define spalting

"Discover Spalted Wood This photo gallery demonstrates that when cutting lumber, it's important to remember the old saying - Never judge a book by it's cover. Spalting is a naturally occurring process in trees that have died or are starting to die. It occurs most commonly in dead trees that have fallen over and are in contact with moist ground, but it can occur in unhealthy trees that are still standing.

Discover Spalted Wood

Spalting is technically defined as ""incipient decay"", and this definition is useful because in certain wood species such as maple and pecan, the early stages of spalting (decay) can create some of the most dramatic and beautiful color changes in the wood. Similar to the ambrosia signature in maple, spalting causes the wood to change color due to the infiltration of bacteria, fungus, and other organisms that feed on wood fiber. The problem is that if it's not harvested at exactly the right stage, the decay will become so pronounced that the integrity of the wood fiber is lost and the lumber can be crumbled with your bare hands. Unfortunately (or fortunately, depending on your perspective), spalted logs never make it to mainstream sawmill operations. Just as with ambrosia maple, these logs would be considered trash and would normally be ignored by loggers or ground up for mulch by most sawmills. Luckily, small sawmill owners like myself recognize the beauty and tremendous value in logs like these and utilize this wood to it's fullest potential. Photo Gallery (Click any photo below for a close-up view)Although somewhat difficult to see in these two photos, you are looking at a short section of maple log about 3' long and 18"" in diameter (sitting on some cherry logs). You can see all manner of fungal growth, especially on the end grain where small organisms can most easily penetrate into the log. When ""prospecting"" for spalted wood, you actually want to find logs that are this ugly since it's a positive indication that the wood will be highly figured by the spalting process. After sawing a thin slice off the end of the log, the photo on the left reinforces our hopes that the spalting process is well underway in this maple wood. This fact is confirmed when we slice open this log section, revealing the beautiful spalted lumber hiding inside (right). What would originally have been plain, cream-colored maple wood is now richly-colored and scribed with fine black lines that delineate some of the grain structure in the wood. These two photos show a series of bookmatched pairs of boards all cut from this particular section of spalted maple. Even more impressive is the degree to which the coloration and figure changes as you cut boards from the log. If you look at the close-up views of these photos, you can see a much better indication of the spalted character in this wood. [Home Page] [Back To Previous Page] "


what skills i need for marine biology

Marine biologist must also be familiar with various research boats and ships, and may need scuba diving skills and underwater camera and video skills. Marine biologists also frequently require robotic skills, such as for using Remotely Operated Vehicles, or ROVs, which are used in place of manned submersibles.

Personality Traits & Skills of a Marine Biologist

"Related Articles1Advantages & Disadvantages of a Job in Marine Biology2Training & Education Required for a Marine Biologist3What Machines Do Marine Biologists Use?4What Is a Personality Profile for a Wildlife Biologist?

Marine biologists study how plants and animals affect their water environments, and how the environment affects the plants and animals. They study issues such as animal and plant distribution, food chains, reproduction and community behavior. While marine biologists may work at a local stream or in an office, their job can also take them to remote locations the world over.

Interest in working with raw data is one quality marine biologists strongly require. Personality Traits Along with an appreciation of marine life, marine biologists must have scientific ability, an observant and questioning mind, and be patient, precise and good at analyzing and interpreting data. They must be be able to work alone and as part of a team, and have the stamina and physical fitness to work in demanding remote locations. Marine biologist and professor Jeffrey Levinton, of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, remarked in an online interview that marine biologists need to like the outdoors, and performing repetitive work for scientific experiments. They also need to be strong communicators. But, most of all, Professor Levinton says, marine biologists must like to think and have fresh ideas. Because working with data is so important, the U. S. Department of Labor's O*NET Online website points out that biologists overall need an aptitude for manipulating raw information in various ways to solve problems and questions. They must also have good near vision to see details. Skills Marine biologists must acquire the appropriate math and science skills through education and experience and hone their communication skills, both writing and speaking. They must also have active listening skills, so they give full attention to what other people are expressing, without interrupting them, O*NET Online notes. Equipment and Technology Skills Knowing how to use specialized equipment and computers, software and other technology is vitally important to research scientists such as marine biologists. For example, they must use field collecting equipment, such as plankton nets for sampling plankton and bottom grabs for gathering bottom creatures. They must also use automated measuring equipment, such as salinometers to measure the salt level in water. In the lab, they use particle counters to count microorganisms in the water and oxygen meters to measure marine organism respiration.

Education and Salary Working as a marine biologist typically requires as least a master's degree. Those with only bachelor's degrees typically land non-research jobs such as lab assistant. Aspiring marine biologists should first get an undergrad degree in a general science such as biology or zoology. Specializing in marine biology typically takes place in graduate school, during coursework for master's and doctorate degrees. People aiming to become college professors typically have Ph Ds. in the field. As a small field, marine biologist jobs can be hard to find and the salaries are in the average range. According to the Marine Bio Conservation Society at time of publication, those with bachelor's degrees earn an average of $30,000 to $40,000 annually; people with master's degrees can earn an average of $40,000 to 50,000, and full university professors can earn up to $100,000. References (6)Resources (2)About the Author Located in the mid-Atlantic United States, Elizabeth Layne has covered nonprofits and philanthropy since 1997, and has written articles on an array of topics for small businesses and career-seekers. An award-winning writer, her work has appeared in ""The Chronicle of Philanthropy"" newspaper and ""Worth"" magazine. Layne holds a Bachelor of Arts in journalism from The George Washington University. Photo Credits Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images Cite this Article "


how is volcano formed

When this pressure is released, eg as a result of plate movement, magma explodes to the surface causing a volcanic eruption. The lava from the eruption cools to form new crust. Over time, after several eruptions, the rock builds up and a volcano forms.

Print Geography Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions Page:1 2 3 4 5 6 7Next

Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive (compressional) and constructive (tensional) plate boundaries. The immediate effects of volcanic eruptions can be devastating, but they may be beneficial in the long term.

Key facts A volcano is formed by eruptions of lava and ash. Volcanoes are usually cone shaped mountains or hills. When magma reaches the Earth's surface it is called lava. When the lava cools, it forms rock. Volcanic eruptions can happen at destructive and constructive boundaries, but not at conservative boundaries. Some volcanoes happen underwater, along the seabed or ocean floor. The formation of volcanoes Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia Magma rises through cracks or weaknesses in the Earth's crust. Pressure builds up inside the Earth.

Page:1 2 3 4 5 6 7Next Back to Natural hazards index


difference between a prawn and a shrimp

ld. Taxonomy of a Shrimp and a Prawn Shrimp ‘“ is a crustacean that belongs to the order Decapoda and the suborder Pleocyemata. Prawn ‘“ is a crustacean that belongs to the order Decapoda and the suborder Dendrobranchiata. The differing suborders mean that there are significant morphological differences between shrimp and prawns.

Difference Between Shrimp and Prawn

"Difference Between Shrimp and Prawn• Categorized under Food, Nature | Difference Between Shrimp and Prawn Shrimp vs Prawn At a seafood restaurant you order an item off the menu and fifteen minutes later a plate of steaming pink C-shaped food comes back. It is generally accompanied with some dipping sauces and a lemon slice or two. Depending on the country in which you are living, this dish may either called shrimp or prawns. However, the same dish may or may not bear any relation to what you are actually eating. In terms of consumption, there is no noticeable difference between a shrimp and prawn even though some subtle differences may be found in the wi

Morphology of Shrimp and Prawns Shrimp ‘“ have a thin but hard exoskeleton. Their bodies are divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax overlaps the other two body segments. They have three pairs of legs in the front and their gills are plate-like in structure. Prawns ‘“ have the same exoskeleton and body segmentation as shrimp. However, in prawns, the head overlaps the thorax, and the thorax overlaps the abdomen. They also have longer legs than shrimp. Finally, the gills of a prawn have a branching structure. Eating Shrimp and Prawns Shrimp ‘“ is the term commonly used to describe both shrimp and prawns in North America. Prawns ‘“ is the terminology employed by the British and their former colonies to describe this crustacean. If a Britisher refers to a shrimp, he is probably talking about an unrelated crustacean that is used to make potted shrimp. Sustainable Harvesting and Fishing of Shrimp and Prawns Shrimp ‘“ the industry has been working to find sustainable methods of farming shrimp in coastal plantations. The United States is a leader in sustainable practices. Shrimp fishing, especially by trawler, is very damaging to local ecosystems because it is the single largest producer of by catch. Prawns ‘“ are more likely to be farmed in Asian countries. The lax regulations of these farming industries can denude coastlines and produce prawns that hold a lot of incidental toxins. Similar to shrimp fishing, prawn fishing also often employs trawler, creating a lot of undesirable by catch. Summary: 1. Shrimp and prawns are closely related crustaceans that are considered a gourmet food throughout most of the world. 2. Shrimp and prawns look very similar, but differ in the distribution of their body segments, the length of their legs, and the structure of their gills. 3. Shrimp is common terminology for either crustacean in North American, whereas most of the rest of the world uses prawn for the animals. 4. At the present time, United States shrimp farming is the most sustainable of all practices. Search Difference Between.net : Custom Search Help us improve. Rate this post! ( 4 votes, average: 3.75 out of 5)Email This Post : If you like this article or our site. Please spread the word. Share it with your friends/family. Difference Between Prawn and Crayfish Difference Between Prawns and Shrimps Difference Between Dragonfly and Damselfly Difference Between Shrimp and Lobster Difference Between Flying Ants and Termites Difference Between Shrimp Etouffee and Shrimp Creole Difference Between Spiders and Insects Cite Manisha Kumar. ""Difference Between Shrimp and Prawn."" Difference Between.net. November 14, 2009 < http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-shrimp-and-prawn/ >. "

“Prawns” are considered to be larger, while shrimp are smaller. In terms of biology, however, things get a bit more complex, since the two crustaceans are in different suborders, indicating key biological differences between them.

What is the Difference Between Shrimp and Prawns?

Many consumers and restaurants use the terms “shrimp” and “prawns” interchangeably. Terminology also varies from nation to nation, which can make matters even more confusing. In fact, shrimp and prawns are closely related, but there are a few distinguishing features which divide the two. Unfortunately for most consumers, these features are usually obscured in the harvesting and cooking process, so unless a person has captured the crustaceans himself, he may never know which he is eating. Starting with the similarities can help to highlight the differences between shrimp and prawns. Both are decapod crustaceans, meaning that they have exoskeletons and 10 legs. They can be found in salt and fresh water all over the world, typically swimming in search of food. Both shrimp and prawns tend to stay near the ocean floor. They also have similar flavors, and come in a wide range of sizes from minuscule to quite large. Culinarily, many people distinguish between shrimp and prawns on the basis of size.

Prawns are in the suborder Dendobranchiata, while shrimp are classified as Pleocyemata.

The primary difference is the gill structure. Shrimp have branching gills, while prawns have lameller gills with a platelike structure. There are a few other distinguishing features. The front pincers of shrimp are typically the largest, while prawns have bigger second pincers. Prawns also have longer legs.

These differences may seem subtle, but they indicate different steps along the evolutionary path of both creatures. Numerous varieties of both creatures are harvested for consumption. Some common shrimp species include spot, pink, white, and brown shrimp, along with Northern shrimp. Prawns that may be found at the fishmonger include tiger, deep water, bay, and king prawns. Conservation organizations urge consumers to use caution when purchasing prawns and shrimp, since many are caught and farmed in nations with lax environmental and fishing regulations. The United States in particular has made major changes in the legislation governing shrimp farming, in the hopes of making it more sustainable, so that farmed in America is a reasonable choice at the grocery store. Wild-caught Northern shrimp are also good buys, as are spot prawns. Ad


how much fiber is in valencia orange

ls. Fiber Content California Valencia oranges deliver 4.4 grams of fiber in a 1-cup serving of fruit sections, and Florida oranges have the same with 4.4 grams of fiber in a 1-cup serving. One cup of raw navel orange sections provides 3.6 grams of fiber, while the same amount of Mandarin orange segments delivers 3.5 grams of fiber. Raw orange juice has only 0.5 gram of fiber in an 8-ounces serving, while orange juice from concentrate provides 0.7 gram of fiber in the same portion size. Benefits Oranges and other citrus fruits offer plenty of vitamins, minerals and fiber in a low-calorie package.

Fiber in Oranges

Related Articles The Fiber Content of Fresh Fruit What Foods Will Help Lose Belly & Abdominal Fat Quickly? Which Is More Nutritious: Apples or Oranges? Can You Lose Weight by Eating Oranges? List of Foods on a 1200 Calorie Diet Fresh Hearts of Palm Nutrition Dietary fiber includes the portions of fruits, vegetables and grains that your body isn’t able to digest. Instead, the fiber stays in your intestines to help promote normal bowel function. If you’re a woman, you should incorporate 25 grams of fiber from foods into your daily diet until age 50, when the requirement drops to 21 grams daily. Oranges and other citrus fruits can help meet these goa

When you eat oranges, the fiber from the fruit helps slow the rate of food absorption from your gut. This slower absorption rate helps control blood glucose levels. Dietary fiber also combines with bile acids in your intestines, signaling your liver to produce more bile acid. The liver pulls cholesterol from its stores to make the bile acid and draws excess cholesterol from your blood to replace those stores. This process lowers your blood cholesterol and reduces your risk of developing coronary heart disease, heart failure, heart attack and stroke. Fiber fills you up and keeps you full longer, making it easier to maintain a healthy weight. Serving Suggestions A plain, peeled orange is a tasty, fiber-rich snack or complement to any meal. Peel and orange, separate into segments, chop the segments and scatter them over a spinach and chicken salad. Saute chopped oranges with a bit of cinnamon and use the combination as a nutritious topping for grilled pork chops or chicken breasts. Stir chopped oranges into plain yogurt, hot cereal or even a bowl of cold breakfast cereal as additional ways to add oranges to your menu plan. Adding Fiber to Oranges Although oranges are rich in fiber by themselves, you can boost your fiber intake by 1.9 grams if you add 1 ounce of walnuts, or about 14 walnut halves, to your fruit cup. Oranges go well in a high-fiber salad that also includes chopped apples, which deliver 2.6 grams of fiber in a 1-cup serving, and three small figs that bring along 3.6 grams of fiber to the salad. Don’t strip away the orange’s fiber-rich membranes. Although most people don’t eat the orange peel, a single tablespoon of the rind contains 0.6 gram of fiber. You can shave orange peel onto salads or other dishes for a tasty garnish.email Tweet References (5)Resources (2)DON'T MISSThe Fiber Content of Fresh Fruit What Foods Will Help Lose Belly & Abdominal Fat Quickly? Which Is More Nutritious: Apples or Oranges? Photo Credits:oranges image by Marek Kosmal from Fotolia.com This article reflects the views of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the views of Jillian Michaels or Jillian Michaels.com. Get Fit » Diet & Nutrition » Fiber in Oranges


cost to install hardie board

s Hardie board siding costs ranges from $5.00 to $10.00 for materials and professional installation. Hardie board, or Hardi Plank (the official product name), is the most popular fiber cement product. Discover the cost breakdowns for materials and installation, as well as actual customer costs.“Hardie Board siding cost per square foot range from $5 to $10 installed. The reason for the large price range is due to the fact that materials and installation requirements vary so much from project to project.”H

Hardie Board Siding Costs & Prices

Hardie Board Siding Costs & Price

ardie Board Siding Cost (Materials Only)Cost Of Hardi Plank: $1.00 – $1.50 psf Although this is the per square foot price, most fiber cement products are sold by the panel. 16 pieces of 8.25″ panels would cover 1 square or 100 square feet. Admittedly, this can be confusing when you look at the breakdowns for the first time – that us why seeing the per square foot price is a bit easier, especially considering that many contractors bid out projeects on a per square basis. Additional Materials: $2.00 – $2.50 psf Siding projects involve numerous materials, including nails, housewrap, fascia, soffit, trim pieces, mounting blocks, starting courses etc. Some projects will involve all of these and some basic projects will involve less. This is one reason why there can be such big differences in bids from one project to another. Hardie Board Siding Cost Installation: $2.00 – $6.00 psf Homeowners can expect Hardiplank installation prices to range from $2.00 to $6.00 per square foot. Factors that will affect the per square foot Hardiplank pricing include the size of the project, the removal of existing cladding, the number of cuts that need to be made and how complex the homeowner’s plans are for trim, soffit, fascia etc. Total Hardie Board Siding Cost Entry To Mid Level: $5.00 – $7.50 psf For a project that involves 20 squares of material, the cost would be anywhere from $10,000 – $15,000 installed. Mid To High End: $7.50 – $10.00 psf For a project that involves 20 squares of material, the cost would be anywhere from $15,000 – $20,000 installed. Caution With DIY Installation Unless you have considerable carpentry skills, it is best to leave installation to professional contractors. Hardiplank is heavy and demands additional labor to hold and put in place as compared to vinyl siding. It is difficult to cut the boards correctly, thus the need for a specialized cutting tool. The process is dusty and installing hardie boards incorrectly can result in mold issues in the sheathing, a problem that is expensive to fix. Hardipanel Pricing From Actual Customers Price: $22,000.00 Amount Of Siding: 25 squares Price Per Square Foot: $8.80 psf Location: Missouri Project completed in 2011 Hired professional contractor who specialized in hardie plank installation. Price: $4,000.00 Amount Of Siding: 13 squares Price Per Square Foot: $3.07 psf Location: Wisconsin Project completed in 2010 Do it yourself installation (effectively no labor costs, the homeowner owned all of his tools, saws, etc. )Price: $15,000.00 Amount Of Siding: 22 squares Price Per Square Foot: $6.81 psf Location: Raleigh, NC Project completed in 2009. Price included Hardi Planks, nails, housewrap, fascia, soffit, mounting blocks and labor. Cost: $13,500.00 Amount Of Siding: 29 squares Price Per Square Foot: $4.65 psf Location: South Carolina Project completed in 2009 Customer bought materials, tools, scaffolding etc. Locally hired labor (per hour) Compare this price to contractor bids that started at $20,000Cost: $28,000 Amount Of Siding: 25 squares Price Per Square Foot: $11.20 psf Location: Atlanta Project completed in 2008 Included all materials and installation, plus 2 coats of paint on siding, removal of current siding, install on 4 pairs of shutters, some moulding work and 4 windows. Related Topics Nichiha Pricing Pricing Estimator Cost Comparison


what is a resolution by its board of directors

Generally speaking a resolution by a board of directors in any organization that has a board, is to announce a plan of action or inaction on an important matter. For example, the Board of Directors at a major hospital might resolve to establish a special ward for pediatric cancer.

"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Business & Finance Business and Industry Industries and Professions Companies What is a resolution by a Board of Directors? Flag What is a resolution by a Board of Directors? Edit Answer by Chuck Siata Confidence votes 6.1KAvid political scientist with a strong focus on US History, including the political & military aspects of the US Civil War.

As another example, a board might pass a resolution to expand the organizations operations to another country.1 person found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Wutzyerproblem 9,943 Contributions What is the purpose of passing directors resolution? Answer A corporation ""lives"" only through the actions of its board of directors, making votes or resolutions to empower the officers and other employees to car …Board of Resolution? A board of resolution is a group of people appointed by a company to make rules for a company. The board of resolution is made up of employees that work for a company and …Wanda59 1 Contribution What does a board of directors do? They oversee a company and answer to stock holders. The board of directors provides the company with direction and advice. It is the responsibility of the board of directors t …Stiles86 14,154 Contributions Who are the board of directors? They are the ones who have the final say over the implementation of the corporation's charter, bylaws and business plan. They appoint various office holders, and can dismiss t …Dani Robbins 216 Contributions Strategist, founder and principal of Non Profit Evolution Can a Board of Directors fire an Executive Director? Yes. In fact, they are the only entity that can fire an executive director. There are some cases where a staff member may have the title executive director but may not be …Mumtaz Ali 24 Contributions What is a board of directors? Board of directors is a group of people who are elected or appointed to an organisation to direct the strategy of the organisation. Edit Dani Robbins 216 Contributions Strategist, founder and principal of Non Profit Evolution How do you get on a board of directors? Board members are elected to their positions. In some case they runfor them, in others they are recommended by a committee. Edit Dani Robbins 216 Contributions Strategist, founder and principal of Non Profit Evolution What is board of director? Please see the newly posted article detailing the types of nonprofit boards. http://nfp.answers.com/board-of-directors/governing-and-advisory-boards Edit Dani Robbins 216 Contributions Strategist, founder and principal of Non Profit Evolution Can the director of a nonprofit be on the board of directors? Yes. More often than not, executive directors serve the board yet do not have a seat on that board, but occasionally they do. The agency's bylaws will dictate what is allo …The shareholders at an annual general meeting passed a resolutionfor the payment of dividend ata rate higher than recommended by the Board of Directors Examine the validity of the resolution Explain? Articles of companies usually contain provisions with regards to declaration of dividend on the pattern of regulations 85 to 94 of Table A of the Companies Act, 1956. Under th …What is Nonindependent director in board of directors? A non-independent director is in a majority of cases an executive associated with the boards organization, i.e. chairman, CEO, COO, CFO, etc. and/or any other executive voted …Does a board resolution need to be signed by all directors to pass it according to the Indian companies act?no...only signature of one dirctor is sufficient Edit Dani Robbins 216 Contributions Strategist, founder and principal of Non Profit Evolution Answered In Business Law Can a non board of director attend a board of directors meeting? Yes, for non profit organizations, in most cases non board members may attend, as invited. Some board meetings are open to the public; others will allow interested parties to …Dani Robbins 216 Contributions Strategist, founder and principal of Non Profit Evolution Answered In Business & Finance How many directors in board of directors? The number of allowable board members are outlined in an organization's bylaws. Edit Answered In Uncategorized Are subsequent directors elected by the board of directors?after the company's first directors have been appointed, it may be necessary to make new appointments either to fill the vacancy when the director vacates office or to increas …Answered In Business & Finance Does a board resolution need to be signed by all directors? A board resolution needs to be signed by all directors. However, if there is a director who is not part of the board, they do not need to sign. Edit Notyouraveragedummy ... 325,905 Contributions Answered In Grammar Is the board of directors were or was? The key word is 'board', the singular subject of the verb: the board was. example: The board of directors was in conference all morning. When using just 'the … "


where does microtubule formation occur

In addition, microtubules are the major components of cilia and flagella, and participate in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division (mitosis). The length of microtubules in the cell varies between 200 nanometers and 25 micrometers, depending upon the task of a particular microtubule and the state of the cell's life cycle. Microtubules are biopolymers that are composed of subunits made from an abundant globular cytoplasmic protein known as tubulin, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Microtubules These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don't have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support. Microtubules, which are about 25 nanometers in diameter, form part of the cytoskeleton that gives structure and shape to a cell, and also serve as conveyor belts moving other organelles throughout the cytoplasm.

Each subunit of the microtubule is made of two slightly different but closely related simpler units called alpha -tubulin and beta -tubulin that are bound very tightly together to form heterodimers. In a microtubule, the subunits are organized in such a way that they all point the same direction to form 13 parallel protofilaments. This organization gives the structure polarity, with only the alpha -tubulin proteins exposed at one end and only beta -tubulin proteins at the other. By adding or removing globular tubulin proteins, the length of polymeric microtubules can be increased or decreased. Because the two ends of a microtubule are not the same, however, the rate at which growth or depolymerization occurs at each pole is different. The end of a polarized filament that grows and shrinks the fastest is known as the plus end and the opposing end is called the minus end. For all microtubules, the minus end is the one with exposed alpha -tubulins. In an animal cell, it is this end that is located at the centriole-containing centrosome found near the nucleus, while the plus end, comprised of exposed beta -units, is projected out toward the cell's surface. Microtubules are continuously being assembled and disassembled so that tubulin monomers can be transported elsewhere to build microtubules when needed. Presented in Figure 2 is a digital image of the microtubule network found in an embryonic mouse cell as seen through a fluorescence optical microscope. The extensive intertwined network is labeled with primary antibodies to alpha -tubulin, which are then stained with secondary antibodies containing a green fluorescent dye. The nucleus was counterstained with a red dye to note its location in relation to the microtubule network. Fluorescence microscopy is an important tool that scientists use to examine the structure and function of internal cellular organelles. In addition to their structural support role, microtubules also serve as a highway system along which organelles can be transported with the aid of motor proteins. For instance, the microtubule network interconnects the Golgi apparatus with the plasma membrane to guide secretory vesicles for export, and also transports mitochondria back and forth in the cytoplasm. Another example is the translocation of vesicles containing neurotransmitters by microtubules to the tips of nerve cell axons. The motor proteins involved in organelle transport operate by altering their three-dimensional conformation using adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) as fuel to move back and forth along a microtubule. With each step, the motor molecule releases one portion of the microtubule and grips a second site farther long the filament. Motor proteins, which are grouped into several distinct classes, attach to organelles through specialized receptors. Since eukaryotic cells greatly depend upon the integrity of microtubules and other cytoskeletal filaments to maintain their structure and essentially to survive, many plants produce natural toxins aimed at disrupting the microtubule network as a means of self-defense. Taxol, for example, is a toxic substance produced by a species of yew trees that increases microtubule polymerization (building a macromolecule) by binding to the filament and stabilizing it. Other natural toxins, such as the colchicine produced by the meadow saffron, destabilize microtubules and hinder their polymerization. Both kinds of events can be fatal to the affected cell, though in some circumstances, this can be beneficial to animals, as demonstrated by taxol, which is commonly used as a cancer medication. BACK TO ANIMAL CELL STRUCTUREBACK TO PLANT CELL STRUCTUREQuestions or comments? Send us an email.© 1995-2017 by Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners. This website is maintained by our Graphics & Web Programming Team in collaboration with Optical Microscopy at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory . Last modification: Friday, Nov 13, 2015 at 02:18 PMAccess Count Since October 1, 2000: 255554Microscopes provided by:


what devices use firewire

. Fire Wire®, also known as IEEE 1394 standard, is a high-performance serial bus used for connecting certain devices to a computer. Many different types of Fire Wire® devices, such as video cameras, external DVD burners and external hard drives, typically require faster data transfer speeds. Industries that require faster data transfer speeds, like publishing or motion picture production companies are typical users of Fire Wire® devices.

What Are the Different Types of FireWireÂ® Devices?

Peripheral devices that connect to a computer requiring high-speed data transfer rates like camcorders or external memory drives are typically equipped with Fire Wire® ports. This high-speed Fire Wire® connection allows users to transfer massive amounts of information in a very short amount of time

Fire Wire® technology is one of the fastest data transfer device interfaces available. Devices utilizing this technology are designed to handle data transfer speeds from 100 to 800 Mbps (megabits per second). This exceptional speed allows large amounts of information to be transferred between devices in a relatively short amount of time. Fire Wire® devices are typically those that require high data transfer speeds between computers and peripheral devices like cameras, external hard drives, video capture devices, and digital video converters. Other devices that typically have built-in Fire Wire® connectivity are external CD or DVD burners, media card readers, scanning devices, and printers. Most devices, depending upon their individual connection and data transfer speed requirements will have either 400 or 800 Mbps Fire Wire® data transfer ports built in. Some devices with the 800 Mbps capacity may cost a bit more and can handle higher data transfer speeds up to 800 Mbps while Fire Wire® devices with 400 Mbps capability handle half that amount. For example, an external hard drive may only require a slower 400 Mbps Fire Wire® port if the speed of data transfer is not critical. A movie director might use a high-end digital camera equipped with an 800 Mbps connection because faster data transfer will allow more time for other production activities. The latest 1600 and 3200 Fire Wire® devices reach data transfer rates of 1600 and 3200 Mbps respectively but are also completely backward compatible with both Fire Wire® 400 and 800 devices. Many of the devices used by the film, publishing, and entertainment industries require the collection and rapid data transfer rates that this technology provides. For example, in the publishing industry, all of the photos, copy, ads and other digital information that make up a book or a magazine are composed of massive amounts of data. When this data needs to be transferred to another computer or storage device, Fire Wire® devices are able to process data more quickly than other types of cable or wireless connections. Typically, devices that require large data transfers and connect with a computer will be enabled with Fire Wire® connectivity. Ad


is cyclosporine an antibiotic

Patients receiving immunosuppressive medications (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and azathioprine) are at risk to experience drug-induced adverse events wen they are exposed to selective antibiotics designed to treat a superimposed bacterial respiratory tract infections.

Antibiotic Side Effects

Immunosuppressive Agents

[ 34] These drug interactions are potentially important because they not only result in side effects but have, on occasion, the ability to cause inadequate immunosuppression and the risk of transplant rejection or disease exacerbation, or alternatively excessive immunosuppression and the vulnerability for life-endangering infections. Cyclosporine is prescribed as immunosuppressive therapy for transplant recipients and as treatment for patients with immunologic disorders, such as glomerulopathies, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and myasthenia gravis. Patients receiving cyclosporine are at enhanced risk of developing nephrotoxicity when erythromycin, clarithromycin, aminoglycosides, trimethoproim and sulfamethoxazole, or vancomycin are prescribed for the management of bacterial respiratory tract infections. [ 34] It is preferable, if possible, to administer ß-lactam antibiotics or fluoroquinolones to those receiving cyclosporine and experiencing bacterial respiratory infections. If this is not possible, however, and antibiotics known to precipate interactions with cyclosporine must be prescribed, it is essential that analyses of serum cyclosporine and renal function be performed, so that the dose of cyclosporine can be altered to keep the patient from encountering nephrotoxicity or excessive immunosuppression. Tacrolimus, previously known as FK 506, like cyclosporine is both nephrotoxic and neurotoxic and has a narrow therapeutic window. In contrast to azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin interact with tacrolimus by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 3A hepatic and small intestine enzymes that metabolize tacrolimus, thereby causing deterioration in renal function. [ 35] The quinolones lack significant interaction with tacrolimus and thus appear to be the preferred antimicrobial for the management of the renal transplant recipient who receives tacrolimus and develops a respiratory tract infection caused by Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneunonia, or Chlamydia pneumoniae. There is also the concern that patients receiving tacrolimus would be at greater risk for the development of renal impairment if an aminoglycoside was administered. If it is essential to offer these patients an aminoglycoside, an effort should be made to prescribe the aminoglycoside once daily and to restrict the duration of treatment. Neuropenia and thrombocytopenia have been reported in renal allograft recipients who received daily azathioprine treatment and more than 3 weeks' therapy with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazale. [ 36]


what is it when your battery loses t charge

Solution #2: If the battery won’t hold its charge and your engine stalls out, then it’s time to turn your attention to the alternator. Although your battery may have enough energy to get the engine fired up initially, it will eventually lose power if it is not being recharged by the alternator.

"Tech / Tech Articles How to Diagnose Common Charging System Problems Posted by David Fuller on September 18, 2013 at 11:07 am Tweet Dead battery. Dim lights. Flickering gauges. Any one of these symptoms can be a sign of a weak charging system. Your charging system is responsible for restoring the charge to your car battery after use and is tasked with providing power to your lights, audio system, and other electronics while your vehicle is running. Without your charging system in proper working order, you’ll eventually find yourself stranded…without lights…and without good tunes. Gasp. To help you avoid such a situation, we’ve put together a basic guide to tracking down potential charging system issues. Problem: Engine starts OK, but the battery does not stay charged. Solution #1: Focus on your battery first. If your vehicle has stopped running, jumpstart the engine, remove the jumper cables as quickly as possible, and wait. If the vehicle keeps running after a period of time, there’s likely a problem with your battery. Take into account the outward appearance and age of the battery when deciding whether to replace it. Also, inspect your battery cables and make sure they are in good shape. Bad cables will not deliver the full current flow needed to operate properly.

Here are a few quick ways to pinpoint a bad alternator: Crank over the engine, turn on your vehicle’s lights, and observe. If they start bright and then slowly fade, your alternator might not be delivering the proper charge to operate your vehicle accessories. If your vehicle is already dead, jumpstart the battery and wait. If the alternator is bad, your car or truck will eventually die out again as the battery is not re-charged. Get a good-quality voltmeter or multimeter and test your battery’s state of charge. The voltmeter should read around 12.6 volts with the engine off and 14-15 volts when the engine is running. If voltage is below 13.5, there’s a good chance the alternator is not keeping up with your battery’s charging needs. Solution #3: Check the alternator cables for abnormal wear, including cracking and fraying. Replace or tighten the cables as necessary.…See Also: Ask Away: with Jeff Smith: When and How to Update the Charging System in a Classic Car Monday Mailbag: Tracking Down Potential Charging System Issues Problem: Engine cranks over slowly and lights dim excessively during process. Solution: Slow or labored cranking is often the first sign of an undercharged battery. Use the tests above to determine the problem—battery or alternator.…Problem: Lights flare excessively as engine speed increases. Solution: This is usually caused by an overcharged battery, which is typically the result of high alternator voltage. This can be caused by a short or ground in the rotor field winding within the alternator or a defective regulator.…Problem: Dim lights or lights that seem to fade as the car runs. Solution #1: Since the alternator is responsible for supplying the auxiliary power to your lights and electrical components, start with the alternator and associated items. First, examine the wiring for damage or wear and replace as necessary. If everything looks good, move on to solution #2. Solution #2: Turn on your vehicle and use a voltmeter to test your battery’s charge. If voltage is below 13.5, there’s a good chance the alternator is not keeping up with your battery’s charging needs and will need replaced. If voltage is around 13.5-15, turn your attention to your battery. Solution #3: If the alternator is supplying proper voltage, chances are the problem lies with your battery.…Problem: Noisy alternator. Solution #1: Check the alternator belt for wear or looseness. Replace or tighten as necessary, making sure the belt is properly aligned on the pulley. Improperly aligned alternator belts will often make a whining sound. Solution #2: Check for bent pulley flanges that may cause the belt to run out of alignment. Solution #3: Make sure the alternator is mounted securely so there is not excess movement. Solution #4: Perhaps your alternator has seen better days and is on the verge of failure. Once you’ve gone through solutions 1-3, you may need to consider replacing the entire unit if the noise persists.…Alternator Selection and Installation Tips - Summit Racing Quick Flicks Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 10:27Problem: The charge indicator light flickers while driving. Solution: At the very least, you likely have a loose alternator belt or bad wiring connection. Start by inspecting the alternator belt for wear and tightening it as needed. Also look for improper wiring connections. If one of these areas isn’t the culprit, you likely have a faulty alternator or regulator, which will need replaced.…Problem: The charge indicator light comes on while driving. Solution #1: Again, this could be a sign of a bad alternator or defective regulator. But first, rule out some other possible causes, including a loose or worn alternator belt. Inspect and replace an abnormally worn belt and tighten a loose belt. Solution #2: Check for wiring issues. The two most likely causes are a defective field-circuit ground or a bad light circuit wire or connector. Solution #3: Once you’ve eliminated the belts and wiring as possible problems, you’ll want to test your alternator for proper operation. Share this: Tweet Share on Tumblr Email Related Mailbag: Tracking Down Potential Charging System Issues August 17, 2015In ""Q&A""Quick Tech: Why is My Car Battery Not Holding a Charge? February 9, 2017In ""Tech""How to Choose an OPTIMA Battery February 20, 2012In ""Buyer's Guides""Tags: alternators, batteries, charging systems, electrical systems, generators Author: David Fuller David Fuller is On All Cylinders' managing editor. During his 20-year career in the auto industry, he has covered a variety of races, shows, and industry events and has authored articles for multiple magazines. He has also partnered with mainstream and trade publications on a wide range of editorial projects. In 2012, he helped establish On All Cylinders, where he enjoys covering all facets of hot rodding and racing.118 Commentsjohn meyer June 26, 2014 at 10:17 pmi just replaced the battery in my 67 camaro due to the fact that after the 1st one wouldn’t start after charging it several times over a 3yr period now when i installed the new one it was having the same symptoms as the old one i don’t think it’s the battery it started up a few times after installation and then quit. i feel its the starter or solanoid it was making a clicking noise when i tried to start the car ,i feel like i threw away a good battery for nothing. what are your coments for this problem. Replyelise October 28, 2014 at 3:09 pm YOu have most likely fixed it by now But it s Ounds like a solenoid if it’s clicking. Extremely simple and inexpensive fix Reply Hans Ruysenaar February 5, 2015 at 1:51 am The solenoid will make a clicking sound if the battery is weak or terminals or cables are not perfectly grounded and connected. Reply Quenten July 2, 2014 at 3:03 pm Love the photos!!! !Reply Clinton July 20, 2014 at 12:24 am My battery won’t hold charge in one car but it will in another. The one it won’t hold charge in had some people mess with the wires to install a toggle switch to turn on the fans because the didn’t know to change the thermostat. The alternator isn’t bad a d the terminals are in good shape as well. Please help. Reply David Fuller July 22, 2014 at 2:42 pm Clinton, it sounds like whomever wired the fans may have mistakenly tapped into the alternator wiring, possibly when looking for a power wire. Our advice is to trace and remove that wiring and obtain an underhood diagram for that vehicle so that a proper power supply can be located!Reply Hans Ruysenaar February 5, 2015 at 2:04 am It’s OK if the wiring of the toggle switch goes to B+ or the alternator B+ terminal. Fans consume a fairly high current so use adequate wiring and I strongly recommend that you include a relay to carry the load. (Toggle switch activates the relay and thin wiring can be used for this side of the circuit.) Disconnect the positive terminal on the battery and connect ammeter from Bat plus to terminal. With ignition off check if there is a current flow. If so remove all fuses until no current flows …that is where your problem lies. Note that immobilizers often cause dead battery problems if a vehicle is not used for long periods. Also this current draw may not be routed through a fused circuit. Reply Epar August 10, 2015 at 10:43 pm Same issue with me. Buick rendezvous, new battery, new Latinate. Old battery charged at 80%. Can jump. Drives fine, but if it’s a short trip. Battery drains completely, doesn’t restart. Reply Epar August 10, 2015 at 10:45 pm Latinate? I meant alltinatorjp grobler July 28, 2014 at 3:52 pm My 1993 kadett is having alternator problems its not charging the batery when runing and the dash light dousnt work but if I give the dash light a bridge to negetive it works is it possible that the problem is with the bosch alternators regulator? Reply David Fuller August 1, 2014 at 8:55 am You may want to track down a wiring diagram for your car and trace the wires. We’d also suggest you have the alternator tested at a local parts store to verify that it is working properly. Reply Kevin flynn April 24, 2016 at 8:49 am Hay im having problems with my astra mk4 my battery light is on the dials and my battery keeps going flat any solutions ? Reply Cw August 1, 2014 at 9:29 am My alternator has been replaced for the third time in 5 months. Always the same story I get in my car and the battery light and brake light are on usually for a day or so then no power. This time those lights came on and after driving ten minutes each day everything went to normal. I left my car at the shop overnight and they discovered another faulty alternator. Three times in five monts is excessive. Is there a chance that the guys at the shop could be installing this thing incorrectly somehow? Reply Wi CHO BUi LT September 23, 2015 at 4:08 am No ive had the same probs on my 94 toyota pickup 3.0 SR5 im on the 5th alternater changed wired checked the grounds and well the battery is new but cuould be that i need a new 1 now from over charging it Replycj elem August 12, 2014 at 2:56 pm Hey I have a 06 dodge charger th!t won’t hold a charge I replaced both the battery and altanater still nothing all the light on the dash flicker then it just dies I pulled some fuses to see if I can take as much energy off the battery but nothing works please can u give me some other ideas that I can try Reply FRANKLYN MCKESSON March 22, 2018 at 2:54 pmsame with my 2006 dodge charger,I change the alterator then took it to be tested and nothing was wrong with the alernator,now Im going to chage the battery,cause everything else looks good,any more ideas? Reply Glen August 29, 2014 at 6:49 pm My 340 challenger wont charge the brand new battery. I was told that no charge was coming from the Alternator. Installed new Alternator. Same problem. Flat battery after a days daytime driving. Then told no power coming out of the Voltage Regulator. Installed new voltage regulator . Same problem!!. My battery is in the boot but was never any problem until recently. Auto Sparky has bailed out saying theres nothing else it can be ! Help. Reply David Fuller September 5, 2014 at 9:40 am Grounds are very important in any electrical system. Make sure that the area where the regulator is mounted is free from any dirt/debris/paint. Make sure the alternator mounting brackets are clean where they meet the alternator case as well as where they meet the engine block. Make sure your battery cables are newer and free from any corrosion down deep in the wire under the insulation. All wire/cable connection points must be tight and clean. Consider adding some dielectric grease to these connections to prevent future corrosion and connection problems. Reply ERIC April 9, 2015 at 2:14 pm I HAD A 68 CORONET R/T 440 REPLACED THE BATTERY AND ALT. THE PROBLEM WAS THE ALT. GAUGE IN THE DASH WAS BAD. TOOK THE WIRES OFF AND HOOKED – UP REPLACEMENT GAUGE AND IT WAS FINEReply Eduardo sanchez January 19, 2017 at 4:27 pm I have a 1997 chevy tahoe suburban I changed the alternator and battery and went to start it but it just made a clicking noise. Can the radio wiring be a problem? Reply Lisa September 10, 2014 at 12:02 pm I have a 97 ford ranger,2.3, and the timing belt was replace and now it starts but will not accelerates. Please help… ty Reply David Fuller September 17, 2014 at 10:59 am Lisa, it could be as easy as the belt is a tooth off. We’d recommend calling the Summit tech line at 330-630-0240…they can help you track down the specific problem. Reply Lisa November 24, 2014 at 9:45 pm It was a tooth broken on one of the sprocket. ..thank you Replysysmar October 23, 2014 at 10:52 pm My battery light stay on while running and when i take of the negative it shut off. When i jump start the car it will stay running but it runs very high and when i shut it off it won’t turn. A mechanic told me it was my regulator. I bought a new regulator but it is still doing the same thing…Reply Jonathan October 26, 2014 at 7:47 am Did u check to see if it is Ur battery? Most places will test it for u and let u know if it’s any good or not. Reply Bob October 28, 2014 at 3:25 pm97 CRV–battery 4 months old-had a no start condition-put charger on and started fine. Battery charging volts at 14.3 running, tested at the terminals. With key off the battery voltage is 12.60. Removed the negative cable and tested voltage between the cable end and negative battery terminal and got the same 12.60 volts. It seems I’m getting a 12.60 drain, can this be caused by a bad alternator (diode)? Any other suggestions ? Thanks for any incite. Reply On All Cylinders October 30, 2014 at 11:34 am We agree you have a draw on the system. Try pulling one fuse at a time while a friend watches your volt meter. When the draw goes away you’ve at least narrowed it down to the circuit containing the device causing the draw. You can then inspect wiring and anything else in THAT circuit to pinpoint the problem. Replybryan November 18, 2014 at 2:10 am For a year now I have had to start my car before 8 hours or it will die out. I got the battery checked it’s good. Alternator is good too but for some reason it won’t hold a charge over 8 hours unless I start it or drive it around the block. I gotta drive it around the block every night before I sleep. Any clue what it could be ?? If battery is good and alternator is fine but battery losing power. I wanna get it fixed. But only if problem will be solved. Don’t have money to throw away Reply On All Cylinders November 20, 2014 at 10:30 am One of the electrical circuits in your car has what is called a “small amp draw”. Similar to leaving your lights on overnight, this circuit draws a small amount of current over a long period of time. Bare wires grounding out or something (coin) lodged in the lighter socket are the most common reasons for a small amp draw. Replybryan November 21, 2014 at 9:56 am I am gonna have it checked. I had a friend of a friend mention that the other day too and he is gonna check it out next week. I do thank you for your quick reply. It means a lot to me that I can narrow this down and finally after a year get this fixed. And finally sleep over 8 hours and not have to wake up to see if my car starts Replyjen November 18, 2014 at 5:22 pm Hiya, great tips I just had my battery changed on my mitsubishi FTO as id started to have problems starting it. It jump started immediately and didn’t cut out at all afterwards, even at idle but would hold a charge. My worry now is that my internal voltmeter is still only reading 12 or less, instead of 14 and I’m worried this means there’s something else going on, ie my alternators not producing enough current? Reply On All Cylinders November 20, 2014 at 10:32 am Thanks Jen. Using a multi-meter; check the voltage right at the battery. That voltage reading should be the same as the reading on the dash gauge. If the reading at the battery is higher, you may have a bad connection at the dash gauge or a bad gauge. While hooked at the battery, start loading the alternator by turning on accessories such as headlamps and heater blower motor. The alternator should maintain a healthy voltage of between 13.2 – 13.8 volts. Replyjen December 4, 2014 at 7:30 am Thanks for replying, well my worst fears were confirmed. Driving home the other night the car died. Firstly I noticed my voltmeter reading practically zero, then the speedo stopped working, then I stopped in traffic and it died completely. No lights, no alarm, nothing. I’m a bit peeved as I took it to a local garage to have the systems checked and it was they who changed the battery. I made it clear at the time my voltmeter was reading under 12 and that I wanted it checked for battery, drainage and the alternator. When I got it back it started fine but my voltmeter was still reading 11 or 12 and j mentioned this but was fobbed off. Personally I don’t think they tested my alternator, I think they just went for the easiest solution. That was exactly 2 weeks ago and now I’m having to replace the alternator after spending £70 on a new battery which I feel may have been unnecessary as I think it was the alternator all along? Reply Steve November 22, 2014 at 5:09 pm I have Put in a new battery, battery connections, and alternator and belt tensionser and still have a needle that dips low in my 94 f150. when i have the heat and lights on at a stop it slowly starts to drop and its scaring me because i wanna fix it before winter and dont enjoy breaking down on the highway in the winter. My next step is the solenoid. Please if anyone can help let me know. im at my wits ends with a flat wallet. Reply Johnny December 2, 2014 at 11:46 ami have a 2001 mazda b2500 truck and my tail light went out I replaced the bulb and it still didn’t work, I checked the fuses both in the cab and in the engine compartment and they were all good then my instrument panel lights went out not even the radio would come on, then the alternator went out. could the alternator have caused all those problems? I am about to replace the alternator and I hope I don’t have an electrical problem. any suggestions or comments are welcome. thank you Reply On All Cylinders December 4, 2014 at 12:07 pm Your electrical system relies on the alternator to supply power but, in the event that it (alt.) would go bad the battery would continue to supply power until it were drained! The fact that other parts of the system failed at different times is telling of a potential wiring issue on the truck, possibly a bad ground wire. It would be useful to obtain a wiring diagram in order to trace it properly. Reply Tony The Monster May 23, 2016 at 9:50 am I have the solution to fix it i have an 04 Focus and I replaced everything and still same thing runs and then dies its the wire that comes from alternator the thick wire that bolts on the back and goes to front of the fans and then to starter solenoid that wire right in front of fans has a plastic rectangle coverd in electrical tape so you may not see it so feel for its a special fuse that corrodes break it open and jump it with a thick copper wire like an amp power wire solder the piece of wire to the both sides to eliminate that crap and all your problems are over trust me not even ford could tell any thing its easy and cheap repair. From Tony The Monster!!! !Reply Brittany December 10, 2014 at 5:33 am I put new terminals on my battery I charged it with a trickle charger for about 2 hrs no problem starting and restarting it but if I leave the car off for a few days and not drive it I retry starting it and there is not power in my car? Reply Kevin Molett December 31, 2014 at 9:20 am I replaced my battery and had the alternator tested and it tested fine. Car runs fine, but when I idle and have the defrost or heater on high my headlights fade in and out. My dash lights remain bright.2006 Buick Reinier Reply James December 31, 2014 at 12:04 pm David, great article. I think it’s my alternator. I have a 2007 Chrysler Town and Country. Do you have a guide (preferably a video) on how to remove and replace the alternator. I’m trying to save money. Reply On All Cylinders January 5, 2015 at 3:12 pm As of now, we do not. But that’s a good idea for a future article. For now, here’s a video from Eric the Car Guy that may be of help: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM4Lb GDCZn0Reply Brian January 21, 2015 at 12:44 ammy headlights wont turn on, car runs fine when jumped, battery last for maybe 3 hours, any ideas because parking lights work. and no abnormal lights show up, Last jump. windshield wipers went crazy and I couldn’t turn them off, they turned off by themselves about a minute later, and they work fine now, stereo turns off and on for a while and then stays on before all of the other stuff started happening Replymilie January 28, 2015 at 3:54 pm My car showed the battery light and the power steering decided to go stiff. Checking the battery 12.5v…..with eng8ne running and all elecs on dropped to under a 11v. Following night, I checked again but now have 13.9v. fully loaded and over 14v other times. I thinks its a fault with the alternator. Isit possible water ingress could cause intermittent fault… it was wet when the fault appeared. Replyjosh February 6, 2015 at 9:00 am Sounds like a belt issue if your power steering is going stiff the same belt should run your altenator. Check it for tension, or signs of wear. Reply Michael Oyekanmi February 1, 2015 at 1:07 pm My Lexus Jeep was working until recently when I had battery problem, it seems the battery was not charging because when I tried to start it with another battery it will start and when I remoive the battery head from the battery when the engine is working, the engine will stop working and we tried to check the fuse, no fault, besides it does not show any warning light on the dash board except the battery light and the radio will not work again. Please what could be responsible for it Replyjosh February 6, 2015 at 9:02 am Sounds like a bad altenator. Autozone or orielly can check and see if its charging without pulling it out of the car. Replyjosh February 6, 2015 at 8:56 am Im working on a 99 chevy c2500. The battery light stays on but the altenator is new the batt is new the belt is new the computer is new and wiring from the alt to batt and computer is all in good working order. The altenator is charging just fine. But the dang light wont turn off. Im stumped. Any ideas? Reply Rayaba April 8, 2015 at 7:49 pm I just had a similar problem with my ’98 ford expedition. First the battery light came on and the lights were dim but it ran fine. Then after about a week the battery stopped charging and I couldn’t get it to hold a charge. I replaced the battery, cables and alternatior before I found out it was all due to a blown fuse. Reply Chris Hughes March 4, 2015 at 10:25 am I have a 2003 chevy silverado 1500. I replaced the alternator because it was bad. Now once again my truck is not wanting to stay running even after jump starting. That amps on the alternator are all over the place. Even though it’s new could it be bad? Can the battery make the amps jump like that? Please help I’m getting desperate. Reply On All Cylinders March 11, 2015 at 1:41 pm What gauge are you using to read this? If it is the factory gauge in the dash; then that is a voltage gauge. That gauge should read steadily above 13 volts. Amperage will move around a bit depending on the load applied to the charging system. Reply Bill Hickey June 10, 2015 at 6:11 pm If your gauge is jumping “all over the place,you have either a faulty ground,or a direct short,which is DANGEROUS! Wires will get HOT very quickly,and can burn-out components,such as alternator,ign switch,ammeter/voltmeter,and may even cause your battery to explode! Check your ign switch to ammeter,wiring. If you see any sign of over-heated wiring under the dash,trace it to the source before the problem becomes a burned-up vehicle!Reply Ethan March 8, 2015 at 8:42 pm My truck will crank fine but the alternator will just stop working then if i give it gas most of the times it will jump it back up and I have changed the belt Reply Ashley April 2, 2015 at 9:41 am Just wondering if you could help me out here.. I was driving along on the highway. And my car made a weird little noise and shut off, and won’t turn over at all. The lights and radio and everything comes on and she makes a little click when you turn the key.. Wondering if you know what the problem would be here? I have a 2006 Ford fusion, 2.3l 4 cylinder, 5 speed. Reply Robert Valdez April 6, 2015 at 8:36 pmso ive got a 1995 F-150 and ive replaced both the regulator and alternator and ive used several batteries big and small but whats happening now is that it its around 11.89 off then i jump it on and its up to a constant 12.03 and the alternator reads from 14.97 to 15.12 and it stays on untill i shut it off then it wont turn on again the battery then reads 10.54 and drops to 8.68…. whats going on?? Reply Katherine Parker May 6, 2015 at 7:52 pm Husband and son changed alternator in 1998 Silverado, charged battery all night, now it says 19 amps. What is the problem?? Reply Hemal May 17, 2015 at 3:52 am Hi i have 2012 ford focus manual transmission and i have frequently problem with engine start i run my car regularly but some days my battery need jump start after fully charge, i charge my car battery at home with 20amp automatic charger. It normally stop charging when its full. Also my battery idicator shows green. But still i need to jump start please advise me what i need to do with this? Thank you Reply On All Cylinders May 21, 2015 at 11:30 am The first thing to do is make sure that the battery terminal connections are clean and tight first, then check to see whether the charging system is working correctly. With a volt meter attached at the battery terminals under the hood, what reading are you seeing with the headlights and blower fan running on high? It should be 13.2 – 13.5 volts. If this checks out ok, have the battery load tested at a local parts store or repair shop. Replace as necessary!Replychristy87 May 30, 2015 at 1:56 pmokay, i have gotten so much stress from my 2003 ford since buying it used in a junk yard. it really has me so irritated. i replaced my battery with a new one, and my alternator like 5 or 6 times. there are other minor issues that i haven’t gotten to yet. the issue is that the charging system light will not turn or shut off which leads me to believe that there may either be wiring issues or worse. However, i have spoken to four mechanics and no one can help me with a clear answer unless i pay a lot of $$$$. i bought the car used for 2,000 and already have cleared my savings from the last two repair jobs. does anyone have any advice or comments. Reply On All Cylinders June 2, 2015 at 4:45 pm Wiring issues can be a real nightmare, especially when a previous owner has installed any aftermarket equipment such as gauges, stereo systems or keyless entry. Other than checking obvious things such as battery terminals, alternator plugs and grounds, past aftermarket part install or removal is another great place to start looking!Reply Pingback: Rabbit Restoration on a Budget | Fast times at Esquimalt High Justin June 28, 2015 at 1:24 pm I have a 06 f150 I’m having an intermittent issue with the gauge cluster. When I’m driving the gauges and radio will shut off and after a minute come back on. Some days it happens somedays it doesn’t. I don’t want it leading to a bigger problem. What could cause this issue? I had it checked but the device said the engine wasn’t throwing any codes…please help. Reply Nicholas June 29, 2015 at 7:49 pm Woke up one morning and vehicle would start,Took the batteries and alternator in to be tested. alternator was good both batteries were drained. Got home put everything back in same happened the next day. Replaced both the alternator and the main battery. Vehicle runs gauge is where it is supposed to be until i stop then the gauge jumps down. What would cause this to happen? Reply Josef July 3, 2015 at 9:27 pm81 pickup, battery light is on, has new regulator and alternator. The light went off when i replaced the regulator and the next day i put the new alternator in and it came back on. Could it be the alternator is faulty? Reply Marcos July 8, 2015 at 10:32 pm1980 Mercedes Benz 280 ce. My battery dies within a few days if the car sits. It feels as if the car starts off strong and after 30 minutes of highway driving, it feels like it gonna turn off when I get to a complete stop. It’s never died on me while driving or if I leave it outside for a while. But it dies in about 3 or 4 days of not driving -Marcos Reply On All Cylinders July 15, 2015 at 11:01 am After reading your brief description it sounds as though you may have a few things going on. First, it sounds like something is drawing on the battery even when the key is in the off position. Over time this not only drains the battery and eventually kills it, but it makes it difficult for an aged charging system to recover a failing battery. Reply Crystal July 31, 2015 at 4:04 pm We have a 2002 Chrysler voyager the battery light came on while driving we replaced the battery because it burnt up auto zones charger when trying to see if it would charge. About a day later battery light came back on so assuming it’s a bad alternator. Well my husband drove it still and when he got home the tranmission seemed to slip or go into nuetral but finally went back into gear then when he pulled in front of the house the dash lights started going nuts and the speedometer was bouncing around everywhere and the windshield wipers came on by themselves. Could a bad alternator cause this or is this a bigger problem. Reply Hasan Al-Obaid August 18, 2015 at 5:40 pm I have 1998 mercedes benz E320. The battery ins not holding the charge even though it is new. I tested the battery voltage by a multimeter while the engine is running it reads 13.55 -13.70. I installed a new alternator be the battery voltage remains the same. What to do? Reply Sheron September 3, 2015 at 9:37 am I get into the car place the key in the ignition and the car doesn’t start. I charge my new battery and the car starts I then hear a rattling sound as though something is about to fall out. I get to my destination and when I get back into my car my car will not start without another charge. Could it be my alternator? Reply Anne Bentley September 13, 2015 at 12:48 pm Hi David. I’m charging my car battery (from dead) and the directional indicators are flashing very, very quickly. I’ve never known this before. Thanks Reply On All Cylinders September 18, 2015 at 8:41 am Just based on your quick comments, it would be hard to diagnose. We’d suggest giving the Summit tech line a call at 330-630-0240. They’ll have some follow up questions for you. Thanks for reading!Reply Sally Kish October 13, 2015 at 11:06 am2006 buick rendezvous alternator overcharges for about a minute then everything is normal….new battery and new alternator. Reply Maxine November 21, 2015 at 8:41 am I shave a 2006 saturn vue awd…. my altenator died so I changed it and got a new battery because it drained it out completely. … now that the car has started all lights flicker and the radio doesn’t work Reply Mike November 25, 2015 at 4:48 ammy battery has a charge but my car keeps dying. the alternator reads 14-14.5 at start up but within a minute it reads 0 and my car dies. Alternator? Battery? Both? Reply On All Cylinders December 2, 2015 at 3:00 pm It’s rare to see a volt gauge actually go to zero! We’d suggest a call in to the Summit tech line at 330-630-0240. Reply Marlin Willis November 30, 2015 at 7:03 am I have a 2007 dodge caliber and the battery light comes on when it’s cold outside replaced the battery. Had alternator checked they said it was fine. But still have same problem. Alternator makes a winning sound when I start it and the light comes on. Any help would be appreciated. It’s driving me nuts. To the point I just want to trade it in. But I like the car. How can I fix it moneys real tight for me. Please help Reply On All Cylinders December 2, 2015 at 2:59 pm It’s unfortunate today but, you generally get what you pay for in electrical parts especially when it comes to starters and alternators. It sounds as if you will need to replace the alternator in this case. Replyrtobianro December 16, 2015 at 3:12 pm Here is something interesting you need to know before buying a new expensive new battery Probably you didn’t know that that almost every battery, old or dead, can be reconditioned to be useful again! This can save you lot of money and it’s also a way you can contribute to protect the environment Check this link to learn more about it! http://reconditionyouroldbattery.co.nf Spread the word Reply Raul January 23, 2016 at 2:17 pm Hello, my problem is that after testing the alternator with multimeter (14.3dc) when on and replacing the battery now a couple times my car 2010 dodge journey will still lose its charge over night. Is there possible another component that might need replacing. Also no rust, dirt, and passed a obd2 scanner. Appreciate any help or advice. Reply Sean January 27, 2016 at 9:49 am Hi, I just has a question if anyone had any ideas. I have a 97 ford ranger 4 cyl. I have replaced the battery twice and alternator twice in less than a year. When I jump start the car it slowly loses it charge and even after fully charging the battery at the place I bought it and still wont hold a charge. I’ve looked online and saw something about the alternator fuse? Any ideas would be appreciated this truck has been great and would hate to sell it or spend tons of money at a mechanic over something little and easy to fix. Reply On All Cylinders February 5, 2016 at 11:20 am It sounds like you are experiencing what’s called a parasitic battery drain. This is easily checked using a volt meter if you have one and there is plenty of easily searched info on the web about it. Reply Manny January 30, 2016 at 12:56 am I have a 1997 Honda Civic EX I’m having charging problems check the battery and the alternator and they are good check all the grounds and the wiring and everything is in its place alternator and battery are brand new when I start the car and take the negative wire off the car shuts off can someone please help Reply On All Cylinders February 5, 2016 at 11:26 am Removing the ground path on a running vehicle is naturally going to shut the car off. It appears you have what’s referred to as a “parasitic battery draw”. This means there is some circuit in the car continuing to use power even after the car is shut off. Best advice is to seek the assistance of a repair shop or do some research and buy yourself a multi-meter and a test light. Also, a wiring diagram for that vehicle may be a handy thing to have as well. Reply CJ February 10, 2016 at 6:04 pm What if the car doesn’t even want to crank but the dash board is lite up? I jump it, the lights turn on but the car won’t start. Replyaladin marzon February 22, 2016 at 6:40 amwhy alternator not charging when i use aircon of bus? Reply Pingback: Auxiliary Battery Mercedes E320 | mesotheliomacare.xyztyler April 13, 2016 at 12:19 am I charged my battery and the car finally will turn over, but as soon as i shift to reverse (or it was the breaks) the car dies. Then I cant get it to start back up and have to recharge more. Did this twice, cant leave the house.. Reply On All Cylinders April 15, 2016 at 10:00 am Hmm. You’ve got us a little stumped on this one. We’d suggest a call to the Summit Racing tech line: 330-630-0240. Reply Dolores Micaela Flores May 17, 2016 at 6:24 pm I have replaced the alternator on my ford f 150 2003 truck WHAT IN THE WORLD IS GOING ON WITH THIS VEHICLE i am tired of this situation please heeeeeeelp!! !Replyvince August 1, 2016 at 5:29 pmi had a dead battery in my truck 90 chevy silverado 350 my voltage gauge on dash said was running at about 12 or 13 while running, long story short i replaced battery truck starts no issue BUT now my voltage gauge doesnt do anything is buried below 9 on or off any ideas Reply Seamus August 16, 2016 at 10:19 am Bought a brand new battery and a multimeter due to starting problems and found that when my lights are ON I get 14v when the engine is running and when the lights are OFF I get 12v ish when it’s running? !Impreza wrx 2003Any help greatly appreciated! !Replykay August 26, 2016 at 7:11 pm I have 1994 Toyota T100 and my dad and I have replaced the battery, alternator, and the 100amp alternator fuse. We’ve been having issues with the truck not staying charged and we’re at our wits end trying to figure out what’s wrong. I have to charge it over night so I can get to work and leave it running BC I’m afraid it won’t start. If anyone has any input as to what could be wrong please help my dad has been working on cards and trucks for about 40 years and he has no idea what is wrong. We’ve checked and tightened and replaced just about everything considering the starting of the vehicle. Reply Arnel Guingab August 30, 2016 at 11:19 pmafter about a month of driving, my car battery suddenly drains. when i had it charged, it lasts again for about a month. what could be the problem with my car? Reply L September 22, 2016 at 5:40 pmhave a 1964 ford falcon wagon.. cylinder with a generator. car dies when battery cable removed. generator just re Reply L September 22, 2016 at 5:43 pmjust rebuilt..just about all electrical has been replaced..can jumpstart car but dies when cables removed.. not battery cuz just got brand new one..help me obi wan kenobi youre my only hope Replyswyatt October 4, 2016 at 6:36 pm I have a ford E350 that I have replaced the alternator (had it tested. the new alternator is good) but it is not charging. Checked all the wires with a continuity tester and no broken connections. I can not diagnose what the problem may be. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Reply On All Cylinders October 25, 2016 at 11:41 am Assuming it is an internally regulated alternator, and it has been bench tested on a reliable quality tester and verified to be a good unit, the only thing left is wire/connector integrity, voltage supply or ground issues. Replymayanktanwar October 13, 2016 at 3:51 am My car is not starts many times, when i get stuck in traffic jam and signals. its battery problem or any other issue. By the way my car battery is 3-4 years older. Might be its battery problem, should i replace it. Reply On All Cylinders October 25, 2016 at 11:34 am If the battery has been discharged quite a few times then yes, replacement might be best. But, also check that the alternator is charging at least 13 volts with a few devices such as headlights and heater fan motor running. If not, it may also be necessary to replace that too!Reply Carl Heringer October 26, 2016 at 2:19 am The local “chain” Auto Parts Stores such as Auto Zone, O’Reillys, etc., are the do it yourselfers best friend, as they actually advertise that they will Load test your Battery and do an Amperage draw/Voltage test on your Alternator and the complete Charging System for free! Not to be out done, some will even do the part replacement work on all new parts you purchase from them for free! This eliminates the dreaded and expensive part swapper Mechanic, because Electrical parts are not returnable once installed and used, on your Vehicle! Besides the cost of the part (s) you get free and guaranteed done right work!!!! You can’t beat this! What surprises me is the very few people aware of this!Reply Kat December 28, 2016 at 3:26 pm I just got my car out the shop. When my car was on the lights on the dash flicked. (ex: odometer) would flicker and depending on my speed it would increase in flickering or decrease. When I picked it up I played my music and 2 minutes within driving it the radio shut off but then came back on again. It did this a lot before I put it in the shop. I also got the fan replaced in the car btw it’s a 2007 pt crusier. I know they removed the battery to install the fan so I’m thinking they didn’t properly put the post back on. The positive one isn’t all the way down but It’s even at the top of the positive metal (not sure of the name but it’s the positive metal part that’s attached to the battery) that gives it it’s charges and it’s tight there is no movement. I don’t know what’s going on with the car. Also the alternator was replaced like 5 months ago too but by a family friend. Reply On All Cylinders January 11, 2017 at 3:16 pm Electrical problems such as this can be some of the most difficult to diagnose. Anything from a low battery condition, poor grounds and or poor connections can really give you a run for your money! Unfortunately, there is no easy email answer for this. It is going to take an experienced technician some hands on time to figure it out!Reply Jackqueline Wildonger (Lady J) January 14, 2017 at 12:47 pm My ? Is that I own an 02 expedition EB I have 65,000 miles on it. I had issues with spark plug blow out that was repaired. The truck ran amazing. Then I had an issue with fuel having troubleshoot the issue it came to have fuel issue low fuel pressure from rear . I initially thought cylinder issues but I had a trouble with the fuel pump. I dropped tank replaced fuel pump ,now it’s saying I have a grounding issue I’ve have asked ford . Forums but no help. Mechanics , friends? I know that I am going to have to trace out every & all grounds but any clue on where to begin ,any information that you can provide me on what it could be causing issue with not starting. would greatly appreciated! Ever Thankful Lady JReply Chelsea Widmaier February 25, 2017 at 3:55 pm My car ran good before we replaced the head gaskets. We replaced all the belts and the battery and we got the alternator tested (the battery light was on all the time before taking out the alternator now that we put it back in the battery light is on and off when driving it or sitting there just running) that tested good the battery light comes on in my car after replacing all this stuff and testing it everything is plugged in correctly what could b wrong Reply Sheri Owens February 26, 2017 at 11:19 pm1998 ford explorer xlt v6 4.0L I have replaced radiator,thermo housing,water pump,alternator, battery. and the alternator is not charging battery.what could it be. I have checked connetions and fuses. why wont my alternator charge battery and radio wont come on either Reply Pingback: How to Troubleshoot a Noisy Alternator - On All Cylinders George April 9, 2017 at 3:37 pm I have replaced the battery and alternator in a 2003 Hyundai Sonata but it seems that the alternator is not charging the battery what could the problem be Reply Rashid April 22, 2017 at 10:39 pm I have a problem with my sedan a nissian. After alignment, about 4 hours, I stopped at some place and switched off. On coming back to start, couldn’t but cranks like battery low. I jump start it move to point B, when i switched off, same problem again. Could it be alternator not charging the battery? Or battery itself? Reply Richard June 10, 2017 at 12:46 am2003 Expedition. I tried to start it one day, didn’t start, got a jump start. I left the battery charging over night at auto zone, picked it up in the morning battery was good and held a charge, installed it and took vehicle to auto zone to test the alternator. Their machine said I had a bad voltage regulator, bought a new one, installed the new one, same problem. They checked the old alternator on their bench test and it passed the test. So battery good, old alternator good on bench test, new alternator didn’t work in vehicle. I figured maybe the alternator cable, replaced it… nothing! Still can’t get a charge going, what else could it be? Fuse? Relay? I don’t know, I don’t want to spend 160 bucks on a battery if thats not the problem. Please help. Reply Ryan Lafleur June 15, 2017 at 4:39 pm My 2000 Dodge Durango alternator connector was bad so I changed it in my alternator is good and my battery is good all connections are good but my voltage meter is still dropping what could cause that Reply Ryan Lafleur June 15, 2017 at 4:41 pm Plz text or call 701 339 7267 with any possible solutions Reply On All Cylinders June 15, 2017 at 10:30 pm Ryan, call the Summit guys at 330-630-0240 and they’ll be able to help you. They will certainly have some follow up questions and this will be the fastest way to your answer. Reply Kayla June 17, 2017 at 7:47 pm I have an 06 cobalt that I’ve recently started having problems with. I replaced my battery about 4 months ago and after that everything was okay. Still spotty here and there. I couldn’t let my car set for more than 2 days or else it would be dead. So the past week my car just makes a clicking noise whenever I try to start it. Once it’s jumped it does fine. But it can’t even sit 24 hours without it needing jumped. All the lights and everything turn on when I try to start it. It says check charge systems. Help!! !Reply On All Cylinders June 21, 2017 at 6:02 pm Kayla, this seems like an alternator issue. We’d recommend a call to the Summit guys at 1-800-230-3030 to confirm but they can get you hooked up with the right replacement parts. Reply Kurt Wells June 24, 2017 at 12:40 pm Hello, I am at a loss. I have a 58 Ford Fairlane. I bought in February. Within a couple of months my headlights started flickering (disco style). When they are on, the brake lights do not work. I have replace the battery cables, the generator (alternator) the voltage regulator and another headlamp switch, I found on ebay. The last thing, the voltage regulator, when that was changed, everything worked like a charm for 45 minutes. An hour later the lights are doing the same thing. I am at a loss. Please help. Thanks. the car runs great, but would like to take it out at dusk and be out after dark sometime. Replyjim July 2, 2017 at 8:23 pm I have an 87 Dodge Ramcharger 4 by I just put a new battery and alternator and it still won’t charge Reply Carter ramirez July 16, 2017 at 2:58 pm I have a 2008 trailblazer the no charge light comes on and the volt meter in the dash reads 9 volts i took it to a shop to have the problem diagnosed the problem disappeared the shop said they did nothing to and to diagnose the problem would be speculation. The question i have could this be caused by a circut breaker that is overheating or is my truck just haunted Reply Janeiro Baker July 29, 2017 at 7:33 pm2000 buick park avenue ultra. Changed battery and alternator.. Battery still not charging… Any help is appreciated.. Reply Leave a Reply "


productive efficiency occurs when price

Allocative inefficiency Allocative inefficiency occurs when the consumer does not pay a n efficient price. A n efficient price is one that just covers the costs of production incurred in supplying the good or service. Allocative efficiency occurs when the firm’s price, P, equals the extra ( marginal) cost of supply, MC.

Inefficiency

Inefficiency Under certain circumstances, firms in market economies may fail to produce efficiently. Inefficiency means that scarce resources are not being put to their best use. In economics, the concept of inefficiency can be applied in a number of different situations. Pareto inefficiency Pareto inefficiency is associated with economist Vilfredo Pareto, and occurs when an economy is not operating on the edge of its PPF and is, therefore, not fully exploiting its scarce resources. This means that the economy is producing less than the maximum possible output of goods and services, from its resources. Productive inefficiency Productive inefficiency occurs when a firm is not producing at its lowest unit cost. Unit cost is the average cost of production, which is found by dividing total costs of production by the number of units produced. It is possible that in markets where there is little competition, the output of firms will be low, and average costs will be relatively high. This is likely to occur if a few firms, or just one, dominate the market, as in the case of oligopoly and monopoly.‘X’ inefficiency‘X’ inefficiency is a concept that was originally associated specifically with management inefficiencies, but can also be applied more widely. X inefficiency occurs when the output of firms is not the greatest it could be. It is likely to arise when firms operate in highly uncompetitive markets where there is no incentive for managers to maximise output.

This is efficient because the revenue received is just enough to ensure that all the resources used in the making of a product are sufficiently rewarded to encourage them to continue supplying. Receiving the value of marginal cost - no more and no less - is economically efficient because all factors derive a reward which just keeps them supplying their resource, including a normal profit for the entrepreneur. Dynamic inefficiency Dynamic inefficiency occurs when firms have no incentive to become technologically progressive. This is associated with a lack of innovation, which leads to higher production costs, inferior products, and less choice for consumers. There are two ways in which firms can innovate: New production methods, such as when applying new technology to an existing process. New products, which are a feature of markets with highly competitive firms, such as those in the consumer electronics. Innovation, research, and development are expensive and risky, so firms will expect a fair level of profits in return. However, because the price mechanism may not generate profits for the supply of public and merit goods, there is often an absence of dynamic efficiency in these markets. Social inefficiency Social inefficiency occurs when the price mechanism does not take into account all the costs and benefits associated with economic exchange. The price mechanism will only take into account private costs and benefits arising directly from production and consumption, not the external costs and benefits incurred by third - parties. Social costs refer to the total costs borne by society as a result of an economic transaction, and include private costs plus external costs. Social benefits are the private benefits plus external benefits resulting from a transaction. A transaction is socially efficient if it takes into account costs and benefits associated with the transaction – that is, the social costs and benefits. Go to: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)


what is the significance of purple people

Purple, or violet, is associated with the seventh chakra, located at the crown of the head. This is the chakra of connection to spirit. The bisexual community uses purple as a symbol because it is between pink, symbolic of homosexuality, and blue for heterosexuality.

Purple

"in: Colors, Western culture Purple Edit Share In Western culture, the color purple is a symbol of wealth and royalty. People that rule places are often seen wearing the color purple. It is sometimes seen as artificial because it isn't often seen in nature. Purple is also the color of mourning widows in Thailand. It was also a color of mourning in the U. S. and England – used by more distant family members or at later stages of mourning for close members (such as widows after 1 year). Because of this use purple and lavender, which was also used, are sometimes considered unlucky colors. In the concentration camps run by the Third Reich, purple was the color of the triangles used to designate Jehovah's Witnesses . Purple is sometimes associated with spirituality. This is because purple, or violet, is at the top of the color spectrum. Of the colors in the visible spectrum, it is the one that vibrates at the highest frequency. Some people believe that when we become more spiritual, we too raise the rate at which we vibrate.

Purple is the colour used to symbolize the sin of pride. Refrences Purple section of ""Conveying Emotion Through Color"", an on-line project by Categories: Colors Western culture "


which of the following is a genetic condition in which the body is unable to make melanin?

ons Facts About Albinism Albinism occurs when one of several genetic defects make the body unable to produce or distribute melanin, a natural substance that gives color to your hair, skin, and iris of the eye.

Albinism

BACK TO RAINBOWKIDS1518 Adoption Stories VIEW WAITING CHILDREN8 Children with Albinism Albinism Skin Conditi

A child with albinism will have one of the following symptoms: absence of coloring from the hair, skin, or iris of the eye; lighter than normal skin and hair; or patchy, missing skin color. Causes: Albinism is caused by a mutation in one of several genes. Each of these genes provides instructions for making one of several proteins involved in the production of melanin. A mutation may result in no melanin at all or a significant decline in the amount of melanin. Albinism is a hereditary condition. It is usually inherited in a recessive pattern, meaning both parents must carry the albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Albinism Challenges Many forms of albinism are associated with the following symptoms: light sensitivity (photophobia), rapid eye movements (nystagmus), vision problems, and occasionally functional blindness or crossed eyes (strabismus). Albinism Treatment Albinism cannot be cured with medicine or surgery. Frequent eye exams are necessary as the child may have decreased vision. Providing large, clear pictures/letters to children with albinism can help develop both vision and language skills. Wearing hats and sunglasses, even when indoors, can help make a child more comfortable and less sensitive to light. Wearing sunscreen is important anytime a child goes outside in order to prevent sunburn. Albinism cannot be cured with medicine or surgery. Frequent eye exams are necessary as the child may have decreased vision. Providing large, clear pictures/letters to children with albinism can help develop both vision and language skills. Wearing hats and sunglasses, even when indoors, can help make a child more comfortable and less sensitive to light. Wearing sunscreen is important anytime a child goes outside in order to prevent sunburn. Albinism Prognosis People with albinism can live very full, successful lives. Articles Related to Albinism A Child You Should Know: Victor Needs a Family Albinism17 Jul 2017Helping Lucy Come Home Albinism10 Feb 2017Exceptional Twins Ally and Greg Deserve a Future Albinism18 Nov 2016International Albinism Day Albinism13 Jun 2015Consider Adopting a Child with Albinism Albinism15 Apr 2015Give Boys a Chance Albinism03 Feb 2015Resources for Albinism Raising a Child with Albinism National Organization for Albinism and Hyperpigmentation (NOAH)Video: Focus on Albinism (excellent!)


what does the abbreviation cc mean in an email

. CC stands for carbon copy and is used to send a copy of a main email to another person, using the example above you may want your boss to have a copy of the email you sent to a colleague. 3. BCC stands for blind carbon copy and is used to send a copy of the main email without the other recipients knowing about it.

"TD tdis asked on June 3, 2010Q: What does the cc: stand for in an e-mail? I cannot send e-mails and always get an error in trying to send. I do not know how to use e-mail. I can use hotmail, but cannot use yours because I have no idea what to do. The little pictures of the books next to the To: and the Cc: I have no idea what Cc: stands for. Tried to put my e-mail there, the recipients e-mail, and tried their name, but always get an error and cannot send e-mails. What does the Cc: line stand for? What do I put on that line to make my e-mails available to be sent? Been asking this question to others on-line for 7yrs and noone knows. How can I use this e-mail?! There is no-one out there who knows? seriously?! SOMEONE HAS TO KNOW THIS!!!! So how come no-one does? If there is ANYONE out there who knows and can help, please e-mail me at *** Email address is removed for privacy *** 7 yrs of no answers. Really? !Reply I have the same question (6)Replies (2)Burr Walnut replied on June 3, 20101. The To field represents the main recipient of an email, say, a work colleague. 2

4. If you don’t store the contact’s email address, you will have to type the full email address, e.g. *** Email address is removed for privacy *** However, if you use the Contacts folder, as soon as you type the first letter, J in our example, all the Js will be displayed, as you type subsequent letters of the name, fewer Js will be displayed. I hope you understand this, if not just post back here. Reply Did this solve your problem? Yes No1 person was helped by this reply Ken Blake replied on June 4, 2010On Thu, 3 Jun 2010 14:22:46 +0000, tdis wrote:> I do not know how to use e-mail. I can use hotmail, but cannot use yours because I have no idea what to do. The little pictures of the books next to the To: and the Cc: I have no idea what Cc: stands for. Tried to put my e-mail there, the recipients e-mail, and tried their name, but always get an error and cannot send e-mails. What does the Cc: line stand for? What do I put on that line to make my e-mails available to be sent? Been asking this question to others on-line for 7yrs and noone knows. How can I use this e-mail?! There is no-one out there who knows? seriously?! SOMEONE HAS TO KNOW THIS!!!! So how come no-one does? If there is ANYONE out there who knows and can help,""cc"" stands for ""carbon copy."" It dates back to the days when memos inoffice were typed on paper and carbon copies were used to send copiesof the memos to other people. Today, of course, the copy isn'tliterally ""carbon,"" but the same terminology is still used. You don't have to put anything on that line, but if you want to, you*can* put one or more e-mail addresses there. Don't put the regularrecipient's address there.> please e-mail me at *** Email address is removed for privacy ***Sorry, but no. Ask questions here, read the answers here.> 7 yrs of no answers. Really? !Hard to believe, but if that's the case, you've been asking the wrongpeople. What ""cc"" stands for is commonly known. Ken Blake, Microsoft MVP (Windows Desktop Experience) since 2003 Ken Blake Reply Did this solve your problem? Yes No "