are vets considered doctors

Veterinary care and management is usually led by a veterinary physician (usually called a vet, veterinary surgeon or veterinarian). This role is the equivalent of a doctor in human medicine, and usually involves post-graduate study and qualification.

Veterinary medicine

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search""Animal hospital"" redirects here. For the BBC television show, see Animal Hospital.

A veterinary technician in Ethiopia shows the owner of an ailing donkey how to sanitize the site of infection. Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions which can affect different species.

Veterinary medicine is widely practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a veterinary physician (also known as a vet, veterinary surgeon or veterinarian), but also by paraveterinary workers such as veterinary nurses or technicians.

This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialisms such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species relevant roles such as farriers. Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease ( infectious disease transmitted from non-human animals to humans), food safety, and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists, and other health or natural scientists depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are usually obliged to look after animal welfare. Contents1 History1.1 Premodern era1.2 Establishment of profession2 Veterinary workers2.1 Veterinary physicians2.2 Paraveterinary workers2.3 Allied professions3 Veterinary research3.1 Clinical veterinary research4 See also4.1 By country5 Notes6 Further reading6.1 Introductory textbooks and references6.2 Monographs and other speciality texts6.3 Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology6.4 Related fields7 External links History [ edit]Premodern era [ edit]Manuscript page of Hippiatrica (14th century)The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun ( Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt) is the first extant record of veterinary medicine. [1] The Shalihotra Samhita, dating from the time of Ashoka, is an early Indian veterinary treatise. The edicts of Asoka read: ""Everywhere King Piyadasi ( Asoka) made two kinds of medicine (चिकित्सा) available, medicine for people and medicine for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted."" [2] Hippiatrica is a Byzantine compilation of hippiatrics, dated to the 5th or 6th century. The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the Middle Ages, farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the more general task of ""horse doctoring"". The Arabic tradition of Bayṭara, or Shiyāt al-Khayl, originates with the treatise of Ibn Akhī Hizām (fl. late 9th century). In 1356, the Lord Mayor of London, concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city, requested that all farriers operating within a seven-mile radius of the City of London form a ""fellowship"" to regulate and improve their practices. This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674. [3]Meanwhile, Carlo Ruini 's book Anatomia del Cavallo, ( Anatomy of the Horse) was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a non-human species. [4]Establishment of profession [ edit]Claude Bourgelat established the earliest veterinary college in Lyon in 1762. The first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat. [5] According to Lupton, [6] after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in his founding a veterinary college in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art."" [6]The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, [7] and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, Thomas Burgess, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals. [8] A 1785 Society meeting resolved to ""promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles. ""The physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade, and the establishment of veterinary colleges. This was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of Granville Penn, who persuaded the Frenchman, Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established Veterinary College in London. [7] The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by royal charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir John Mc Fadyean, credited by many as having been the founder of modern Veterinary research. [9]

In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In 1879, Iowa Agricultural College became the first land grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine.

[10]Veterinary workers [ edit]Veterinary physicians [ edit]Main article: Veterinary physician Surgery on a dog

In many countries, the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term, meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and/or registration are not able to use the title, and in many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a vet (such as animal treatment or surgery) are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may only be performed by registered vets (with a few designated exceptions, such as paraveterinary workers ), and it is illegal for any person who is not registered to call themselves a vet or perform any treatment. Most vets work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. These vets may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals, livestock, laboratory animals, zoo animals or horses; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as surgery, dermatology, laboratory animal medicine, or internal medicine. As with healthcare professionals, vets face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. Current debates within the profession include the ethics of purely cosmetic procedures on animals, such as declawing of cats, docking of tails, cropping of ears and debarking on dogs. Paraveterinary workers [ edit]US and South African army veterinary technicians prepare a dog for spaying. Main article: Paraveterinary workers Paraveterinary workers, including veterinary nurses, technicians and assistants, either assist vets in their work, or may work within their own scope of practice, depending on skills and qualifications, including in some cases, performing minor surgery. The role of paraveterinary workers is less homogeneous globally than that of a vet, and qualification levels, and the associated skill mix, vary widely. Allied professions [ edit]A number of professions exist within the scope of veterinary medicine, but which may not necessarily be performed by vets or veterinary nurses. This includes those performing roles which are also found in human medicine, such as practitioners dealing with musculoskeletal disorders, including osteopaths, chiropractors and physiotherapists. There are also roles which are specific to animals, but which have parallels in human society, such as animal grooming and animal massage. Some roles are specific to a species or group of animals, such as farriers, who are involved in the shoeing of horses, and in many cases have a major role to play in ensuring the medical fitness of the horse. Veterinary research [ edit]An eye exam of a kitten under way prior to the kitten's adoption.

Veterinary research includes research on prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of animals and on the basic biology, welfare, and care of animals.

Veterinary research transcends species boundaries and includes the study of spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced models of both human and animal disease and research at human-animal interfaces, such as food safety, wildlife and ecosystem health, zoonotic diseases, and public policy. [11]Clinical veterinary research [ edit]As in medicine, randomized controlled trials are fundamental also in veterinary medicine to establish the effectiveness of a treatment. [12] However, clinical veterinary research is far behind human medical research, with fewer randomized controlled trials, that have a lower quality and that are mostly focused on research animals. [13] Possible improvement consists in creation of network for inclusion of private veterinary practices in randomized controlled trials. See also [ edit]Animals portal Medical portal Animal drug Animal science Federation of veterinarians of Europe National Office of Animal Health One Health Veterinary physician Wiki Vet Technology in Veterinary Medicine By country [ edit]Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom Veterinary medicine in the United States History of veterinary medicine in Pennsylvania History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines Veterinary Council of India Veterinary Council of Ireland Notes [ edit]^ Thrusfield 2007, p. 2.^ Finger 2001, p. 12.^ Hunter, Pamela (2004). Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources, p. 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.^ Wernham, R. B. (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559-1610, Volume 3, p.472. Cambridge University Press.^ Marc Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires, Bruxelles 1971^ a b J. L. Lupton, ""Modern Practical Farriery"", 1879, in the section: ""The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs"" pp. 1^ a b Pugh, L. P (1962), From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785-1795, Heffner, Cambridge (for RCVS), pp. 8–19^ Cotchen, Ernest (1990), The Royal Veterinary College London, A Bicentenary History, Barracuda Books Ltd, pp. 11–13^ Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age, American Veterinary Medical Association^ Widder, Keith R. (2005). Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution Of A Land-Grant Philosophy, 1855-1925, p. 107. MSU Press^ National Research Council, (US) Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science (2005). Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).^ Sargeant, JM (2010). ""Quality of reporting of clinical trials of dogs and cats and associations with treatment effects"". Journal of veterinary internal medicine. 24 (1): 44–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0386.x.^ Di Girolamo, N (2016). ""Deficiencies of effectiveness of intervention studies in veterinary medicine: a cross-sectional survey of ten leading veterinary and medical journals"". Peer J. 4: e1649. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1649. PMC 4734056. PMID 26835187. Further reading [ edit]Introductory textbooks and references [ edit]Aspinall, Victoria; Cappello, Melanie; Bowden, Sally (2009), Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook, Jeffery, Andrea (forward), Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7020-2938-7, retrieved 21 November 2011Boden, Edward; West, Geoffrey Philip (1998), Black's veterinary dictionary, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-389-21017-7, retrieved 21 November 2011Done, Stanley H. (1996), Color atlas of veterinary anatomy: The dog & cat, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7234-2441-3, retrieved 21 November 2011Dyce, Keith M.; Sack, Wolfgang O.; Wensing, Cornelis Johannes Gerardus (2010), Textbook of veterinary anatomy, Saunders, ISBN 978-1-4160-6607-1, retrieved 21 November 2011Fenner, William R. (2000), Quick reference to veterinary medicine, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-397-51608-7, retrieved 21 November 2011Lawhead, James B.; Baker, Mee Cee (2009), Introduction to veterinary science, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-4283-1225-8, retrieved 21 November 2011Pfeiffer, Dirk (2009), Veterinary Epidemiology: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-7694-1, retrieved 21 November 2011Radostits, O. M.; Gay, C. C.; Blood, D. C.; Arundel, J. H.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W (2000), Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses (9th ed. ), Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 1877, ISBN 0-7020-2604-2Monographs and other speciality texts [ edit]Dunlop, Robert H.; Malbert, Charles-Henri (2004), Veterinary pathophysiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2826-8, retrieved 21 November 2011Eurell, Jo Ann Coers; Eurell, Jo Ann; Frappier, Brian L.; Dellman, Horst-Dieter (25 May 2006), Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7817-4148-4, retrieved 21 November 2011Foreyt, William J.; Foreyt, Bill (2001), Veterinary parasitology reference manual, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2419-2, retrieved 21 November 2011Gupta, Ramesh Chandra (2007), Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-370467-2, retrieved 21 November 2011Hirsh, Dwight C.; Maclachlan, Nigel James; Walker, Richard L. (2004), Veterinary microbiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-0379-1, retrieved 21 November 2011Hunter, Pamela (2004), Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 611, ISBN 0-7546-4053-1Merck, Melinda D. (2007), Veterinary forensics: animal cruelty investigations, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-1501-5, retrieved 21 November 2011Murphy, Frederick A. (1999), Veterinary virology, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-511340-3, retrieved 21 November 2011Nicholas, Frank W. (2009), Introduction to Veterinary Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-6832-8, retrieved 21 November 2011Robinson, Wayne F.; Huxtable, Clive R. R. (2004), Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University Press, p. 452, ISBN 0-521-54813-6Slatter, Douglas H. (2002), Textbook of small animal surgery, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3, retrieved 21 November 2011Kahn, Cynthia M., ed. (2010), The Merck Veterinary Manual, Whitehouse Station, N. J., Merck, ISBN 978-0-911910-93-3Thrusfield, Michael (2007), Veterinary epidemiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-5627-1, retrieved 21 November 2011Zajac, A.; Conboy, Gary A.; American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (2006), Veterinary clinical parasitology, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-1734-7, retrieved 21 November 2011Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology [ edit]Adams, H. Richard (2001), Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-1743-9, retrieved 21 November 2011Bryant, Susan (2010), Anesthesia for Veterinary Technicians, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-0586-3, retrieved 21 November 2011Cannon, Marthaxcx; Hijfte, Myra Forster-van (2006), Feline medicine: a practical guide for veterinary nurses and technicians, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7506-8827-7, retrieved 21 November 2011Crispin, Sheila M. (2005), Notes on veterinary ophthalmology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-632-06416-8, retrieved 21 November 2011Gelatt, Kirk N. (2000), Essentials of veterinary ophthalmology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-683-30077-2, retrieved 21 November 2011Lane, D. R.; Cooper, B. (2003), Veterinary nursing, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7506-5525-5, retrieved 21 November 2011Pattengale, Paula (2004), Tasks for the veterinary assistant, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7817-4243-6, retrieved 21 November 2011Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. (2009), Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-2061-3, retrieved 21 November 2011Related fields [ edit]Anthony, David; University of Pennsylvania. University Museum (1984), Man and animals: living, working, and changing together : in celebration of the 100th anniversary, the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, UPenn Museum of Archaeology, ISBN 978-0-934718-68-4, retrieved 21 November 2011Catanzaro, Thomas E. (1998), Building the Successful Veterinary Practice: Innovation and creativity, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2984-5, retrieved 21 November 2011Finger, Stanley (2001), Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3, retrieved 21 November 2011Rollin, Bernard E. (2006), An introduction to veterinary medical ethics: theory and cases, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-0399-9, retrieved 21 November 2011Sherman, David M. (2002), Tending animals in the global village: a guide to international veterinary medicine, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-683-18051-0, retrieved 21 November 2011Shilcock, Maggie; Stutchfield, Georgina (2003), Veterinary practice management: a practical guide, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7020-2696-6, retrieved 21 November 2011Smith, Gary; Kelly, Alan M., eds. (2008), Food Security in a Global Economy: Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Phila. : University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 176, ISBN 0-8122-2044-7Swabe, Joanna (1999), Animals, Disease, and Human Society: Human-animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine, Routledge, p. 243, ISBN 0-415-18193-3Swope, Robert E.; Rigby, Julie (2001), Opportunities in veterinary medicine careers, Mc Graw-Hill Professional, p. 151, ISBN 0-658-01055-7Swabe, Joanna, Veterinary Courses and CE., p. 244, ISBN 0-415-18193-3Anthony, David; Zoetis (2014), Veritas DVM, Dr. Donal Smith, ISBN 978-0-934718-68-4, retrieved 21 November 2012External links [ edit]The dictionary definition of veterinary medicine at Wiktionary Media related to Veterinary medicine at Wikimedia Commonsv t e Veterinary medicine Practitioners Veterinary physician (veterinarian) Paraveterinary workers (veterinary nurses, technicians and assistants)Veterinary pharmacist List of veterinarians Veterinary education List of schools Veterinary education in France Veterinarian's Oath Veterinary Medical College Application Service Professional associations American Veterinary Medical Association Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association Veterinary specialties Surgery Dentistry Pathology Birds Exotic animals Veterinary Corps (U. S. Army)v t e Veterinary specialties Alternative medicine Anatomy Anesthesia Behavior Biotechnology Cardiology Dentistry Dermatology Epidemiology Ethics Fish Genetics Infectious disease Informatics Neurology Nutrition Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopedics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Practice management Preventive medicine Radiology Surgery Theriogenology Toxicology Virology Authority control LCCN: sh85143046 GND: 4078315-7 BNF: cb11932341c (data) NDL: 00575088Categories: Veterinary medicine "


what tv channel does the lottery

FLORIDA LOTTO live drawings are held every Wednesday and Saturday night at around 11:00 p.m. EDT. Telemundo WRMD TAMPA TV Channel shows FLORIDA LOTTERY live drawing broadcast at approximately 11:15 p.m. ET on Wednesdays and Saturdays while local WKMG TV Channel shows taped-delayed drawing broadcast between 11:16 p.m. and 11:22 p.m. ET on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

Where to Watch Florida Lottery Live Broadcasting If you play the Florida Lottery, including Florida Lotto, you might enjoy watching the live drawings. It's exciting and fun to watch those numbers being drawn, hoping all the time that yours will be the ones chosen.

Who knows, you might sit in front of the TV with your ticket clutched in your hand, anxiously waiting for each number to be called and then realize that you have the winning numbers and have just become a millionaire!If you are unsure of which channel broadcasts Florida Lottery results, read on. Live Broadcasts Florida Lottery

Information on TV Channels showing lottery drawings is summerised in the table below: TV CHANNEL AREA LANGUAGEWTVX-TV West Palm Beach English WSCV-TV Miami/Fort Lauderdale Spanish WTVT-TV Tampa/St. Petersburg/Sarasota English WTWC-TV Tallahassee English WJXX-TV Jacksonville English WFOR-TV Miami/Fort Lauderdale English WTVK-TV Fort Myers/Naples English WCJB-TV Gainesville/Ocala English WRBW-TV Orlando/Daytona Beach English WJTC-TV Pensacola/Fort Walton Beach English WMBB-TV Panama City English WVEN-TV Orlando Spanish WVEA-TV Tampa/St. Petersburg/Sarasota Spanish Checking Florida Lottery Results Online If you prefer, you can get online to check the results of Florida Lottery drawings. Official website of Florida Lottery You can also purchase tickets to play the Florida Lottery online. Many players prefer to buy tickets online because it's fast, easy and convenient. Be sure to choose a reputable website and start buying Florida Lottery tickets online today!


what procedure confirms pancreatic cancer

Double By-pass- A palliative surgical procedure to alleviate jaundice, nausea and vomiting for patients with advanced tumors in the head of the pancreas. The double bypass involves a bypass to the bile duct and a bypass to the stomach. Often a celiac nerve block is also performed.

The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center

Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Can Pancreatic Cancer be treated surgically? How? By the time a patient is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, the disease is often already in an advanced stage. For this reason, a large majority of patients are not candidates for surgical treatment. We are making advances in understanding the early stages of this disease that, in time, will help us to detect more pancreatic cancers while they are still operable. Click here for more information about our early detection lab. Surgery may be suggested as a potentially curative treatment or as a palliative measure to improve the patient's quality of life. Before reviewing the surgical procedures, it is important to emphasize that every patient has a unique case that should be discussed in detail with your healthcare providers. Click here to see overview illustrations of the anatomy and the Whipple procedure. When is surgery possible? Generally if the cancer is localized, surgical treatment, by resection or removal of the tumor, can be pursued. This means that the cancer has not spread to any blood vessels, distant lymph nodes or other organs, such as the liver or lung. These characteristics are determined through various complimentary diagnostic techniques. If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes that are routinely removed during a given surgical procedure, surgery will usually still be possible. Also, recent developments have allowed for surgical replacement of the portal vein, a major blood vessel that carries blood to the liver. What excludes surgery as a treatment option? Generally, if the cancer is found in distant lymph nodes, other organs or blood vessels, surgical resection will not be pursued. If this is the case, the doctors and/or nurses will discuss possible medical treatments and/or palliative procedures. Surgery may still be considered to alleviate some symptoms and make the patient more comfortable (see bypass) but not as a curative measure. What types of surgical procedures are performed to treat pancreatic cancer? This depends where the tumor is located within the pancreas. The five parts of the pancreas are reviewed below. For a detailed explanation and illustrations of a particular surgical procedure, click on the name of the procedure. Cancer in the Head, Neck or Uncinate Process of the Pancreas: The Whipple Procedure***Cancer in the Body or Tail of the Pancreas: Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy***Also visit our Laproscopic Surgery section. How can palliative surgery improve quality of life?

Celiac Nerve Block- Can be done during a surgical procedure or as a separate non-surgical procedure. This improves tumor-associated pain and may reduce the need to use pain medications. More information on Surgeons at Johns Hopkins


different kinds of spruce trees

e Spruce Tree Scientific Name, Picea Spruce trees are cone bearing trees and can therefore be classified as coniferous. Other coniferous trees include pine trees, Douglas Fir trees, redwood trees and cedar trees. Spruce Tree Types: List of Different Type of Spruce Bird's Nest Spruce, dwarf variety of Norway Spruce

Spruce Trees

Spruce Trees Spruce Tree Pictures Gallery contains many photos of spruce trees. You will find useful info about spruce trees, spruce wood, types of spruce trees and facts on the spruce tree species. Spruce Images Enlarge each Spruce tree picture just click on the tree image you like to full size the spruce tree photo. Trees Categories Tree picture galleries on the left, will give you information about the specific tree type and lots of great pictures of that tree. Enjoy these pictures of the spruce tree. Spruce Tree Pictures: Blue Colorado Spruces Spruce Cones Picea Pungens Colorado Spruce Spruce Tree Picture Colorado Spruce Blue Colorado Spruce Blue Spruce Colorado Spruce Spruce Spruce Trees: White Spruce Tree White Spruce White Spruce Cones White Spruce Needles Spruce Tree Pictures: Norway Type Norway Spruce Spruce Type: Norway Norway Spruce Spruce: More Spruce Trees Red Spruce Spruce Tree Picture Sitka Spruce Tree Snow Spruce Blue Spruce White Spruce Spruce Trees: Alberta Dwarf Type;Spruce Tree Landscap

Black Spruce, often found in swamp habitats Brewer Spruce, named after its founder William Henry Brewer Caucasian Spruce, also known as Oriental Spruce Colorado Blue Spruce, aptly named for its blue needles Dwarf Alberta Spruce, popular choice for landscape design Engelmann's Spruce, Native to Western United States, British Columbia and Alberta, Canada Norway Spruce, popular choice for Christmas trees Red Spruce, shade tolerant Serbian Spruce, used in urban landscapes Sitka Spruce, tallest of the spruce tree species White Spruce, native to United States and Canada Feature Spruce Species: White Spruce Spruce White Picea glauca A straight, tall tree easily recognized by its needles. Cones always hang down. Beautiful year-round color. Tolerates most soil conditions. Grows to 60'; 15' spread. Type of tree: The White Spruce falls into the following type (s): Evergreens Mature Height: The White Spruce grows to be 60' feet in height. Mature Spread: The White Spruce has a spread of about 15' at full maturity. Growth Rate: This tree grows at a medium growth rate. Sun: This spruce does well in full sun. Soil: The White Spruce grows in acidic, drought tolerant, loamy, moist, sandy, well drained, clay soils. Shape: White spruce has a pyramidal shape. Additional Information: White Spruce Attributes: The white spruce is an evergreen tree that maintains color in your landscape design throughout the winter months. White spruce can be planted as a specimen tree or in a grouping. Popular choice as a Christmas tree Description: A straight, tall tree easily recognized by its needles. Pyramidal shape. Cones always hang down. Beautiful year-round color. Tolerates most soil conditions. Grows to 60'; 15' spread. Wildlife Value: White spruces are very important evergreens. Besides providing nesting sites and shelter, white spruces provide food for many kinds of wildlife. Crossbills, evening grosbeaks and red-breasted nuthatches prefer the seeds. The foliage is eaten by grouse, rabbits and deer. Red squirrels cut open cones to eat the seeds, and they feast upon young, tender spruce shoots. The bark is enjoyed by both porcupines and black bears, sometimes to the detriment of the trees. History/Lore/Use: White spruce is the mainstay for the pulp and paper industry. It is also used in the construction industry. Spruce Tree: Comments, Trivia, Reference Spruce Trivia: Spruce trees that grow near rivers where salmon spawning runs occur, grow two to three times taller. The Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada is an example of this phenomenon. Why? Because, when bears catch a large salmon, they like to go into the woods to eat the best fatty parts. Bears leave over half of the remaining salmon which decomposes on the spruce forest floor . Decayed salmon provides extra rich nitrogen fertilizer to the soil, producing better growing conditions which leads to taller spruce trees. The Sitka Spruce, picea sitchensis, is one of the largest spruce trees. The wood, which is easy to work with, has good acoustic properties and is therefore popular for making musical instruments. The Sitka Spruce is the state tree of Alaska Spruce trees are not the best choice for christmas trees as their stems and needles dry out quickly when cut and the needles fall off when touched. Colorado Blue Spruce Fact: The blue Colorado spruce tree's new growth in the Spring produces the bluest needles. Over the summer and winter seasons the newest needles will lose some of their brilliant blue color. 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Have a really beautiful tree picture that might look good on Tree-Pictures.com, just email us your image, please include if you know which type of tree it is. Looking for a background image of a beautiful tree to use as on your desktop computer then check out these beautiful tree pictures you can use as free tree wallpaper. Have a really beautiful tree picture that might look good on Tree-Pictures.com, just email us your image, please include if you know which type of tree it is. Type of Trees Trees Pictures Translate Tree Picture pages can be viewed in 56 languages. Select your preferred language to convert all tree picture pages!Tree-Pictures.com Thank You Hopefully, you found some great tree images and tree categories that you like? Best bookmark Tree-Pictures.com now, if you did not, so you can come back easily next time. Please feel free to refer Tree-Pictures.com and our Tree Photo Library to any family, friends, & associates who could benefit .. 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what happens when you consume excessive turmeric powder

ews Turmeric usually does not cause significant side effects; however, some people can experience stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, or diarrhea. Taking turmeric by mouth in medicinal amounts is LIKELY UNSAFE in pregnancy. It might promote a menstrual period or stimulate the uterus, putting the pregnancy at risk.

Can I eat too much turmeric?

"Bibek Ray, Ph. D in Food Science; currently professor emeritus Answered Apr 9, 2017 · Author has 2.6k answers and 2.2m answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? The dose makes a thing poison: This is expressed by ancient philosopher/scientist long long ago. And that is truth even today for anything, including life giving water. You did not mention ‘too much ‘ is how much, but remember , too much of everything is BAD. Turmeric has curcumin which has some antimicrobial property. But its effect (effective dose, duration of consumption, effectiveness, bad effects, etc. have not been scientifically studied and published in referred Scientific Journals. Food and Drug, National Research Council, regulatory bodies have not given any STATUS REPORT on the use and effectiveness of Turmeric. What you read , hear , etc. are just by some QUICK WAY TO MAKE BUCKS type of FAD ( HOAX) Organizations. Turmeric has been used for long long time in Indian subcontinent and in many countries in South East Asia as a spice , in various cooking. Bur just as a spice in small amount. All those benefits, the HOAX scientists advocate, should have been found among population in those countries. That has not been proved. I am from India. We are familiar with several alternative uses of turmeric: (1 ). It is used , though rarely and on special occasions on skin to remove deep seated dirt and make skin very shinny. ( 2). It is also used with lime on joints to reduce pain caused by accidental twisting. I think it will be better to read some scientific information of turmeric before consuming in excess.1.2k Views · View Upvoterspromoted by Webstaurant Store Do you own or manage a restaurant? We carry everything you could need including refrigeration, disposables, furniture, consumables & more!Shop Now at webstaurantstore.com Related Questions More Answers Below Does eating too much turmeric cause any major health problems? What is the symptom of too much turmeric? What are the health benefits of turmeric? Can I eat too much chia? Is it possible to eat too much celery? Ask New Question Quora User, former Network architect at Library of Congress (1975-1980)Answered Apr 15, 2017 · Author has 2.1k answers and 1.6m answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? TURMERIC INFUSION - USA (CALIFORNIA): FATAL ******************************************* A Pro MED-mail post < http://www.promedmail.org > Pro MED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases < http://www.isid.org > Date: Fri 7 Apr 2017 Source: Fox News [edited] < http://www.foxnews.com/health/20... > A San Diego woman who died in March [2017] had visited a naturopathic practitioner who administered an intravenous infusion (IV) of turmeric solution to treat eczema, authorities said. The 30 year old became unresponsive after Dr Jim Kelly began administering 250 m L of the mixture at his office, NBC 7 reported. Kelly administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and called 911. The patient was later diagnosed with ""severe anoxic brain injury secondary to cardiopulmonary arrest, most likely due to turmeric infusion,"" an autopsy released on Thursday revealed. A medical examiner's report listed food allergies to soy protein, lactose and gluten, as well as hypothyroidism and pre-diabetes, but it was not clear if any of that contributed to her death, NBC 7 reported. She died after 6 days of hospitalization. Turmeric is used by naturopathic doctors to treat inflammatory issues like arthritis, though it was this patient's 1st infusion, NBC 7 reported. Her mother reportedly told investigators that she had used it in capsule form. ""I'm not trying to imply defending him or being critical,"" Steve Schechter, a naturopathic practitioner who knows Kelly, told NBC 7. ""Every doctor, every therapist I know at times, has made mistakes, every person I know has used things correctly and you get that incredibly small percent of people who are hyper-reactive."" The death is being ruled accidental, and the San Diego County Sheriff's Department told NBC 7 they're not involved in any criminal investigation. No administrative charges have been filed regarding Kelly's death. -- communicated by: Pro MED-mail < promed@promedmail.org > [I am familiar with oral dosing of turmeric but not having it infused through an IV. Since the victim took the product orally, it may have set her up for a hypersensitivity reaction. Very high oral dose experiments in mice resulted in some of the mice with cardiac changes. It is unknown what dose the victim took or for how long she had been taking it. Also this article provides with no information of possible pre-existing conditions turmeric may have exacerbated. -773 Views · View Upvoterspromoted by Scribd Every book you wanted to read. Thousands of bestselling books and audiobooks, all for only $8.99 per month. Learn More at scribd.com Emma V Hardy Answered Dec 18, 2017Turmeric is a wonderful medicine for many diseases!. It is a natural antiseptic and antibacterial agent, useful in disinfecting cuts and burns. When combined with cauliflower, turmeric has shown to prevent prostate cancer and stop the growth of existing prostate cancer. They also help to Prevent breast cancer from spreading to the lungs in mice. It can also prevent melanoma and cause existing melanoma cells to commit suicide. It has the power to reduce the risk of childhood leukaemia. It is also a natural liver detoxifier. Turmeric may prevent and slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease by removing Amyloid plaque buildup in the brain. It may prevent metastases from occurring in many different forms of cancer. It is a potent natural anti-inflammatory that works as well as many anti-inflammatory drugs but without the side effects.339 Views · View Upvoters Noor Ullah Jan, Pharmacist and Health enthusiastic. Answered Dec 24, 2017 · Author has 1.9k answers and 11.9m answer views Too much of everything is bad and same is for turmeric as well, Here are the major side effects that you will face, when you eat too much turmeric. It will upset your gut by causing gas, heartburn and indigestion. Eating too much turmeric can cause constipation as well. It will make your blood thinner and you will bleed more in case of injury. In addition, persons who are already using blood thinning medications, it is more hazardous. In pregnant women, eating too much turmeric may cause immature delivery of the baby. It causes gallbladder contraction and hence may cause urinary retention. It raises the risk of developing kidney stones. It can cause allergic reactions to skin rashes and itching. It may lead to iron deficiency. Eating too much turmeric is not recommended for breastfeeding women. Related: No want want a yellow Smile- The 07 most effective home remedies for whiten teeth. These are the top 09 best and worst foods for your Liver. These are the signs that your body is receiving too much Sugar1.6k Views Connie Elsner Costello, I'm a certified health coach I help you discover the foods that work for you Answered Apr 8, 2017 · Author has 153 answers and 53.7k answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? Hi David,I really don’t know what would happen but what I do know is that too much of ANYTHING is not good, not even the heathiest food. First, because some would just be harmful if eaten in excess. For example, spinach contains oxalates and in excess, oxalates can cause kidney stones. But also, when you eat too much of a certain food you are displacing other foods that contain other nutrients. In the case of turmeric you’d probably be replacing turmeric for other spices and spices, have many healthy benefits. Plus turmeric can interfere with medications, dietary supplements and herbs.224 Views Gary Kohl, Certified weight loss coach, author of the upcoming book ""Un-diet""Answered Jan 13, 2014 · Author has 161 answers and 168.6k answer vi

Don’t take turmeric if you are pregnant. Turmeric can make gallbladder problems worse. Don’t use turmeric if you have gallstones or a bile duct obstruction. Turmeric can cause stomach upset in some people. It might make stomach problems such as GERD worse. Turmeric might slow blood clotting. It might cause extra bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using turmeric at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery. Other than that it is a great thing to have and there are really no noted levels of toxicity.6.1k Views · View Upvoters Sam Arora, Owner/Manager,Property/Construction Management. at Self-Employment (2004-present)Answered Jun 21, 2016 · Author has 1.8k answers and 5.8m answer views As you know too much of everything is bad, Turmeric is used in minute quantity in Indian cooking, and we Indian knew the wonders of this common in our spice rack. We might found out by trial and error, or accidentally, but now with very modern methods of analysis and planned research of the west, Scientist established its validity. I being in Food Science trade know that some time : Too much of good thing also become very toxic, for example we have one flavor called Kevra, and I am very crazy about it, once you keep increasing the addition in the dish, in the end it becomes extremely bitter, therefore a medicine in diluted form may turn toxic into the concentrated form,I request you reconsider this project of eating too much Turmeric.regardssam1.5k Views · View Upvoters Robert Rister, Author of Minimal Medication and Curcumin Against Cancer. Answered Mar 1, 2015 · Author has 5.4k answers and 7.3m answer views Yes. You're likely to experience stomach upset before you would suffer any other kinds of damage, however, which would keep you from consuming a harmful dose. If you have a problem with excessive bleeding, stay away from medicinal use of the herb (and curcumin).2.4k Views · View Upvoters Michael Soso, Neurophysiologist and Neurologist, Retired. Answered Apr 4, 2017 · Author has 4.2k answers and 3.4m answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? Here are some people’s guesses: Side Effects of Turmeric Dangers Of Curcumin Or Turmeric?238 Views · View Upvoters John Carrick, former N. York Brd. Of Educ. Answered Apr 5, 2017 · Author has 8.2k answers and 1.1m answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? The answer is moderation in all things. You can kill yourself in few minutes, if you drink a 26 oz. bottle of alcohol. It is foolish to ovedo any one thing in your food intake.82 Views Grace Emily, Manager at RS Organisation (2015-present)Answered Nov 5, 2017 · Author has 450 answers and 76.8k answer views Turmeric usually does not cause significant side effects; however, some people can experience stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, or diarrhea. In one report, a person who took very high amounts of turmeric, over 1500 mg twice daily, experienced a dangerous abnormal heart rhythm.193 Views · Answer requested by Missy Johnson Craig Good, Promoting a healthy relationship with food. Answered Oct 25, 2017 · Author has 20.4k answers and 55.3m answer views Yes. You can eat too much of anything. Too much is the amount that is either toxic or harmful. You should ignore the wild claims for turmeric as a magical superfood. Use it to flavor and color your food and you’ll never get too much. You don’t need any at all.1.9k Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Missy Johnson Revathy Parameswaran, works at Media Mint Answered Apr 29, 2015 · Author has 120 answers and 53k answer views Excessive of turmeric may cause mild fever, upset stomach or kidney stones. Turmeric may exacerbate gallbladder problems or heartburn symptoms. Large doses of turmeric may also worsen arthritis symptoms and cause skin rash.1.8k Views · View Upvoters Trang Le, works at Soshivn.com Answered Sep 18, 2016turmeric is not a fruit. If you eat too much, probably something bad will happen. Just like when you drink a lot of carrot and your skin will turn into yellow. The same with turmeric because turmeric also contains beta carotene.64 Views Austin Schopper, Teacher, lifelong learner Answered Apr 4, 2017 · Author has 2.3k answers and 1.5m answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? Yes, everything has a maximum safe dose (known as LD-50). The toxic dose appears to be 15 grams per kg of body weight. As a kg is 2.2 lbs, for a male that weighs 160 lbs is 73 kg (rounded up). this would mean that you would have to eat 1092 grams, or 1.1 (rounded up) kg of turmeric to die. You are probably safe, unless you are eating more than 2 lbs of turmeric in a sitting. For more information, here is a pretty decent study.http://budgetitc.dmsc.moph.go.th...363 Views Robert Harris, former Substance Abuse Counselor Answered Apr 16, 2017 · Author has 319 answers and 113.6k answer views Originally Answered: Can you take too much turmeric? I Don't take enough or know enough about turmeric, except that it's pretty potent stuff. I'd avoid getting crazy with it. I think that it would be similar to eating chili's.74 Views "


where is the willamette stone located?

The Willamette Meridian is one of 37 Principal Meridians in the United States, each of which is named, that define the rectangular survey system. The Willamette Stone is the ""Initial Point"" or Point of Beginning of the Willamette Meridian.

Willamette Stone State Heritage Site

"Major Features & Activities Blue Indicates that some, but not all, facilities are accessible according to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards With the exception of portions of the eastern United States and Texas, the United States is divided into a grid of six-mile squares called Townships and Ranges, commonly known as the rectangular survey system.

All land surveys and property descriptions in Oregon and Washington are referenced to this point. Established in 1851 under the direction of John B. Preston, the first Surveyor General of the Oregon Territory, the surveys completed from this location promoted settlement of the Northwest and began the transfer of land from government ownership to private ownership. After a short walk down a hill in the park, you can see, touch and read about this important marker. Portland, ORCurrent Conditions: Cloudy, 52 ° FForecast Tomorrow: Cloudy, High/Low: 58/43 ° FDetailed Conditions for this park "


average cost of stomach staple

The cost of stomach stapling will greatly depend on the type of surgical method, anesthesia fees, professional fees of the surgeon and medical team who are part of the surgical procedure (e.g., nurses and anesthesiologist), surgical location, post-surgical diagnosis and care, as well as the administrative costs and the like. The stomach stapling procedure generally costs as much as $20,000 to $55,000. It would be advisable to explore and research the total cost of stomach stapling, to compare prices for it varies from institution to institution and from place to place, and to determine if this kind of surgical procedure fits one’s budget. References:

Stomach Stapling Surgery

Stomach Stapling Surgery IN THIS ARTICLE: What is Stomach Stapling? Why Is It Done? Procedure Types of Stomach Stapling Side Effects & Risks (Complications)How much does Stomach Stapling Cost? What is Stomach Stapling? Stomach stapling, a type of restrictive surgery, is a form of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) because it reduces the size of a person’s stomach and leads to the restriction of the amount of food intake. It is a major form of surgical procedure that most obese people undergo. It is also known as vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) or gastric banding surgery. Stomach stapling is a treatment for people who want to lessen or limit their consumption of food and also for those who are morbidly obese. It is the type of surgery for people who have tried losing weight via exercise and diet. Why Is It Done? For some, it is the ideal surgical treatment that will help prevent over-consumption of food and reduce their weight in an effective manner. After the surgical procedure, food that is eaten bypasses directly into the small intestine, hence, decreasing absorption of nutrients and calories. As a result, the person’s food addiction is controlled to an extent. Furthermore, he or she will find it easier to maintain a proper diet and exercise plan. Other reasons why people undergo stomach stapling are as follows: People who suffer from obesity-related disease like sleep apnea, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus People who are over their ideal weight People who have a BMI that is greater than 40Procedure During stomach stapling surgery, the surgeon will fit a band, similar to an adjustable band but without the adjustment capabilities, on the topmost portion of the person’s stomach and use staples to staple the stomach in order to create a small pouch to hold food. Moreover, when stomach stapling is done with staples, there is a lower risk of failure compared to the lap band form of surgery. In stomach stapling surgery, a small hole is made at the base of the surgically created stomach which allows food to flow slowly towards the lower portion of the stomach for intestinal processing. At times, the stomach stapling procedure is combined with the gastric bypass surgical procedure. In these cases, a connection is created between the upper pouch and the lower intestine, allowing food to bypass the lower stomach. Types of Stomach Stapling There are three types of stomach stapling surgical procedures that are performed: Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG)This kind of stomach stapling procedure uses stables to remove a large portion of the person’s stomach; the remaining stomach “sleeve” will hold approximately one quarter cup of liquid. The disadvantage is that this surgical procedure is irreversible in nature since it involves the removal of the stomach. Adjustable Gastric Banding (AGB)This is another type of stomach stapling that involves attaching an inflatable band at the topmost part of the stomach and tightening it like a belt to to form a pouch which will become the smaller stomach. After this surgical procedure, the band’s diameter can be medically adjusted by a licensed physician by adding or removing salt water. The good news is that there is no usage of staples. Vertical Banded Gastroplasty (VGB)This type of stomach stapling combines the use of a band and staples to create a new stomach pouch. This surgical procedure also uses a plastic mesh or tissue which is wrapped around the stomach opening to prevent it from stretching. After this surgical procedure, it has been observed that the patient loses about 50-60 percent of excess body weight. Side Effects & Risks (Complications)Just like any surgical operation, the stomach stapling surgical procedure has also its side effects and risks. The following are some of the side effects and risks that are associated with the stomach stapling procedure: Mineral and vitamin deficiencies Possible development of hernia (due to incision)Kidney or gallstones Anemia Dehydration Dumping syndrome Depression Blood clotting in the legs or lungs Gastritis Infection in the area of incision Hypoglycemia Nausea Vomiting Pneumonia Osteoporosis Hiccups Stomach ulcers Bloating One must be informed of the side effects and complications of stomach stapling in order to balance the benefits of the surgical procedure with its known risks. How much does Stomach Stapling Cost? This is the primary concern when one opts for stomach stapling.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgeryhttp://www.medicinenet.com/gastric_bypass_surgery/article.htm Further Reading: Side Effects Of Stomach Stapling How Much Is Stomach Stapling Surgery In The Uk- http://weightloss.cliniccompare.co.uk/how-much-stomach-stapling-surgery-uk Stomach Stapling Surgery Puts Diabetes on Hold, Studies Find – http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-26/stomach-stapling-surgery-puts-diabetes-on-hold-studies-find.html Leave a Reply Your Name


where do most of earth's large deserts occur

rts The rest of Earth's deserts are outside of the polar areas. The largest is the Sahara Desert, a subtropical desert in northern Africa.

The World's Largest Deserts

"Home » Records » Largest Desert The World's Largest Deserts A map showing the generalized location of Earth's ten largest deserts and a table of over 20 major deserts. World desert map: This map shows the generalized location of Earth's ten largest deserts on the basis of surface area. The table at the bottom of this page provides the names, generalized locations, and surface areas of over twenty major deserts. Base map by NOAA. Sand dunes in the Sahara Desert of Libya: Most people think of deserts as ""sandy"" landscapes. That is true part of the time. This is a view of sand dunes in the Sahara Desert of Libya - an area known as the Ubari (or Awbari) Sand Sea. Photo copyright i Stockphoto / Patrick Poendl. What is a Dese

rt? A desert is a landscape or region that receives very little precipitation - less than 250 mm per year (about ten inches). Approximately 1/3 of Earth's land surface is a desert. There are four different types of deserts based upon their geographic situation: 1) polar deserts, 2) subtropical deserts, 3) cold winter deserts, and 4) cool coastal deserts.

As shown on the map above, deserts occur on all of Earth's continents. The Largest Desert The two largest deserts on Earth are in the polar are

as. The Antarctic Polar Desert covers the continent of Antarctica and has a size of about 5.5 million square miles. The second-largest desert is the Arctic Polar Desert. It extends over parts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. It has a surface area of about 5.4 million square miles.

Mc Murdo Dry Valleys: The largest deserts on Earth are in the polar regions. This is one of the Mc Murdo ""dry valleys"" near Lake Hoare, Antarctica. The Canada Glacier is in the background. Photograph by Peter West, National Science Foundation. Non-Polar Dese

It covers a surface area of about 3.5 million square miles. A list of more than twenty of the largest non-polar deserts can be found below. Vegetation of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona: Cacti and grasses in Arizona's Sonoran Desert. Photo copyright i Stockphoto / vlynder. The Desert Environment When most people think of a desert, they imagine a landscape covered with sand and sand dunes. Although many deserts are sand-covered, most are not. Many desert landscapes are rocky surfaces. They are rocky because any sand-size or smaller particles on the surface are quickly blown away. Rocky deserts are barren wind-swept landscapes. Most deserts receive so little precipitation that surface streams usually only flow immediately after rainfall - unless the stream has a source of water outside of the desert. Streams that enter a desert usually suffer major water losses before they exit. Some of the water is lost to evaporation. Some is lost to transpiration (taken up by plants and then released to the atmosphere from the plants). And, some is lost to infiltration (water soaking into the ground through the bottom of the stream channel). Desert Fauna and Flora The plants and animals that live in a desert must be adapted to the environment. Plants must be very tolerant to intense sun, prolonged periods without precipitation, and have an ability to prevent moisture loss to conditions of severe temperature ranges, dry winds, and low humidity. Animals must be able to tolerate temperature extremes, temperature ranges, and have an ability to survive with very little water. Many animals adapt to desert conditions by living underground and being active at night. Major Deserts of the World Name Type of Desert Surface Area Location Antarctic Polar 5.5 million mi² Antarctica Arctic Polar 5.4 million mi² Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia Sahara Subtropical 3.5 million mi² Northern Africa Arabian Subtropical 1 million mi² Arabian Peninsula Gobi Cold Winter 500,000 mi² China and Mongolia Patagonian Cold Winter 260,000 mi² Argentina Great Victoria Subtropical 250,000 mi² Australia Kalahari Subtropical 220,000 mi² South Africa, Botswana, Namibia Great Basin Cold Winter 190,000 mi² United States Syrian Subtropical 190,000 mi² Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia Chihuahuan Subtropical 175,000 mi² Mexico Great Sandy Subtropical 150,000 mi² Australia Kara-Kum Cold Winter 135,000 mi² Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Colorado Plateau Cold Winter 130,000 mi² United States Gibson Subtropical 120,000 mi² Australia Sonoran Subtropical 120,000 mi² United States, Mexico Kyzyl-Kum Cold Winter 115,000 mi² Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan Taklamakan Cold Winter 105,000 mi² China Iranian Cold Winter 100,000 mi² Iran Thar Subtropical 75,000 mi² India, Pakistan Simpson Subtropical 56,000 mi² Australia Mojave Subtropical 54,000 mi² United States Atacama Cool Coastal 54,000 mi² Chile Namib Cool Coastal 13,000 mi² Angola, Namibia, South Africa More Earth Extremes Tallest Waterfall Tallest Mountain Largest Tsunami Geology Tools Land Below Sea Level Deepest Lake in the World Deepest Point in the Ocean Largest Earthquake More From Geology.com: Geology.com News contains news about geology and earth science from around the world. Minerals: Information about ore minerals, gem materials and rock-forming minerals. Dacite - a light-colored extrusive igneous rock intermediate between rhyolite and andesite. Green Diamonds - one of rarest and most valuable diamond colors. Kick 'em Jenny is a submarine volcano and one of the most active on the Caribbean plate. Rock Gallery: Photos of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Volcanoes - Articles about volcanoes, volcanic hazards and eruptions past and present. Ticks are a problem for geologists in some areas. Learn to recognize and avoid them. "


do vhi swiftcare do blood tests?

. ""The Swift Care clinics charge an initial consultation fee of 85 euro, with additional charges for tests and procedures. For example, an x-ray at the clinics costs 65 euro, blood tests range from 30 to 50 euro and complex suturing costs 50 euro. The Swiftcare clinics are staffed by doctors with significant experience in general practice and emergency care, according to VHI. The clinics are run as a joint initiative between the VHI and The Well, a primary care care medical company.

A&E docs' concern on VHI clinics

"A&E docs' concern on VHI clinics Jun 13, 2006By Niall Hunter-Editor Emergency medicine consultants have said that the VHI's new minor casualty clinics will not have any impact on overcrowding in public hospital A&E departments. And Dr James Binchy of the Irish Association for Emergency Medicine, which represents A&E consultants, said that in many cases, the clinics simply add an unnecessary layer to emergency treatment, as patients who go to the Swift Care clinics often have to be referred on to the main A&E departments. A second VHI Swift Care clinic was opened recently on Dublin's Northside, following the opening of the first clinic in Dundrum, on the southside of Dublin, late last year. VHI says the clinics provide rapid assessment, treatment and advice for patients with a range of minor injuries and illnesses, including potential breaks, sprains, minor burns and cuts. Tanaiste Mary Harney is to officially open the second Swift Care clinic on the Dublin City University campus next Monday. The Tanaiste has claimed that the clinics act as a first step to responding to less complex treatments that otherwise would have to be dealt with in A&E or acute hospital services. However, Dr Binchy told irishhealth.com that contrary to the belief of politicians and healthcare administrators, minor injury units do not make a significant impact on attendances at emergency departments, and international experience has borne this out. ""Diverting less serious cases away from emergency rooms has no impact on A&E overcrowding. We would be concerned that the Department of Health may be promoting these clinics as a solution to A&E problems when they are clearly not. ""Dr Binchy said emergency consultants also have concerns that the new minor casualty clinics may be adding an unnecessary layer to treatment and delaying potentially serious cases from getting appropriate care in a hospital. ""For example, if someone attends one of these clinics with chest pain and turns out to be having a heart attack there is then a delay in such a patient getting appropriate care. ""Dr Binchy said that in other less serious cases, the clinics should be arranging the follow-up care of patient and they should not have to refer patients on to emergency departments. ""They should be able to deal with their own workload and not simply pass it onto the hospital emergency department. ""He said the clinics may be treating some patients who would not come to an emergency department in the first place. ""However, the problem with emergency department ovecrowding has nothing to do with the number of ambulatory patients who attend but is related to the number of patients on trolleys waiting for beds. ""Dr Binchy said the new clinics were often adding a further and unnecessary layer to treatment, whereby a patient may now have to go to a minor casualty clinic, then the A&E and then to a specialist. ""Clearly the public in many cases finds the clinics convenient and if the public is prepared to pay for attendance at minor casualty clinics we cannot quibble with that. However, we must ensure that patients do not attend these clinics inappropriately when the patient may need to go straight to a hospital emergency department

Have you been treated at one of the Swift Care clinics? If you would like to comment on your experience or would like to comment on the above article in general see ""Your View"" below: Comments Anonymous - 13/06/2006 17:26I went to the Swift Care Clinic recently with a suspected broken bone - I appeared to be the ideal patient for this kind of clinic. I was x-rayed but the doctor wasn't sure whether I needed to see a specialist and he told me to go to A&E. It cost over €200 [they charged two fees because I had two x-rays, plus the €85 consultation fee] and I still ended up at the back of the queue in a public hospital, for which I'll get another bill. I felt it was a waste of time and money. For the record, the A&E was friendly and efficient.advance - 13/06/2006 20:28Of course this is another way of providing a service to the rich but it will not work and is it any wonder that the VHI premiums are going through the roof? Private hospitals, whether independent or on a public site will shove the cost of health care beyond the capability of an huge number of patients. Mary - 14/06/2006 15:58Seems to me to not only be exclusionary but a waste of time, rip-off and a drain on the health system in terms of taking away resources. Anonymous - 14/06/2006 16:32To Anonymous above. I believe VHI Swiftcare have some questions to answer and at the very least should repay your consultation fee if they were unable to deliver the service promised. I would also seelk clarification in regard to the following. 1)Why were they unable to establish the nature of your fracture with a single x-ray? 2) Why did they need a second x-ray thereby putting your health unnecessarily at risk. Was the Radiologist fully qualified and trained on the equipment? Was the Duty doctor sufficiently trained in A&E to advise the Radiologist appropriately or to assess the x-ray. Were there other complications or mitigating circumstances? At the very least you should write to VHI setting ut the facts as you see them and requesting a full report of the incident . John (johnwilliams) - 14/06/2006 18:54The experience of the patients and the comments of Dr Binchy just confirm what many of us are saying. Privatised medicine will not work. It is a camoflage for the inadeqacy of the Minister for Health. Arthur (cummingsab) - 14/06/2006 21:04I have had a completely different experience to those mentioned here. I think that the Swift Care Clinic provides a very useful and efficient service. I have spent hours waiting in the A&E departments of some of the hospitals and can only comment that the service has not been as efficient as Swift Care's. It definitely has a place in medical services as not all conditions require A&E admission and GP's are often not available when you need acute help. Having X-ray facilities on site is also of benefit and I would imagine that the percentage of patients using their services and being unhappy with the experience would pale into insignificance compared to those that are happy with the service. Remember, this is not the only service and is not designed to replace A&E - it's simply an additional service for those who want it and are prepared to pay for it. Anonymous - 15/06/2006 10:04Mary Harney should be opening public Clinics not spending tax payers money on private clinics. Neddy - 15/06/2006 10:46I think the VHI Swiftcare clinic service is brilliant. I had to bring my 16 yr old to A&E on a Saturday evening after he got injured during a match. One look at the conditions in the hospital (Sat evening drunks, junkies, 5-6 hour wait etc) and I promptly put him in the car and brought him to Vhi in Balally and his broken arm was seen to, x-rayed and splinted all in about 50 minutes flat! Worth every penny ...they even phoned up the following day to check if he was ok. Civilised service is always worth paying for. Smarty - 20/06/2006 17:44This country should be ashamed of itself. We are clearly profiting from the ill and infirm. It is disgraceful that these Swift clinics are jumping on the bandwagon and taking advantage of the ridiculous waiting lists and poor public health services. I have lived in several countries in Europe all of which provided a thoroughly efficient and FREE (yes I said free)health care system, where waiting lists were down to a minimum and medication was also prescribed at no cost either. Instead of us looking at America and England as a reference, and a very poor one at that, we have so much to learn from our European counterparts. COMMENTNickname: to be used for all future posts. Notification: Tick this box if you wish to receive e-mail notifications of further posts on this topic "


what age do moles appear

Most people do not develop new regular moles after the age of 30. Adults often develop non-mole growths like freckles, lentigines, “liver spots”, and seborrheic keratosis in later adulthood. New moles appearing after age 30 may require close observation, medical evaluation, and possible biopsy. A brand new mole in an adult may be a sign of an evolving abnormal mole or early melanoma. It is important to have any new or changing mole evaluated by your dermatologist.

Moles

Moles The Skin Center26081 Merit Circle Suite #109 Laguna Hills, CA 92653 (949- 582-7699 (949) 582-SKINFax (949) 582-7691MOLESrevised 4-18-10What are moles?· What are risk factors for developing moles?· Do babies get moles?· Can I still get new moles as an adult?· What else could it be?· What do moles look like?· What is the difference between a mole and a freckle?· What types of moles are there?· What do regular moles look like?· What do irregular or atypical moles look like?· Where do irregular or atypical moles commonly occur?· Are people with freckles more prone to moles?· What are “liver spots” or “age spots”?· Are seborrheic keratosis types of moles?· How can I tell a seborrheic keratosis apart from a mole?· How do moles develop?· Who is more prone to getting moles?· How important is heredity with moles?· Does having more moles increase my chance of getting melanoma?· Do moles ever disappear spontaneously?· Is it dangerous if my mole is getting bigger?· Should I remove all of my moles?· Which skin cancers look like moles?· When should I see a Doctor?· How often should I check my moles?· How can moles be prevented?· When should I start sun protection?· How can moles be treated?· Can I remove my moles using Mohs surgery?· Is there scarring from mole removal?· Can a plastic surgeon remove my mole?· Is there pain after mole removal surgery?· Can my mole grow back after removal?· Can I go out in the sun after mole removal surgery?· Is there a blood test or x-ray to diagnose moles?· What about “UV” cameras that show sun damage?· Moles At A Glance What are moles? Moles are very common small growths that look like a piece of flat or raised skin, and are often tan or brown in color. Most moles are typically the size of a pencil eraser (about 6mm). Moles can range anywhere from pinhead size up to greater than the size of your hand. The medical name for mole is nevus or melanocytic nevus. Multiple moles are called nevi. Essentially, moles are just a collection or clump of pigment cells called melanocytes. While melanocytes normally occur in small numbers in the skin, when these cells bunch up in a nest, they then create what is visible as a mole. What are risk factors for developing moles? The most basic risk factor for developing moles is your genetic makeup and the contribution of genes from your parents. Risk factors for getting an increased number of moles also include sun exposure, sunburns, and overall sun damage. The total number of moles on the skin tends to increase with significant sun exposure, and in particular with severe childhood sunburns before the age of 12. The more sun someone gets, the higher the risk of moles in that area. However, moles may also occur in fully sun protected areas like the palms, soles, genitals. Do babies get moles? Yes. Moles may be present at birth or gradually appear later in life. Many children continue to develop moles through the teenage years and into young adulthood. Moles tend to grow very slightly in proportion to normal body growth. Congenital moles are moles that are genetically determined. Many of our moles are genetically programmed to appear before we are even born. Other moles may later arise as a result of non-genetic factors like sun exposure. Can I still get new moles as an adult? Yes. While many moles arise in the first years of life, the total number of moles typically peaks in the second or third decade of life.

What else could it be? There are many mole look-a-likes including freckles, lentigines, “liver spots”, seborrheic keratosis, melanoma, neurofibroma, hemangiomas, skin tags, and pigmented basal cell cancers. The way to differentiate these other growths is by exam by a dermatologist and possible skin biopsy. Sometimes, a mole may occur adjacent to or on top of a non-mole growth like a freckle or seborrheic keratosis. When in doubt, a skin biopsy can be very helpful in diagnosis.· Freckles· Lentigines· “Liver spots”· Seborrheic keratosis· Melanoma· Neurofibroma· Skin tags· Hemangioma· Pigmented basal cell cancer· Café au lait macule What do moles look like? Most moles on a person’s skin are usually fairly uniform in color. On different people, moles may vary somewhat in color. Moles may be tan, brown, black, reddish brown, or skin colored. Most moles are about the size of a pencil eraser or the size of your fifth (smallest finger) fingernail. Moles can greatly vary in size from the tiniest pinhead size mole (1mm) to the giant moles that can cover the entire back (10-12 inches). Moles are basically slightly or much darker than the surrounding skin. They also tend to become darker and more apparent with sun exposure and pregnancy, and lighten somewhat in the winter months. Moles can occur anywhere on the body skin including more unusual areas like the scalp, ears, eyelids, lips, palms, soles, genitals, penis, and anal area. What is the difference between a mole and a freckle? Both moles and freckles are darker than the surrounding skin. Moles may be raised, slightly raised, or completely flat while freckles are always totally flat. Moles are due to an increase in the total number of pigment cells called melanocytes. Freckles and “liver spots” are due to an increase in the amount of dark pigment called melanin. Although both tend to occur more frequently on sun damaged skin, moles can occur in totally sun protected areas. What types of moles are there? There are 3 basic types or groups of moles: regular, irregular, and cancerous. Irregular moles are also called atypical moles, dysplastic nevi, or Clark’s nevi. Regular moles are typically benign and friendly. Irregular moles have some irregular or abnormal cells that have a potential to change or become cancerous over time. Irregular moles do not always turn into melanoma or cancer. Cancerous moles like melanomas are highly irregular and have already become malignant. A small number of regular moles may potentially evolve and become irregular or cancerous over time. It is important to watch all moles closely for change or atypical features. Monthly self skin exams and at least annual full body moles exams by a dermatologist are important in the early detection of abnormal moles and melanoma.· Regular moles· Irregular (or dysplastic) moles· Cancerous moles What do regular moles look like? Regular moles are usually symmetrical, have regular borders, uniform color, and are about the size of a pencil eraser or smaller. Regular moles may be flat or raised. While regular (noncancerous) moles more commonly may have associated hairs, essentially any mole may have hair. The presence or absence of hair does not necessarily differentiate regular versus irregular moles.· Symmetrical· Regular borders· Uniform color· Smaller than a pencil eraser· Unchanged and present for a long time What do irregular or atypical moles look like? Irregular or atypical moles are usually asymmetrical, have irregular borders, multiple or dark colors, and bigger that the size of a pencil eraser. Irregular moles are most often flat or nearly flat. This is one of the most important distinctions between regular and irregular moles and most often misunderstood by most people. While most people go to their doctors or dermatologist for raised moles, it is actually the flat moles that are the most medically concerning. Having more than 20-25 irregular or dysplastic moles may increase the person’s overall risk of developing melanoma. The presence of a giant congenital mole greater than approximately 8-10 inches in size also may infer an increased risk of melanoma.· A-Asymmetrical· B- Irregular borders· C-Multiple colors· D- Diameter bigger than a pencil eraser· E- Evolving ,changing, or new Where do irregular or atypical moles commonly occur? Irregular moles can occur anywhere on the body but are most common on sun exposed skin, especially on the upper back and shoulders where people frequently get their most severe sunburns. The risk of melanoma is greater on sun damaged skin like the shoulders, upper back, and head and neck. Ears are particularly a common site of atypical moles because of the difficulty in applying sunscreen and frequent sun exposure. Women have increased risks of atypical moles particularly on the lower leg and calf. Any new or changing irregular mole on a woman’s calf warrants immediate medical evaluation. Are people with freckles more prone to moles? Yes. Moles are more common in people prone to freckles. Freckles, also called ephelides, are flat spots that are tan, slightly reddish or light-brown and typically appear during the sunny months. They are most often found in people with light complexions and in some families, they are a hereditary (genetic) trait. Many people with reddish hair and green or blue eyes are more prone to these types of skin growths. Sun avoidance and sun protection, including the regular use of sunscreen may help to suppress the appearance of the some types of moles and freckles. What are “liver spots” or “age spots”?”Liver spots” or “age spots” are the common names of the darker spots seen in adults, frequently on the back of the hands. Liver spots are not true moles or freckles. The term “liver spot” is actually a misnomer since these spots are not caused by liver problems or liver disease. While these do tend to appear over time, they are not in themselves a sign of old age. Instead, they appear generally on sun-exposed areas, more so in people who have a genetic tendency to develop them. They are commonly seen on the skin of older adults with a history of sun exposure. Liver spots are simply the result of a localized increase in the number of melanosomes (normal pigment carrying particles in cells). Are seborrheic keratosis types of moles? No, seborrheic keratosis (SK) are not true moles. Moles are caused by an increased number of melanocytes. Seborrheic keratosis are caused by a small area of thickening of the epidermis and do not involve melanocytes (pigment cells). Seborrheic keratoses are also benign (not malignant) growths of the skin. Some people call these growths “barnacles” or “Rice Krispies”. Although they are most often medium brown, they can differ in color ranging anywhere from light tan to black. They occur in different sizes, too, ranging anywhere from a fraction of an inch (or centimeter) to an inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. Typically these growths are around the size of a pencil eraser or slightly larger. Some keratoses begin as a flat lentigo and gradually raise and thicken to form a seborrheic keratosis. A biopsy may in some cases be required to distinguish a seborrheic keratosis from an irregular mole or melanoma. How can I tell a seborrheic keratosis apart from a mole? The telltale feature of a seborrheic keratosis is its waxy, stuck-on, greasy look. Seborrheic keratosis can almost be peeled or scraped off the skin while moles are not easily scraped. Seborrheic keratoses look like they have either been pasted on the skin or may look like a dab of melted brown candle wax that dropped on the skin. Seborrheic keratosis may occur in the same areas as moles. Seborrheic keratoses are also more common in areas of sun exposure, but may rarely occur in doubly sunprotected areas like the underwear area. When they first appear, the growths usually begin one at a time as small rough bumps. Eventually, they may thicken and develop a rough, warty surface. Seborrheic keratoses are quite common especially after age 40. Almost everybody may eventually develop at least a few seborrheic keratoses during their lifetime. These growths are sometimes referred to as the “barnacles of old age.”How do moles develop? Moles are thought to develop primarily from genetics, and secondly from a combination of genetic tendency and sun exposure in some individuals. Moles form from a nest or group of melanocytes in the epidermis. Two people receiving the same sun exposure may not have an equal chance of developing moles. Natural sunlight and artificial sun-tanning lights emit ultraviolet (UV) rays. After exposure to ultraviolet rays, the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis) thickens and the pigment-producing cells (the melanocytes) produce the pigment melanin at an increased rate. (This production of melanin may in fact give some protection against future sun exposure. )Who is more prone to getting moles? People differ a great deal in their propensity to developing moles and reaction to sunlight. To take an extreme example, there is no pigmentation in the skin of an albino because of a defect in melanin metabolism. On the other hand, people with dark complexions are relatively less sensitive to sun exposure than fair-skinned persons. However, persons with dark skin are not entirely resistant to the effects of the sun, and they, too, can become sunburned with prolonged exposure. Persons with blonde or red hair, light colored eyes, and fair skin are especially susceptible to the damaging effect of UV rays.· Fair skin· Light eyes· Red hair· Freckled· Sun sensitive· Easy sunburn Irrespective of skin color, moles are caused by a local clumping or nest of mole cells in the epidermis. A Mole is essentially nothing more than a group of nested melanocytes at one spot in the skin. How important is heredity with moles? Heredity (your genetics) and skin type are very important in the tendency to develop moles. Some moles tend to be inherited genetically in everyone and are predetermined before birth. Moles are seen in all races and skin colors from Caucasian, Asian, African, and Indian. Moles are also seen in animals like dogs. Individuals with fair skin and blond or red hair are more prone to developing moles. Twin studies, including pairs of identical twins and pairs of fraternal (non-identical) twins, have found a striking similarity in the total number of moles found on each pair of identical twins. Such similarities were considerably less common in fraternal twins. These studies strongly suggest that the occurrence of moles is influenced by genetic factors. In fact, the variations in mole counts appear to be due largely to heredity. Ongoing research in a rare disease called Xeroderma Pigmentosum has also confirmed the genetic tendency of moles. Excessive moles in dark haired individuals are quite common in this disease. Further, increased pigment is also found in skin folds like the underarms in another uncommon genetic disease called Neurofibromatosis. Does having more moles increase my chance of getting melanoma? Yes. The total number of irregular moles on your body is one of the strongest indicators for the risk of developing a malignant melanoma. There is also a direct relationship between the number of innocent moles on the skin and the chance of developing an abnormal or changing mole. The more moles you have, the greater the risk of developing atypical moles and potentially melanoma. Do moles ever disappear spontaneously? Yes. In rare cases, some moles may lighten or completely disappear later in life. In some cases, this is the result of the body’s immune system stacking the mole and causing it to regress. One example of this is a “halo nevus”. A biopsy may be required to exclude atypical cells in these types of moles. Is it dangerous if my mole is getting bigger? New or enlarging moles may be concerning and should be promptly evaluated by your dermatologist. While moles may increase in size, particularly before the age of 20, regular moles are unlikely to enlarge as people get older. A mole that has increased in size is not necessarily cancerous. Enlargement alone does not necessarily mean a mole is malignant. Some regular moles may increase in size and darken in pregnancy. Often, a simple mole biopsy by your doctor can help determine if a mole is irregular. Should I remove all of my moles? No. Regular moles pose essentially little to no health risk. It is not necessary to remove all of your moles. Most moles are not cancerous and generally do not become cancerous. However, moles that are changing, growing, new, symptomatic, bleeding or otherwise worrisome to your physician or dermatologist may need to be removed and tested for irregular cells. Periodic monitoring and medical evaluation of moles is important to help determine which moles need to be removed. If you have a family history of melanoma, greater attention should be paid to your moles and an overall lower threshold for biopsy of irregular moles. Which skin cancers look like moles? Melanoma — This very dangerous form of skin cancer may appear even in young people and on parts of the body that are sun exposed as well as those that are protected. While the exact cause of melanoma is not entirely known, genetics and ultraviolet rays (particularly UV-A) are known to play a part. Melanomas may arise from a previously normal mole or pigmented spot that has been present many years or lifelong. Melanomas may also arise from completely normal skin without an apparent pre-existing mole. In comparison with benign (non-cancerous) moles, melanomas tend to be larger, darker, and have more irregular color and shape variations. Most melanomas are actually flat and not raised as many people tend to incorrectly assume. Lentigo maligna (“malignant Mole”) — This is an uncommon fairly superficial skin cancer that generally occurs on the faces of older adults who have a history of considerable sun exposure. Over the course of months to years, this condition may, if untreated, develop into a more aggressive malignant variety called lentigo maligna melanoma. There are of course many hundreds of ordinary facial moles for every one that is potentially malignant. A simple in-office test called a skin biopsy can help diagnose lentigo maligna. Basal cell carcinoma — This is the most common type of skin cancer. These are usually pearly, pink or reddish in color and may bleed easily. Pigmented basal cell carcinoma is a type of basal cell that may be confused for a mole or seborrheic keratosis because of its brown or dark color. A simple procedure called a skin biopsy can help diagnose this growth. When should I see a Doctor? Anyone who has one or more uncertain moles or pigmented spots should have their physician or dermatologist evaluate them. Even verbal descriptions and photographs cannot convey enough information for satisfactory self-diagnosis. As always, it is better to be safe than sorry. Routine annual mole checks are an important part of your general health screenings. Birthdays are a good time to remember to schedule your annual “birthday suit” mole check. Since existing moles may change and new growth arise, periodic rechecks are necessary. How often should I check my moles? The American Academy of Dermatology recommends monthly self skin exams and a full body skin examination for adults as part of a routine annual health exam. It is important to have any new, changing, bleeding mole or growth examined by your physician or dermatologist as soon as possible. Skin cancers, including melanomas, are generally curable if diagnosed and treated at an early stage. How can moles be prevented? Since we can not change our own genetics, it is not possible to prevent all moles. Our main prevention measures are aimed at sun avoidance and sun-protection including:1. Use of sunscreens with SPF (sun protection factor) 302. Use of wide brimmed hats ( 6 inches)3. Use of sun protective clothing ( shirts, long sleeves, long pants)4. Avoidance of the peak sun hours of 10am to 4pm5. Seeking shade and staying indoors. Ideally mole prevention is more effective that later trying to remove moles that have already developed. Mole removal will leave some type of scar at the site of the prior mole. Smaller moles are easier to remove and leave less scars. Larger mole removal may be more difficult and not always satisfactory in cosmetic scar appearance. When should I start sun protection? Everyone, especially those with known hereditary tendencies of freckling, should start sun protection early in childhood. Much of the sun and UV skin damage occurs often while children are under age 18. Fair skin people who are more prone to freckling an sunburns are also generally more at risk for developing moles and skin cancers. Sun sensitivity and easy burning may be a warning sign of sensitive skin which is highly vulnerable to sunburn and to potential skin cancer. How can moles be treated? True moles can be treated by surgical removal. Moles cannot be treated by fading or lightening creams, bleaches, freezing, or other chemicals. Moles can easily be removed by fairly minor, in-office procedures including shave removal, punch biopsy, or full surgical excision. Regular moles do not necessarily have to be treated. Changing or medically concerning moles need to be fully, surgically removed and sent to a lab for special tissue examination called pathology. Some people like their moles while others may be more bothered by their appearance. The cosmetic improvement of the skin is a frequent request among people with moles. Moles are desirable by some people who like the special character or uniqueness these give them like Cindy Crawford. Other moles may have potential negative social perceptions or stigma. Although lasers may be used in some countries and by some medical centers to remove some types of moles, laser treatments are not recommended for irregular moles. Irregular moles need to be surgically removed and the tissue sent for testing to make sure all the atypical cells are cleared. Lasering the surface of an irregular mole may inadvertently delay or make potential detection of melanoma much more difficult. While sun spots or lentigines may respond to bleaching or fading creams, freezing with liquid nitrogen, laser, intense pulse light, and chemical peels, true moles are not removable by these methods. Can I remove my moles using Mohs surgery? No, Mohs surgery is not for mole removal. It is primarily designed for removing skin cancers. Moles are usually removed by standard or traditional surgery. The rapid freezing technique used for Mohs surgery tends to distort mole cells and may make the removed tissue more difficult to examine under the microscope. Is there scarring from mole removal? Yes, all human beings heal by permanent scar formation. In general, when you cut the skin, there will be some type of scar. Some people heal better than others. Some scars are more noticeable depending on the location and skin type. There are many options for treatment of surgical scars including lasers, scar creams and gels, cortisone injections, and many other choices depending on the scar. You may want to discuss ways to help minimize scarring with your doctor at your stitch removal appointment. Can a plastic surgeon remove my mole? Yes. You may decide to have your mole removal with a plastic surgeon especially if the mole is on your face or other cosmetic area. Plastic surgeons may have additional and specialized training in cosmetic skin growth removal. Regardless of what type of doctor removes your mole, it is important to keep in mind that all mole removals will leave some type of scar. Is there pain after mole removal surgery? Most people report no or minimal discomfort after mole removal surgery and require no pain medication. If there is pain, many people find that they prefer to take something for pain at the first hint of discomfort instead of waiting until the pain builds up to an unbearable level. If you have mild or moderate pain, your doctor may advise you to take Tylenol (Acetaminophen) or another pain reliever over the counter. Aspirin or Aspirin containing pain relievers may cause increased bleeding. Rarely, prescription pain medications may be required for severe pain. Can my mole grow back after removal? Yes. Depending on how it was removed, there is a small chance that your mole can recur after mole surgery. Lasered moles often recur. It is important to understand that no surgery has a 100% removal rate. A few mole cells may remain in the skin and may recur in the same or adjacent area. Some moles are more aggressive than others and need additional treatment and closer follow up. Good follow up appointments with your physici an are very important, especially in the first few years after irregular mole removal. Many people are seen every 6-12 months after their diagnosis of atypical moles. More regular follow up appointments may be needed for those with more aggressive moles or moles in high risk areas. Your physician will recommend the proper follow up for your specific condition. Can I go out in the sun after mole removal surgery? Yes. There are no specific strict sun restrictions after mole removal surgery. You may go out in the sun with sunscreen and protective hats and clothing. Overall, the sun is not your friend and should be avoided in excess. Excess sun exposure has been linked to possible melanoma. Use of sunscreen or other cover up on the scar is very helpful for at least 6 months after surgery to help minimize scarring. It is important to follow your own physician’s instructions for wound care and sun protection. Is there a blood test or x-ray to diagnose moles? No. There are no blood tests or special x-rays for moles. There are however newer digital mole images like the SIA scan (SIA = Spectrophotometric Intracutaneous Analysis)or SIAscopy that are now available to help image moles. These non-invasive, computerized mole scan devices can help objectively examine a mole and capture information like size, amount and pattern of pigment, blood flow, and other characteristics. Based on this information, changes in moles or irregular cells may be more readily identified. This technology is fairly new and still developing. What about “UV” cameras that show moles? UV cameras using special black and white images depicting the amount of sun damage may be helpful in some cases to demonstrate sun damage. UV cameras do not diagnose moles or skin cancer. Moles At A Glance Moles are common, small tan or brown spots on the skin. Moles may be flat or raised. Most moles are genetically pre-determined before we are born. Sun exposure in childhood causes an increase in number of moles. Most moles appear by age 20 or 30. Moles may be mistaken for freckles and other skin growths. Irregular moles may develop into skin cancer called melanoma. Skin cancer may at times masquerade or hide as a regular mole. Irregular or changing moles should be promptly examined by your physician or dermatologist. Minor surgery is the most effective way to remove a mole. Call to Schedule an appointment at (949) 582-SKINDr. Gary Cole and Dr. Nili Alai are Board-Certified Dermatologists. For more information, please call (949) 582-7699 or visit the practice website atwww.lagunaskincenter.com. Information in this publication and site is not intended to serve as medical advice. Individuals may use the information as a guide to discuss their treatments with their own physicians. 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