what type of stent is innova

The Innova Self-Expanding Stent System is comprised of two components: the implantable endoprosthesis and the stent delivery system. The stent is a laser cut self-expanding stent composed of a nickel titanium alloy (Nitinol).

Class 1 Device Recall Innova SelfExpanding Stent System

Class 1 Device Recall Innova Self Expanding Stent System FDA Home Medical Devices Databases510 (k) | De Novo | Registration & Listing | Adverse Events | Recalls | PMA | HDE | Classification | Standards CFR Title 21 | Radiation-Emitting Products | X-Ray Assembler | Medsun Reports | CLIA | TPLCNew Search Back to Search Results Class 1 Device Recall Innova Self Expanding Stent System Date Initiated by Firm May 19, 2011Date Posted June 16, 2011Recall Status 1 Terminated 3 on February 04, 2014Recall Number Z-2482-2011Recall Event ID 58910Product Classification Stent, superficial femoral artery - Product Code NIPProduct Boston Scientific Innova Over-the-Wire Self-Expanding Stent System, Catalog No. 39180-06207. 6 mm x 200 mm x 75 cm (stent diameter x stent length x delivery system length). Made in USA, Two Scimed Place, Maple Grove, MN 55311 USA.

On both the proximal and distal ends of the stent, radiopaque markers made of tantalum increase visibility of the stent to aid in placement. The stent is constrained within a 6F (2.1 mm maximum OD) delivery system. The delivery system is a triaxial design with an outer shaft to stabilize the stent delivery system, a middle shaft to protect and constrain the stent, and an inner shaft to provide a guidewire lumen. The delivery system is compatible with 0.035 in (0.89 mm) guidewires. When ready to be implanted, the stent is deployed by retracting the middle shaft of the delivery system. A radiopaque marker at the distal end of the delivery system aids in visibility during deployment. As the stent is exposed to body temperature, it expands to appose the vessel wall. The Innova Self-Expanding Stent is available in a variety of diameters and lengths. The delivery system is also offered in two working lengths (75 cm and 130 cm). The Innova Self-Expanding Stent System is indicated for the treatment of peripheral vascular lesions Code Information Lots: 14174210, 14201609, 14207860, 14264855, 14264856.. Recalling Firm/ Manufacturer Boston Scientific Corporation 1 Scimed Pl Maple Grove MN 55311-1565For Additional Information Contact Brent Hathcock 763-494-7971Manufacturer Reason for Recall Boston Scientific Corporation is conducting a recall of the Innova Self-Expanding Stent System because they have received 6 complaints involving no deployment/partial deployment of the Innova Stent. Potential health hazard events resulting from this type of failure include increased procedure time, vessel wall injury, and/or emergency surgery to remove the partially deployed stent. This recall d FDA Determined Cause 2Device Design Action Boston Scientific sent an Urgent Medical Device Recall Removal - Immediate Action Required letter, dated May 13, 2011, to all affected customers via registered mail. The letter explained the issue, identified affected product, stated that further distribution and or use of the devices should cease immediately, and asked that devices in inventory to be segregated and immediately returned to Boston Scientific. An Account Reply Verification Tracking Form was also asked to be returned. Boston Scientific Sales Representative were assist in the return process by providing a Returned Goods Authorization (RGA) number. Customers were instructed to contact their local Sales Representative for any questions. Distribution Worldwide Distribution - USA (nationwide) and the countries of Product removal in US is being managed through Super NOVA Clinical Trial suspension in accordance with IDE #G100291. OUS distribution to include: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland. Total Product Life Cycle TPLC Device Report1 A record in this database is created when a firm initiates a correction or removal action. The record is updated if the FDA identifies a violation and classifies the action as a recall, and it is updated for a final time when the recall is terminated. Learn more about medical device recalls . 2 Per FDA policy, recall cause determinations are subject to modification up to the point of termination of the recall. 3 For details about termination of a recall see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 §7.55 .


university of phoenix online school code

em. The University of Phoenix is one of the largest universities in the United States, based on student population. It has nearly 500,000 students that attend classes in person at one of the school’s many campuses located all across the nation as well as online. Regardless of whether you are taking classes at one of the school’s many campuses or in person, the school has only one federal school code. The University of Phoenix school code is: 014593When filling out your FAFSA, be sure to fill it out completely and accurately.

Online Colleges What Is The University of Phoenix Federal School Code?2The federal school code is a special code that is assigned to each college or university in the United States that participates in federal loans and grants. You’ll need to know your school’s federal school code when applying for financial aid. When you submit your FAFSA form (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) you are required to put your school’s federal code on the application. This is necessary so that the federal government will know which school to send funds to, should you qualify for th

An incomplete FAFSA application may be returned to you for more information. And if your semester starts soon, an incomplete FAFSA may mean you don’t end up getting the money you need in time to start classes. University of Phoenix Address You will need to know the address of your University of Phoenix campus location when filling out the FAFSA. You should be able to call your local campus for this information. Another easy way to get this information is to look it up on Google Maps. You can do a search for your campus location in Google Maps and it will give you an address. For example, if you live in Atlanta, just do a Google search for “University of Phoenix, Atlanta” to find the information. Both the University of Phoenix Federal School Code and the University of Phoenix address are important pieces of information you’ll need for your FAFSA. Don’t neglect to include this information on the form or you could lose out on money you would have otherwise received. TAGS university of phoenix addressuniversity of phoenix federal school codeuniversity of phoenix school code Previous article Is Ashwood University A Scam For Promoting Life Experience Degrees? Next article Is There Such A Thing As A Free University Online? Derek Williams


who is fred luter

Fred Luter Jr. in the Lower 9th Ward The first African-American president of the Southern Baptist Convention, pastor Fred Luter grew up blocks away from a new health clinic in the Lower 9th ward. He speaks at its opening ceremony.

Fred Luter's time as Southern Baptist Convention's first African American leader draws to end

"5Gallery: Pastor Fred Luter Jr. steps down from Southern Baptist Convention Print Email By Adriane Quinlan, NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune Email the author on June 06, 2014 at 5:24 PM, updated June 06, 2014 at 8:47 PM0 shares Inside Religion Religion videos Religion photos Faith & Beliefs forum Religion home A few blocks from where he grew up in New Orleans' Lower 9 th Ward, in a wet and rising wind, Rev. Fred Luter Jr. is pacing behind a microphone. In his last weeks as president of the Southern Baptist Convention, the leader of the United States' largest protestant denomination is here in an official capacity, to speak at the dedication of a non-profit health clinic. But the event also marks a homecoming of sorts. Here are the streets Luter walked as a boy. He can point to where his mother went to church, and to the barber shop where he honed a gift for speaking. Those buildings are now boarded and the streets marred by blighted homes, by empty lots -- evidence of deep racial inequalities that Luter has seen as his life's work to resolve. The first African-American president of the Baptist branch that broke from the church to retain its pro-slavery stance, Luter has served a whirlwind two years. His term ends Wednesday. As president, Luter has traveled the globe, preaching in mud huts in Uganda, in the freezing February of an Alaskan winter. He speaks of his sympathy for human suffering, a sympathy that extends outward in every direction, to everyone he meets. But he has retained a special sympathy for the problems facing his hometown. For the April 28 dedication of Baptist Community Health Services Inc., he spoke not of what he has accomplished abroad but of what he would like to do here. Embarking on a biblical anecdote of those who once doubted Christ, he said skeptics, upon hearing that Jesus was born in the backwaters of Nazareth, asked, ""Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? ""

""Well, ladies and gentlemen,"" Luter said, his voice gaining vim, ""Washington D. C. one time asked. Baton Rouge one time asked. All over Louisiana, the question was one time asked: 'Can any good thing come out of the Lower 9th ward? Can any good thing come out of Tennessee and St. Claude streets? Can any thing come out of the Lower 9th Ward area? '""""Yes, yes, yes,"" he said. ""We know there are good things to come. We've seen it ourselves. ""Luter standing there was the only answer that was needed. His life could answer the question he asked. Rise to presidency Luter did not see himself as a churchman until 1977, when he survived a motorcycle wreck with a new calling to join the ministry. In 1983, he was preaching on street corners. By 1986, he was pastor of the first church to accept him, Franklin Avenue Baptist. Over the next two decades he built a congregation of 65 into one of 7,000 members, who piled into three back-to-back Sunday services, drawn to the pastor who was warm, familial and deliciously entertaining. Luter tells biblical parables like fireside tales, swells with the momentum of an impassioned used car salesman and sinks into a whisper, tip-toeing across words like lily pads. His sermons have room for Nicki Minaj and i Pods, making ancient stories modern to tell lessons of love, forgiveness and family values. But Hurricane Katrina scattered Luter's devoted congregation and flooded his sanctuary with eight feet of water. He spent ensuing years rebuilding both, an effort helped in part by the strong reputation Luter had already gained at home and abroad. In the Southern Baptist Convention, Luter had become a pastor to watch. In 1995, on the 150 th anniversary of the convention, he was part of a committee that spearheaded a resolution calling for racial reconciliation in the convention. His nomination to the presidency in 2012 might have surprised a country still perceiving the Southern Baptist church as a largely white one still clinging to racist values. But to those within the church, his rise was unsurprising. ""Luter's presidency was more of a proclamation than a coronation,"" said Kevin Ezell, a convention leader and president of its National American Mission Board, which is charged with growing church numbers. ""I think he unapologetically knows what he believes and stands behind it. He is not licking his fingers and sticking them in the air to see where the wind is blowing. He's confident. He stands consistently behind what he believes. People want to follow a leader like that. ""The pastor of pastors The president of the Southern Baptist Convention does not legislate change but rather prods it along. The convention is an organization of churches each endowed with autonomy to lead itself. The organization's head is, therefore, as Luter put it, in a ""position of influence, but not in a position of power. ""Like the pastor he is to his own congregation, Luter may prescribe medicine but may not force it down. As president, he is the face of the church, traveling the U. S. at the rapid clip of a Miss America, presenting the image of what the church would like all people to be. ""Fred Luter represents the best of what Southern Baptists would look for in a leader,"" said Sing Oldham, vice president of communications for the Southern Baptist Convention's business leadership arm. ""He is the face of the convention to the broader public. He is the encapsulated representative of what we believe our highest values are both in terms of demeanor and in terms of spirit and in terms of spirituality and in terms of genuine godly piety. ""In that sense, the very fact of Luter's race teaches churches a message that the convention is no longer mired in its past. ""From a historical perspective of divine providence, it was the right time,"" Oldham said. ""Baptists had made tremendous strides in so many ways, of trying to be as broadly inclusive and diverse relative to racial and ethnic fellowships, that Fred was a natural fit. He was elected because he was a man of God, but he was also elected because he was an African American who represents all the values we already espouse. ""When Luter was nominated, Russell Moore, president of the convention's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, wept. ""I found myself almost weeping uncontrollably at the sign of God's mercy in allowing, allowing a good denomination to see that sort of healing and reconciliation. ""The healing he has seen As president, Luter prioritized visiting all churches that invited him, regardless of size or distance from the main drag. In small, white communities, he said, just showing up as a black president might be enough to encourage racial reconciliation. Over the course of his presidency, Luter began noticing black congregants in crowds of white churchgoers. ""They were curious,"" Luter said. ""They wanted to meet me, and see ... how I was able to achieve it."" And then, the next step: ""They wanted to see how can I possibly get involved in this congregation. ""Luter understands the power of seeking acceptance for new ideas rather than leading with condemnation of the status quo. ""When I'm preaching, I very seldom talk about race or inclusion,"" Luter said. ""I don't go there with a planned sermon on, 'You white folks need to let black people into your church.' You know that would turn a lot of people off. """"My message is based on the life of Jesus. ... And one of the things that's very obvious in the life of Jesus is a concern for people."" - Fred Luter. The position Luter occupies, after all, is not one of great authority. Still, at the churches where he has preached, Luter managed to spread a message of inclusion. ""When I go there my message is based on the life of Jesus and how it can impact our lives, and the change it can make,"" Luter said. ""And one of the things that's very obvious in the life of Jesus is a concern for people. Jesus was concerned about people. Red, yellow, black and white -- they were all precious in his sight. ""He also preaches Christ's message of forgiveness, a forgiveness that extends to the convention's past, Oldham said. ""The message he gives is one that's fully congruent with what we believe the Bible teaches, (that) the great need we have as human beings for the forgiveness of our sins. ""As president, Luter also is endowed with the task of appointing representatives to convention committees. His appointees have been markedly diverse, Oldham said. ""They represented a pretty broad diversity in terms of ethnicity and other demographics as well,"" Oldham said. ""That's pretty significant. ""Luter's presidency has mirrored an organic change in the church toward non-white congregations, said Ezell, the president of the North American Mission Board. ""Over half of the churches we started this year were non-Anglo, and I hope that Fred's presidency has inspired those pastors with other ethnicities, and that will continue to go on,"" Ezell said. ""It's representing a diverse America. ... Regardless of race, ethnicity, anyone can be part of planting a church. ""Oldham said Luter has made strides to open up the church and include members regardless of class or income. For example, he said the Southern Baptist Convention holds a yearly event where its president speaks at 11 a.m. on what is always a Tuesday. Luter moved his speech to Tuesday night, allowing those with full-time day jobs to hear him. ""It was a resounding success. People came in droves,"" Oldham remembered. And rather than preach an academic sermon on the state of the church, he included music and preached a sermon of revival. It was a solution to what Luter sees as one of the biggest challenges facing the Southern Baptist Convention. As religious belief takes hold in one's everyday life, some believers gradually lose their genuine, authentic connection to God, Luter said. ""We've been doing it so long, we put our lives on auto pilot,"" he said. ""We're just kind of going through the motions of how the Christian life should be lived. ""That runs counter to Luter's idea of how true belief should feel. ""The Christian life should be energetic. It should be extensive,"" Luter said. ""You can get so easily caught up in the things of the world, the things of life. You've got to eventually get back to the basics. ""At a service at Franklin Avenue Baptist on the Sunday after Easter, Luter noted how there were empty seats where the previous Sunday there had been a packed house. In his sermon, he spoke of people who say they are religious but attend a sermon only on Easter, on Christmas. He also spoke of those who do attend church regularly but do not seem to be infused with the spirit of the church; they go through the motions, but their lives are not imbued with love. ""One way you can tell if something is impressive is if it has an impact on the lives of those who adopt it,"" Luter said. He gave the example of Jennifer Hudson, the celebrity singer who lost weight on a diet plan. He gave the example of Saul of Tarsus, so moved by conversion to Christianity as to become the apostle Paul. ""I wonder about some people who say they are church folk but nothing has changed about their lives,"" Luter said, shaking his head. Around the world, and back home Luter would like the church to change everyone's life. It has changed his own. Before his presidency, Luter had never been outside the United States. His first trip was to Uganda. Then in India, he was amazed by cows he saw walking the streets. He would like to take every American teenager to Ethiopia, where he saw real suffering that he said might change their attitude toward their own strife. Luter's desire to attend every church that asked him, regardless of size or location, was why he recently ended up in the Dripping Springs Baptist Church in tiny Olmstead, Ky., 160 miles southwest of Louisville. A city boy, he was amazed by how rural the area was. ""It was really on Watermelon Road,"" Luter said. ""They were so proud to have me there that they took out a full page article on the back of their newspaper. It was standing-room only. ""In Vermont, Luter said, congregants were surprised to hear him refer in an anecdote to the singer Rihanna. But they should not have been. ""The same Fred Luter you see on Franklin Avenue on Sunday,"" he said, ""is the same Fred Luter you see in Vermont. ""In that sense, Luter has become a kind of Louisiana export. Introducing him at a recent event, pastor David Crosby of First Baptist Church in New Orleans jokingly compared Luter to red beans and rice or spicy fried chicken. ""Folks like the stuff they get from New Orleans,"" Crosby said. ""Everywhere I go, people say that about Fred Luter. I think he's the most popular Southern Baptist Convention president in my lifetime. ""That popularity has bowled over church leaders. ""I don't think any president has traveled as much as Fred. His travel schedule has just been at a – at another level,"" Crosby said. ""I've never seen a guy travel and work so hard as he does,"" Ezell said. In his last full month in office, Luter made appearances in Dallas, Lynchburg, Va., Kansas City, Mo., Elizabethtown, Ky., and in Louisiana at Woodworth and Houma, in addition to preaching at Franklin Avenue Baptist every Sunday. At night, he goes home to hundreds of e-mail messages, many from congregants telling him their woes. ""I pray for all of them,"" he said, his eyes wetting. ""I just mention their names to God. """"It's hard for me to say no to anyone,"" he said. ""When these churches invite me, these churches that have never met an SBC president, and they say, 'I'd love to have you,' that's just like turning on the violins to me. I love to do it. '""Luter's desire to help everyone who asks has come at a price. Though he is always Fred Luter abroad, he rarely has time to be Fred Luter at home, a concern he raised when he agreed to take the position. At that time, he consulted with six former presidents. ""All of them lied to me,"" Luter said, laughing. ""I think they felt that this was needed. It was time for the Southern Baptist Church to stop talking the talk on reconciliation. ""The schedule has exhausted Luter and his family. Positions of historical significance do not come with vacation days. So on the day after his term ends, he promised his wife, Elizabeth, two weeks of uninterrupted rest – a vacation she wishes. She chose Maui. Even more than the rest, however, Luter said he is looking forward to coming home, to the Franklin Avenue church he has built and to the people he has baptized and wed. ""This is home for me,"" he said. ""I'm not going anywhere. And I will have more time to do more here."" "


difference between statutory and regulatory requirements

What are the difference between statutory and regulatory? Statutory refers to laws passed by the state of federal government. Regulatory means a rule issued by some agency that the government has given authority to regulate an indust …What

"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Literature & Language Languages and Cultures English Language Definitions Comparisons The Difference Between What is the difference between statutory and regulatory requirements? Flag What is the difference between statutory and regulatory requirements? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. Organizations must comply with statutory requirements by law. Whereas regulatory requirements may or may not have been legally set forth. They are generally used to manage or control an activity.1 person found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat Notrust cicom 1 Contribution Trust for Consultancy and Investment Offering Professional Services Based On Consultancy And Investment,What is difference between legal and statutory reserves? Answer: legal and statutory reserves There is no difference. Bothlegal and statutory reserves are reserves that must be maintainedby law. The previous answer (""Legal reserves …What is the difference between statutory and regulatory law? Statutory law is found in code books of the state or the federalgovernment. Regulatory law is often found in agency rules. Khiemly 1 Contribution

is the difference between the constitution and statutory law? Constitutional law sets forth the limitations of government, and ensures the inalienable rights of human beings. It is the only law that free men and women are obligated to f …What the difference between statutory and non statutory bodies? A statutory body deals with written law; non-statutory deals withimplied law. Differences between statutory books and non-statutory books?statutory book Requires under the Companies Act 1956, the company must keep and maintain the statutory books of the registered company. which it includes any register or oth …Bob811 128,607 Contributions What is the difference between statute and statutory Instruments? A ""statute"" refers to a codified law. A ""statutory instrument"" is a document that derives its power or authority from a statute. What is the difference between a Act and Statutory instrument? An Act of Parliament is substantive legislation whereas a Statutory Instrument is subsidiary or delegated legislation. What is the difference between statutory and non-statutory diseases?one is and one isnt What is the difference between statutory and mandatory? Statutory means by statute. A statute is a law which is written down.. Mandatory means you must. A statute make make certain behaviours mandatory, such as stopping for red li …What is the Difference between enzyme and regulatory enzyme? An enzyme is one kind of protein that can catalyze a specific reaction whereas a regulatory enzyme is the enzyme which can regulate a series of reaction which undergo in the l …Cutievev 1 Contribution Difference between fundamental law and statutory law? Fundamental law is the law determining the constitution of thegovernment of a state, while statutory law is the body of lawscreated by legislative statutes. Answered In Business Accounting and Bookkeeping What is the difference between statutory audit and non -statutory audit?what is the difference between statutory audit and non statutory audit. Answered In Business Accounting and Bookkeeping What is statutory and regulatory of accounting? Statuatory Account are custom defined for a particular company if it is following its own accounting principles or a separate ledgers for its accounts then statuatory accounts …Answered In Law & Legal Issues What are and what is the difference between statutory and non statutory rights? The difference between statutory and non statutory rights is that one is supplied by the government and the other one isn't. Statutory rights are bestowed by particular govern …Answered In The Difference Between What the difference between statutory and non statutory valuation? Statutory valuation = this is a product of an act of law, I.e when a statute is specify the method that should be adopted in determining the value required for instance the la …Charlie N. 122,923 Contributions I have spent many years renovating buildings and leading a commercial handyman crew. Answered In Cars & Vehicles What is statutory requirements? Requirements that you must have by law to do certain things. "


what study for mets to brain

We performed a control-matched cohort study of patients with brain metastases to determine whether the administration of therapeutic enoxaparin is associated with an increased risk for hemorrhage. Methods

Current Issue First Edition Collections All Issues Abstracts Video Library Intracranial hemorrhage in patients with brain metastases treated with therapeutic enoxaparin: a matched cohort study Jessica Donato, Federico Campigotto, Erik J. Uhlmann, Erika Coletti, Donna Neuberg, Griffin M. Weber and Jeffrey I. Zwicker Blood 2015 126:494-499; doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-02-626788Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics e-Letters PDFKey Points Significant intracranial hemorrhage occurs in 20% to 50% of patients with metastatic brain tumors. Therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with brain metastasis did not increase the risk for intracranial hemorrhage. Abstract Venous thromboembolism occurs frequently in patients with cancer who have brain metastases, but there is limited evidence supporting the safety of therapeutic anticoagulation. To assess the risk for intracranial hemorrhage associated with the administration of therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin, we performed a matched, retrospective cohort study of 293 patients with cancer with brain metastases (104 with therapeutic enoxaparin and 189 controls). A blinded review of radiographic imaging was performed, and intracranial hemorrhages were categorized as trace, measurable, and significant. There were no differences observed in the cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage at 1 year in the enoxaparin and control cohorts for measurable (19% vs 21%; Gray test, P = .97; hazard ratio, 1.02; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-1.59), significant (21% vs 22%; P = .87), and total (44% vs 37%; P = .13) intracranial hemorrhages. The risk for intracranial hemorrhage was fourfold higher (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.98; 90% CI, 2.41-6.57; P < .001) in patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (N = 60) than lung cancer (N = 153), but the risk was not influenced by the administration of enoxaparin. Overall survival was similar for the enoxaparin and control cohorts (8.4 vs 9.7 months; Log-rank, P = .65). We conclude that intracranial hemorrhage is frequently observed in patients with brain metastases, but that therapeutic anticoagulation does not increase the risk for intracranial hemorrhage. Introduction Approximately 20% of patients with brain metastases develop venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, with limited published evidence regarding the safety of anticoagulation in this population, the decision to prescribe therapeutic anticoagulation is challenging. 1, 2 Relatively few patients with brain metastasis have been enrolled in anticoagulant clinical trials. Among patients without cancer, the case-fatality rate for intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of anticoagulation often exceeds 30%. 3, 4 In the CLOT trial, which established the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of malignancy-associated VTE, 2 of 27 patients with brain tumors developed intracranial bleeding complications. 5 Caution in prescribing anticoagulation in the setting of brain metastases is justified based on the high rate of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, especially in certain tumor types such as melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. 6 ⇓ ⇓ - 9 Whether therapeutic anticoagulation further increases the risk for intracranial hemorrhage is unknown.

Study design The protocol was approved by the institutional review board at the Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center. A 1:2 matched cohort study was performed at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center using electronic health record data from 1997 to 2014, which contains International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, diagnosis codes and prescription medication history. 10 Enoxaparin cases were initially identified on the basis of coding for brain metastases, VTE, and prescription of enoxaparin. Matched controls for each case were identified using a “round-robin” scoring algorithm that ranked controls according to tumor diagnosis, year of diagnosis of brain metastasis, age, and gender. Each enoxaparin case was successfully matched with at least 1 cancer control and, if available, a second control. Inclusion criteria for the enoxaparin cases included metastatic solid tumor malignancy, parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) metastatic tumor by radiologic imaging, and therapeutic enoxaparin after the diagnosis of CNS metastasis for the treatment of VTE. Patients were excluded for primary brain tumors or leptomeningeal disease alone, nonsolid tumors (eg, lymphoma), absence of follow-up CNS imaging, or therapeutic anticoagulation (in the control group). A manual review of the online medical record was performed to ensure eligibility. Intracranial hemorrhage All available radiology reports (computed tomography of the head and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain) were reviewed for documentation of hemorrhage or blood products. The clinical indication and subsequent management of all documented intracranial hemorrhages were collected from the online medical record. The primary radiology images of all intracranial hemorrhages were re-reviewed by a neurooncologist blinded to cohort allocation (enoxaparin versus control) to confirm the presence of intracranial hemorrhage and to calculate the volume of blood using the one-half ABC technique. 11, 12 Measurable intracranial hemorrhages were those defined as greater than 1 m L in volume, whereas trace intracranial hemorrhages were those defined as less than 1 m L in volume. Total hemorrhages included both measurable and trace hemorrhages. Each hemorrhage (trace and measurable) was further classified as a “significant” intracranial hemorrhage on the basis of predetermined criteria; significant intracranial hemorrhages were those defined as greater than 10 m L in volume, symptomatic (defined as focal neurologic deficit, headache, nausea, or change in cognitive function), or required surgical intervention. 12 ⇓ - 14 All demographic and endpoint information was entered into a Red Cap database maintained by the Harvard Catalyst program. Statistical analysis The primary endpoint of the study was measurable intracranial hemorrhage from initial diagnosis of brain metastases. Initial sample size estimates were based on an anticipated rate of intracranial hemorrhage of 7% in the enoxaparin cohort and 2% in the control cohort. 6, 7, 15 Accordingly, the target analysis was approximately 200 patients treated with enoxaparin and 400 controls (1-sided α of 0.05% and power of 0.85). For the 3 primary bleeding end points, analysis was performed using a competing risk approach to account for death as a competing risk for intracranial hemorrhage. 16 Estimations of the cumulative incidence of measurable, significant, and total intracranial hemorrhages from initial diagnosis of brain metastases were calculated using the competing risk analysis, with significance testing performed using a the Gray test. Estimations of hazard ratio (HR) of event rates between the enoxaparin cohort and controls were performed using the Fine and Gray competing risk regression model. In addition, to study the effect of enoxaparin on the cumulative incidence of measurable intracranial hemorrhage, we considered a Fine and Gray regression in which a time-varying covariate was created to indicate the moment when patients in the enoxaparin cohort started treatment. Because patients treated with enoxaparin started treatment during the course of the observational study, rather than at study onset, the time-dependent covariate represented the change in enoxaparin status for this cohort of patients. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier, and the log-rank test was used to compare OS between groups. OS was defined as time from diagnosis of brain metastases to date of death from any cause. Patients who were still alive were censored at date of last known contact. Comparisons between groups were performed using the Fisher exact test for binary end points. A 2-sided P value less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Landmark analysis of overall survival was performed using a Cox regression, including patients alive at 6 months and excluding patients who did not yet initiate enoxaparin. Results A total of 293 patients with confirmed brain metastases were included in the study: 104 patients in the enoxaparin cohort and 189 patients in the control cohort ( Table 1 ). The predominant cancer subgroup was non-small cell lung cancer, followed by breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. The 2 cohorts were well matched for tumor diagnosis, age, sex, gender, comorbidities, number of CNS metastases, and types of treatment of the CNS metastasis (eg, surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy). The use of aspirin was significantly higher in the control cohort than in the enoxaparin cohort (15.3% vs 4.8%; Fisher’s exact P = .007), presumably as a result of prescriber caution in administering dual antithrombotic therapy (aspirin and anticoagulant). Enoxaparin was administered twice daily (1 mg/kg) to 76 patients (73.1%), once daily (1.5 mg/kg) to 17 patients (16.3%), and at modified (dose-reduced) therapeutic dosing to 11 patients in a setting of thrombocytopenia or renal failure. In the majority of cases, enoxaparin was initiated after brain metastases were diagnosed (88 of 104; 84.6%). View inline View popup Table 1Demographics and patient characteristics Cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage There was no statistical difference in the cumulative incidence of measurable, total, or significant intracranial hemorrhage in those patients who received therapeutic enoxaparin after the diagnosis of brain metastases compared with matched controls who did not receive therapeutic anticoagulation. As shown in Figure 1, the cumulative incidence of measurable intracranial hemorrhages at 1 year was 19% in the enoxaparin cohort and 21% in the control cohort (Gray test, P = .97; HR, 1.02; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-1.59). The cumulative incidence of total intracranial hemorrhages was 44% at 1 year in the enoxaparin cohort compared with 37% in the control cohort ( P = .13). As shown in the histogram in Figure 2, the volume distribution of the intracranial hemorrhages was similar in the 2 cohorts. There were a similar number of radiologic studies performed before the date of intracranial hemorrhage, loss to follow-up, or death in the enoxaparin and control cohorts (median of 4 vs 3 studies; P = .12). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1Cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with metastatic brain tumors. No differences between enoxaparin and control cohorts were observed in the cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage for any category (Gray test, P > .05) including measurable (A), significant (B), and total (C) hemorrhages. Enoxaparin cohort shown in red and controls in blue. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2Volume histograms of intracranial hemorrhages. The distribution of all hemorrhages identified among control (A) and enoxaparin (B) cohorts are shown according to volume (m L). SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage. An intracranial hemorrhage was identified as significant on the basis of size, symptoms, and/or need for surgical intervention. We did not detect a difference in the rate of significant intracranial hemorrhage between the groups who received enoxaparin compared with controls, with a 1-year cumulative incidence of significant intracranial hemorrhage of 21% in the enoxaparin cohort compared with 22% in the control cohort (Gray test, P = .87). The majority of significant intracranial hemorrhages in both the enoxaparin (21 of 24; 87.5%) and the control cohorts (36 of 38; 94.7%) were symptomatic. Six of 24 patients (25%) in the enoxaparin cohort with significant hemorrhages required neurosurgical intervention compared with 6 of 38 (15.8%; Fisher’s exact test, P = .51) in the control group. Intracranial hemorrhage according to malignancy diagnosis Among those patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (N = 153), there was no statistical difference in the cumulative incidence of measurable, total, or significant intracranial hemorrhages. The cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage at 1 year in the enoxaparin cohort compared with the control cohort was 12% vs 16% for measurable bleeds (Gray test, P = .5), 15% vs 19% for significant bleeds ( P = .93), and 42% vs 33% for total bleeds ( P = .23), as shown in Figure 3. Among those patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (N = 60), the overall rate of intracranial hemorrhage was considerably greater ( Table 2) than other malignancy subgroups, but there was no statistical difference in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhages in the enoxaparin compared with the control cohorts within the subgroup. In the melanoma plus renal cell carcinoma subgroup, the cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage at 1 year in the enoxaparin cohort was 42% compared with 52% in the control cohort for measurable bleeds (Gray test, P = .8), 35% vs 34% for significant bleeds ( P = .88), and 55% vs 58% for total bleeds ( P = .75) ( Figure 3 ). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 3Cumulative incidence of significant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in the non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma/renal cell carcinoma subgroups. (A) The cumulative incidence of significant intracranial hemorrhage in patients with non-small lung cancer at 1 year was 15% in the enoxaparin cohort compared with 19% in the control cohort (Gray test, P = .93). (B) In the melanoma plus renal cell carcinoma subgroup, the cumulative incidence of significant intracranial hemorrhage at 1 year was 35% for the enoxaparin cohort vs 34% for the controls (Gray test, P = .88). Enoxaparin cohort shown in solid gray line and controls in hatched black line. NSCLC, nonsmall lung cancer; RCC, renal cell carcinoma. View inline View popup Table 2Univariable and multivariable Fine and Gray competing risk analysis for the development of measurable intracranial hemorrhage Variables predictive of intracranial hemorrhage Univariate Fine and Gray competing risk regression was performed to identify variables predictive of measurable intracranial hemorrhage in patients with metastatic brain tumors ( Table 2 ). Among the variables analyzed, both malignancy diagnosis (melanoma or renal cell carcinoma) and chronic kidney disease were predictive of measurable intracranial hemorrhage. In a Fine and Gray competing risk regression, the strongest predictor of intracranial hemorrhage was the combined tumor category of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, which was associated with an almost fourfold increased risk for measurable intracranial hemorrhage (HR, 3.98; 90% CI, 2.41-6.57) relative to lung cancer. The cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage did not differ statistically based on the dosing regimen of enoxaparin (once daily vs twice daily) for measurable (Gray’s test, P = .20), significant ( P = .91), or total ( P = .46) intracranial hemorrhages. The use of antiangiogenic agents (ie, bevacizumab, sorafenib, or sunitinib) was not associated with an increased risk for measurable intracranial hemorrhage (HR, 0.89; 90% CI, 0.41-1.96). Intracranial hemorrhage relative to the initiation of enoxaparin The cumulative incidence of measurable intracranial hemorrhage after the start of enoxaparin was 11.8% at 6 months. The cumulative incidence of measurable hemorrhage was 13% at 6 months in the subgroup (N = 62) when enoxaparin was initiated after receiving CNS-directed therapy (radiation or surgery), which addresses the frequent clinical question regarding risk for intracranial hemorrhage in patients with treated brain metastasis. We also considered enoxaparin as a time-varying covariate to assess the effect of anticoagulation on the cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. Treatment with enoxaparin was associated with a decreased incidence of measurable intracranial hemorrhage (HR, 0.47; 90% CI, 0.27-0.80; P = .02). Overall survival A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for the 2 cohorts. As shown in Figure 4, the median survival was similar in the enoxaparin and control cohorts (8.4 vs 9.7 months; Log-rank test, P = .65). We performed post hoc analysis to explore the potential of immortal time bias. The majority of patients in enoxaparin cohort initiated anticoagulation by 6 months (87 of 104, 83.7%). Of the 87 enoxaparin patients, 36 (41.4%) were alive at 6 months compared with 96 (52.2%) of 184 in the control cohort (Fishers exact, P = .12). In a landmark analysis of OS including patients alive at 6 months, the HR was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.01-2.41; P = .05). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 4Kaplan-Meier survival curves comparing enoxaparin and control cohorts. The median survival was 8.4 months in the enoxaparin cohort (gray) and 9.7 months in the control cohorts (black). Log-rank test, P = .65. Discussion VTE is a common complication in patients with brain metastases, but limited evidence is available regarding whether therapeutic anticoagulation can be safely administered. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest clinical study assessing the safety of low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with metastatic brain tumors. Reassuringly, the cumulative incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was not significantly different in those patients who received therapeutic enoxaparin compared with controls for all outcomes including measurable, total, and significant intracranial hemorrhages. The absence of an effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on rates of intracranial hemorrhage is consistent with the findings of smaller studies, including a case series of 38 patients 15 and a retrospective cohort study of 44 patients with melanoma brain metastases. 7 In the current study, the only covariate that was predictive of hemorrhage was the combined group of renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. This finding is consistent with published data regarding the high incidence of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage associated with both melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. 17 The diagnosis of brain metastasis secondary to melanoma and renal cell carcinoma is commonly considered a relative contraindication for therapeutic anticoagulation. 1, 2 Despite an intracranial hemorrhage incidence of nearly 50% at 1 year in the melanoma and renal cell carcinoma group, we did not observe an additional risk for intracranial hemorrhage attributed to the use of low-molecular-weight heparin. However, on the basis of the high rate of intracranial hemorrhage and the limited number of patients with such diagnoses in our cohort study, caution is warranted in treating patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma with therapeutic anticoagulation. Even in the absence of anticoagulation, brain metastases are associated with high rates of spontaneous hemorrhage. The rates observed in this study are higher than previously reported, which is likely a result of increased sensitivity of modern imaging and longer follow-up in the current study, as well as differences in the definition of intracranial hemorrhage. We elected to use strict criteria for intracranial hemorrhage, using a radiologic estimation of hemorrhage volume. In contrast, most studies evaluating the rates of hemorrhage related to intracranial metastases do not provide a priori criteria to define intracranial hemorrhage 2, 6 ⇓ ⇓ - 9, 13 The definition of a significant intracranial hemorrhage on anticoagulation also varies according to which classification criteria are applied. 13, 14 Intracranial blood volume is known to be predictive of poor outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke patients 11, 12; however, extrapolating similar blood volume thresholds to cancer cohorts is difficult because of the coexistent tumor mass. On the basis of the incomplete literature available to accurately describe the spectra of intracranial hemorrhages in patients with cancer, we elected to incorporate elements of several classification approaches into a composite “significant” intracranial hemorrhage category, which included larger-volume bleeds (>10 m L), the presence of new symptoms, or the need for surgical intervention. Notably, the vast majority of all bleeds classified into this category were symptomatic (>90%), and approximately one-quarter required surgical intervention. Several limitations of the study warrant discussion. First, there are intrinsic limitations and biases inherent to retrospective cohort studies. Ideally, patients are identified at the time of CNS metastasis and are prospectively followed for the development of intracranial hemorrhage with or without anticoagulation. Such a study is difficult to perform logistically and is prone to imbalances, as patients are not randomly allocated to treatment groups. A specific strength of the current cohort study is the use of a computerized scoring algorithm to best match controls for a number of baseline characteristics. We also used a blinded review of radiology images to minimize classification bias. Although it is possible that those patients identified as appropriate for anticoagulation represent a lower-risk population, and thus experienced a comparatively lower rate of hemorrhage, we did not observe a significant difference in rates of hemorrhage between those who received anticoagulation compared with those who did not when anticoagulation was considered appropriate by the treating physician. We did not assess the factors influencing the decision to administer anticoagulation, and thus would continue to advocate for clinical judgment in determining the appropriateness of therapeutic anticoagulation for any given patient. Beyond malignancy diagnosis, we did not identify any independent risk factors (ie, renal failure, age, hypertension, etc) that would assist the clinician in determining the safety of anticoagulation. Whether other laboratory risk factors such as thrombocytopenia or baseline coagulopathy serve as predictors for hemorrhage was not assessed in the current study. The second potential limitation is that we did not achieve the target number of patients based on our original statistical assumptions. However, all eligible patients identified at a major academic teaching hospital between 1997 and 2014 were included, and we did not observe any trends toward an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage associated with the administration of enoxaparin over time; on the basis of these results, a trial powered to detect such a small statistical difference between study groups would require several thousand patients. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with cancer is associated with shortened survival relative to patients with cancer without VTE. 18, 19 Whether low-molecular-weight heparin affects overall survival in patients with cancer continues to be debated. 20 A trend toward improved survival with low-molecular-weight heparin was observed in a smaller study of patients with melanoma with brain metastasis (median overall survival, 4.3 months vs 1.2 months; P = .06). 7 In such cohort studies, there is the potential for immortal time bias, as the experimental group must live long enough to suffer the event of interest (ie, VTE). In our study, overall survival did not differ between the enoxaparin and control cohorts and was largely influenced by a similarly high rate of early mortality. In the subgroup of patients who lived past 6 months, a landmark analysis suggests the diagnosis of VTE potentially carries a worse long-term prognosis. Given the high incidence of VTE and the potential for devastating intracranial hemorrhage with anticoagulation, it is important to provide evidence to help guide clinical decisions regarding the use of anticoagulation in patients with brain metastases. Recent guidelines issued by American Society of Clinical Oncology state that the presence of an intracranial malignancy should not be considered an absolute contraindication for anticoagulation. 21 The data presented in this study provide reassurance that low-molecular-weight heparin can safely be administered to patients with metastatic brain tumors without increasing the likelihood of intracranial hemorrhage. Authorship Contribution: The manuscript was principally authored by J. D. and J. I. Z. and reviewed by all authors; the study was designed by J. D., F. C., D. N., E. J. U., G. M. W., and J. I. Z.; and data collection and analysis were performed by all authors. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: J. I. Z. received prior research funding from Sanofi, serving on advisory committees for Portola Pharmaceuticals and Merck, and receiving consulting fees from Parexel. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence: Jeffrey Zwicker, Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115; e-mail: jzwicker@bidmc.harvard.edu. Acknowledgments Computerized data collection was supported by the Harvard Catalyst/The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health Award 8UL1TR000170-05 and financial contributions from Harvard University and its affiliated academic health care centers). Statistical support provided through a Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Core Grant (5P30 CA006516). Footnotes There is an Inside Blood Commentary on this article in this issue. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 USC section 1734. Submitted February 3, 2015. Accepted April 20, 2015.© 2015 by The American Society of Hematology References↵Gerber DE, Grossman SA, Streiff MB. Management of venous thromboembolism in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 ( 8 ): 1310 - 1318. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar↵Schiff D, Lee EQ, Nayak L, Norden AD, Reardon DA, Wen PY. Medical management of brain tumors and the sequelae of treatment. Neuro-oncol2015; 17 ( 4 ): 488 - 504. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar↵Sjöblom L, Hårdemark H-G, Lindgren A, et al. Management and prognostic features of intracerebral hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy: a Swedish multicenter study. Stroke 2001; 32 ( 11 ): 2567 - 2574. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar↵Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD, Hanley DF. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet2009; 373 ( 9675 ): 1632 - 1644. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 ( 2 ): 146 - 153. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Schiff D, De Angelis LM. Therapy of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain metastases. Cancer 1994; 73 ( 2 ): 493 - 498. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Alvarado G, Noor R, Bassett R, et al. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage with anticoagulation therapy in melanoma patients with brain metastases. Melanoma Res 2012; 22 ( 4 ): 310 - 315. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Srivastava G, Rana V, Wallace S, et al. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accidents in non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis patients. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4 ( 3 ): 333 - 337. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Google Scholar↵Licata B, Turazzi S. Bleeding cerebral neoplasms with symptomatic hematoma. J Neurosurg Sci 2003; 47 ( 4 ): 201 - 210, discussion 210. Open Url Pub Med Google Scholar↵Murphy SN, Weber G, Mendis M, et al. Serving the enterprise and beyond with informatics for integrating biology and the bedside (i2b2). J Am Med Inform Assoc 2010; 17 ( 2 ): 124 - 130. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar↵Yang W, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Yan J, Fu Y, Chen S. Volume quantification of acute infratentorial hemorrhage with computed tomography: validation of the formula 1/2ABC and 2/3SH. PLo S ONE 2013; 8 ( 4 ): e62286. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Google Scholar↵Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Huster G. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 1993; 24 ( 7 ): 987 - 993. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar↵ US Department of Health and Human Services. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. http://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-14_Quick Reference_5x7.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2015. Google Scholar↵Schulman S, Kearon C; Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3 ( 4 ): 692 - 694. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Vitale FV, Rotondo S, Sessa E, et al. Low molecular weight heparin administration in cancer patients with hypercoagulability-related complications and carrying brain metastases: a case series study. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2012; 18 ( 1 ): 10 - 16. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar↵Campigotto F, Neuberg D, Zwicker JI. Biased estimation of thrombosis rates in cancer studies using the method of Kaplan and Meier. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10 ( 7 ): 1449 - 1451. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Google Scholar↵Kondziolka D, Bernstein M, Resch L, et al. Significance of hemorrhage into brain tumors: clinicopathological study. J Neurosurg 1987; 67 ( 6 ): 852 - 857. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Baron JA. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med2000; 343 ( 25 ): 1846 - 1850. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Chew HK, Wun T, Harvey D, Zhou H, White RH. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166 ( 4 ): 458 - 464. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Web of Science Google Scholar↵Noble S. Heparins and cancer survival: where do we stand? Thromb Res2014; 133 ( Suppl 2 ): S133 - S138. Open Url Cross Ref Pub Med Google Scholar↵Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31 ( 17 ): 2189 - 2204. Open Url Abstract / FREE Full Text Google Scholar View Abstract Previous Next Back to top Advertisement Previous Next Table of Contents Volume: 126 Issue: 4 Pages: 494-499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-02-626788Collections Clinical Trials and Observations Free Research Articles Thrombosis and Hemostasis Other Versions You are viewing the most current version of this article.blood-2015-02-626788v1Email Alerts Citation Tools Cite This Powerpoint PDFShare Jump to Article Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Authorship Acknowledgments Footnotes References Figures & Data Info & Metricse-Letters PDFAdvertisement Related Articles


what is wdm

t e In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing ( WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.

Wavelength-division multiplexing

"""DWDM"" redirects here. For the radio station, see DWDM-FM. Multiplexing Analog modulation AM FM PM QAM SM SSBCircuit mode (constant bandwidth)TDM FDM / WDM SDMA Polarization Spatial OAMStatistical multiplexing (variable bandwidth)Packet switching Dynamic TDMA FHSSDSSS OFDMA SC-FDM MC-SSRelated topics Channel access methods Media access controlv

The term wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly applied to an optical carrier, which is typically described by its wavelength, whereas frequency-division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier which is more often described by frequency. This is purely convention because wavelength and frequency communicate the same information. Contents [ hide ]1 WDM systems2 Coarse WDM3 Dense WDM3.1 DWDM systems3.2 Wavelength-converting transponders3.3 Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM)3.4 Optical cross connects (OXCs)4 Enhanced WDM5 Transceivers versus transponders6 Implementations7 See also8 References WDM systems [ edit]WDM operating principle Nortel 's WDM System A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the several signals together, and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. With the right type of fiber it is possible to have a device that does both simultaneously, and can function as an optical add-drop multiplexer. The optical filtering devices used have conventionally been etalons (stable solid-state single-frequency Fabry–Pérot interferometers in the form of thin-film-coated optical glass). As there are three different WDM types, whereof one is called ""WDM"", the notation ""x WDM"" is normally used when discussing the technology as such. The concept was first published in 1978, and by 1980 WDM systems were being realized in the laboratory. The first WDM systems combined only two signals. Modern systems can handle 160 signals and can thus expand a basic 100 Gbit/s system over a single fiber pair to over 16 Tbit/s. A system of 320 channels is also present (12.5 GHz channel spacing, see below. )WDM systems are popular with telecommunications companies because they allow them to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fiber. By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network. Capacity of a given link can be expanded simply by upgrading the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end. This is often done by use of optical-to-electrical-to-optical (O/E/O) translation at the very edge of the transport network, thus permitting interoperation with existing equipment with optical interfaces. Most WDM systems operate on single-mode fiber optical cables, which have a core diameter of 9 µm. Certain forms of WDM can also be used in multi-mode fiber cables (also known as premises cables) which have core diameters of 50 or 62.5 µm. Early WDM systems were expensive and complicated to run. However, recent standardization and better understanding of the dynamics of WDM systems have made WDM less expensive to deploy. Optical receivers, in contrast to laser sources, tend to be wideband devices. Therefore, the demultiplexer must provide the wavelength selectivity of the receiver in the WDM system. WDM systems are divided into three different wavelength patterns, normal (WDM), coarse (CWDM) and dense (DWDM). Normal WDM (sometimes called BWDM) uses the two normal wavelengths 1310 and 1550 on one fiber. Coarse WDM provides up to 16 channels across multiple transmission windows of silica fibers. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) uses the C-Band (1530 nm-1565 nm) transmission window but with denser channel spacing. Channel plans vary, but a typical DWDM system would use 40 channels at 100 GHz spacing or 80 channels with 50 GHz spacing. Some technologies are capable of 12.5 GHz spacing (sometimes called ultra dense WDM). New amplification options ( Raman amplification) enable the extension of the usable wavelengths to the L-band (1565 nm-1625 nm), more or less doubling these numbers. Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) in contrast to DWDM uses increased channel spacing to allow less sophisticated and thus cheaper transceiver designs. To provide 16 channels on a single fiber CWDM uses the entire frequency band spanning the second and third transmission window (1310/1550 nm respectively) including both windows (minimum dispersion window and minimum attenuation window) but also the critical area where OH scattering may occur, recommending the use of OH-free silica fibers in case the wavelengths between second and third transmission windows are to be used. Avoiding this region, the channels 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 remain and these are the most commonly used. With OS2 fibers the water peak problem is overcome, and all possible 18 channels can be used. WDM, DWDM and CWDM are based on the same concept of using multiple wavelengths of light on a single fiber, but differ in the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, and the ability to amplify the multiplexed signals in the optical space. EDFA provide an efficient wideband amplification for the C-band, Raman amplification adds a mechanism for amplification in the L-band. For CWDM, wideband optical amplification is not available, limiting the optical spans to several tens of kilometres. Coarse WDM [ edit]Series of SFP+ transceivers for 10 Gbit/s WDM communications Originally, the term coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) was fairly generic, and meant a number of different things. In general, these things shared the fact that the choice of channel spacings and frequency stability was such that erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) could not be utilized. Prior to the relatively recent ITU standardization of the term, one common meaning for coarse WDM meant two (or possibly more) signals multiplexed onto a single fiber, where one signal was in the 1550 nm band, and the other in the 1310 nm band. In 2002 the ITU standardized a channel spacing grid for use with CWDM (ITU-T G.694.2), using the wavelengths from 1270 nm through 1610 nm with a channel spacing of 20 nm. (G.694.2 was revised in 2003 to shift the actual channel centers by 1 nm, so that strictly speaking the center wavelengths are 1271 to 1611 nm). [1] Many CWDM wavelengths below 1470 nm are considered ""unusable"" on older G.652 specification fibers, due to the increased attenuation in the 1270–1470 nm bands. Newer fibers which conform to the G.652. C and G.652. D [2] standards, such as Corning SMF-28e and Samsung Widepass nearly eliminate the ""water peak"" attenuation peak and allow for full operation of all 18 ITU CWDM channels in metropolitan networks. The 10GBASE-LX4 10 Gbit/s physical layer standard is an example of a CWDM system in which four wavelengths near 1310 nm, each carrying a 3.125 gigabit-per-second (Gbit/s) data stream, are used to carry 10 Gbit/s of aggregate data. The main characteristic of the recent ITU CWDM standard is that the signals are not spaced appropriately for amplification by EDFAs. This therefore limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60 km for a 2.5 Gbit/s signal, which is suitable for use in metropolitan applications. The relaxed optical frequency stabilization requirements allow the associated costs of CWDM to approach those of non-WDM optical components. CWDM is also being used in cable television networks, where different wavelengths are used for the downstream and upstream signals. In these systems, the wavelengths used are often widely separated, for example the downstream signal might be at 1310 nm while the upstream signal is at 1550 nm. An interesting and relatively recent development relating coarse WDM is the creation of GBIC and small form factor pluggable ( SFP) transceivers utilizing standardized CWDM wavelengths. GBIC and SFP optics allow for something very close to a seamless upgrade in even legacy systems that support SFP interfaces. Thus, a legacy switch system can be easily ""converted"" to allow wavelength multiplexed transport over a fiber simply by judicious choice of transceiver wavelengths, combined with an inexpensive passive optical multiplexing device. Passive CWDM is an implementation of CWDM that uses no electrical power. It separates the wavelengths using passive optical components such as bandpass filters and prisms. Many manufacturers are promoting passive CWDM to deploy fiber to the home. Dense WDM [ edit]Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) refers originally to optical signals multiplexed within the 1550 nm band so as to leverage the capabilities (and cost) of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which are effective for wavelengths between approximately 1525–1565 nm (C band), or 1570–1610 nm (L band). EDFAs were originally developed to replace SONET/SDH optical-electrical-optical (OEO) regenerators, which they have made practically obsolete. EDFAs can amplify any optical signal in their operating range, regardless of the modulated bit rate. In terms of multi-wavelength signals, so long as the EDFA has enough pump energy available to it, it can amplify as many optical signals as can be multiplexed into its amplification band (though signal densities are limited by choice of modulation format). EDFAs therefore allow a single-channel optical link to be upgraded in bit rate by replacing only equipment at the ends of the link, while retaining the existing EDFA or series of EDFAs through a long haul route. Furthermore, single-wavelength links using EDFAs can similarly be upgraded to WDM links at reasonable cost. The EDFA's cost is thus leveraged across as many channels as can be multiplexed into the 1550 nm band. DWDM systems [ edit]At this stage, a basic DWDM system contains several main components: WDM multiplexer for DWDM communications A DWDM terminal multiplexer. The terminal multiplexer contains a wavelength-converting transponder for each data signal, an optical multiplexer and where necessary an optical amplifier (EDFA). Each wavelength-converting transponder receives an optical data signal from the client-layer, such as Synchronous optical networking [SONET /SDH] or another type of data signal, converts this signal into the electrical domain and re-transmits the signal at a specific wavelength using a 1,550 nm band laser. These data signals are then combined together into a multi-wavelength optical signal using an optical multiplexer, for transmission over a single fiber (e.g., SMF-28 fiber). The terminal multiplexer may or may not also include a local transmit EDFA for power amplification of the multi-wavelength optical signal. In the mid-1990s DWDM systems contained 4 or 8 wavelength-converting transponders; by 2000 or so, commercial systems capable of carrying 128 signals were available. An intermediate line repeater is placed approximately every 80–100 km to compensate for the loss of optical power as the signal travels along the fiber. The 'multi-wavelength optical signal' is amplified by an EDFA, which usually consists of several amplifier stages. An intermediate optical terminal, or optical add-drop multiplexer. This is a remote amplification site that amplifies the multi-wavelength signal that may have traversed up to 140 km or more before reaching the remote site. Optical diagnostics and telemetry are often extracted or inserted at such a site, to allow for localization of any fiber breaks or signal impairments. In more sophisticated systems (which are no longer point-to-point), several signals out of the multi-wavelength optical signal may be removed and dropped locally. A DWDM terminal demultiplexer. At the remote site, the terminal de-multiplexer consisting of an optical de-multiplexer and one or more wavelength-converting transponders separates the multi-wavelength optical signal back into individual data signals and outputs them on separate fibers for client-layer systems (such as SONET/SDH ). Originally, this de-multiplexing was performed entirely passively, except for some telemetry, as most SONET systems can receive 1,550 nm signals. However, in order to allow for transmission to remote client-layer systems (and to allow for digital domain signal integrity determination) such de-multiplexed signals are usually sent to O/E/O output transponders prior to being relayed to their client-layer systems. Often, the functionality of output transponder has been integrated into that of input transponder, so that most commercial systems have transponders that support bi-directional interfaces on both their 1,550 nm (i.e., internal) side, and external (i.e., client-facing) side. Transponders in some systems supporting 40 GHz nominal operation may also perform forward error correction (FEC) via digital wrapper technology, as described in the ITU-T G.709 standard. Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC). This is data channel which uses an additional wavelength usually outside the EDFA amplification band (at 1,510 nm, 1,620 nm, 1,310 nm or another proprietary wavelength). The OSC carries information about the multi-wavelength optical signal as well as remote conditions at the optical terminal or EDFA site. It is also normally used for remote software upgrades and user (i.e., network operator) Network Management information. It is the multi-wavelength analogue to SONET's DCC (or supervisory channel). ITU standards suggest that the OSC should utilize an OC-3 signal structure, though some vendors have opted to use 100 megabit Ethernet or another signal format. Unlike the 1550 nm multi-wavelength signal containing client data, the OSC is always terminated at intermediate amplifier sites, where it receives local information before re-transmission. The introduction of the ITU-T G.694.1 [3] frequency grid in 2002 has made it easier to integrate WDM with older but more standard SONET/SDH systems. WDM wavelengths are positioned in a grid having exactly 100 GHz (about 0.8 nm) spacing in optical frequency, with a reference frequency fixed at 193.10 THz (1,552.52 nm). [4] The main grid is placed inside the optical fiber amplifier bandwidth, but can be extended to wider bandwidths. The first commercial deployment of DWDM was made by Ciena Corporation on the Sprint network in June 1996. [5] [6] [7] Today's DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation. [8]DWDM systems have to maintain more stable wavelength or frequency than those needed for CWDM because of the closer spacing of the wavelengths. Precision temperature control of laser transmitter is required in DWDM systems to prevent ""drift"" off a very narrow frequency window of the order of a few GHz. In addition, since DWDM provides greater maximum capacity it tends to be used at a higher level in the communications hierarchy than CWDM, for example on the Internet backbone and is therefore associated with higher modulation rates, thus creating a smaller market for DWDM devices with very high performance. These factors of smaller volume and higher performance result in DWDM systems typically being more expensive than CWDM. Recent innovations in DWDM transport systems include pluggable and software-tunable transceiver modules capable of operating on 40 or 80 channels. This dramatically reduces the need for discrete spare pluggable modules, when a handful of pluggable devices can handle the full range of wavelengths. Wavelength-converting transponders [ edit]At this stage, some details concerning wavelength-converting transponders should be discussed, as this will clarify the role played by current DWDM technology as an additional optical transport layer. It will also serve to outline the evolution of such systems over the last 10 or so years. As stated above, wavelength-converting transponders served originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer signal into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1,550 nm band (note that even external wavelengths in the 1,550 nm will most likely need to be translated, as they will almost certainly not have the required frequency stability tolerances nor will it have the optical power necessary for the system's EDFA). In the mid-1990s, however, wavelength converting transponders rapidly took on the additional function of signal regeneration. Signal regeneration in transponders quickly evolved through 1R to 2R to 3R and into overhead-monitoring multi-bitrate 3R regenerators. These differences are outlined below:1RRetransmission. Basically, early transponders were ""garbage in garbage out"" in that their output was nearly an analogue ""copy"" of the received optical signal, with little signal cleanup occurring. This limited the reach of early DWDM systems because the signal had to be handed off to a client-layer receiver (likely from a different vendor) before the signal deteriorated too far. Signal monitoring was basically confined to optical domain parameters such as received power.2RRe-time and re-transmit. Transponders of this type were not very common and utilized a quasi-digital Schmitt-triggering method for signal clean-up. Some rudimentary signal-quality monitoring was done by such transmitters that basically looked at analogue parameters.3RRe-time, re-transmit, re-shape. 3R Transponders were fully digital and normally able to view SONET/SDH section layer overhead bytes such as A1 and A2 to determine signal quality health. Many systems will offer 2.5 Gbit/s transponders, which will normally mean the transponder is able to perform 3R regeneration on OC-3/12/48 signals, and possibly gigabit Ethernet, and reporting on signal health by monitoring SONET/SDH section layer overhead bytes. Many transponders will be able to perform full multi-rate 3R in both directions. Some vendors offer 10 Gbit/s transponders, which will perform Section layer overhead monitoring to all rates up to and including OC-192. Muxponder The muxponder (from multiplexed transponder) has different names depending on vendor. It essentially performs some relatively simple time-division multiplexing of lower-rate signals into a higher-rate carrier within the system (a common example is the ability to accept 4 OC-48s and then output a single OC-192 in the 1,550 nm band). More recent muxponder designs have absorbed more and more TDM functionality, in some cases obviating the need for traditional SONET/SDH transport equipment. Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) [ edit]Main article: Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer As mentioned above, intermediate optical amplification sites in DWDM systems may allow for the dropping and adding of certain wavelength channels. In most systems deployed as of August 2006 this is done infrequently, because adding or dropping wavelengths requires manually inserting or replacing wavelength-selective cards. This is costly, and in some systems requires that all active traffic be removed from the DWDM system, because inserting or removing the wavelength-specific cards interrupts the multi-wavelength optical signal. With a ROADM, network operators can remotely reconfigure the multiplexer by sending soft commands. The architecture of the ROADM is such that dropping or adding wavelengths does not interrupt the ""pass-through"" channels. Numerous technological approaches are utilized for various commercial ROADMs, the tradeoff being between cost, optical power, and flexibility. Optical cross connects (OXCs) [ edit]Main article: Optical cross-connect This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)When the network topology is a mesh, where nodes are interconnected by fibers to form an arbitrary graph, an additional fiber interconnection device is needed to route the signals from an input port to the desired output port. These devices are called optical crossconnectors (OXCs). Various categories of OXCs include electronic (""opaque""), optical (""transparent""), and wavelength selective devices. Enhanced WDM [ edit]Cisco 's Enhanced WDM system combines 1 Gb Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) connections using SFPs and GBICs with 10 Gb Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) connections using XENPAK, X2 or XFP DWDM modules. These DWDM connections can either be passive or boosted to allow a longer range for the connection. In addition to this, CFP modules deliver 100 Gbit/s Ethernet suitable for high speed Internet backbone connections. Transceivers versus transponders [ edit]Transceivers – Since communication over a single wavelength is one-way ( simplex communication ), and most practical communication systems require two-way ( duplex communication) communication, two wavelengths will be required if on the same fiber; if separate fibers are used in a so-called fiber pair, then the same wavelength is normally used and it is not WDM. As a result, at each end both a transmitter and a receiver will be required. A combination of a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver; it converts an electrical signal to and from an optical signal. WDM transceivers made for single-strand operation require the opposing transmitters to use different wavelengths. WDM transceivers additionally require an optical splitter/combiner to couple the transmitter and receiver paths onto the one fiber strand. Coarse WDM (CWDM) Transceiver Wavelengths: 1271 nm, 1291 nm, 1311 nm, 1331 nm, 1351 nm, 1371 nm, 1391 nm, 1411 nm, 1431 nm, 1451 nm, 1471 nm, 1491 nm, 1511 nm, 1531 nm, 1551 nm, 1571 nm, 1591 nm, 1611 nm. [9]Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers: Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T. [10]Transponder – In practice, the signal inputs and outputs will not be electrical but optical instead (typically at 1550 nm). This means that in effect wavelength converters are needed instead, which is exactly what a transponder is. A transponder can be made up of two transceivers placed after each other: the first transceiver converting the 1550 nm optical signal to/from an electrical signal, and the second transceiver converting the electrical signal to/from an optical signal at the required wavelength. Transponders that don't use an intermediate electrical signal (all-optical transponders) are in development. See also transponders (optical communications) for different functional views on the meaning of optical transponders. Implementations [ edit]There are several simulation tools that can be used to design WDM systems. See also [ edit]Add-drop multiplexer Arrayed waveguide grating Code-division multiple access Dark fiber Differential quadrature phase shift keying Frequency-division multiplexing IPo DWDMMultiwavelength optical networking Optical mesh network Optical Transport Network Orbital angular momentum multiplexing Photodiode Polarization mode dispersion SELFOC Microlens Small form-factor pluggable transceiver Spectrometer Super-channel Time-division multiplexing References [ edit]^ ITU-T G.694.2, ""WDM applications: CWDM wavelength grid"" ITU-T website^ ITU-T G.652, ""Transmission media and optical systems characteristics – Optical fibre cables"" ITU-T website^ ITU-T G.694.1, ""Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid"" ITU-T website^ DWDM ITU Table, 100Ghz spacing"" telecomengineering.com^ Markoff, John. “Fiber-Optic Technology Draws Record Stock Value.” The New York Times. March 3 1997.^ Hecht, Jeff. “Boom, Bubble, Bust: The Fiber Optic Mania.” Optics and Photonics News. The Optical Society. Pg. 47. October 2016.^ “New Technology Allows 1,600% Capacity Boost on Sprint's Fiber-Optic Network; Ciena Corp. System Installed; Greatly Increases Bandwidth"" Sprint. June 12 1996. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/NEW+TECHNOLOGY+ALLOWS+1,600+PERCENT+CAPACITY+BOOST+ON+SPRINT'S...-a018380396^ http://www.infinera.com/products/ils2.html^ CWDM SFP Transceiver, Optcore Technology, retrieved March 26, 2013^ DWDM SFP Transceiver, Optcore Technology, retrieved March 26, 2013Siva Ram Murthy C.; Guruswamy M., ""WDM Optical Networks, Concepts, Design, and Algorithms"", Prentice Hall India, ISBN 81-203-2129-4. Tomlinson, W. J.; Lin, C., ""Optical wavelength-division multiplexer for the 1–1.4-micron spectral region"", Electronics Letters, vol. 14, May 25, 1978, p. 345–347. adsabs.harvard.edu Ishio, H. Minowa, J. Nosu, K., ""Review and status of wavelength-division-multiplexing technology and its application"", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Volume: 2, Issue: 4, Aug 1984, p. 448–463Cheung, Nim K.; Nosu Kiyoshi; Winzer, Gerhard ""Guest Editorial / Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Techniques for High Capacity and Multiple Access Communication Systems"", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 8 No. 6, August 1990 . Arora, A.; Subramaniam, S. ""Wavelength Conversion Placement in WDM Mesh Optical Networks"". Photonic Network Communications, Volume 4, Number 2, May 2002. First discussion: O. E. Delange, ""Wideband optical communication systems, Part 11-Frequency division multiplexing"". hoc. IEEE, vol. 58, p. 1683, October 1970. "


what are stampings used for

This strategy applies to every aspect of the manufacturing process including automotive stampings, which is a process used to make many car parts, mostly for the body of the vehicle, such as doors, hoods, trunks, and roofs. So how does a company ensure that each of these components are defect free and in tip-top shape?

Automotive Stampings Manufacturers and Companies

Ensuring Quality in Automotive Stampings The automobile industry has an ever-expanding global market, and that means more competition among auto-makers. The best way to compete, to lead, and to stay at the forefront of the industry is to produce quality products that speak for themselves. In the last decade quality improvement has become a crucial strategy for gaining and maintaining that competitive advantage.

Newly developed vision systems can assist in this crucial part of the process. The systems are used to inspect parts that have just been stamped for cracks before they are transferred to the next press. The Intelligent Sensing equipment employs quick disconnect mechanisms, which allows for fast tooling changes. These vision systems are designed to check parts for cracks and mis-welded items on challenging surfaces that could otherwise go unnoticed. Having the ability to catch errors at an early stage greatly increases efficiency throughout the manufacturing process and improves overall quality as well. When it comes to metal stamping, particularly for auto-bodies, the integrity of the parts as well as their outward appearance are vital to a company’s survival and success in this competitive market. New vision technology is making it faster, easier, and cheaper than ever before to ensure quality both of these levels. With an industry that is over one hundred years old and constantly changing and expanding, it is crucial to keep up with technological advances in automobile stamping. As more and more companies utilize new technology, customers continue to receive higher quality products at better values every day. Automotive Stampings Automotive stamping is a metal forming process in which flat stock sheet metal or metal coils are precisely shaped into three dimensional automotive parts in a stamping press. Automotive metal stamping presses offer rapid stamping as well as repeatable and programmable dimensions which in turn increases both dimensional control and standardizing accuracy. A cost-effective process, automotive stamping forms metals such as pre-coated steels, Inconel, brass, bronze, cold rolled steel, copper, stainless steel and aluminum into various automotive parts. Automotive metal stampings is able to form a broad range of automotive parts including fenders, hub caps, trim, engine mounts, connectors, terminal leadframes, pins and oxygen sensors. Additional auto parts include braking, fuel delivery, sunroof systems, seating, powertrain systems, fluid sealing systems, air bag cups and bayonet sockets. Not only beneficial to the automotive industry, automotive stamping is also used in industries such as appliance, hardware, pharmaceutical, HVAC, plumbing and fire prevention. Automotive stampings are most commonly formed on progressive stamping presses. Progressive stamping is a metal forming process done with large, heavy duty presses that use several dies together on the same piece of sheet metal. A die is a press tool for cutting or forming material in a stamping machine. Progressive die stamping combines the forming and cutting processes for efficiency and economy. In progressive die stamping, multiple dies stamp the sheet metal at the same time. This metal stamping process is used to form automotive components quickly. Transfer presses can also be used to form automotive stampings. Transfer presses are a type of hydraulic press that work by feeding flat metal blanks automatically into the right end of the press. From there, feed bar fingers take the part and move it from die to die. There are two types of transfer motions used in transfer presses; the simplest system uses dual-axis motion. The first axis moves in and out, centering the part in the transfer press; the second axis motion transfers the automotive part from die to die. The second system is the tri-axis motion, which is used for indexing parts between dies in the transfer press. The transfer feeder bars are mechanically driven synchronously with the slide motion, and the feed bar fingers inserted into the transfer feeder bars hold the part during indexing. Automotive Stampings - Talan Products, Inc. Automotive Stampings Automotive Stamping Services and Industry Information Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:01