what does exempt or non-exempt employee mean

An exempt employee has virtually ""no rights at all"" under the FLSA overtime rules. About all an exempt employee is entitled to under the FLSA is to receive the full amount of the base salary in any work period during which s/he performs any work (less any permissible deductions).

"Coverage under the FLS

AMost jobs are governed by the FLSA. Some are not. Some jobs are excluded from FLSA coverage by statute. Other jobs, while governed by the FLSA, are considered ""exempt"" from the FLSA overtime rules.

Exclusions from FLSA coverage. Particular jobs may be completely excluded from coverage under the FLSA overtime rules. There are two general types of complete exclusion.

Some jobs are specifically excluded in the statute itself. For example, employees of movie theaters and many agricultural workers are not governed by the FLSA overtime rules. Another type of exclusion is for jobs which are governed by some other specific federal labor law. As a general rule, if a job is governed by some other federal labor law, the FLSA does not apply.

For example, most railroad workers are governed by the Railway Labor Act, and many truck drivers are governed by the Motor Carriers Act, and not the FLSA. Many of FLSA exclusions are found in §213 of the FLSA. Exempt or Nonexempt. Employees whose jobs are governed by the FLSA are either ""exempt"" or ""nonexempt."" Nonexempt employees are entitled to overtime pay. Exempt employees are not. Most employees covered by the FLSA are nonexempt. Some are not. Some jobs are classified as exempt by definition. For example, ""outside sales"" employees are exempt (""inside sales"" employeesare nonexempt). For most employees, however, whether they are exempt or nonexempt depends on (a) how much they are paid, (b) how they are paid, and (c) what kind of work they do. With few exceptions, to be exempt an employee must (a) be paid at least $23,600 per year ($455 per week), and (b) be paid on a salary basis, and also (c) perform exempt job duties.

These requirements are outlined in the FLSA Regulations (promulgated by the U. S. Department of Labor). Most employees must meet all three ""tests"" to be exempt. Salary level test. Employees who are paid less than $23,600 per year ($455 per week) are nonexempt.

(Employees who earn more than $100,000 per year are almost certainly exempt. )Salary basis test. Generally, an employee is paid on a salary basis if s/he has a ""guaranteed minimum"" amount of money s/he can count on receiving for any work week in which s/he performs ""any"" work. This amount need not be the entire compensation received, but there must be some amount of pay the employee can count on receiving in any work week in which s/he performs any work. Some ""rules of thumb"" indicating that an employee is paid on a salary basis include whether an employee's base pay is computed from an annual figure divided by the number of paydays in a year, or whether an employee's actual pay is lower in work periods when s/he works fewer than the normal number of hours. However, whether an employee is paid on a salary basis is a ""fact,"" and thus specific evaluation of particular circumstances is necessary.

Whether an employee is paid on a salary basis is not affected by whether pay is expressed in hourly terms (as this is a fairly common requirement of many payroll computer programs), but whether the employee in fact has a ""guaranteed minimum"" amount of pay s/he can count on.

The FLSA salary basis test applies only to reductions in monetary amounts. Requiring an employee to charge absences from work to leave accruals is not a reduction in ""pay,"" because the monetary amount of the employee's paycheck remains the same. Similarly, paying an employee more than the guaranteed salary amount is not normally inconsistent with salary basis status, because this does not result in any reduction in the base pay. With some exceptions, the base pay of a salary basis employee may not be reduced based on the ""quality or quantity"" of work performed (provided that the employee does ""some"" work in the work period). This usually means that the base pay of a salary basis employee may not be reduced if s/he performs less work than normal, if the reason for that is determined by the employer. For example, a salary basis pay employee's base pay may not be reduced if there is ""no work"" to be performed (such as for a plant closing or slow period), and a salary basis employee's base pay may not be reduced for partial day absences. However, employers may ""dock"" the base pay of salary basis employees in full day increments, for disciplinary suspensions, or for personal leave, or for sickness under a bona fide sick leave plan (as for example if the employee has run out of accrued sick leave). Thus, there can be ""permissible"" and ""impermissible"" reductions in salary basis pay. Permissible reductions have no effect on the employee's exempt status. Impermissible reductions may, in that the general rule is that an employee who is subjected to impermissible reductions in salary is no longer paid on a salary basis, and is therefore nonexempt.

However, employers have several avenues by which they can ""cure"" impermissible reductions in salary basis pay, and as a practical matter these make it unlikely that an otherwise exempt employee would become nonexempt because of salary basis pay problems. The salary basis pay requirement for exempt status does not

apply to some jobs (for example, doctors, lawyers and schoolteachers are exempt even if the employees are paid hourly). The duties tests.

An employee who meets the salary level tests and also the salary basis tests is exempt only if s/he also performs exempt job duties. These FLSA exemptions are limited to employees who perform relatively high-level work. Whether the duties of a particular job qualify as exempt depends on what they are.

Job titles or position descriptions are of limited usefulness in this determination. (A secretary is still a secretary even if s/he is called an ""administrative assistant,"" and the chief executive officer is still the CEO even if s/he is called a janitor.) It is the actual job tasks that must be evaluated, along with how the particular job tasks ""fit"" into the employer's overall operations. There are three typical categories of exempt job duties, called ""executive,"" ""professional,"" and ""administrative. ""

Exempt executive job duties. Job duties are exempt executive job duties if the employeeregularly supervises two or more other employees, and alsohas management as the primary duty of the position, and also,

has some genuine input into the job status of other employees (such as hiring, firing, promotions, or assignments).

Supervision means what it implies. The supervision must be a regular part of the employee's job, and must be of other employees. Supervision of non-employees does not meet the standard. The ""two employees"" requirement may be met by supervising two full-time employees or the equivalent number of part-time employees.

(Two half-time employees equal one full-time employee. )""Mere supervision"" is not sufficient. In addition, the supervisory employee must have ""management"" as the ""primary duty"" of the job. The FLSA Regulations contain a list of typical management duties. These include (in addition to supervision):interviewing, selecting, and training employees;setting rates of pay and hours of work;maintaining production or sales records (beyond the merely clerical);appraising productivity; handling employee grievances or complaints, or disciplining employees;determining work techniques;planning the work;apportioning work among employees;determining the types of equipment to be used in performing work, or materials needed;planning budgets for work;monitoring work for legal or regulatory compliance;providing for safety and security of the workplace. Determining whether an employee has management as the primary duty of the position requires case-by-case evaluation. A ""rule of thumb"" is to determine if the employee is ""in charge"" of a department or subdivision of the enterprise (such as a shift). One handy clue might be to ask who a telephone inquiry would be directed to if the called asked for ""the boss."" Typically, only one employee is ""in charge"" at any particular time. Thus, for example, if a ""sergeant"" and a ""lieutenant"" are each at work at the same time (in the same unit or subunit of the organization), only the lieutenant is ""in charge"" during that time. An employee may qualify as performing executive job duties even if s/he performs a variety of ""regular"" job duties as well. For example, the night manager at a fast food restaurant may in reality spend most of the shift preparing food and serving customers. S/he is, however, still ""the boss"" even when not actually engaged in ""active"" bossing duties. In the event that some ""executive"" decisions are required, s/he is there to make them, and this is sufficient. The final requirement for the executive exemption is that the employee have genuine input into personnel matters. This does not require that the employee be the final decision maker on such matters, but rather that the employee's input is given ""particular weight."" Usually, it will mean that making personnel recommendations is part of the employee's normal job duties, that the employee makes these kinds of recommendations frequently enough to be a ""real"" part of the job, and that higher management takes the employee's personnel suggestions or recommendations seriously. Exempt professional job duties. The job duties of the traditional ""learned professions"" are exempt. These include lawyers, doctors, dentists, teachers, architects, clergy. Also included are registered nurses (but not LPNs), accountants (but not bookkeepers), engineers (who have engineering degrees or the equivalent and perform work of the sort usually performed by licensed professional engineers), actuaries, scientists (but not technicians), pharmacists, and other employees who perform work requiring ""advanced knowledge"" similar to that historically associated with the traditional learned professions. Professionally exempt work means work which is predominantly intellectual, requires specialized education, and involves the exercise of discretion and judgment. Professionally exempt workers must have education beyond high school, and usually beyond college, in fields that are distinguished from (more ""academic"" than) the mechanical arts or skilled trades. Advanced degrees are the most common measure of this, but are not absolutely necessary if an employee has attained a similar level of advanced education through other means (and perform essentially the same kind of work as similar employees who do have advanced degrees). Some employees may also perform ""creative professional"" job duties which are exempt. This classification applies to jobs such as actors, musicians, composers, writers, cartoonists, and some journalists. It is meant to cover employees in these kinds of jobs whose work requires invention, imagination, originality or talent; who contribute a unique interpretation or analysis. Identifying most professionally exempt employees is usually pretty straightforward and uncontroversial, but this is not always the case. Whether a journalist is professionally exempt, for example, or a commercial artist, will likely require careful analysis of just what the employee actually does. Exempt Administrative job duties. The most elusive and imprecise of the definitions of exempt job duties is for exempt ""administrative"" job duties. The Regulatory definition provides that exempt administrative job duties are (a) office or nonmanual work, which is (b) directly related to management or general business operations of the employer or the employer's customers, and (c) a primary component of which involves the exercise of independent judgment and discretion about (d) matters of significance. The administrative exemption is designed for relatively high-level employees whose main job is to ""keep the business running."" A useful rule of thumb is to distinguish administrative employees from ""operational"" or ""production"" employees. Employees who make what the business sells are not administrative employees. Administrative employees provide ""support"" to the operational or production employees. They are ""staff"" rather than ""line"" employees. Examples of administrative functions include labor relations and personnel (human resources employees), payroll and finance (including budgeting and benefits management), records maintenance, accounting and tax, marketing and advertising (as differentiated from direct sales), quality control, public relations (including shareholder or investment relations, and government relations), legal and regulatory compliance, and some computer-related jobs (such as network, internet and database administration). (See Computer employees . )To be exempt under the administrative exemption, the ""staff"" or ""support"" work must be office or nonmanual, and must be for matters of significance. Clerical employees perform office or nonmanual support work but are not administratively exempt. Nor is administrative work exempt just because it is financially important, in the sense that the employer would experience financial losses if the employee fails to perform competently. Administratively exempt work typically involves the exercise of discretion and judgment, with the authority to make independent decisions on matters which affect the business as a whole or a significant part of it. Questions to ask might include whether the employee has the authority to formulate or interpret company policies; how major the employee's assignments are in relation to the overall business operations of the enterprise (buying paper clips versus buying a fleet of delivery vehicles, for example); whether the employee has the authority to commit the employer in matters which have significant financial impact; whether the employee has the authority to deviate from company policy without prior approval. An example of administratively exempt work could be the buyer for a department store. S/he performs office or nonmanual work and is not engaged in production or sales. The job involves work which is necessary to the overall operation of the store -- selecting merchandize to be ordered as inventory. It is important work, since having the right inventory (and the right amount of inventory) is crucial to the overall well-being of the store's business. It involves the exercise of a good deal of important judgment and discretion, since it is up to the buyer to select items which will sell in sufficient quantity and at sufficient margins to be profitable. Other examples of administratively exempt employees might be planners and true administrative assistants (as differentiated from secretaries with fancy titles). Bookkeepers, ""gal Fridays,"" and most employees who operate machines are not administratively exempt. Merely clerical work may be administrative, but it is not exempt. Most secretaries, for example, may accurately be said to be performing administrative work, but their jobs are not usually exempt. Similarly, filing, filling out forms and preparing routine reports, answering telephones, making travel arrangements, working on customer ""help desks,"" and similar jobs are not likely to be high-level enough to be administratively exempt. Many clerical workers do in fact exercise some discretion and judgment in their jobs. However, to ""count"" the exercise of judgment and discretion must be about matters of considerable importance to the operation of the enterprise as a whole. Routinely ordering supplies (and even selecting which vendor to buy supplies from) is not likely to be considered high- enough to qualify the employee for administratively exempt status. There is no ""bright line."" Some secretaries may indeed be high-level, administratively exempt employees (for example, the secretary to the CEO who really does ""run his life""), while some employees with fancy titles (e.g., ""administrative assistant"") may really be performing nonexempt clerical duties. Rights of exempt employees.

Nothing in the FLSA prohibits an employer from requiring exempt employees to ""punch a clock,"" or work a particular schedule, or ""make up"" time lost due to absences. Nor does the FLSA limit the amount of work time anemployer may require or expect from any employee, on any schedule. (""Mandatory overtime"" is not restricted by the FLSA. )Keep in mind that this discussion is limited to rights underthe FLSA. Exempt employees may have rights under other laws or by way of employment policies or contracts. Rights of nonexempt employees. Nonexempt employees are entitled under the FLSA to time and one-half their ""regular rate"" of pay for each hour they actually work over the applicable FLSA overtime threshold in the applicable FLSA work period. (See, "" FLSA Overtime "") "


what's the temperature in tucson arizona right now?

what temperature is it in tucson arizona right now?kgb answers » Local & Lookup » Weather » what temperature is it in tucson arizona right now? According to Weatherbug.com, the current temperature in Tucson, AZ is 46.9 degrees Fahrenheit.

Tag: tucson Wednesday, February 01 2012 Source: http://weather.weatherbug.com/AZ/Tucson-weather.html?zcode=z6286&zip=85701Related questions Define cumberland plateau


what is the purpose of a thesis in a master program

Purpose and Intended Learning Outcomes of a Master Thesis The purpose of a thesis is to enable the student to develop deeper knowledge, understanding, capabilities and attitudes in the context of the programme of study. The thesis should be written at the end of the programme and offers the opportunity to delve more deeply into and synthesise knowledge acquired in previous studies.

A thesis for a Master of Science in Engineering/Architecture or Master of Science programmes should place emphasis on the technical/scientific/artistic aspects of the subject matter. The overall goal of the thesis is for the student to display the knowledge and capability required for independent work as a Master of Science in Engineering/Architecture/Master of Science. The learning objectives for a thesis are based on the objectives for Master of Science in Engineering/Architecture/Master of Science degrees formulated in Chalmers’ local Master’s degree procedures. (Doc. no. C2007/723). Specific learning outcomes for a Master’s thesis are for the student to demonstrate: • Considerably more in-depth knowledge of the major subject/field of study, including deeper insight into current research and development work. • Deeper knowledge of methods in the major subject/field of study. • A capability to contribute to research and development work. • The capability to use a holistic view to critically, independently and creatively identify, formulate and deal with complex issues. • The capability to plan and use adequate methods to conduct qualified tasks in given frameworks and to evaluate this work. • The capability to create, analyse and critically evaluate different technical/architectural solutions. • The capability to critically and systematically integrate knowledge. • The capability to clearly present and discuss the conclusions as well as the knowledge and arguments that form the basis for these findings in written and spoken English. • The capability to identify the issues that must be addressed within the framework of the specific thesis in order to take into consideration all relevant dimensions of sustainable development. • A consciousness of the ethical aspects of research and development work. The same formulated learning objectives apply for theses encompassing 30 and 60 Higher education credits (Hec). However, a Master’s thesis for a 60 Hec course must be considerably more ambitious with respect to the scientific level or technical/architectural realisation. For example, the objective could be to author a scientific article as the result of the research or to further develop a technical solution for mass production and market introduction. Objectives for work in the field of architecture might include artistic development or a realisable architectural project. Page manager Published: Thu 07 Jun 2012.


cost per person for ptsd treatment

On a cost-per-case basis, the estimated two-year cost for each case of PTSD alone ranges from $5,900 to $10,300; for each case of major depression alone, from $15,460 to $25,760; and for each case of comorbid PTSD and major depression, from $12,430 to $16,890 (see Figure 4).

Stop Loss

RAND > Published Research > RAND Review > Summer 2008 >Stop Loss A Nation Weighs the Tangible Consequences of Invisible Combat Wounds1 | 2 | 3AP IMAGES/THE HUTCHINSON NEWS/ CHRISTOPHER HANEWINCKELChristopher Voeller, who was shipped to Iraq in late 2005 and returned to his home in Hutchinson, Kansas, in late 2006, says he now battles with post-traumatic stress disorder. Costly Consequences Left untreated, PTSD, major depression, and TBI can have far-reaching, damaging, and costly consequences. Individuals with these conditions tend to miss more days of work, report being less productive while at work, and are more likely to be unemployed. The presence of any of these conditions predicts a greater likelihood that an individual will experience other psychiatric problems, such as substance abuse. All three conditions increase an individual’s risk for attempting suicide. All three have been associated with higher rates of unhealthy behaviors — such as smoking, overeating, and unsafe sex — higher rates of physical health problems, and higher mortality rates. There is also a possible link between these conditions and homelessness. Populations with high rates of PTSD, major depression, or TBI are likely to demonstrate high rates of family difficulties as well. Each disorder accounts for a greatly increased risk of distressed relationships, domestic violence, and divorce among the afflicted. The interpersonal deficits that interfere with emotional intimacy in the romantic relationships of servicemembers who have these disorders appear likely to interfere also with their interactions with their children. Thus, the effect of post-combat mental disorders may extend beyond the lifespan of an afflicted veteran, stretching across generations. It may take decades to count the costs of these afflictions, and decades more to heal from them. The manifold consequences can exact a high economic toll. Most attempts to measure the economic costs have concentrated solely on medical costs to the government. However, the direct costs of treatment are just a fraction of the total costs. Far higher are the long-term individual and societal costs stemming from lost productivity, reduced quality of life, domestic violence, family strain, homelessness, and suicide. Restoring veterans to full mental health has the potential to reduce these long-term costs significantly. But because reliable data are unavailable to quantify many of these costs, we are able to factor in only the treatment cost, lost productivity (including reduced employment and lower earnings), and the cost of lives lost to suicide. (We ascribe a value of $7.5 million to each “statistical life” lost to suicide. A statistical life represents a hypothetical individual who might be saved by a particular intervention or policy change. )Figure 4 —The Cost Per Case of PTSD or Major Depression Can Vary Greatly Depending on the Number of Suicides SOURCE: Invisible Wounds of War, 2008. NOTE: The estimated costs per case are based on a weighted average of the costs for servicemembers returning from Iraq or Afghanistan with the ranks of E-4, E-5, E-7, and O-2. Figure 5 —Delivering Evidence-Based Treatment to All Veterans Returning Home with PTSD or Major Depression Would Pay for Itself in Just Two Years SOURCE: Invisible Wounds of War, 2008. NOTES: The total cost estimates assume that 15 percent of the troops returning home developed PTSD within two years, that half of these cases were comorbid with major depression, and that an additional 7.2 percent of returning troops suffered from major depression only. These prevalence rates were taken from published literature, not from the RAND survey of veterans. Figure 6 —Lost Productivity Can Be a Large Driver of the Societal Costs Associated with PTSD and Major Depression SOURCE: Invisible Wounds of War, 2008. NOTES: The cost components are based on a two-year projection for 50,000 servicemembers returning from Iraq or Afghanistan at the age of 25 at a rank of E-5 with five to seven years of service. The low-cost and high-cost scenarios incorporate different assumptions about wage reductions, relapse probabilities, and suicide attempts among veterans with mental health conditions. Both scenarios assume that 30 percent of those in need receive treatment and that 30 percent of this treatment is evidence based. Using a mathematical model to estimate the costs of PTSD and major depression, we first compute the total two-year costs of treatment, lost productivity, and suicide among a prototypical population of servicemembers who returned home from Iraq or Afghanistan in 2005. We then derive the average two-year costs per case of PTSD, major depression, and comorbid PTSD and major depression in this population. Based on these average costs per case, we then extrapolate the two-year costs incurred for these conditions among all servicemembers who have returned from Iraq or Afghanistan since 2001. We limit our time horizon to two years because we do not have enough information either to break down costs or to project the course of remission and relapse over a longer time frame. This calculation thus omits the costs of any chronic or recurring cases that linger beyond two years.

The cost for comorbid PTSD and major depression is lower than the cost for major depression alone because individuals who develop late-onset comorbid PTSD and depression do not become sick until near the end of our two-year time horizon. (Depression does not develop as a late-onset illness unless coupled with PTSD). In all cases, the low estimates exclude the cost of lives lost to suicide, whereas the high estimates include this cost. Although the cost of a completed suicide is extremely high, the probability of committing suicide — even among those with a mental disorder — is very low. As a result, the estimates can vary widely depending on the expected number of suicides. Because of the high degree of uncertainty regarding the number of completed suicides that might occur as a result of PTSD or major depression, we consistently present results with and without the costs associated with lives lost to suicide. Applying the per-case costs to the entire population of 1.6 million veterans who have returned from Iraq or Afghanistan since 2001, we estimate that PTSD and major depression have cost the nation between $4 billion and $6.2 billion in just the first two years following deployments, depending on whether we account for the lives lost to suicide. Savings Opportunities We also predict the likely costs and savings that would result from treating more of those in need and improving their care. We begin with the following key assumptions about the treatment “status quo”: Only 30 percent of individuals with PTSD or major depression receive treatment, and only 30 percent of those in treatment receive evidence-based care (medical care to which evidence gained from the scientific method has been applied). These assumptions are drawn from scientific research conducted elsewhere. Relative to the status quo, we consider three alternative scenarios: (a) 50 percent of those in need receive treatment and 30 percent of it is evidence based, (b) 50 percent of those in need receive treatment and all of it is evidence based, and (c) 100 percent of those in need receive treatment and all of it is evidence based. In the latter scenario, we find that society could save up to $2,310 per person with PTSD alone, up to $3,000 per person with comorbid PTSD and major depression, and up to $9,240 per person with major depression alone — all in just the first two years following deployments — by ensuring that 100 percent of those in need receive evidence-based care. When we exclude the cost of lives lost to suicide, expanding access to evidence-based care for everyone in need would save money only for major depression. This finding reflects the high cost of PTSD treatment and the limited evidence of its benefits. Figure 5 shows the results on a national basis. The two-year national cost for PTSD and major depression could be reduced by as much as $1.7 billion — or $1,063 per returning veteran — if evidence-based treatment were delivered to all in need. The savings would come from increased productivity and fewer suicides. Even excluding the cost of suicides, the nation could still save $60 million by treating both mental disorders. Lost productivity can be a large driver of the costs associated with PTSD and major depression. Fully 95 percent of the costs can be attributed to reduced productivity when we exclude the cost of suicides. When we include the cost of suicides, reduced productivity still accounts for 55 percent of the total estimated costs (see Figure 6). Given these results, evidence-based treatment for PTSD and major depression would pay for itself within two years. If the costs stemming from substance abuse, homelessness, family strain, and other indirect consequences were included, the savings gained from quality treatment would be even greater. Investing in evidence-based treatment makes sense to society at large and to the U. S. Department of Defense as an employer, not only because of higher remission and recovery rates but also because such treatment would increase the productivity of servicemembers and veterans. The benefits in retention and increased productivity would outweigh the higher costs of providing evidence-based care. Next section: Traumatic Brain Injury1 | 2 | 3


phone number for iracing

com Contact IRacing and Reviews How to contact IRacing and about IRacing ? IRacing address is 34 Crosby Dr Bedford, MA 01730-1449. United States. You can reach via mobile or landline through contact number (781) 271-1900. You can also reach there webite www.iracing.com and can get required information regarding to IRacing. If you as a customer of the IRacing have any query, complaint, suggestion, feedback and reviews related to IRacing products and services then you can communicate through its customer detail.

34 Crosby Dr Bedford, MA 01730-1449. United States Contact@i Racing.com (781) 271-1900www.iracing.

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do clouds form in the vab

The VAB is so large, in fact, that it has its own weather. On humid days, rain clouds can form below the ceiling, requiring about 10,000 tons of air conditioning equipment to control the moisture. With this setup, the total volume of air in the building can be replaced in only one hour. The records held by the VAB are not limited to its interior, however.

NASA Vehicle Assembly Building

Titusville, Florida NASA Vehicle Assembly Building A building so large that it has its own weather. Edit Entry Add Photo Been Here?691Want to Visit?149Exterior view of the Vehicle Assembly Building. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm... The Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida is the world’s fourth largest building by volume. Completed in 1966, the VAB also holds the record of the largest one-story building in the world and is the tallest building outside an urban center in the United States. Top Places in Titusville Titusville, Florida American Space Museum28.6105, -80.8087Titusville, Florida Windover Archeological Site28.5386, -80.8433See more things to do in Titusville »At an astonishing 160 meters (525 feet) tall, 218 meters (716 feet) long, and 158 meters (518 feet) wide, the VAB covers an area of eight acres and encloses a volume of about 3,665,000 cubic meters (129,428,000 cubic feet). To get an idea of how large that is, the total volume of the VAB is about 3.75 times that of Manhattan’s Empire State Building. That’s enough space to fit the volume of Pentagon inside and have plenty of room left over!

The exterior boasts one of the largest American flags, completed with 6,000 gallons of paint. At 64 meters (209 feet) high and 33.5 meters (110 feet) wide, the stars are six feet across, the stripes are nine feet wide, and the blue portion is approximately the size of a regulation basketball court. Originally built to accommodate the vehicle assembly for the Apollo and Saturn missions, the VAB underwent renovations to support the Space Shuttle. Following the shuttle’s retirement in 2011, the VAB was modified to handle assembly of the Space Launch System, a heavy-lift rocket that is designed to carry the new Orion spacecraft beyond Earth orbit. From this building, NASA’s space-bound vehicles leave through one of the building’s four doors. The doors, which are the largest in the world, each measure 139 meters (456 feet) high. While tall enough to easily fit the Statue of Liberty, the doors take 45 minutes to open or close. From these doors, the six-million pound Crawler-Transporter begins the slow process of moving the space vehicles to the launch pad several miles away. At a mere one mile per hour, and a gas-guzzling 42 feet per gallon, the Crawler can position the vehicle for launch with an accuracy of one inch. While the exterior of the VAB can be seen regularly on guided tours of the Kennedy Space Center, opportunities to view the building’s interior are a much rarer occurrence. Know Before You Go Up close looks at the VAB, and all of Launch Complex 39, are available by taking the bus tour offered as part of daily admission to the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Head toward Titusville and look for the signs directing you to the KSC; you can't miss it. Sign up for our newsletter and get the best of Atlas Obscura in your inbox.nasa instruments of scienceinspired inventions Suggest an Edit Contributed by Trevor Edited byj Sources28.5863-80.6513VAB Rd Titusville, Florida United States Website Appears in 3 Lists Florida Road Trip BY DISCOPICANTE27scientia BY KELLY CATALFAMO38flying machines BY KELLY CATALFAMO38Travel with Atlas Obscura Now booking adventures to The Arctic, Bhutan, Budapest, and more. Learn More


when to repot boxwood bonsai

Repotting should take place in early to mid spring. Boxwoods seem to do better if they are repotted as they are emerging from dormancy or after emerging from dormancy. They tend to flower first before producing vegetative growth, and removing all flowers and fruit is a necessary part of proper bonsai care.

Boxwood Bonsai A 40 year old Boxwood bonsai in the author's collection. A lowly hedge plant that can have deadwood features to rival the finest Juniper bonsai? Who knew? Boxwoods have small leaves, naturally dense branching, rough interesting bark, fine fibrous root systems, and very hard wood – in short all of the makings of a world class bonsai. Even better, old boxwoods with thick trunks and compact root systems are easy to find – just find someone who is removing a hedge. I had my first inkling that Boxwood had bonsai potential when I was a young boy. The house we had just moved into had a front porch flanked by two boxwoods that had been kept pruned into vase shapes. Each was between three and four feet tall, and they had probably been there for about twenty years. Dad decided to dig them out and replace them with San Jose Junipers. I said something about how they might make good bonsai trees. My dad shrugged, said something negative back to me and tossed them into the garbage can. I finally got my chance many years later when I bought my first house. In the front yard there was a solitary Boxwood that had once been part of a hedge. I resolved to collect it. I took my time, and good thing I did. It was getting most of its sustenance from a taproot that went under the driveway. I dug around it, put in sand and good soil, and watered it regularly for a year. The technique worked, and a year later, my Boxwood was ready to be lifted. After that it spent two years growing in a plastic cement mixing tray, and then went into a bonsai pot. A shohin Boxwood bonsai. Background: Buxus is a genus of about 70 species of shrubs and small trees. Maximum heights for the various species are from six to 30 feet tall. Various species are found in western and southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, Madagascar, Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean, and the northernmost part of South America. The European and some Asian species are winter hardy; the majority of species are tropical, but most of these are not commonly used for bonsai. Boxwood is in landscaping for hedges and topiary. The wood is commercially used in making small furniture items and parts for musical instruments. Of the 70 species, there are four species and a mutation of one of them which are commonly used for bonsai. These are: Buxus Microphylla (Japanese Boxwood); Buxus Sinica (Chinese Boxwood, also called Korean Boxwood); Buxus Harlandii (native to China and also sometimes called Chinese Boxwood), and Buxus Sempirvirens (Common Boxwood or European Boxwood). Kingsville Boxwood is a mutation of Buxus Microphylla which is popular for bonsai. Kingsville Boxwood features tiny, jewellike leaves, and extremely slow growth. Where to Get One: Collect one from a hedge that is being removed if you can. This guarantees age, one or more thick trunks to work with, and dense, compact growth already established. If not, then buy a five gallon specimen from a nursery. If you want Kingsville Boxwood, this can only be found in bonsai nurseries. If you see one and you want it, buy it, because it may be a long time before you see another. What to Do With It After You Get It If you have a seedling or sapling, grow it on for a few years and make a small bonsai, or use it as part of a group. Better yet, put it in the ground and come back in about ten years – or maybe twenty. If you are collecting landscape or hedging material: Try to collect in mid spring, after the tree has emerged from dormancy, and try to get as many roots as you can. Boxwoods are semi-succulent and tend to have fibrous, somewhat fleshy roots. While these traits would seem to make collection and potting easy, some Boxwoods react rather oddly to having their roots disturbed. Their leaves may turn shades of pink and orange and they may refuse to grow for several weeks or months after being collected or after a heavy root pruning. Soil and Potting: Temperate climate Boxwoods are broadleaf evergreens, and can be treated like evergreens for bonsai purposes. Soil should be well draining. An optimal mix is 70-80% aggregate and 20% organic.

The flower buds are insignificant looking clusters of tiny brown knobs found at the leaf junctures. A bonsai that is allowed to burn all its energy on flowering and fruiting will produce little in the way of leaf growth afterward. The temperate climate Boxwoods are frost tolerant, and only need winter protection in the severest climates. The Boxwood bonsai in winter. Note the leaves have taken on a bronze color. Siting: Boxwoods are outdoor bonsai. You may get away with growing one in a sunroom or conservatory. The species used for bonsai are frost tolerant, and can be wintered outdoors in all but the coldest locations. Some bonsai guides list Boxwood as being tolerant of full sun, but experience has shown that as bonsai, Boxwoods prefer to be kept in shaded areas. If they get a lot of sun they tend to turn pale, wheras if they are kept in the shade, the leaves turn a rich, glossy green. A recently shaped Boxwood prebonsai from a demonstration by the author. Pruning and Shaping: Pruning and shaping can be carried out throughout the growing season, but major branch removals, deadwood carving, and removals of more than 30% of the foliage are best carried out early in the growing season. Unlike Junipers, with Boxwood you do not need to wait for dry weather to carve deadwood. Boxwood wood does not seem to rot under any circumstances. You can let moss grow around the base of a Boxwood without fear of the trapped moisture underneath rotting the wood. While the wood can be lime sulfured for appearance, it does not need to be for protection. If left untreated, the wood is a light tan in color, and will naturally bleach to an off shade of white over a period of several years. Remove all flower buds that form during the winter or at the beginning of the growing season. Be careful when wiring a Boxwood. The best time to wire is when shoots are young and flexible. Older branches are difficult to bend because Boxwoods form very hard wood. The techniques used to bend thick branches on Junipers mostly do not work on Boxwoods due to the extreme hardness and density of the wood. Wiring can be left on for the entire growing season, as Boxwoods tend to be slow growing. Shown above and below are photos of a Boxwood the author used for a recent demonstration. The tree was purchased as 5 gallon nursery stock from the landscape department of a local “big box” hardware store, and shaped at a show sponsored by the author’s bonsai club. Note that only the larger trunk is wired; the rest of the tree is currently being shaped by pruning. In order to wire the upper part of the larger trunk, the wood had to be partially split, and was still extremely difficult to bend. The back of the Boxwood prebonsai from the demonstration. Styling: With Boxwood, you have a lot of styling options. Boxwood is amenable to just about all styles of bonsai except cascade. However, since you are mostly working with collected hedging material, likely styles will be informal upright, twin or multitrunk upright, or groups – which can be formed by splitting a multitrunk tree through the root base. Closing Remarks: Boxwoods make wonderful bonsai, and specimens are easy to collect from a landscape. If you have no place to collect them from, then plant a hedge and have some bonsai for the future.


how did alexander graham bell create a phone

A: Quick Answer Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone through many years of experimentation with sound waves. Bell got the idea from the phonautograph that he had invented prior to draw sound waves, and this inspired him to think that it might be possible to generate electrical current that corresponded with sound waves.

History Inventions Q: How Did Alexander Graham Bell Make the Telephone?

Bell thought that if he could cause the electrical current to imitate the sound waves, he would be able to project voices the same way that telegraphs transmitted Morse code over wires. Continue Reading Keep Learning Why Did Alexander Graham Bell Invent the Telehpone? What Did Alexander Graham Bell Invent? What Is Alexander Graham Bell Most Known For? Full Answer The early stages of the telephone began as acoustic telegraphy that operated with reeds to imitate the sounds, if not words of speech. At this time, Bell was working with the electrical designer Thomas Watson, enabling him to begin to design some of his ideas. The two men worked on the acoustic telegraphy using the reeds, and made a discovery when Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds. The sound that was clearly transmitted to Bell showed him that he only needed one reed or item that could vibrate correctly to conduct the sound. The idea of the phone was patented by Bell in 1876. By 1886, 150,000 people had phones in their homes and the Bell Telephone Company had been established. Bell's ideas and inspiration for the phone came from his work with the deaf and trying to help them understand sound when they were not able to hear it. Learn more about Inventions Sources: si.edu virginia.edu wikipedia.org Related Questions Q: What Was Alexander Graham Bell Famous For? A: Alexander Graham Bell is famous for his invention of the telephone. In addition to an inventor, Bell was also a respected scientist who made valuable contr... Full Answer >Filed Under: Inventions Q: How Old Was Alexander Graham Bell When He Died? A: Alexander Graham Bell was born in March of 1847 and died in August of 1922, making him 75 years old at the time of his death. Bell died in Canada from comp... Full Answer >Filed Under: Inventions Q: Where Did Alexander Graham Bell Go to School? A: Alexander Graham Bell was home schooled until he was 11, after that he went to Edinburgh's Royal High School for 2 years and also attended Weston House Aca... Full Answer >Filed Under: Inventions Q: Did Alexander Graham Bell Invent Any Other Items Besides His Telephone? A: Aside from the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell also invented the photophone and the graphophone. The photophone was created as part of a research project ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Inventions You May Also Like Q: How Did the Steam Engine Make Life Easier? Q: When Did Thomas Edison Invent the Light Bulb? Q: When Was the Telescope Invented? Q: What Year Did Thomas Edison Invent the Light Bulb? Q: Who Invented Morse Code? Q: What Is Samuel Colt Famous For?


define tension stress

Tensile stress is the stress state caused by an applied load that tends to elongate the material in the axis of the applied load, or in other words, the stress caused by pulling the material. The strength of structures of equal cross-sectional area loaded in tension is independent of the shape of the cross section.

Tensile Stress

Tensile Stress Definition - What does Tensile Stressmean? Tensile stress is the resistance of an object to a force tending to tear it apart. It is calculated as the highest tension the object can endure without tearing, and is measured in Newtons/sq.mm, but was initially denoted as tons/sq. in. Stress is defined as the force per unit area of a material: Stress = Force / Cross sectional areaand is a measurement of the strength of a material. Therefore, tensile stress refers to a force that attempts to pull apart or stretch a material. Many of the mechanical properties of a material can be determined from a tensile test. In a tensile test, a sample is strained at a constant rate and the stress needed to maintain this strain rate is measured. A tensile test can determine: Elastic modulus Ultimate tensile stress Fracture stress Modulus of toughness Modulus of resilience Tensile stress is also known as normal stress or tension. Corrosionpedia explains Tensile Stress

Materials loaded in tension are susceptible to stress concentrations such as material defects or abrupt changes in geometry. However, materials exhibiting ductile behavior (most metals for example) can tolerate some defects, while brittle materials (such as ceramics) can fail well below their ultimate material strength. Tensile stress is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the limit state of stress. The formula for computing the tensile stress in a rod is: Tensile Stress = Force / Area Tensile stress causes stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is the combined influence of tensile stress and a corrosive environment. The required tensile stresses may be in the form of directly applied stresses or in the form of residual stresses. The problem itself can be quite complex. The situation with buried pipelines is a good example of such complexity. Stresses that cause environmental cracking arise from: Residual cold work Welding Grinding Thermal treatment Externally applied during service In order to be effective, these stresses must be tensile (as opposed to compressive). One method of controlling stress corrosion is to eliminate stress, or at least reduce it below the threshold stress for SCC. Residual stresses can be relieved by stress-relief annealing, and this is widely used for carbon steels.


how to get netspend card

ers You can also purchase a Net Spend card through a participating retailer. You can purchase it a local grocery store, a gas station or a check-cashing store. There is a purchase fee, ranging from $2.95 to $4.95. Prior to purchase, the vendor is required to record your name, your address and your date of birth.

Where can you get NetSpend cards?

A: You can get a Net Spend card online at Net Spend.com or through a participating retailer. Net Spend cards are prepaid debit cards that offer a variety of features. Account holders can deposit money directly into their accounts or use reload locations to fund their accounts. The card allows a debit, credit and ATM withdrawal feature. Net Spend also offers online account access and a payback rewards program. Opening an Account Online The most common way to open a Net Spend account is through its website at Net Spend.com. The site describes the features, the benefits and the fee structure. To begin the process, click the Sign Up Now button. From there, you input your name, address and email address. You can also select a direct deposit option. You can also select among four different colored cards. The next step requires you to create a user name, a password and a security question. Once you have completed all of these steps, you can log in to the account online. You will receive your new Net Spend card in the mail in seven to 10 business days. Purchasing Net Spend Cards Through Participating Retail

The vendor must also make a copy of your driver's license or another official identifying document. RELATED FAQSHow do Net Spend cards work? Learn how Net Spend prepaid debit cards work and if they are right for you. Protect yourself and your finances by understanding ... Read Answer >>Does Net Spend Work with Pay Pal? Net Spend and Pay Pal both allow fund transfers, and they work in conjunction with each other. Read Answer >>Does Netspend report to credit bureaus? Learn if Net Spend can report your information to a credit bureau and discover what personal information you need to open ... Read Answer >>Where can you buy Net Spend reload packs? Learn what a Net Spend reload pack is and where you can purchase one. Also discover how to load your current Net Spend debit ... Read Answer >>Will Netspend cards let you overdraw your account? Discover if Netspend debit cards allow you to overdraw your account and learn how to enroll in Netspend's overdraft protection ... Read Answer >>Does Netspend accept wire transfers? Find out how Netspend cardholders can arrange for electronic transfers to add money to their Netspend prepaid debit cards ... Read Answer >>Related Articles Personal Finance8 Ways To Avoid Getting Burned By Prepaid Debit Cards These cards have many differences from traditional debit and credit cards that can cost you money if you don't know what to watch out for. Personal Finance Credit, Debit and Charge: Sizing Up The Cards in Your Wallet Not all plastic is equal! Learn the difference between the three kinds, and how each can affect your finances. Personal Finance6 Reasons You Don't Need A Prepaid Debit Card We'll look at six situations where a prepaid debit card might seem like a good idea, but it really isn't necessary. Personal Finance Credit versus debit cards: Which is better? Credit and debit cards may look identical, it is important to note their differences. Be strategic about which card you choose and learn more about which is better for you. Personal Finance How To Find The Right Prepaid Debit Card Prepaid debit cards are becoming increasingly popular. Here are some tips for choosing the right prepaid debit card. Personal Finance How Many Credit Cards Should You Have? National stats indicate most consumers have three or more cards - are you one of them? Insights How to Avoid the Hijacking of Your Credit Cards Arm yourself with these strategies on how to safely use your credit and debit cards, and protect yourself from fraud and identity theft with every swipe. Personal Finance Credit Card Perks You Never Knew You Had From car insurance to concert tickets, be sure to take advantage of whatever your card has to offer. RELATED TERMSDebit Card A debit is a payment card that deducts money directly from a ... Credit Card A card issued by a financial company giving the holder an option ... Prepaid Cards Processor A company that processes transactions for prepaid payment cards. ... Credit Card Funding The ability to electronically fund a new account, business, or ... Carding Carding is a form of fraud that uses stolen credit card information ... Cash Card A cash card is any electronic payment card that stores cash for ...


what is the height of a bus

ow: The Bus Size Typically, the school bus dimensions would have these particular measurements: About 9.5 to 11 ft for its height, around 8 ft for its width, and a length ranging between the measurements of about 12 ft to 40 ft.

School Bus Dimensions

School Bus Dimensions School bus dimensions are important if you want to put up a business for ferrying students to and fro. With a lot of buses around, you may have to check out the available choices for this to determine what size of the bus would be most appropriate for the number of students that you would be giving service to. Measurements are usually done either by bus type or the number of passengers that you would opt to take. Here are some of the details you have to kn

While that is considered a common type of school bus that you may want to choose for your school bus service, there are some who take the measurements around ten (10) to twelve (12) meters long which many bus drivers find easy to maneuver. There are also other dimensions available which include: Measurements about 7980 or 8500 by 2400 by 3100 mm. The Passenger Size While the measurements outside is important to bear in mind, you may also want to consider the type of bus that you would choose to use for ferrying the students. If you have a lot of students, then, a 72 passenger bus would be most appropriate. Others would opt to use a 77-passenger bus for more capacity. There are also buses designed to carry around sixty five (65) passengers. For just a handful of students, a bus with a smaller-passenger-capacity space would be suitable. Typically, buses for schools would have a seating capacity of around fifteen (15) to ninety (90) people. Others choose to have around fifteen (15) to thirty eight (38) seating capacity. Some offer around twenty four (24) to sixty six (66) seats. Aside from these things, there are actually five school bus types that you need to bear in mind: The Type A school bus which can ferry about 10 to 16 students, the Type B bus that can carry around 10 to 30 people, the Type C that can help transport around 10 to 54 children and teenagers, the Type D school vehicle that can carry 10 to 54 students, and the Type S which can merely hold up to 9 or less people. The Inner Capacity In line with this, the interior should also have its own dimensions to follow. Some buses are built with specifications around 35’ by 7.5’ by 6.5’ for its measurements. So if you want to get a school bus service, much importance should be placed at the appropriate school bus dimensions to safely carry and transport the passengers. Follow Us!


what does distraction mean

distraction A distraction is something that takes your attention away from what you're supposed to be doing. If you just can't keep from checking your email every ten seconds, that's a distraction that's going to interfere with doing your homework. A distraction can also be a pleasant break. If you're worried about your dance recital tomorrow, watching a mindless action flick may be a welcome distraction that helps you relax.

distraction

Has anyone ever told you, ""You're driving me to distraction""? When you're driven to distraction, you're so agitated you feel like you're going crazy. Distraction comes from the Latin dis-, ""apart,"" and trahere, ""drag."" So distraction is when you're dragged away from your task or from your worries. Thesaurus Definitions of distraction1n the act of distracting; drawing someone's attention away from something Synonyms: misdirection Type of: alteration, revisionthe act of revising or altering (involving reconsideration and modification)n an obstacle to attention Type of: inattentionlack of attentionn mental turmoil“he drives me to distraction ”Type of: confusedness, confusion, disarray, mental confusion, muddinessa mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behaviorn an entertainment that provokes pleased interest and distracts you from worries and vexations Synonyms: beguilement Type of: amusement, entertainmentan activity that is diverting and that holds the attention Word Family Usage Examples "


crate engine how heavy

e. Mopar 426 Hemi® crate engine — 465 Horsepower, 486 ft.-lbs. torque Originally introduced in 1964 as a racing engine, the legendary 426 Hemi first appeared in 1966 street B-body Dodges and Plymouths, such as Dodge Charger, Dodge Coronet 500, and Plymouth Belvedere.

"Looking to add adrenaline to your vehicle’s muscle? Now you can with one of Mopar’s Hemi crate engines. In the time it takes to build an engine from scratch, you can be at your favorite drag strip pounding on the competition. Mopar is ready to reintroduce three new, retooled classic Hemi crate engines (426, 472, 528) and one all-new drag racing and pro street Hemi crate engine (540). Each gives you traditional raw, in-your-face Hemi performance and the convenience of a bolt-in package. “These engines represent the ultimate in pure, authentic muscle, ” said David Hakim, Portfolio Manager, Mopar Performance Parts. “Whether on the street or on the strip, Mopar Hemi crate engines let you drop in the power and go. ”You choose the power you desire — from 465 horsepower up to 900+ horsepower. And you’ll race assured knowing that all Mopar Hemi crate engine blocks and heads are manufactured from new tooling with many updates and revisions that ensure the highest quality castings possible. The Mopar Hemi 426, 472, and 528 crate engines feature thicker main webbing on the block for durability, rigidity and strength. Improved tolerances ensure all components tighter to provide increased performance. The cam has also been revised to offer more usable horsepower and torque, as well as better drivability. In fact, the 426 Hemi crate engine produces more horsepower than previous 426 Hemi productions — up to 465 horsepower. All four new engines are engineered to run on premium gas station pump fuel, so you get convenience plus uncompromising power. Mopar Hemi crate engines are turnkey alternatives to building an engine from scratch, and they’re applicable to a variety of vehicles — from classics, to dragsters, to today’s modern muscle machines. Try one on for siz

Vehicles with numbers-matching, original Hemi engines are a rare find today; if you find one, they can be expensive. Now’s your chance to put a brand-new 426 Hemi in your classic vehicle and grab the advantage of the latest in production technology and Hemi power. This Hemi crate engine puts 465 horsepower and 486 ft.-lbs. of torque under your right foot. For maximum performance, Mopar Performance recommends the use of a 750 cfm Holley carburetor and 2.00"" header primaries. Stick a Mopar 426 Hemi® crate engine in your classic car and get ready to feel the power.5249667AC 426 Hemi Crate Engine — 465 HP, 486 ft.-lbs. Torque EQUIPMENT & SPECIFICATIONSComponets All-new Block Heavy-Duty cast iron with cross-bolted mains Cylinder Heads Cast iron Valve Covers Chrome Breathers Included Intake Valves Stainless steel 2.25” Exhaust Valves Stainless stell 1.94” Valve Springs Heavy-duty single springs with dampers Camshaft Hydraulic flat tappet design - 278º advertised duration; 495”/480” lift Pistons Forged 9:1 compression ration pistons (4.250 bore) Intake Manifold Aluminum dual-plane M1® 4-bbl Cramkshaft Forged steel (3.70” stroke) Premium Double Roller Timing Chain & Sprockets Included Front Timing Chain Cover Included Oil Pan 6-quarts rear sump oil pan (1970-71 B and E Body style) Spark Plug Wires Included Distrubutor High-performance electronic Extras Heavy-duty engine shipping crate Part Number P5249667

AB*Mopar 472 Hemi® crate engine — 525 horsepower, 540 ft.-lbs. torque Mopar Hemi crate engines are designed for placement in just about any vehicle. Beef up the power in your favorite muscle car or street rod, with a 472 Hemi crate engine.

With increased displacement and power, the 472 Hemi is an impressive step up from the familiar 426 Hemi. It gives you a noticeable 60 more horses at your command. Mopar Performance recommends the use of an 850 cfm vacuum secondary Holley carburetor and 2.00"" exhaust header primaries.5249666AC 472 HEMI-525 horsepower V8 crate motor EQUIPMENT & SPECIFICATIONSComponets All-new Block Heavy-Duty cast iron with cross-bolted mains Cylinder Heads Cast iron Valve Covers Chrome Breathers Included Intake Valves Stainless steel 2.25” Exhaust Valves Stainless stell 1.94” Valve Springs Heavy-duty single springs with dampers Camshaft Hydraulic flat tappet design - 292º advertised duration; .524”/.507” lift Pistons Forged 9:1 compression ration pistons (4.250 bore) Intake Manifold Aluminum dual-plane M1® 4-bbl Cramkshaft Forged steel (4.150” stroke) Premium Double Roller Timing Chain & Sprockets Included Front Timing Chain Cover Included Oil Pan 6-quarts rear sump oil pan (1970-71 B and E Body style) Spark Plug Wires Included Distrubutor High-performance electronic Extras Heavy-duty engine shipping crate Part Number P5249666AB**A 9:1 compression ration allows the use of current high-octane premium pump gasoline. Crate engines that change the emissions performance of the vehicle may no be legal for use on vehicles regulated for highway use in California and other states. Purchaser must sign a Purchase Agreement stating that this engine is for off-road vehicles only. Horsepower and torque rating based on test engine. Ratings may vary on individual engines. Mopar 528 Hemi® crate engine — 610 horsepower, 650 ft.-lbs. torque Bigger truly is better! Mopar Performance has developed a huge 528 Hemi® crate engine that cranks out a whopping 610 horsepower and 650 ft.-lbs. of torque! For maximum performance, Mopar Performance recommends an 850/900 cfm Holley carburetor and 2.25"" headers be used. Drop one in your vehicle of choice and blast off. Carburetors shown are not included. Cross ram intake and carbs available from Mopar at additional cost.5007630AD - 528 Hemi Crate Engine — 610 HP, 650 ft.-lbs. Torque EQUIPMENT & SPECIFICATIONSComponets All-new Block Heavy-Duty cast iron with cross-bolted mains Cylinder Heads Aluminum Valve Covers Black cast aluminum Breathers Included Intake Valves Stainless steel 2.25” Exhaust Valves Stainless stell 1.94” Valve Springs Heavy-duty single springs Valve Stem Seals Premium material Camshaft Hydraulic flat tappet design - 292º advertised duration; .524”/.543” lift Pistons Forged 10.25:1 compression ration pistons (4.50 bore) Intake Manifold Aluminum dual-plane M1® 4-bbl Cramkshaft Forged steel (4.15” stroke) Premium Double Roller Timing Chain & Sprockets Included Front Timing Chain Cover Included, chrome Oil Pan 6-quarts rear sump oil pan (1970-71 B and E Body style) Spark Plug Wires Included Distrubutor High-performance electronic Extras Heavy-duty engine shipping crate Part Number P5007630AB**** A 10.25:1 compression ration with aluminum heads allows the use of current high-octane premium pump gasoline. Crate engines that change the emissions performance of the vehicle may not be legal for use on vehicles regulated for highway use in California and other states. Puchasers must sign a Purchase Agreement stating that this engine is for off-road vehicles only. Horsepower and torque rating based on test engine. Ratings may vary on individual engines. Mopar 540 Aluminum Hemi® crate engine — 650 to 900+ horsepower The Mopar 540 Aluminum Hemi crate engine is built for pro street or the racer who wants the horsepower and durability of a race engine and the drivability of a street engine. Available in carbureted or supercharged versions, it can produce 900+ horsepower, depending on induction. This Hemi is a fully water-jacketed motor with a streetable cam shaft, and it’s made with an all-aluminum block that’s stronger and lighter than cast iron. This Aluminum Hemi is also available in a completely polished version for the extreme show car enthusiast. EQUIPMENT & SPECIFICATIONSComponets All-new Block Aluminum with steel sleeves and cross bolted mains (4.500 bore) Cylinder Heads Aluminum Valve Covers Aluminum Connecting Rods 4340 H-Beam performance Intake Valves Stainless steel 2.25” Exhaust Valves Stainless stell 1.94” Valve Springs High-performance double springs with dampers Camshaft Hydraulic performance roller camshaft, degreed for max horsepower Pistons Forged 10.25:1 compression ration pistons (4.50 bore) Lifters Hydraulic performance roller lifters Cam Location Raised for more rod clearance Pistons Lightweight forged racing pistons (4.500” bore) Intake Rockers Roller tip, high-performance Exhaust Rockers Roller tip, high-performance Crankshaft Forged 4340 nitrided stroker (4.250” stroke) Front Timing Cover Aluminum gear drive Oil Pan Aluminum, 8 quarts Oil Pump Aluminum, high volume and pressure, external Oil Pump Aluminum, high volume and pressure, external Extras- 1/2” head studs - 9/16” main studs - 1/2” side bolts on main - Complete performance gear drive - Racing push rods - Heavy-duty performanc engine bearings - SFI approved racing vibration dampener - Precision balanced engine assembly - Performance gaskets - Set up for external oil filter - 1” diameter oil pump feed line - Moly performance rings - Billet aluminum rocker stands - Hardened performance rocker shafts - Chrome-Moly performance spring retainers - Hardened valve spring keeper "


when was the first united states quarter minted?

r. The United States quarter wasn’t even the first denomination of coin made in our nation when, in 1793, the U. S. Mint began making coins for mass production… that distinction goes to the half-cent and one-cent coins. However, when the first U. S. quarters were made in 1796, they quickly became an integral part of the national monetary system.

The First United States Quarters: History Of Our Quarter Dollar Coin It all had to start somewhere… What has become the most important coin in United States currency hasn’t been around foreve

The First U. S. Quarters Those first quarters in 1796 look nothing like the quarters we use today. Back in the day, a U. S. quarter looked like the other silver denomination coins. On the obverse of these first U. S. quarters is a profile of the bust of Miss Liberty. The reverse of the first quarter shows a small eagle standing inside a wreath. Quarters weren’t minted from 1797 through 1803. When quarter production was resumed in 1804, the eagle on the reverse was larger and heraldic in design. The 1796 Liberty design on the obverse was used through 1807. These early quarters today are among the rare U. S. coins and are worth at least $200 to $300 each, even in well worn grades. An example of the 1796 quarter in well worn grades will set you back $10,000 to $20,000!The Quarters That Came After In 1815, quarter production resumed once again. With a new portrait of Liberty on the obverse and a revised eagle on the reverse, the U. S. quarter was produced in large numbers — hundreds of thousands each year in most cases — right through 1840s. By the 1850s (by then, a Seated Liberty design had been on the coin for over a decade), the quarter was commonly made by the millions. You can buy a typical specimen of a Seated Liberty quarter for around $20 to $30. In 1892, a new Liberty head design created by Charles E. Barber (the ‘Barber’ quarter is named after the designer) was placed on the quarter. This was replaced in 1916 by the Standing Liberty quarter. Either will cost you less than $15 to buy. So, When Was The Washington Quarter First Made? If you’re like many people who probably thought Washington had always been on the quarter, you’re probably shocked to find out he didn’t appear on the quarter until 1932. In fact, the 1932 Washington quarter was really designed as a commemorative coin meant to celebrate the bicentennial of his birth! It wasn’t intended to be a long-running design. However, the 1932 Washington quarter proved to be so popular, when quarter production resumed in 1934, he reappeared, completely replacing the Standing Liberty design that had last been used in 1930. Quarter Fun Fact Why is the U. S. quarter often referred to as ‘two bits’? Because Spanish Milled dollars (which were widely used in our nation during its young years) would be divided into eight pieces to be used in small transactions. Each ‘bit’ equals 12-1/2 cents, so two of these bits equal 25 cents… and that’s why the quarter is often called ‘two bits’!About Joshua I'm a roller coaster junkie, a weather enthusiast, a frequent traveler, and a numismatist. My love for coins began when I was 11 years old. I primarily collect and study U. S. coins produced during the 20th century. I'm a member of the American Numismatic Association (ANA) and the Numismatic Literary Guild (NLG). I've also been studying meteorology and watching weather patterns for years. I enjoy sharing little-known facts and fun stuff about coins, weather, travel, health, food, and living green... on a budget. Twitter Google +... Filed Under: Hobbies & Crafts, Rare U. S. Coins Tagged With: Quarters, Rare Coins, Silver Coins MORE LIKE THIS ...


breathing in dust symptoms

Always wear a dust mask to prevent dust inhalation. Extended periods of breathing in the dust will potentially cause lung problems. That being said if you breathe in too much dust from cleaning a dirty room you may begin to sneeze and/or cough which is your body's attempt to remove the dust.

"Dust Health Tips Breathing Personal Medical Question Health Medicine and Healthcare Life Advice What should I do after breathing in a lot of dust?ad by Truth Finder Are you dating someone? Enter their name on this site. Anyone who's dating or in a relationship should visit this website. Enter a name to see results. Learn More at truthfinder.com10 Answers Jim Jones, CEO (Mr Maid Residential and Commercial Cleaning)Answered Mar 10, 2015This is an excellent question and the answer to it will vary depending on what type of dust you have breathed in. The truth be told, we all breathe in lots of dust everyday. Most dust will be filtered out by the hairs and mucus lining in your nose. However, dust that is inhaled from asbestos or fiberglass is another matter entirely. In this case, a trip to the hospital is imperative and without delay. Unfortunately, there is no cure for asbestos being inhaled but doctors may prescribe breathing treatments and medication to help with the symptoms. This is why companies exist where employees have the equipment and training to remove these materials safely. Working with wood and drywall can be dangerous because of the dust these material can create.

If you went beyond what the body can expel by sneezing and/or coughing you usually will experience a sore throat. When this happens drinking a cool glass of water will help to flush your throat. Sometimes a cough drop will help the throat to recover faster. If breathing in a lot of dust around your home is a concern for you why not hire a professional cleaning company to clean your home and let them handle the dust.106.4k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?promoted by Grammarly Looking for a dream job? Grammarly's your secret weapon. Built by linguists, Grammarly intelligently detects and corrects hundreds of complex writing errors. Learn More at grammarly.com Related Questions More Answers Below Why does dust make it hard to breath? Why do dust and cold cause breathing problems? Is breathing in Smarties dust bad for you? What do I do after breathing in fiberglass dust? What happens to dust in the air you breathe in your lungs? Ask New Question Liang-Hai Sie, Retired general internist, former intensive care physician. Answered May 15, 2016 · Author has 24.8k answers and 48.6m answer views Cough up what you can lose, otherwise continue living, not much you can do after the fact. Next time wear a N95 face mask to prevent inhaling dust. NIOSH-Approved N95 Particulate Filtering Facepiece Respirators87.4k Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Patricia Krueger John Anderson, studied at Colleges and Universities in the United Kingdom Answered Aug 25, 2015 · Author has 639 answers and 1.4m answer views Immediately, put all the clothes you were wearing into the wash. Then have a thorough shower, with particular attention to washing your hair. If you feel at all sick or otherwise ""unusual"", drink a large glass of milk. Expect to cough, and encourage it: spit out what you cough up, do not swallow it. While you are doing all this, think about the dust. If it was from asbestos, any other unidentified building insulant, sawdust, or any insoluble mineral dust such as from mica, stone-cutting, or metallic dust, go to your nearest hospital immediately. If possible, take a sample of the dust with you. Finally, don't do it again: a dust mask is cheap, and life isn't.63.7k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? Adam Swier, Extensive researcher and armchair physician Answered Mar 9, 2015 · Author has 62 answers and 100.8k answer views This is a preventative sort of thing - don't breathe the dust. It's not very easy to get things out of the lungs once they are in. Possibly, a mucosal thinning agent (think Robotussin) would help, but I'm not certain. There are other variants here, such as what kind of dust. Dusty attic? Benedryl for any allergy symptoms. But could there have been asbestos in the old insulation? In that case, you need to get to a hospital. So it really just depends. Although uncomfortable, restrictive, hot, etc. a proper respirator (or at least a dust mask) is the only good answer to this question.47.6k Views · View Upvoterspromoted by 23and Me Explore your DNA with 23and Me. Learn more about your health, traits and ancestry through 75+ genetic reports. Learn More at 23andme.com Mary Maneen, RN, lifetime researcher of all things medical Answered Aug 20, 2015 · Author has 135 answers and 363.1k answer views Healthy lungs constantly make mucus and we constantly clear our airways for precisely this sort of situation: dust particles get trapped in the mucus and we cough it up and out. Of course, we also (usually) breathe through our noses which have tiny hairs in them which clean the air we breathe, trapping a lot of the particulate matter. Our noses also warm and moisturize the air we breathe, which helps particles become caught. Between the two mechanisms, a lot of the air we breathe is substantially cleaner, once it gets to our lungs; if it isn't, it gets coughed up and out over time. When we smoke, our lungs try mightily to keep up with the amount of nastiness that we inhale, but with the carbon monoxide, the heat, and the tar in cigarettes, they simply can't keep up, and become damaged. Over time, once one quits smoking, the lungs are able to renew themselves and we cough out a lot of the crap. Probably the best thing you can do after breathing a lot of dust would be to get yourself to the cleanest air you can find, bearing in mind that air-conditioned air is usually cleaner than outside air. Stay there for as long as you can - sleep there, if possible! There's really not a lot else you CAN do.98.3k Views · View Upvoters James Pay, studied at Rocky Mountain College Answered Aug 28, 2015 · Author has 1.7k answers and 813.1k answer views If you have breath in a lot of dust, depending on how much, it is probably best to see some medical proffesionals. All depends on what type of dust it was, too. If it was just ordinary dust you will likely be OK. And if it were some type of chemical dust, what type, then you need more attention. Usually it will go away, the body will take care of it. If you develope symptoms of any kind then it is time for medical care.37.6k Views · View Upvoters Woody J Hiatt, Lay Out Artist (2010-present)Answered Sep 14, 2015Do you feel it? A hot shower or nebulizer with a fine mist spray can help. Dust congestion is a different game than a cold where your body makes you cough a lot. You need to help out here. Deep breathing wet air helps the lungs create more phlegm for ejection. Hanging almost upside down off a bed with your chest down adds a little help from gravity. Practicing your coughing and force as much air out as possible. Try some prevention. 30 years from now you may look back and thank yourself.27.9k Views Michael J. Tran, Health is holistic. Answered Oct 3, 2015 · Author has 1.2k answers and 1.4m answer views Get a mask and avoid future breathing in dust. Go for a hard run to clear your lungs. Get inside a steam room for an hour andmoisturize your lungs. Get a hot bowl of water and lemongrass and put a warm towel over your head and the bowl and inhale.29.3k Views · View Upvoters Rebecca Amulen, Script Writer, Actress, Sound Mixer, Editorteacher Answered Sep 1, 2015If you find yourself coughing, let it happen. Drink lots of water/fluid so that your body can hydrate your secretions well. I think that you should be able to clear the material in a day or two, if it isn't too bad. The little hairs in your airways and nose will be busy clearing all the junk out of your lungs. If you blow your nose and see strange material, it may be from what you breathed in. The material in your lungs should get out of your lungs and be swallowed naturally, as normal.30.6k Views · View Upvoters Vaibhav Karpur Answered Mar 9, 2015I once saw a labourer who cuts marble/granite slabs eat a lot of jaggery or some bananas after he was done cutting a lot of marble slices. Maybe these particular foods help clean the respiratory tract. Do consult a medical professional though.23.9k Views · View Upvoters Related Questions Why does my breathing worries me a lot? A lot of dust settles on the sides of our roads. Is there a positive way to utilize this dust? How big is dust? Is there lots of dust in Egypt? What is dust tea? What is dust? What is dust allergy? Why is it so hard to breath regular air after breathing O2? Should I vomit after eating a lot? What causes forced breathing? Ask New Question Related Questions Why does dust make it hard to breath? Why do dust and cold cause breathing problems? Is breathing in Smarties dust bad for you? What do I do after breathing in fiberglass dust? What happens to dust in the air you breathe in your lungs? Why does my breathing worries me a lot? A lot of dust settles on the sides of our roads. Is there a positive way to utilize this dust? How big is dust? Is there lots of dust in Egypt? What is dust tea? Ask New Question "