is the potential hydrogen-hydroxyl ion content of the solution. Solutions ionise to positive (hydrogen) and negative ions (hydroxyl) bonds. If the solution has more positive ions in the solution then it is said to be acidic, and has a p H in the range 1-6.9. If the solution has more negative ions in the solution then it is said to be alkaline, and has a p H in the range of 7.1-14. So why is p H Important? Plant p H Range Asparagus Basil Beans Broccoli Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower Chives Cucumbers Garlic Ginger Leek Lettuce Onions Peas Pumpkin Strawberries Tomatoes 6.0-8.0 5.5-6.5 6.0-6.5 6.0-6.5 6.5-7.5 5.8-6.4 6.0-6.5 5.5-6.5 5.8-6.0 6.0-6.5 6.0-8.0 6.0-8.0 6.0-6.5 6.5-7.0 6.0-7.5 5.0-6.5 5.5-6.5 5.5-6.5If the p H levels are outside of the optimum range then the plants will lose the ability to absorb some of the essential elements required for steady growth. The optimum p H levels of plants varies, with most preferring slightly acidic growing conditions – although most can survive in the range (5.0-7.5). A few commonly grown hydroponic vegetables and their optimum p H range are listed to the right and shows the variation in levels. Above p H 6.5 many nutrients and micro nutrients precipitate out of solution and stick to the walls of the hydroponic reservoir. In order for your plants to feed from the nutrients you are adding they need to be dissolved in solution. In the event of the nutrients precipitating out of solution your plants are unable to absorb them and suffer nutrient deficiencies if not quickly corrected. The availability of these nutrients and minerals can also be effected by in increase in p H levels. A chart can be seen below indicating the availability of different nutrients to plants at varying p H levels. Testing the p H of your System So we know that the p H levels of your hydroponic nutrient solution is extremely important in order to keep the right availability of nutrient uptake for your plants. But how do you go about testing the p H levels of the solution? There are a number of options, ranging from the cheap & inaccurate to the expensive and highly accurate measurements. The cheapest option is to use a paper test kit, this is a strip of litmus paper – a water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, that when dipped in your solution will change colour. This colour is then compared to a colour comparison chart to determine the correct p H level. These kits are throw away and very inexpensive, however due to the slight discrepancies between colours it can prove to be difficult to judge the correct levels.p H litmus test Liquid test kits can also be used, they work through a similar colour comparison method – a few drops of solution are added to the liquid test kit and the colour compared. These kits are more popular as the offer greater accuracy in the interpretation of results. The most popular choice among hobby indoor gardeners is the use of a digi p H pen, these meters are accurate with a digital read out, though you will need to calibrate regularly. Automatic p H meters are the most accurate when calibrated correctly and offer continuous monitoring often with the possibility of data logging and taking into account temperature fluctuations, which can effect the calculation of p H levels. Adjusting the p H of your Hydroponic Solution Using a p H up and down solution in small quantities allows for the control of the p H in your reservoir. Levels should always be checked after nutrient solutions have been added to the reservoir as they contribute to changes in the p H levels.p H adjusters can be added manually or automatically using a p H dosing pump. The automatic p H dosing pumps allow for the continuous and automatic control of the p H level in your hydroponic solution. Once calibrated the pumps p H measuring probe is added to the solution and starts measuring the p H levels. The p H range is programmed into the pump and whenever the probe detects the solution being out of the range it will begin adding p H up or down to correct the levels and bring back into a safe operating zone. How Else can you Improve Nutrient Uptake? You can improve nutrients uptake in your plants by using Humic an Fulvic acids. Easy Grow stock a range of humic acids and fulvic acids to aid the uptake of nutrients in your plants, chelating valuable minerals and making them more readily available to your plants. Green Planet Nutrients GPH and GPF is humic acid and fulvic acid in solution, ready mixed to add to your reservoir. RAW Humic and Fulvic acids are water soluble powders available to dilute in solution and add to your reservoir. Follow the links to learn more about these fantastic products.


who is the singer of journey

On December 5, 2007, Pineda was announced as the new lead singer of Journey. [17]Pineda debuted as the lead singer of Journey on February 21, 2008 at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival held at the Quinta Vergara Amphitheater in Viña del Mar, Chile.

Arnel Pineda

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Campaner and the surname or paternal family name is Pineda. Arnel Pineda Arnel Pineda of Journey performing in Macau, March 20, 2009Background information Birth name Arnel Campaner Pineda [1]Born September 5, 1967 (age 50)Tondo, Manila, Philippines Origin Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines Genres Rock, hard rock, soft rock, OPMOccupation (s) Singer-songwriter Instruments Vocals, guitar, bandurria, keyboard, percussion Years active 1982–present Labels Universal Music Group Associated acts Ijos Band, Amo, New Age, Most W@nted, The Zoo, Journey Website www .arnelpinedarocks .com

Arnel Campaner Pineda (born September 5, 1967) [1] is a Filipino singer and songwriter. He came to prominence in the Philippines during the 1980s and internationally in 2007 as the lead singer of the American rock band Journey.

[2]Contents [ hide ]1 Early life2 Career2.1 The Zoo2.2 Journey2.2.1 Revelation album and tour3 Personal life4 Filmography5 Television appearances6 Discography6.1 Solo albums6.2 With The Zoo6.3 With Journey6.4 Other lead vocals7 Awards8 References9 External links Early life [ edit]

Arnel Pineda was born on September 5, 1967 at St. Jude Thaddeus Diagnostic Clinic in Tondo, Manila, Philippines to Restituto Lising Pineda and Josefina Manansala Campaner.

[1] His mother instilled his love for singing at an early age, encouraging him to sing along to songs from his favorite singers like Karen Carpenter and Barbra Streisand. Growing up, his parents entered him in many singing contests. [3]His mother, who had been suffering from heart disease, died when he was 13 years old. Her illness had left their family deep in debt. [4] Being more than six months behind on their apartment rent and unable to sufficiently provide for the family, his father decided to move out and ask relatives to take in Pineda's siblings. To ease his father's burden, Pineda quit school and started working. He spent about two years on the streets, sleeping wherever he could: in public parks, or on a narrow bench outside a friend's crowded house. He earned meager money by collecting glass bottles, newspapers, and scrap metal and selling them to recyclers. He would also go to the pier with his friends and take on odd jobs like cleaning scrap metal and docked ships. He didn't have much to eat, sometimes rationing a small package of Marie biscuit as food for two days. [5]Career [ edit]

In 1982, when Pineda was 15 years old, he became the lead singer of the Filipino group Ijos. He used to sing in a Shakey's Pizza Parlor on Taft Street in Manila. In 1986, some members of Ijos formed a group called Amo. Amo entered and won the Rock Wars contest in the Philippines.

[6]In 1988, Amo entered and won the Philippines leg of the Yamaha World Band Explosion. They went on to the finals in Hong Kong, but were not qualified to win due to a technicality. The rules stated the winning song had to be an original composition. However, they also stated that the song entry in the finals had to be the same song with which the band won their country's leg of the competition. Amo's winning song in the Philippines was Queen 's "" Bohemian Rhapsody "". After the contest, the band continued as Amo, performing live. They opened for Robert Palmer in Manila in 1989. [6] Amo played in clubs in Quezon City, Olongapo City and Makati City, which are in Luzon, the biggest island in the Philippines. Amo was very popular in the Chinese-owned California Jam club in Olongapo City, which was frequented by United States military personnel. [6]In 1990, Pineda and other members of Amo formed another band called Intensity Five and once again entered the Yamaha World Band Explosion. Pineda won the Best Vocalist award and the band came in as first runner up. [6]Later in 1990, five of Amo's original members split from the band leader, Ulysis Ablang and formed another band behind Pineda, New Age. This occurred prior to the release of Amo's only album released in 1990 titled Ang Tunay na Amo ("" The Real Master "") on BMG records which spawned one popular radio hit called ""Running Away"". (The song gained recognition in 2006 by another Filipino artist Erik Santos, who won a Filipino TV talent show, Star In A Million .) The remaining members of Amo went on to become The Boss Band, while Pineda's band, New Age, played regularly at Fire and Rain in Makati City. In 1991, during one of those performances, a talent agent spotted Pineda and New Age and asked them to move to Hong Kong to perform at a very popular entertainment restaurant called Grammy's. With New Age, Pineda performed six nights a week, Tuesday through to Sunday, for several years thereafter. [6] After a long-term serious relationship failed in 1994, Pineda suffered health problems, which almost destroyed his voice. He then returned to the Philippines. After six months of recuperation, he was able to sing again. [6] [7] He returned to Hong Kong and resumed singing with his band. In 1998, the owner of Igor's, a horror-themed restaurant/nightclub in Hong Kong, asked New Age to perform there. Dressed in skeleton outfits, they called themselves The Rolling Bones. [6]In 1999, Pineda caught the attention of Warner Bros. record label and flew back to the Philippines on his days off to record a solo album, the self-titled Arnel Pineda. Most of the album's ten original songs were slow ballads, with only two upbeat numbers, one of which carries a Latin style. One of the songs, ""Iiyak Ka Rin"" ("" You Will Cry Too "") became a karaoke favorite in Asia, while another song ""Sayang"" ("" Too Bad "") became a radio favorite. Pineda wrote and arranged several songs. He continued to perform with New Age while making his album and for several years thereafter. In 2001, Pineda sang one song, ""Looking Glass"", with Filipino band South Border on their album The Way We Do. Earlier that year, Pineda formed a new band, eventually called 9mm, and played around the city's top bars including The Hard Rock Cafe in Makati City. The band played a three-month stint at The Edge in Lan Kwai Fong, Hong Kong, in 2002. In 2004, three members of New Age reformed with a female singer sharing lead vocals with Pineda and called themselves Most W@nted. This band played 3–4 hour sets Monday through Saturday at The Cavern Club in Hong Kong. [8] On their only day off, Sunday, the band often performed at Filipino community events. In 2005, Pineda recorded the theme song of the short-lived Filipino radio show Dayo. A band named The Visitors was briefly formed for promotion purposes of the Dayo soundtrack consisting of three members from Ijos/Yjoz, Amo, New Age and Most W@nted. [6]The Zoo [ edit]In 2006, encouraged by well-respected Filipino talent manager and TV director Bert de Leon, Pineda moved back to the Philippines with Monet Cajipe, the guitarist who had been in all of Pineda's previous bands. They formed The Zoo with Emil Bondoc on bass, Edgar Mendoza on keyboards, and Mckoy Alcantara on drums. They signed on with de Leon's company, Sundance Entertainment Corporation. The Zoo performed several nights a week at clubs in Manila and Olongapo during 2006 and 2007. Shows regularly spanned 3–5 hours. The Zoo’s first album Zoology was released by MCA Universal in September 2007 featuring 12 original tracks and one cover song (""Pain in My Heart"" was originally recorded a decade earlier by Second Wind), five of which were penned by Pineda, and another was co-written by Pineda and Mark Valliente. [9] [10]Journey [ edit]Arnel Pineda at the PNC Bank Arts Center, New Jersey, on August 11, 2008. Videos of The Zoo performing cover songs by Journey, Survivor, Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, Air Supply, The Eagles, Kenny Loggins, Stryper and other popular acts from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, began appearing on You Tube in February 2007. On June 28, 2007, Neal Schon of Journey contacted Noel Gomez, a longtime fan and friend of Pineda who had uploaded many of these videos, to ask for Pineda's contact information. [11] Schon sent an e-mail to Pineda inviting him to audition for Journey. Pineda initially dismissed the e-mail as a hoax, but after being persuaded by Gomez, he finally replied to Schon's e-mail. Ten minutes later, Pineda received a phone call from Schon. [12] On August 12, [13] Pineda, along with his manager Bert de Leon, flew to Marin County, just north of San Francisco, for a two-day audition. [14] [15] The star-struck Pineda was welcomed warmly but he described the audition as ""nerve-wracking, tense"". [16]

[18] [19]Chilean media acclaimed Pineda's performance (translated to English): ""The new vocalist fits very well with the band, his vocal aptitudes shining through, which are very similar to the legendary musician of the band, Steve Perry ."" [20] Journey keyboardist/guitarist Jonathan Cain described Pineda's performance in a radio interview: ""We went to Chile just recently, where we had never played and they went crazy, they absolutely went nuts... Arnel's first show — talk about a stressful thing — we had a televised concert for 25 million people... Is the guy a winner? Yeah, he's a winner. He's a clutch player."" [21]Journey returned to the United States for a private RE/MAX Convention event at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, on March 6, 2008, then performed at Las Vegas' Planet Hollywood on March 8, 2008 (this concert was recorded and used, in part, for the Revelation DVD). On February 1, 2009, he performed with Journey at the Super Bowl XLIII pregame show. Revelation album and tour [ edit]Journey's first album with Pineda, Revelation, debuted at No. 5 in the Billboard Top 200 album charts in the week following its release (released June 3, 2008), and remained in the Top 20 for six weeks. It was certified gold by the RIAA with more than 336,000 units sold within the first few days. [22] It achieved platinum status by October 1, 2009. The US version of the album (distributed exclusively through Wal-Mart) consists of ten new songs (""Faith in the Heartland"" was co-written and originally recorded by vocalist Steve Augeri and S. Augeri is credited as songwriter in the liner notes of this album) and 12 re-recorded classics, plus a live in-concert DVD filmed during the March 8, 2008 concert in Las Vegas. The European version distributed through Frontiers Records contains 11 new songs, 11 re-recorded classics, plus one new bonus track, but does not include the DVD. All of the music on Revelation was produced by Kevin Shirley (who previously worked with Journey on their Platinum-certified Trial by Fire album). [23]Jonathan Cain described the album in an interview: We recorded our greatest hits with our brand new singer from the Philippines, Arnel Pineda, and it's unbelievable when you listen to it. We paid a lot of attention to the details because everybody loves those hits and we weren't about to step all over it... We're excited because we think Arnel is the future for our franchise... We knew that if we were ever gonna move on, we had to get somebody that was really gonna be our future and sound like Journey is supposed to sound... I think Journey fans are in for a real treat. [21]In an interview soon after Pineda joined the band, Neal Schon said: We feel reborn. I think there’s a lot of chemistry among the five of us. At first we were going to go into the studio and just write 4 songs, but now it’s escalated to a lot of great new and diverse material. The stuff sounds tremendous. Everyone’s so stoked about it. We feel very fortunate to have found Arnel. [24]Journey's 2008 tour accompanying the release of Revelation began on June 8, 2008, in Spain, followed by four dates in Germany, and one date in the Netherlands. Journey toured the United Kingdom and Ireland from June 17 through June 28, 2008. The US tour (with Heart and Cheap Trick) began on July 9, 2008, in Denver, Colorado, and continued through October 4, 2008, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Many dates were already sold out well in advance. Pineda celebrated his 41st birthday on September 5, 2008, during a concert at the Molson Amphitheater in Toronto, Ontario. In September 2008, Journey performed back-to-back sold-out concerts at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. [25] Pineda sang in 57 concerts during the 2008 Journey World Tour. Journey's recent visit to the United States Gulf Coast performing at the Wharf Amphitheater, Orange Beach, Alabama, and at the Pensacola Civic Center, Pensacola, Florida, was a tremendous hit due to the large Filipino communities living in that area. On the second leg of the tour, Journey went on an Asian–Hawaiian tour, going to cities in Japan, the Philippines, China and Hawaii. [26] The Manila concert was released as a live concert DVD. Total concert revenue for Journey in 2008 was $35,695,481. [27]Personal life [ edit]Pineda married Cherry Pineda in 2001. They have a son named Cherub and daughter, Thea Chenelle Pineda, born June 15, 2012. [28] Pineda also has two older sons, Matthew and Angelo, from past relationships. [29]Filmography [ edit]Year Title Role Production2012 Don't Stop Believin': Everyman's Journey Himself Tribeca Film Festival Television appearances [ edit]Protege (Mentor of Nomer Limatog - replacement of Rachelle Ann Go) ( GMA Network)ASAP (Co-host; 2008–present) ( ABS-CBN)Simply KC (Guest) (ABS-CBN)Showtime (Guest judge) (ABS-CBN)Eat Bulaga! (Guest) ( GMA Network)Boy and Kris (Guest) (ABS-CBN)The Ellen De Generes Show (Guest with Journey)CBS Early Show (Guest with Journey) ( CBS)The Oprah Winfrey Show (Guest with Journey)NBC Today Show (Guest with Journey)Sarah G. Live (Himself/Guest) (ABS-CBN)May Bukas Pa (Himself) (ABS-CBN)The Voice of the Philippines (Guest Adviser) (ABS-CBN)Prudential of Cha-Ching (Himself/Guest) ( Cartoon Network Asia)Discography [ edit]Solo albums [ edit]Year Title Label1999 Arnel Pineda Warner Bros.2016 AP Imagen Records [30]With The Zoo [ edit]Year Title Label2007 Zoology Universal Music Group With Journey [ edit]Year Title Label2008Revelation Nomota LLC (US)Frontiers Records (Europe) Universal Music Group (rest of Asia)2009 Journey: Live in Manila (DVD) Nomota LLC (US)2011 Eclipse Nomota LLC (US)Other lead vocals [ edit]Earl Romielle Salinas The Way We Do (track ""Looking Glass"") (2001)Awards [ edit]This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2014)Year Award-Giving Body Category Work Result2009GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards Outstanding Global Achievement by a Filipino Artist (with Charice) [31]Won References [ edit]^ a b c ""Philippines, Manila, Civil Registration, 1899-1984 Image Philippines, Manila, Civil Registration, 1899-1984; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-16052-48904-87 — Family Search.org"". Retrieved August 11, 2015.^ Rolling Stone (December 5, 2007) ""Journey Finds New Singer the Old-Fashioned Way: On the Internet"", Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ ABS-CBN program. ""1 OF 4 ARNEL PINEDA OF JOURNEY STORY ON PROBE PROFILES *AIRED 02-24-2010* [ENGLISH SUBTITLES]""^ ""Everyman's Journey Arnel Pineda of Journey, part 1"" Retrieved on April 4, 2010.^ ""Arnel Pineda on Sharon (Aug. 10, 2008) English Hardsubbed "" Retrieved on April 14, 2010.^ a b c d e f g h Arnel Pineda Fans.com (2008). ""Unofficial Biography"". Retrieved on 9 March 2008.^ Click The City.com (January 17, 2008). ""Zoo's Arnel Pineda: Journey's New Voice"". Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Julve, Smiley D. (January 2005), ""What it takes to be Most W@nted"", The Sun Internet Edition. Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Greene, Andy (28 August 2012). ""Q&A: Journey's Arnel Pineda"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 28 November 2013.^ ""Zoo's Arnel Pineda is now the lead vocalist of Journey"". Filipino Journal. Retrieved 28 November 2013.^ Noel Gomez's statement in reply to a comment on his video of The Zoo covering Journey's ""Faithfully"" on You Tube. Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Dizon, David (January 19, 2008), ""Journey's Pineda: Proud to be Pinoy"", ABS-CBN News Online. Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Arnel Pineda in an interview with Boy Abunda on the TV show Boy & Kris. Video of the interview uploaded on You Tube, retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Amoyo, Aster (January 17, 2008), ""If I Know"", Journal Online. Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ ABS-CBN News Online (January 21, 2008). ""You Tube gives Filipino singers the big 'cyber break'"", Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Concepcion, Pocholo (January 14, 2008) ""A life straight out of a movie"" Inquirer.net. Retrieved on February 28, 2008.^ CNN Video (December 24, 2007). ""Viral Videos on the Web"". Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ Journey Music.com. Tour Schedule, Retrieved on February 17, 2008.^ El Mercurio Online (October 31, 2007) ""Nelly Furtado, Marco Antonio Solís y Journey son los nuevos confirmados de Viña 2008"". Retrieved on February 5, 2008.^ 123.cl (February 21, 2008) ""Journey prendió al ""Monstruo"" Retrieved on April 4, 2008.^ a b KNBR (12 March 2008). ""Interview with Jonathan Cain by San Francisco radio station KNBR"" Retrieved on March 15, 2008.^ ""Rag Magazine July 2008: Interview with Deen Castronovo"" Retrieved on July 14, 2008.^ Journey Music.com (March 11, 2008). ""Journey set to release 'Revelation' June 3 exclusively at Wal-Mart"" Retrieved on March 12, 2008.^ Journey Music.com (December 5, 2007). ""Journey welcomes Arnel Pineda with ""Open Arms"" to their family as the band's new lead singer"" Retrieved on December 6, 2007.^ ""Arnel Pineda... Journey's Great Equalizer"", pinoyreport.com. (archived 2009)^ ""The ""Journey"" Band Asian Tour 2009 will start in the Philippines"". Celebrity Peeps.^ ""Billboard Top 25 Tours"" Retrieved on April 3, 2009^ ""Arnel Pineda's little angel turns one!"". arnelpinedarocks.com. Retrieved June 15, 2013.^ ""Bio: Arnel Pineda"", biography.com^ https://www.amazon.com/AP-Arnel-Pineda/dp/B01MG3RETR^ ""40th Box Office Entertainment Awards given out"". Pep.ph. Retrieved 2014-05-21. External links [ edit]Arnel Pineda official site Arnel Pineda Foundation Inc. - Non-profit organization, Philippines Arnel Pineda on Twitter Arnel Pineda on IMDb [ hide]v t e Journey Neal Schon Ross Valory Steve Smith Jonathan Cain Arnel Pineda Gregg Rolie George Tickner Aynsley Dunbar Robert Fleischman Steve Perry Randy Jackson Steve Augeri Deen Castronovo Prairie Prince Stevie ""Keys"" Roseman Larrie Londin Bob Glaub Mike Baird Jeff Scott Soto Omar Hakim Studio albums Journey Look into the Future Next Infinity Evolution Departure Escape Frontiers Raised on Radio Trial by Fire Arrival Generations Revelation Eclipse EPs Red 13Live albums Captured Greatest Hits Live Live in Houston 1981: The Escape Tour Soundtrack albums Dream, After Dream Compilation albums In the Beginning Greatest Hits The Ballade Time 3 The Essential Journey Greatest Hits 2Videos Journey 2001 Greatest Hits 1978–1997 Live in Houston 1981: The Escape Tour Revelation Live in Manila Documentaries Don't Stop Believin': Everyman's Journey Tours Departure Tour Escape Tour Frontiers Tour Raised on Radio Tour Revelation Tour Eclipse Tour Games Journey Escape Journey Related Articles Discography Members Bands Santana Frumious Bandersnatch Bad English The Storm Vital Information Hardline Abraxas Pool Planet Us Soul Sirk US Revolution Saints People Walter ""Herbie"" Herbert Irving Azoff Kevin Chalfant Jimmy Barnes Michael Bolton Jeremey Hunsicker Book Category Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 305410751 Music Brainz: 36c7bbcd-59a6-407a-89b5-4e91a2053552Categories: Living people 1967 births Filipino rock musicians Filipino guitarists Filipino singers Filipino male singers Filipino singer-songwriters Filipino rock singers Filipino television personalities People from Tondo, Manila Singers from Manila Journey (band) members Kapampangan people Musicians from Manila ABS-CBN personalities 20th-century Filipino singers 21st-century Filipino singers "


campagnolo bikes

As a result Campagnolo has a long history of bikes, riders, and teams using its equipment winning prestigious events, including the three Grand Tours. In addition Campagnolo is directly involved in the sport, offering sponsorship to a number of teams and riders competing in road racing and track cycling.

Campagnolo Components

Campagnolo Components View: With almost 90 years of heritage Campagnolo products have been trusted by generations of cyclists. We have everything from a $6 Campagnolo drive side to $3600 a Campagnolo wheel set for you on America's fastest growing source for #everythingbike, Bike Exchange Search through 100's of Campagnolo components from over 500 local retailers on Americas No 1 Bicycle Marketplace2 Ads Now $549.99 $999.99Campagnolo Super Record Ultra Torque Ti 11 Speed Carbon Crankset - 39/53 / 175.00mm 2016Chain Reaction Bicycles Georgia - Evans FREE shipping within United States Contact Seller Add to Cart Price $200Campagnolo Campy khamsin gold rims Seller: james - Las Vegas Private ad Contact Seller Campagnolo History Campagnolo is an Italian manufacturer of cycling components. It has one of the oldest cycling heritages in the world, and its components are used in bikes in Grand Tour pelotons as well as other disciplines including triathlon, cyclocross, and track. They make groupsets (collections of a bike's mechanical parts), wheels, and other components. The company was founded in 1933 by Tullio Campagnolo, a competitive cyclist. According to the famous story he was competing in a race on a cold November morning in Europe and could not change his wheel. His hands were too cold, and the leaver was too stiff, so he decided at that moment that he would design a better solution. That solution was the quick release system, versions of which are still fitted to bikes manufactured today. Campagnolo patented the design, and has gone on to create over 100 other patented cycling systems, technologies and designs. Some of the most notable were the introduction of the rod gear, the development of the modern rear derailleur in the 1940s and 1950s, the development of front derailleurs in the 1950s, the introduction of the groupset, the world's first completely-assembled wheelsets, the world's first internal cables for bike controls, and much more. During the company’s history they have not just made bike parts, though. They’ve also been involved in making wheels for race cars and racing motorbikes, and lightweight specialist parts for the aerospace industry. They even reinvented the bottle opener, making it easier for wine drinkers all over the world to remove their corks. The heart and soul of Campagnolo, however, has always been cycling. Right from the start the company made parts to improve the performance of the world's best cyclists. This meant working with cyclists on the big European bike races, something which the company still does today. This includes offering a race service, which involves providing professional cycling team mechanics with spare parts and technical assistance at the world's biggest races.

Campagnolo Bikes Range Campagnolo manufactures high quality bike components organised into groupsets. These groupsets include the popular Record, Super Record, and Chorus brands, both in the original groupset design and in the EPS variation. Each groupset typically has controls, a rear derailleur, a front derailleur, a crankset, sprockets, a chain , and brakes. The EPS versions also have a power unit. These items make up the bike's drive train. Other products that Campagnolo manufactures include high profile, medium profile, and low profile wheels. Campagnolo Sponsorship Campagnolo is involved with a number of professional cycling teams. This includes three UCI Pro Tour teams who compete at the three Grand Tours plus other races throughout the season. Those teams are Lotto-Soudal, Movistar, and Astana. The UCI Women's Team Wiggle Honda Pro Cycling also uses Campagnolo products. Other teams that have a Campagnolo connection include the Pro-Continental teams Europecar, Bardiani-CSF, and Rusvelo. Campagnolo Bikes or Sale At Bike Exchange, we bring the marketplace to your computer or mobile device. We offer a wide assortment of Campagnolo Components for sale by independent bike shops and private sellers from all over the United States. Depending on the retailer and the product, you can make a purchase in one of several easy and convenient ways: Click & Collect: Pay online and make arrangements to pick up the bike at the retail shop. In-Store: Contact the retailer directly to make your own payment and collection arrangements.


what type of solution is made when mixing table salt to water until it dissolves

2018When you dissolve table salt (sodium chloride, also known as Na Cl) in water, are you producing a chemical change or a physical change? A physical change results in a change of the material's appearance, but no new chemical products result.

Science, Tech, Math ›Science Is Dissolving Salt in Water a Chemical Change or Physical Change? How Salt Changes When It Dissolves in Water Share Flipboard Email Print Neustockimages / Getty Imagesby Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph. D. Updated January 31,

A chemical change involves a chemical reaction, with new substances produced as a result of the change. Why Dissolving Salt Would Be a Chemical Change When you dissolve salt in water the sodium chloride dissociates in Na + ions and Cl - ions, which may be written as a chemical equation: Na Cl (s) → Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq)Therefore, dissolving salt in water is an example of a chemical change. The reactant (sodium chloride or Na Cl) is different from the products (sodium cation and chlorine anion). Thus, any ionic compound that is soluble in water would experience a chemical change. In contrast, dissolving a covalent compound like sugar does not result in a chemical reaction. When sugar is dissolved, the molecules disperse throughout the water, but they don't change their chemical identity. Why Some People Consider Dissolving Salt a Physical Change If you search online for the answer to this question, you'll see about equal numbers of responses arguing that dissolving salt is a physical change as opposed to a chemical change. The confusion arises because one common test to help distinguish chemical and physical changes is whether or not the starting material in the change may be recovered using only physical processes. If you boil the water off of a salt solution, you'll obtain salt. So, you've read the rationale. What do you think? Would you agree dissolving salt in water is a chemical change?cite

. In a Na Cl solution (salt-water), the solvent is water. A solute is the component in a solution in the lesser amount. In a Na Cl solution, the salt is the solute. A solution may contain more than one solute. There are different types of solutions. The one you are probably most familiar with is the aqueous solution. An aqueous solution is a solution in which water is the solvent. A Na Cl solution is an aqueous solution. A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which water is not the solvent. Examples of non-aqueous solutions are solutions used in dry cleaning (a solution of ethene in the solvent dichloromethane).

Solutions

Solutions Overview: In this module you will learn the vocabulary that chemists use in describing solutions as well as how to calculate solution concentrations. Skills: Calculation of molarity, molality and mole fraction Interconversion between molarity, molality and mole fraction New terms: Mixture Compound Solution Solvent Solute Aqueous Solution Solid Solution Molarity Molality Mole Fraction Let's start with a few definitions. A mixture is matter that contains more than one pure substance and can be separated into its components by using physical techniques. The composition is variable and its properties are related to its individual components. In a mixture, the components retain their own chemical properties. An example of a mixture is the combination of rice and salt. Compare this to a compound. A compound is a substance that contains two or more different elements with their atoms in a definite ratio. Compounds cannot be separated by physical techniques such as filtering. The composition is the same throughout. Water will always have two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. If instead the ratio were two hydrogen atoms to two oxygen atoms, then the compound is no longer water (H 2 O), it is now hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Elements in a compound are not just mixed together; they are bonded together in a specific way. The properties of a compound are usually very distinct from the properties of the individual elements that make the compound. For instance, sulfur, a yellow solid, combines with oxygen, an oderless gas, to form sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), which is a poisonous, colorless, pungent gas. A solution is a special type of mixture that is homogeneous throughout. This means that the molecules or ions involved are so well mixed that the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. Think of salt-water. You cannot see salt within the water when it is fully dissolved, not even with the aid of a microscope. (This contrasts with a heterogeneous mixture in which you can identify the separate components. For example, a mixture of salt and sand is heterogeneous. )A solvent is the component in a solution that is present in the largest amount

A solid solution is a solution in which a solid is the solvent. An example is a brass solution that is formed by dissolving copper in zinc. So what happens when you drop salt into a glass of water? The water before and after does not look different (assuming that all of the salt is dissolved). However, if you took a drink of it, it certainly tastes different. It boils at a higher temperature than pure water and it conducts electricity. What happened? Your everyday table salt consists of Na Cl. Water is made of H 2 O molecules. When these two are combined together in a solution, Na Cl actually separates into ions. [In solid Na Cl, Na + and Cl - ions are arranged in an ordered three dimensional array called a crystal lattice, as depicted in the figure below.] Thus Na Cl (s) becomes Na + and Cl - ions in solution (i.e., Na Cl dissolves in water). Why does Na Cl dissolve? Na Cl becomes solvated ions because of favorable electrostatic interactions (you will learn about this in Chemistry 111) and favorable entropy conditions (you will learn about this in Chemistry 112). In order for the solute to dissolve, these two effects must be stronger than the interactions within the Na Cl crystal and the solvent molecules with themselves. In other words, Na Cl dissolves in water because the electrostatic interactions and the entropic effects are stronger for the ions and water than they are for the Na Cl crystal and the H 2 O by itself. It is okay if you do not fully understand this concept yet, it will become clearer throughout general chemistry. Even though Na Cl dissolves to become ions in a solvent, the overall charge remains neutral. Remember that it is Na Cl, a neutral compound, that forms the Na + and Cl - ions. There will be an equal number of positive and negative charges; therefore, the solution will be neutral. Water Na Cl Crystal Lattice Water is a polar molecule. This means that the charges are not evenly distributed. The oxygen atom has a partial negative charge ( d -) and the hydrogen atoms have a partial positive charge ( d + ). The following reaction represents the dissolution of Na Cl (s) in water: The diagrams above show the dissolution of Na Cl solid. The water molecules surround the ions. These ions are now free to move about in solution since they are no longer in a crystal lattice. This means that the ionic bonds between Na + and Cl - are broken. Notice that the oxygen of H 2 O surrounds the Na + and the hydrogens of H 2 O surround the Cl -. This has to do with the polar properties of water and the charges on the ions. The partial negative charge on oxygen is attracted to the positive charge on the Na + ion (opposites attract). The same is true for the hydrogen; the partial positive charge on hydrogen is attracted to the negative Cl - ion. You will learn about polarity and intermolecular interactions in Chemistry 111. Measuring a Solution When discussing solutions, we typically talk about the solution's concentration. In chemistry, we use molarity to calculate the concentration. Other important terms are the molality and mole fraction of a solution. The molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. This is a specific concentration measurement. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per unit volume. The molarity is reported as M (read molar), which is mol of solute/L of solution. Molarity is temperature dependent as the volume of the density of a solution typically changes with temperature. The molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. This measurement is not temperature dependent, as the mass does not change with temperature. The units are denoted by m, which is read as molal and is mol of solute/kg of solvent. A mole fraction, as the name implies, is a comparison of the number of moles in solution. It is found by taking the number of moles of solutes (or solvent) divided by the total number of moles (solutes + solvent). Since this is a fraction, there are no units. The mole fractions of a solution must add up to one. Let's look at a simple solution made of two components, 1 and 2. X is the mole fraction and n is the number of moles. Example 1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 34.2 g of Mg Cl 2 in 0.430 L of H 2 O. Calculate the molarity, molality and mole fraction of Mg Cl 2 if the density of water is 1.00 g/cm 3 and the density of the solution is 1.089 g/cm 3. Mole Fraction: For Mg Cl 2 we need to calculate the number of moles by using the molecular mass, 95.211 g/mol. For water, the volume was given as well as the density. We can use these two values to determine the mass and use the molecular mass to determine the number of moles of H 2 O. The problem asks for the mole fraction of Mg Cl 2. Molarity: We must know the number of moles of solute, which we just calculated, and the volume of the solution in liters. To determine the volume of solution, use the given density. In order to use the density, however, we first need to find the total mass of the solution. Molality: To find the molality, we need the number of moles of solute and the mass (in kg) of solvent, both of which have been previously calculated. Notice in the example that the molarity and molality are very close to each other. This will be true in an aqueous solution as the density of water is very nearly 1 g/m L. This relationship does collapse in a non-aqueous solution and in highly concentrated aqueous solutions. Example 2. For the solution in Example 1, 34.2 g of Mg Cl 2 in 0.430 L of H 2 O ( r = 1.089 g/cm 3 ), calculate the molarity, molality and mole fraction of the Cl - ion in solution. Now remember what is happening. When the Mg Cl 2 is placed in water, it dissolves into Mg 2+ and Cl - ions. Mole Fraction: Again we will start with the mole fraction. To determine this, the number of moles of Cl - is needed. We already calculated the number of moles of water in Example 1, 23.9 mol. However, the mole fraction is the number of moles for Cl - divided by the total number of moles of all species in the solution. So we also need to know the number of moles of Mg 2+ in solution. Now the mole fraction is calculated by: Molarity: For the molarity, the number of moles of solute per liter of solution is needed. Fortunately we have already calculated these quantities. Molality: Finally for the molality, we need the moles of solute and mass of solvent. We also have calculated these numbers before. Notice that the molarity and molality are twice as much for the Cl - ion as for Mg Cl 2. This is because 1 mole of Mg Cl 2 dissociates producing 2 moles of Cl - in the aqueous solution. Molecular Solutions In molecular solutions, bonds are not broken as they are in non-molecular solutions (also sometimes called ionic solutions). Na Cl (aq) is an example of a non-molecular solution. Recall that in non-molecular solutions the ionic bonds were broken within the compound. For molecular solutions, Glucose, a sugar molecule, is an example of a compound that forms a molecular solution in water. In the solid, crystalline form glucose molecules are also ordered into a three dimensional array, as in the case of the Na Cl crystal lattice discussed above. However, unlike in the case of Na Cl, in which the compound breaks apart into smaller components (the individual ions), the glucose molecule remains intact as a single molecular unit in solution. The figure below is a schematic of the glucose molecule dissolved in water. Each glucose molecule is surrounded by a certain number of water molecules; therefore in solution, the glucose solid broke apart, but the glucose molecules themselves remained intact. Note that the definitions of molarity, molality, and mole fraction are the same for both molecular and nonmolecular solutions. You will learn more about interactions between molecules in Chemistry 111. A schematic of the glucose molecule in aqueous solution. Advanced Applications: Washington University chemists synthesize miniature electronic components for nanotechnology. Summary Now you should have a good understanding of solutions and the solvation process for ions in aqueous solutions. You need to be comfortable with using molarity, molality and mole fractions. Also you should know the definitions pertaining to solutions. Practice Quizzes: Stoichiometry/Limiting Reagents/Solutions These two quizzes cover the three tutorial modules Stoichiometry, Limiting Reagents, and Solutions. You will probably want to review all three of these modules before trying the quiz. Note: You will need a pencil, scratch paper, calculator, periodic table and equation sheet to work the practice quiz. Quiz questions are timed (4 minutes per question). Open Periodic Table in a separate browser window. Open Equations/Constants Page in a separate browser window. Return to the Chemistry Subject Index© Washington University in St. Louis, 2005.


what does monkey mean in china

Monkey Symbol The monkey is a symbol meaning fun, activity, charm and an energetic nature. It is one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac which shows a person who has many friends. It is a sign of natural curiosity, but can show self-indulgence and rebellion. The monkey is loyal, witty, playful and intelligent and the character has made it be adopted into religion, folklore, myth and astrology.

As a tattoo symbol, Chinese kanji is depicted to leap over various parts of the anatomy while the Chinese zodiac is super-quick and multi-talented and opportunistic. In Hindu, it is a god called the Hanuman who is believed to be the reincarnation of Shiva their god. The monkey god is heroic and dedicated to justice while in Japan the monkey was the messenger of the gods. It was seen as a symbol of a harmonious marriage, safe childbirth, fertility and a protector against disease and demons. A famous folklore tells of the monkey who accompanied a monk who carried the holy Buddhist teachings, on his journey from India to China. The monkey was chosen because it was smart and courageous and could protect the monk from demons and evil spirits. In Mexico, the Mayans glorified the monkey as a patron of the arts and was a symbol of knowledge and prophecy and it was also associated with the sun by the ancient Aztecs.


does your period stop when you run out of eggs

A dogma has haunted the study and treatment of female infertility for more than half a century. It states that a baby girl is born with an ever-diminishing number of egg cells which cannot be renewed or replenished during her life, and that when she runs out of these eggs an irreversible menopause begins.

"INDY PULSEEggs unlimited: an extraordinary tale of scientific discovery Egg donor Sylvia Barr / Susannah Ireland/The Independent Two biologists, split by rivalry and disagreement, suddenly realised that they were on the same side. The result was a revolutionary breakthrough. Special report by our Science Editor, Steve Connor Steve Connor@Steve AConnor Friday 6 April 2012 23:01 BSTClick to follow Indy/Life

The dogma's origins go back to 1951 when Sir Solly Zuckerman, a South African born British scientist, published the definitive study showing “unequivocally” that the human ovary, like that of other mammals, has a finite resource of egg cells that begins to be lost during foetal development, even before a woman is born. Estimates suggested that the female foetus has about 7 million putative egg cells that reduce to about 1 million at the point of birth. By the time of puberty, the teenage girl has between about 300,000 and 400,000 egg cells and these are lost at a rate of about 1,000 a month, with typically just one ripening to maturity at the time of ovulation. Menopause usually begins, so the dogma goes, in late middle age when the egg bank runs out of its most valuable currency. It is then, for many women, that age-associated health problems begin, from hot flushes and osteoporosis to heart disease and cognitive decline. The problem with the dogma, and Zuckerman's “definitive” study, was that it turns out not to be true. In a series of remarkable studies published over the past eight years scientists have produced convincing evidence to suggest that women are not after all born with all the egg cells that they will ever possess. Several research teams across the world have shown that the mammalian ovary is far more versatile than Zuckerman and his subsequent followers had ever thought possible. The core of this new thinking lies in the remarkable discovery of “oogonial stem cells” within the ovary that are capable of producing a constant supply of fresh eggs, or oocytes. The discovery of these stem cells, which had gone unrecognised for six decades, has profound implications for the study and treatment of female fertility, as well as a plethora of other health conditions. It raises the prospect of being able to grow unlimited numbers of human oocytes in the laboratory that could either be used in IVF treatment or as a source of embryonic stem cells to treat incurable illnesses such as Parkinson‘s disease. But, even more profound, is the idea that human ovaries might be induced in some way to function well into old age, not for the sake of maintaining fertility but to retain the other health benefits that stem from active, egg-filled ovaries. Some scientists are seriously suggesting that this work will lead to reversing or at least delaying the menopause, and a few even talk of an “elixir of youth” that will allow women to regain the good health they enjoyed when they were young and fertile.“To me, there is a grander golden chalice here which is ageing itself. These cells may provide a way for us to tackle that tremendously important problem,” said Professor Jonathan Tilly of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts.“It's very clear that keeping the ovaries working has tremendous health benefits on the ageing female body,” Professor Tilly said. It was Tilly's pioneering work in 2004 that kick-started the revolution now sweeping through fertility laboratories around the world. It was he who discovered and named the oogonial stem cells in the mammalian ovary. Like so many important scientific discoveries, this one was unexpected and serendipitous. Tilly was working on a quite different problem when he and his team discovered something that they could not explain.“We never set out to disprove the dogma. In fact we were looking at cell death, to better define why egg cells die and how they die. Ten years ago, like everyone else, I believed the dogma was correct,” Professor Tilly said. He had developed a technique for counting the rate at which ovary cells die and the findings were puzzling. To summarise, he found that cells were dying about three times faster than they should be, which meant that the egg cell deposit should be running out even faster than it does - something must be replacing them.“When we first saw this we were in complete shock and disbelief because we, like everyone else, believed the dogma, but yet we had a mathematical dilemma that told us otherwise,” he said.“I was in such shock that we did it over and over again, but we came to the same conclusion each time. We were completely caught off guard.”When Tilly published his study in the journal Nature in 2004 the fertility community was not pleased. Understandably, he was subjected to rigorous scientific scrutiny that continued for many years afterwards, but some comments were designed to be deliberately cruel.“It was discouraging to hear so many people voice negative comments about the work, and many of the comments were not based on science but were personal opinions and beliefs,” Tilly said. The work was carried out on mouse ovaries, the standard animal model, and some critics suggested the findings may be an artefact of murine tissue. One reviewer helpfully suggested that humans are not big mice, unless you live in Disneyland. Evelyn Telfer of Edinburgh University was one of Tilly’s kinder critics. She said she just couldn’t bring herself to believe something that broke the Zuckerman rule on which she was brought up.“Everything we did was informed by this dogma. Everything was based on the idea that there could be no more new oocytes. We approached everything on the basis of a fixed population of egg cells,” Dr Telfer said.“Tilley was relatively new to the field when he published that paper in 2004 and other people already in the field said that there must be other, alternative explanations for his results,” she said.”The problem at that time was that it [Tilly’s 2004 study] wasn’t the cleanest of experiments to absolutely show the existence of oocyte stem cells,“ she added.”It was very bold of Tilley because he was reporting results that went against the dogma. It would have been so easy for him to try to fit them into the dogma. It made people sit up and think.“The real problem was trying to isolate and characterise these supposed stem cells. Tilly wrongly suggested in 2005 that they could reside in the bone marrow and migrate to the ovaries. Then a key breakthrough happened in 2009 when a Chinese group led by Ji Wu of Shanghai Jiao Tong University published a study claiming to have isolated stem cells in mouse ovaries which Wu had used to generate mature egg cells. She reported the successfully fertilisation of these eggs, resulting in offspring. Again, many remained sceptical, but Telfer was no longer one of them: ”The breakthrough for me in my relationship with Tilley was when the Chinese group published their paper in 2009.“ She was a convert to the dogma-breaking minority. Tilly began furious attempts to replicate Wu’s work but, like many others trying to do the same, it defied repetition - which is the key to science. Wu’s description of her methodology appeared incomplete.”We tried for nine months to get her protocol to work. If I was a sceptic of this work I would have tried three times and quit and say that it's not repeatable,“ Professor Tilly said.”But we spent months and months working with the protocol to get it to work. It was nine months of non-stop trial and error before we succeeded and I still don’t know what we did right because we had changed and tinkered with so many different things,“ he said. Armed with this new protocol, Tilly was about to make his most important breakthrough. While attending a scientific conference in Tokyo he met up with a former colleague, Yasushi Takai of Saitama Medical University, who had a bank of frozen human ovaries taken from Japanese women undergoing sex-change treatment. Here was the opportunity for Tilly to try out his new protocol for isolating ovarian stem cells on genuine human tissue. He lost no time in showing that these elusive cells do indeed exist in humans and that they could be induced to develop into very early stage oocytes - he did not, after all, live in Disneyland.”It worked the first time. The human cells popped out and they had every attribute the mouse cells had,“ Professor Tilly said. When he inserted the human oogonial stem cells into mouse ovarian tissue he witnessed their partial development down the path towards fully mature oocytes, but only partial. What was needed was some way of bringing these very early eggs to full development. It was only by ripening them completely and allowing them to be fertilised by a human sperm that he could finally prove the existence of true oogonial stem cells in the human ovary. Tilly then remembered his one-time critic in Edinburgh. Telfer had pioneered a technique for bringing egg cells to full maturity from the precise developmental stage that Tilly was able to reach with his oogonial stem cells.”There is a common juncture point where we can get to and from where she starts. Sticking the two procedures together was a no-brainer,“ Professor Tilly said. The Edinburgh University team has already received material and expertise from Tilly and Dr Telfer is now about to apply for a licence from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to carry out the first fertilisation of a mature human egg derived from oogonial stem cells grown in a laboratory dish. If an early human embryo is produced in this way it will dramatically alter the landscape for human fertility treatment. Women and girls undergoing ovary-destroying chemotherapy or radiation treatment may be able in the future to have their oogonial stem cells stored and banked so that they could later have an unlimited supply of their own eggs for IVF treatment. It will also mean that science has a way of producing egg cells in the laboratory for a range of experimental and practical purposes. One of these could lead to a fundamental understanding of the menopause itself - why do women, unlike men, stop producing their sex cells in middle age? Answering this question could be the key to solving many of the health problems associated with female ageing. Tilly and Telfer both believe that the menopause may not be due to a shortage of egg cells per se, but a depletion of the cells within the ovary that are needed to support and nurture oocytes. If this is the case, and if Tilly’s oogonial stem cells can be used to replenish human egg cells or used to develop ways of extending the life of their vital support cells in the human ovary, the menopause could indeed be delayed or reversed.”Personally I don't think it's hype because that's our goal. The mouse studies show it can be done, that you can essentially delay the menopause to very advanced ages simply by maintaining an adequate reserve of egg cells in the ovaries,“ Professor Tilly said. And if it is possible to delay the menopause, there will hopefully be associated health benefits for older women. But could it really be an elixir of youth?”From the mouse studies, if you keep the ovaries working, yes it's an elixir of youth without any increased risk of cancer. It's published and it's indisputable,“ Professor Tilly said. Case Study: An Egg Donor""Women are put off donating eggs by how painful and arduous the process is""Sylvia Barr, from south London, was 34 when she donated an egg in 1991. She said she felt the urge to do so after conceiving her own son Eliott thanks to a sperm donor. ""In 1990, I was 33 and I decided I wanted to be a mother. I didn’t have a partner, I had been through some unsuccessful relationships so I decided I wanted to have a child on my own. I had IVF treatment with donated sperm and I was lucky enough that the procedure worked first time.“I felt that I had been helped by an altruistic stranger and I asked myself what I could do to help someone else. I didn’t want any more children beyond my son for financial reasons. I believe that, in life, you don’t just take; you have to give back as well. A stranger helped me have a child, I wanted to reciprocate.“There is still not an abundance of egg donors. I think people are put off by how hard and time-consuming the process is. A lot of people don’t understand what is involved: I had to give myself injections, use the nasal spray and go under an anaesthetic.“But it was worth it in the end. It was something I wanted to do, to give something back. It was a way of evening things out for me, it was very important.“I was driven by my own circumstances and seeing my own son made me want to help someone else find the same happiness. I didn’t mind who got my egg but if I could help them have that same joy, then I was happy to do it.“I knew the process was painful and arduous, I had counselling to explain the implications and get me through the treatment. Your own health is put at risk; you are put on synthetic drugs and given hormones.“You can produce too many eggs, making your ovaries enlarged, which is a serious condition, and I was told there is a higher risk of cancer. But the main issue is psychological. Understanding and being prepared to donate potentially human life is a big thing to deal with.“I never worried about scarcity of embryos in my later life because you produce many more than you ever need. The ovary is full of potential life, so I didn’t think of it is a problem. But I have read since that there is an increased risk of infertility in people who have donated eggs. ""Case Study: Early menopause""It was like my sister was just lending me her make-up or something""Claire Cousins, 27, from Oxfordshire, had tried unsuccessfully to have a child for three years. After she found out she had gone through the menopause early at the age of 22, her sister agreed to donate an egg. ""I felt funny when I thought of having an unknown donor’s egg. I wanted my genes in my baby. My initial thought was that it was a three-year waiting list. Before looking into what the whole process actually meant, my friends said they would give me an egg. ""The way my sister looked at it was that her family was complete. Obviously, there is always the chance that the procedure could ruin her own fertility but she thought: ‘I am not using the egg, so go ahead’. It was like she was just lending me her makeup or something. ""I have spoken to some friends who said they are not sure that they could do it, but my sister’s attitude seemed to be: 'if that’s what you need, then that’s what I will give you’. Harry is 13-months-old now. Receiving that egg was the best thing in the world; I cherish him every day. ""We had to go through counselling individually and as a group with my sister’s husband. I had to have scans done on my womb but it was my sister who had to go through the worst. She had to have injections and use a nasal spray. ""I can understand why people don’t want to do it, it is a long process and it is harder for a woman to donate an egg than it is for a man to donate sperm. As a woman, you have to have an operation and be put under anaesthetic. I can understand it’s hard, but if it means that someone can have a baby, then as many people as possible should do it. ""You have to be strong enough to understand that someone else is going to have a baby and that the baby is not yours; you need to be prepared mentally. ""There is an issue in potential donors’ minds, of the risks to their own fertility. If you feel you are going to try for a baby again later in your life, then maybe you are not mentally ready. The best situation is if you think your family is complete. ""Hospitals advise you to think in those terms and you have to be at a certain age before you can donate to be on the safe side and you are told that the process could affect your own fertility. ""More about: Biology Cancer Charity Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Health Insurance Higher Education Pregnancy Schools Reuse content INDY/ LIFE Newsletteror register with your social account I would like to receive the best features and trends across the world of lifestyle every week by email Continue Already have an account? Log in Comments Post a new comment Login Post0 Comments RSS | Subscribe Everyone should read this guide about what to do if you see Islamophobia Scientists discovered a moth with golden hair and a tiny penis. They named it after Trump Women prefer their best friends to their husband, study finds Teacher blaming 'disrespectful' kids and parents goes viral This viral video proves that you can dance to literally anything Most Popular New footage emerges of Mc Gregor's violent attack on rival’s bus Maryland voters approve gay marriage Corbyn condemns Western 'silence' on Israel’s killing of Palestinians Ditch US trade deal rather than accept lower food standards, Brits say Mentally ill woman has disability benefits stopped because of 'error'Video Dating app exclusively for privately educated people to launch in UKHow to find out if Cambridge Analytica used your Facebook data A survey of 31,000 people has revealed the most popular Spice Girl Sponsored Features Fort Lauderdale: how to shop and dine in style Ski Juwel Alpbachtal Wildschönau: a winter resort for the whole family Florida coast to coast: cycling and yoga in The Palm Beaches Discover luxury with a holiday in Dubai Indulge yourself in the Maldives "


why are healthy microglia important?

Microglia, also sometimes known as “Hortega cells,” are a special type of cell in the human brain and spinal cord. Their main job is to provide immune support and to protect the tissues of the brain and spine from invading microorganisms, diseases, and infections, and they are usually considered to be one of the most important supporting structures of the central nervous system (CNS).

What are Microglia?

They primarily work through phagocytosis, which means that they consume invading or otherwise foreign particulates whole, then present them to other cells in the immune system for identification. Cells in this category also play an important role when it comes to protecting healthy cells from degeneration, and have been credited with slowing the progress of diseases like Alzheimer’s. Understanding Brain Cells Generally The brain is one of the body’s most active cell centers, and is the organ controls all of the body’s functions. Along with the spine, it houses the central nervous system, which is the main system of nerves and chemical signals that facilitates everything from muscle movement to feelings of sensations like pain. In general, the brain and spine enjoy a status known as “immune privileged,” which basically means that they get special immune protections in order to be sure they’re kept healthy. Microglial cells are a big part of this. Ad Immune Response Microglia perform a wide range of immune response and defense functions within the CNS. They are sensitive to the environment and are able to detect the smallest changes in the biological makeup of the brain tissue. The cells scan the CNS to locate and neutralize any plaques, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments, neural tangles, dead cells, damaged cells, and foreign materials. Some scholars have referred to them as the “housekeepers of the brain” since they essentially clean up cell debris. The cells also play an important role in managing infectious viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) and herpes simplex virus. They release neurotoxic secretions that battle HIV. Additionally, they release cytotoxic substances that aim to neutralize the herpes simplex virus. Diseases don’t have to be overly complicated or serious to trigger these cells, though. They manage almost any infection, including bacterial strains. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium that causes meningitis, is often a target, for instance.

Microglial cells are involved in protecting the brain and spinal cord from parasitic infections, as well. The phagocytosis of cerebral malaria and management of the damage caused by it is one example. Plasmodium falciparum is a parasite that causes malaria in humans.

While most instances of malaria are easily treated, cerebral malaria is a serious complication that results when red blood cells break into the brain tissue and cause ischemia, which is a restriction in blood supply that causes dysfunction or damage to tissue. Phagocytosis Typically, microglia do their work through a process known as “phagocytosis.” In simple terms, this is the process of engulfing and killing bacteria, viruses, lipids, cellular waste and other substances. The cells destroy infectious organisms by releasing a variety of cytotoxic material, or toxic substances that damage cells and cause neuron death. There is an important balance here that the cells have to maintain, though. Cytotoxic secretions destroy bacteria, viruses, and infected neurons, but excessive cytotoxic amounts can cause nerve damage. As such, the cells usually need to be aware of their surroundings and only act when chemically reasonable. Role in Neurodegeneration Microglia typically also play a key role in neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of neurons from the brain that can lead to disability and death. They have been known to delay the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, which is a neuro-degenerative disease in which the brain develops abnormal clumps of cells and tangled neurons. The cells are also involved in managing and reducing the progression of Parkinson’s disease, which is a movement disorder of the CNS that impairs the speech, motor skills, and other bodily functions. Ad


what does the efc number mean

rch Expected Family Contribution ( EFC) is an estimate of the parents' and/or the student's ability to contribute to a year of [post-secondary education] expenses. The EFC is used in the student financial aid process in the United States to determine an applicant's eligibility for need-based federal student aid, and in many cases, state and institutional (college) aid.

Expected Family Contribution

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation sea

It is located on the Student Aid Report and Institutional Student Information Record sent after the Free Application for Federal Student Aid ( FAFSA) is processed. [1] If the FAFSA has not yet been filed, there are a number of calculators on the Web (see links below) that will give a good approximation of a family's EFC. Need-based aid has to be reapplied for each year; that is, a new FAFSA must be filed every year, the EFC is recalculated, and the financial aid possibly adjusted. The EFC is not what a student's family actually pays, which is usually higher, sometimes much higher. Contents [ hide ]1 Use of the Expected Family Contribution2 Lowering the EFC3 Calculation4 Exclusions5 Actual family payment6 Independent and dependent students7 See also8 References9 External links Use of the Expected Family Contribution [ edit]Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues: Finance – Law – Literacy – Reform Levels: Pre-kindergarten – Primary – Secondary – Higher Organizations Education portal United States portalv t e The federal government does not distribute aid directly to the student or the student's family; it goes through the college. Colleges use the student's federal student aid eligibility and combine it with state financial aid (if any) and their own aid to create a financial aid package (award), which is sent to the student. Generally speaking, the lower the EFC the higher the financial aid award will be. Zero is the lowest EFC number (the family cannot afford to pay anything) and 99,999 is the highest. Dependent students qualify for an automatic zero EFC if their family’s income is below $23,000 for the 2012-2013 year and they either received funding from any of the Federal Benefits programs ( SSI, SNAP (formerly known as the Food Stamp program), WIC, or Free/Reduced Price Lunch) or filed 1040A, 1040EZ, or were not required to fill out a tax return, or parent is a dislocated worker. [2]Some relatively wealthy colleges and universities use the CSS Profile, or have their own form, to calculate their own (private) EFC, which they use in distributing the college's own aid. A major difference between the FAFSA and the CSS Profile is that the CSS Profile takes home equity (value of your house) into account when determining ability to pay, while the FAFSA does not. The EFC is subtracted from the cost of attendance (COA) of the college or university to determine a student's financial Need. If COA > EFC, then a student has financial Need. Colleges attempt, but often are unable, to see that the student receives all the aid she or he needs. If the EFC is less than the maximum Pell Grant ($5,730 in 2014–2015), the student will receive a Pell Grant. The amount of the grant is the difference between the EFC and the maximum Grant. If the EFC was $3,000, the student would receive a grant of $2,730 (in 2014–2015). Lowering the EFC [ edit]Items that lower a student's EFC: Additional family members supported by the head of the household (e.g., siblings or grandparents who are living at home)Additional family members in college. (The EFC is split among the students in college. )Lower income (especially student income)Fewer assets (especially student assets)Colleges or universities have the legal authority to lower the EFC if there are unusual circumstances, usually brought to the financial aid office's attention as the result of an appeal of a financial aid award. These circumstances include: Loss of Employment Loss of Child Support, Alimony, etc. Separation or Divorce Death of Parent or Spouse Medical and Dental Expenses not covered by insurance Income was increased the applicable year because of a one-time lump sum that will most likely not occur again. Calculation [ edit]Parents often want to know how their EFC has been calculated. The formula is complex, changes every year, depends on three tables (dependent students, independent students without dependents other than a spouse, and independent students with dependents other than a spouse), and is published in the Federal Register. An Education Department document explaining how the EFC is determined fills 36 pages. [3] Briefly, it looks at family size, allows for living expenses, and at family and student savings. If the student is a dependent, which is usually the case with a teenage college freshman, the student's savings and income, if any, are considered highly available to pay for college. A student with a college savings fund in his or her name will have a higher EFC (if not qualifying for an automatic zero), and will usually receive less need-based aid. Exclusions [ edit]The equity in the family's principal home. (Second homes are counted. )Parental retirement funds, such as 401ks. Consumer debt, such as car and credit card loans. Actual family payment [ edit]A common misconception is that the EFC is a statement of what the family actually will pay. This is usually not the case, and many families have to pay more, sometimes much more, than the EFC. In an ideal world, in which all colleges had enough financial aid to meet all students' financial need, the EFC would be what the family contributed. In reality, only wealthy, selective colleges (the hardest to get admitted to) have the resources to cover every student's need. When the college cannot cover all of the need, the remainder must come out of the parents' resources. In some cases, in which a student qualifies for merit-based (rather than need-based) financial aid, the family pays less than the EFC. Independent and dependent students [ edit]Students who are unmarried, younger than 24, and not supporting a minor child are categorized as Dependent Students, and the parents' income and assets are used in determining the EFC. Even if the parents have no intention of helping pay the student's college expenses, which legally they are not required to do, the student remains dependent and the parents' income and assets are used in determining the EFC and through it, the student's financial aid award. Put differently, if the parents are able but unwilling to help pay for the student's college, financial aid will not be increased because of it. [4] This was determined by the United States Congress. In exceptional cases, such as parental child abuse and parental communication with the child being prohibited by a court, the college financial aid office can change a student's status from Dependent to Independent. See also [ edit]FAFSAStudent financial aid in the United States References [ edit]^ U. S. Department of Education, Federal Student Aid. Introduction to Federal Student Aid Course. Retrieved from: http://www2.ed.gov/offices/OSFAP/training/fundamentals/module.htm#m-1001-0^ ""Archived copy"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-24. Retrieved 2013-05-01.^ https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/sites/default/files/2017-18-efc-formula.pdf, retrieved September 1, 2017.^ Kathryn Knight Randolph, ""How to Deal if Your Parents Won't Pay"", https://www.fastweb.com/financial-aid/articles/how-to-deal-if-your-parents-won-t-pay retrieved 10 June 2017External links [ edit]Unofficial EFC Calculator What's the Expected Family Contribution (EFC)? Know Your Expected Family Contribution Finaid.org, a good independent Web site on college financial aid. Categories: Student financial aid Education finance in the United States United States Department of Education "


denora anodes

ent Anode Design De Nora wire anodes are copper cored titanium wire with a mixed metal oxide coating. The mixed metal oxide is a crystalline, electrically conductive coating that activates the titanium and enables it to function as an anode. The anodes are manufactured in two diameters: 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm.

Wire Anodes, LIDA MMO by DeNora

Wire Anodes, LIDA MMO by De Nora Wire Anodes, LIDA MMO by De Nora Availability: In stock Add to Wishlist Email to a Friend Print Product Page Add to RFQDescription Resistivity vs. Length Current Ratings Applications Canistered Anodes Continuous Horizontal Groundbeds Discontinuous Horizontal Groundbeds Shallow Vertical Groundbeds Above Ground Storage Tanks Underground Storage Tanks Natural Water Electrical Cable Shielding Water Storage Tanks Water Treatment Equipm

When applied on titanium, the coating has an extremely low consumption rate measured in terms of milligrams per year. As a result of this low consumption rate, the wire diameter remains nearly constant during the life of the anode. The low consumption rate of the mixed metal oxide coating at the recommended operating current densities results in projected anode lifetimes from 15 to 20 years. Longer or shorter lifetimes may be obtained by varying the current output per foot of wire. This information in demonstrated in the accompanying graphs, which relate amperes per lineal foot to lifetime in years. Anode Coating The coating used on wire is suitable for most cathodic protection applications, but output varies with application. De Nora's mixed metal oxide coating demonstrates a very high chemical stability, even in environments with low p H values. Unlike other impressed current anodes, the De Nora coating is not affected by the generation of chlorine. Features Benefits High Current Output Low Coating Wear Rate Highly Conductive Copper Core ANSI/AWWA Standard D 104-91Lower cost per ampere year Constant electrical resistance Minimizes voltage drop Reliability De Nora wire anodes are coated in the United States. They are lightweight, rugged, and flexible. De Nora wire anodes have been used successfully in canistered form since 1987 and in tank bottom protection systems since 1990. In choosing De Nora wire anodes, you have selected the most durable and reliable material from the originator of the mixed metal oxide anode. Savings Flexibility of Use In many cases, De Nora mixed metal oxide wire anodes offer savings over competitive anodes on an installed cost basis. This is possible by balancing the high current density capability of mixed metal oxide coatings and the ability to tailor to desired lifetimes. De Nora wire anodes can be used in a wide variety of cathodic protection applications. Their lightweight and malleability allow forming to complex configurations. The copper core provides high conductivity resulting in better current distribution along the entire length of the wire. Quality Assurance Ordering Information From the application of the coating to the spooling of the wire, De Nora's attention to quality sets it apart. The coating undergoes stringent quality control examination by SEP, X-ray and adhesion test methods throughout the coating process to assure proper thickness and application. Attention to each detail of the quality control process assures you a superior, reliable product. De Nora wire anodes are available from Farwest. When ordering De Nora wire anodes, please specify: Wire diameter Wire length (maximum single piece length is 1,000 feet, except by special order)Lead Wire Connection A typical connection between the De Nora wire anode and a header cable is shown below. Connections such as this have been used successfully in canistered anodes since 1987.


how much money is donald trump worth

ion Donald Trump net worth: Donald Trump is an American politician, real-estate developer, author and television personality who has a net worth of $3.1 billion.

Donald Trump Net Worth

Donald Trump Net Worth How much is Donald Trump Worth?in Richest Businessmen › Richest Billionaires Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Random Celebrity Donald Trump net worth:$3.1 Billion Donald Trump's Salary$60 Mill

His annual salary for Celebrity Apprentice was $60 million. Trump has been a major figure in both domestic and international real estate since the late 1960s and continues to build and diversify his business empire. Trump was raised in New York City and attended Fordham University and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Immediately after earning his degree in Economics, he returned to New York and went to work for his father's real estate company, The Trump Organization. His first major success was transforming the bankrupt Commodore Hotel into the Grand Hyatt. Other Trump properties include Trump Tower, valued at $288 million, Trump World Tower, valued at $290 million, and a variety of Trump resort casinos located around the United States. In addition, the Trump name is licensed to properties worldwide, earning Trump an estimated $562 million. Since its premiere in 2003, Trump has also earned two Emmy Awards for his role in the reality show The Apprentice, on which he appears as himself and for which he is reportedly paid $3 million per episode. Trump married Ivana Zelnickova (later Ivana Trump) in 1977, and together they had three children: Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric. However, the couple split in 1992, and in 1993 he married his much-publicized mistress, Marla Maples, who gave birth to a daughter, Tiffany. They divorced in 1999, and in 2004, Trump married Melania Knauss, who gave birth to his fifth child, William Barron Trump. Donald Trump's net worth – Is It $3 Billion or $9 Billion? In June 2015, Donald announced that he was running for President. With his announcement he released an estimate of his personal wealth which pegged his net worth at $8.7 billion. The main reason this net worth differs from most generally accepted evaluations of his wealth, has to do with how Donald values his personal brand. In his net worth estimate, Donald values his personal brand at $3.3 billion. Other analysts value the brand at closer to $50 or $100 million. In November 2016, Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton to become the 45th President of The United States. As President, he is entitled to an annual salary of $400,000. He donates all but $1 of that salary to charity. Donald Trump Jr. Net Worth Donald Trump Lost $600 Million Over Past Year Donald Trump Doubted Richard Branson's Billionaire Status In A Scathing Letter From 2004Donald Trump Entrepreneur Date of Birth Jun 14, 1946 (71 years old)Profession Entrepreneur, Businessperson, Writer, Investor, TV Personality, Television producer, Film Producer, Actor, Economist, Real estate entrepreneur Nationality United States of America Height6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Share on Facebook Donald Trump Earnings The Apprentice $375,000/episode Total Earnings $375,000All net worths are calculated by applying a proprietary algorithm. The results are then fact checked and confirmed by a team of editors. We scan all publicly available data and resources and work diligently to ensure that our numbers are the most accurate and up to date net worth data you will find anywhere on the internet. Did we make a mistake? Submit a correction suggestion and help us fix it!Submit a Correction Discussion


causes of insomnia in women

Causes of insomnia in women: Most causes of insomnia in men and women are same but some common causes of insomnia in women include: Stress: The demanding lifestyle in today’s world (responsibility of the family and at work) can cause fatigue and stress. Stress is one of the commonest causes of insomnia.

What causes insomnia in women?

What causes insomnia in women? By Dr Poonam Sachdev , Expert Content Mar 27, 2012 Comment Subscribe facebook Twitter Google+ instagram VIDEO : इनसोमनिया और नींद की कमी के कारणInsomnia is more common in women as compared to men according to studies. There are many possible causes of insomnia. The common causes of insomnia are listed below. Stress: Any stressful event such as loss of job, financial problem, health issue, divorce, death or illness of a loved one, can lead to insomnia and the problem may persist even after the stress has been resolved. Psychiatric problem: Insomnia can be caused due to many underlying mental health problem such as mood disorders (such as depression, bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders (such as generalized anxiety, panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder), and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Physical condition: Any major or painful physical problem can cause insomnia. Insomnia can be caused by physical problems such as:heart disease, such as chest pain (angina), congestive heart failure.lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma.neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, stroke.hormonal imbalance such as overactive thyroid, pheochromocytoma, menopause.arthritis, joint or muscle problems.diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome.genital or urinary problems such as incontinence or an enlarged prostate.sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, sleep apnoea.chronic (long-term) pain, neuropathic pain. Drug and substance abuse: Excessive alcohol intake, use of recreational drugs, excessive caffeine intake, and nicotine can cause insomnia. Medication: Medications (prescribed or over-the-counter medicines) can cause insomnia. Some of the prescription medications that can interfere with sleep include antidepressants, epilepsy medicine, some medicines for asthma, such as salbutamol, salmeterol and theophylline, blood pressure reducing medications, allergy medications, stimulants, and corticosteroids. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications, which may cause insomnia include pain medication combinations, decongestants and weight-loss products, as these may contain caffeine and other stimulants. Discuss with your doctor about all your medications (prescription and non-prescription).

Age: Insomnia becomes more common with age. Women older than 40 are more prone to suffer from insomnia, as compared women in the 20’s and 30’s. Pregnancy: In woman another cause of insomnia includes pregnancy. Many pregnant women feel sleepy during the day but may find it difficult to sleep well at night especially in the first trimester. The condition may improve in second trimester and then again worsen during the third trimester due to size of the abdomen and the discomfort and aches and pains of pregnancy. Menopause: The hormonal changes cause hot flashes and night sweats---these are supposed to cause insomnia during menopause. Women during menopause can find it difficult to fall asleep and maintain a good sleep at night. Consequences of Insomnia: Note that there are many adverse effects insomnia in woman more serious than what most people may imagine. It can affect your health, work performance, ability to concentrate, and overall well-being. If you have insomnia do not ignore your symptoms consult a health professional for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Related Articles Top 5 causes of insomnia in men Insomnia is a symptom and not a condition. This is why it is very essential to find out the cause which triggers this symptom. Here is some help.read more Risk Factors for Insomnia Over 50% of the adult population suffers from insomnia.read more Write Comment Read Review Disclaimer Feedback Is it Helpful Article? YES 12 Votes 14877 Views 0 Comment


what is va abbreviation

: Quick Answer The abbreviation VA stands for the state of Virginia in the United States of America. It became the 10th state to join the Union on June 25, 1788. This state is the 35th largest when compared to all other states in the U. S. Continue Reading

Geography United States Q: What state does the abbreviation VA stand for? A

Keep Learning How many counties are in Pennsylvania? What is a list of all 50 states alphabetically? Is America a country? Full Answer Virginia was among the very first colonies to join the Union in a quest to become independent and formidable economically and military wise. The capital city of this state is Richmond while the largest city in the state is called Virginia Beach. This state depends on a number of activities to generate income with one of the most popular being agriculture. Some of the crops grown there include peanuts, corn, potatoes and tobacco. The state also engages in economic activities such as mining of coal, animal raring, paper manufacture, furniture making and tourism. The state of Virginia is popularly known for being home to quite a number of U. S. presidents, including Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, James Monroe, Zachary Taylor and Woodrow Wilson, among several others. It has a rich heritage of geographical features including mountains, rivers and beaches. Tourists flock into the state to have a good time since the state has unique resorts and a wonderful blend of cultures. Learn more about United States Sources: enchantedlearning.com Related Questions Q: How many people live in America? A: As of November 2014, there are just over 319 million people living in the United States of America, according to the US Census Bureau Population Clock. Thi... Full Answer >Filed Under: United States Q: Where do you find a list of the 50 state names? A: A list of the 50 states of the United States of America can be found at Kids.gov. Kids.gov is a website administered by the federal government. Full Answer >Filed Under: United States Q: How many states are in the United States? A: There are 50 states in the United States of America. The 49th and 50th states added to the Union, Alaska and Hawaii, both achieved statehood in 1959; Alask... Full Answer >Filed Under: United States Q: Are there 50 or 52 American states? A: As of 2015, the United States of America consists of 50 states. The United States formed in 1776 with 13 states. The 50th state, Hawaii, joined the nation ... Full Answer >Filed Under: United States You May Also Like Q: Where can you find a list of gas taxes for each state? Q: What are some ways to memorize the states? Q: Who is exempt from state sales tax? Q: Where can you find a list of U. S. state abbreviations? Q: What is the state sales tax rate in Florida? Q: Where can you find a list of the 50 state capitals in the USA?