where do ski jumpers train

. (Ski-jumping officials hold the event before snowfall because of conflicts with the Europe -based winter season. )Training in obscurity Citius, altius, fortius: the impelling force of the Olympic spirit doesn't only shine once every four years.

"Ski jumping on plastic? How Olympians train before the snow flies. In Lake Placid, N. Y., Vancouver 2010 hopefuls do helicopters into chilly pools and slide down refrigerated tracks. The town has had a virtually unparalleled role in shaping the rising generation of US winter Olympians. By Christa Case Bryant, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor October 29, 2009Alfredo Sosa / The Christian Science Monitor. View Caption About video ads View Caption Lake Placid, N. Y. — In 100 days, they hope to be in Vancouver, sliding down flawless ice tracks, gliding over manicured ski trails, or rocketing off jumps in pursuit of the Olympic ideal: faster, higher, stronger. But as autumn burst into brilliant reds and yellows in this storied Adirondack hamlet, Winter Olympic hopefuls were rattling down metal ski jumps to land on plastic run-outs, doing helicopters into a 46-degree F. pool, and guiding their sleds down a refrigerated track. They are the crest of a wave, poised to roar onto the world stage this winter. Buoyed by communities like Lake Placid, where residents deeply understand the finer points of flying, free-falling, or just plain going fast on some version of frozen water, they are riding the momentum of one of America 's most successful winter-sports seasons in recent memory: 2008-09. Luge athlete Erin Hamlin – a New Yorker who trains here frequently – broke Germany 's 99-win streak with a gold at the 2009 World Championships. Nordic combined athlete Bill Demong – who got his start in ski jumping at Lake Placid's Olympic complex – helped the US to sweep all three individual golds at skiing World Championships last season, making him a serious contender to win America's first-ever medal in the sport at the 2010 Games. Recommended: Could you pass a US citizenship test? Those performances speak to the perhaps unparalleled impact of Lake Placid on America's rising generation of Winter Olympians. The town of 3,000 is one of only a handful to have hosted two Olympics – in 1932 and 1980 – a legacy that has created a unique subculture that is more Scandinavia than upstate New York. A crucible of Olympic development, Lake Placid has forged at least one athlete for every Winter Games since local speedskater Charles Jewtraw won the first gold medal of the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. Vancouver promises to be no exception. Test your knowledge Could you pass a US citizenship test? Video Dry Run: off-season Olympic training Gallery Our Photos of the Year 2009Skeleton athletes' early morning prep On a recent Sunday morning, as gray clouds glided swiftly across the open sky and hail foreshadowed winter, black-clad skeleton athletes – the folks who fly face-first down icy tracks with no brakes – warm up in virtual silence inside the hut at the top of the course. A bitter wind whistles outside, nipping at the bulky coats of athletes fine-tuning their bobsleds and whistling around those already stripped down to lycra suits. It isn't game time, but the first selection races for the US Olympic team are just days away. Bob Cuneo, a NASCAR engineer who built the sleek vessels – he won't say how much they cost, and they'll never be for sale, anyway – mills around the bulky athletes who sprint, stretch, jab each other, and tinker with their runners. Tools set aside, they strip down. The timing clock chimes, the announcer clears the track, the athletes yell to their teammates – and then two or four perfectly coordinated pairs of metal spikes pitter-pat down the translucent track. Before spectators can count to five, the athletes spring into their sleek machines for a run that will last less than a minute – and would get them a ticket on any US highway, except perhaps in Nevada. They will huddle close enough to feel each other's breathing, and break their frozen positions only on the pre-agreed turns, where centrifugal forces can pull them nearly perpendicular to the ground. Meanwhile, at the ski jumps that rise up from the valley floor below, 15-year-old Sarah Hendrickson accelerates from 0 to 50 miles per hour in three seconds and soars into space. Her floating suspends time and reaffirms what every kid knows: that humans really can fly. Sarah's defiance of gravity won her second place at US national championships

It's borne out daily on back roads and often in relative obscurity – especially among those captivated by Scandinavian imports that never quite caught on in America's Babe Ruth culture. That's why Lake Placid, where some mechanics are former ski jumpers and the lumber store on the main drag is run by a 1972 Olympian, provides a unique home for these winter athletes. ""Most people that live in Lake Placid know a lot about the sports and are very respectful of their athletes,"" says luge athlete Ashley Walden. ""I feel like we do get a big boost from them because they have the knowledge and they are also proud of it. ""Today, some 40 athletes live – and thousands more come for camps every year – at the Olympic Training Center. They enjoy free housing, and a cafeteria that's open from sunrise to 9 p.m. Top sports facilities – hosting everything from trampolines to a treadmill for biathletes on wheeled skis – are at their disposal. ""Living here saves me three hours a day,"" says freestyle skier Ryan St. Onge, who won world championships in aerials last year after moving from Colorado. That was what Lake Placid old-timers such as Ron Mc Kenzie and Norm Hess envisioned, says Mayor Craig Randall. ""Those men believed that this community could take people and train them, and that was the vision they had – to become a permanent place where athletes could come and train, and training was the priority,"" he said, after a town send-off for some 200 area athletes vying for a spot in Vancouver. They're part of a generation that has ""bubbled to the surface"" since Lake Placid hosted the 1980 Games – in no small part due to their proximity to so many different venues, he adds. ""Knowing we have the opportunity to become figure skaters, speed skaters, ski jumpers, bobsledders – I don't know where else you can grow up and have access"" to all these winter activities, he says. In fact, the only place that rivals Lake Placid's venues is Salt Lake City – but, locals here argue, Utah doesn't have the same Olympic magic. Referring to the US men's hockey upset of the Soviets in 1980 – the ""Miracle on Ice"" – former ski jumper Liz Mezzetti asserts Placid's unparalleled heritage. ""We've had the greatest moment in sports history for 100 years and that's got to continue,"" says Ms. Mezzetti, who now works as a marketing coordinator for the Olympic Regional Development Authority. ""I don't think that can be outdone. ""Placid also has a genealogy of success; the only grandfather-father-son contingent in the world to all become Olympians came from the local Shay family. As Jim Rodgers, a member of the 1980 organizing committee notes, ""It's almost genetic."" "


avranches france weather

Avranches: Annual Weather Averages July is the hottest month in Avranches with an average temperature of 64 °F ( 18 °C) and the coldest is January at 45 °F ( 7 °C). Average Temperature: Avranches

Avranches: Annual Weather Averages

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec°C 7 7 9 11 13 16 18 18 17 14 10 7°F 45 45 48 52 55 61 64 64 63 57 50 45Average High/Low Temperature: Avranches High C High F Low C Low FJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High °C 9 10 12 15 17 20 22 22 21 17 12 9High °F 48 50 54 59 63 68 72 72 70 63 54 48Low °C 4 4 5 6 9 12 14 14 12 10 7 4Low °F 39 39 41 43 48 54 57 57 54 50 45 39Chance of sunny day: Avranches Chance of sunny day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec% 6 7 14 23 18 21 21 14 20 12 8 5Chance of rain: Avranches Chance of rain Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec% 58 55 48 43 48 43 50 44 42 54 62 59Chance of windy day: Avranches Chance of windy day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec% 51 48 40 30 29 18 23 19 24 31 43 46Chance of cloudy day: Avranches Chance of cloudy day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec% 60 52 42 32 35 38 37 37 36 44 48 54Chance of fog day: Avranches Chance of fog day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec% 17 15 22 25 21 20 23 20 24 23 16 17Chance of snow day: Avranches Chance of snow day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec% 5 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6


cosmology what is the dark ages

The Dark Ages Background image: A supercomputer simulation of the distribution of matter in the Universe produced by cosmologists at the University of Durham. Among the nearest components of the cosmic large-scale structure are the Local Supercluster, the Great Wall, the Great Attractor, and the Shapley Concentration. In addition, observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory have revealed part of an intergalactic web of hot gas and dark matter that is crucial in defining the cosmic landscape.

The Dark Ages

The hot gas alone, which appears to lie like a fog in channels carved by rivers of gravity, is more massive than all the stars in the universe. Its detection may eventually enable astronomers to map the distribution of dark matter. [Image courtesy of Volker Springel Millennium simulation]Following the recombination of helium nuclei and protons with electrons to form neutral atoms, the universe became transparent. This decoupling of radiation from matter occurred when the thermal kinetic energies dropped below the binding energies of the atoms – for hydrogen, 13.6 e V. Thermal kinetic energies are of order k T, where k is Boltzmann’s constant; 13.6 e V corresponds to a temperature of about 100,000 K. There is a certain amount of spectral structure to this early light, in particular at the 21cm band, but the dominant structure concerns small variations in energy density (and hence temperature). These follow the clumping of the matter distribution, including the distribution of dark matter, prior to decoupling. Following decoupling, with baryons and leptons in stable neutral atoms, gravitational clumping was all the more rapid. But it was more than 400,000 years before the local densities and temperatures of hydrogen and other of the light atoms produced in Big-Bang nucleosynthesis were sufficient for fusion processes to become energetically favourable, and for the first stars to be born. The period from recombination (or decoupling of radiation from matter) is often called the dark ages, but it was hardly dark: at its conclusion, when the universe was between 400 and 800 million years old, the average temperature was about 3000K. It was as bright as surface of the sun (essentially the situation envisaged in Olber’s paradox, but for very different reasons). But the energy density of radiation in interstellar and intergalactic space subsequently played an increasingly minor role in the evolution of the universe, falling off faster with the cosmic expansion than that of the matter distribution. Links Wikipedia, Chronology of the Universe >Author: Simon Saunders >Cosmos >Choose Search Engine Do Search


what is a systems programmer job description

ate Systems Programmer Job Summary The systems programmer will be responsible for installing and modifying the company’s existing system software. He or she will prepare to install the software by studying its technical capabilities and operations.

Systems Programmer Job Description Template As an employer, it is your responsibility to build a team of workers that is capable of fulfilling your professional vision. In order to do this, you will first need to find the best candidates with the most experience and ambition. A well-written job description can help you do this, but there are many steps to writing a unique and compelling description. If you are ready to write an effective description, take a look at the Systems Programmer job description sample below. Want to use this job description? Use templ

The ideal programmer will be able to handle the vast majority of task scheduling, file system, memory management, and input/output requirements of our system. The systems programmer should also feel comfortable utilizing the most up-to-date systems and software on the market. Systems Programmer Job Responsibilities and Duties: Installs system programs by loading software into the computer Uncovers work stoppage and errors by performing routine tests and monitoring output Repairs errors and work stoppages by entering changes to code Increases system efficiency by analyzing key performance indicators and altering software Keeps highly-sensitive client data confidential Maintains thorough records by documenting system revisions and changes Prepares user manuals by writing operating instructions Maintains strict control of system and monitors program usage Ensures that equipment is used according to manufacturer’s instructions Troubleshoots malfunctions and contacts appropriate vendors for repairs Evaluates new techniques and equipment Frequently updates knowledge base by establishing personal networks and participating in professional organizations Contributes to team efforts as needed Systems Programmer Skills and Qualifications Previous system administration experience Ability to work independently In-depth understanding of C and COBOLBroad knowledge of major operating systems Software documentation and debugging experience Ability to focus on producing high-quality work Able to perform maintenance on a variety of systems Skilled in software performance tuning and testing Company Profile New Edge Software had been providing the country with top-of-the-line systems maintenance and programming for nearly 15 years. We aim to provide your company with the system administration that it needs to excel and develop. Our programmers and systems professionals possess years of experience, and we would be proud to provide you with the technological guidance you need to update and organize your company’s systems. Our company distinguishes itself from the crowd by offering a customer-centered approach to technological innovation. Writing a Job Description Best Practices The Systems Programmer job description sample above can serve as a wonderful resource during the writing process, but you may still need clarification about certain things. If you need additional guidance, try employing the following list of description writing do’s and don’ts. Do include a detailed list of responsibilities. This will help the applicant understand what type of tasks and duties he or she will be expected to perform if hired. Use action-oriented verbs when writing this section, and remember to include an honest estimation of the amount of time the worker will spend performing each task. Do include a call-to-action (CTA). An effective CTA will encourage the reader of your description to apply for the job. Your CTA should use inviting language that shows you are ready to start the hiring process. Remember to thank the applicant for taking the time to view your job posting. Do remain focused. It is easy to become sidetracked during the description writing process, but you should avoid including irrelevant details at all costs. These unimportant details can distract applicants from more important information regarding the functions of the job. Only include information that is essential to understanding the position. Do include contact information. This information will come in handy if an applicant needs to contact you with a question or concern. It will also show the reader that you are willing to interact with your applicants. Don’t include salary information if it is against company policy. Many companies and organizations do not allow human resource workers to post salary and benefits information publicly. If you wish to include such information, be sure to read over your corporate policies first. Don’t use more than five keywords. If you use an excessive amount of keywords in your description, jobseekers will have a difficult time finding it if they decide to utilize a search engine. The information above will help you craft a job description that you and your company can be proud of. Want to use this job description? Use template View All Job Descriptions Systems Programmer Job Responsibilities Jobseekers look at the responsibilities listed in a job description to better understand their day-to-day duties. This is why the systems programmer job description is important. Candidates can compare what they’ve done in the past with the duties in your systems programmer job description, so be as specific as possible. Some best practices you don’t want to overlook include using strong action verbs in this section and laying information out bullet style. Action verbs make it easier for jobseekers to picture performing these activities while bullet points mimic the way they should lay out their resumes. Additionally, systems programmer job activities vary from place to place, meaning you want to point out what makes the position you are offering unique. Here are some potential systems programmer job responsibilities you might include in your job description: Provide technical support in written form and via live calls for clients using our software Develop testing procedures and benchmarks for new and existing code Maintain high level of quality in all our shipped software packages Stay up-to-date on best practices and upcoming language patches Collaborate with other programmers to create multi-function systems Write and implement detailed product plans for teams of four or more programmers Systems Programmer Job Specifications A good way to lay out your systems programmer job specifications is by writing specific qualifications and skill requirements. This is typically the shortest part of your job description, but that doesn’t make it any less important. Think of this as the minimum skills necessary to do the job, such as familiarity with certain software packages or programming languages. However, don’t be shy about putting some big items here. If it’s too easy for a jobseeker to check everything off in the qualifications section, then applicants who are a poor fit could flood your inbox, wasting your time. For example, if the level of work you expect requires a bachelor’s degree, don’t settle for listing an associate’s degree in your qualifications section. This helps your systems programmer job description work for you by weeding out applicants ahead of time. Here are some specifications you may want to include in your systems programmer job description. They don’t apply to all programming jobs, so modify them to suit what you need. Experience with Boomerang, Harmony and Unison Skilled communicator able to coordinate with a team Bachelor’s degree in computer science or other science with a heavy computing focus Motivated worker with long attention span Making better hires starts with building better job descriptions• Browse 100s of templates across 40+ industries• Customize your template with your company info & job requirements• Post it to 20+ job boards in seconds – for FREE!Get a professional, candidate-centric job description quickly & easily with Mighty Recruiter Use template Writing Your Systems Programmer Job Description: Dos and Don’ts If you need additional guidance, try employing the following list of description writing techniques.• Do remain clear and direct. No one wants to read a description that is vague or confusing, so try to stick to the main points when writing a description. • Do include recruiter contact information. This information will be immensely helpful in the event that an applicant needs to contact you with a question or concern. If you can’t be reached, he or she may not apply at all. • Do use bullets to organize information. A well-organized job description is easier to understand and more visually appealing. • Don’t use more than five keywords. If you overload your description with keywords, it will be difficult for jobseekers to find your job using a search engine. • Don’t use intimidating language. Always use encouraging language when writing a description. The list above will help you put the finishing touches on your job description and boost your confidence as an employer.


how many people charles manson killed

For more than 45 years, the fascination surrounding the deaths of seven people at the hands of Charles Manson’s followers has never waned. For two nights in August 1969 in Los Angeles, Charles Manson instructed a handful of his followers – including Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten – to kill seven people. Linda Kasabian, another Manson follower, became the state’s key witness and was granted immunity in exchange for her testimony.

"Crime The Women Who Murdered for Charles Manson: Where Are They Now? An unanticipated problem was encountered, check back soon and try again Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWNSession ID: 2018-04-12:11dd240921a9b7bbd7057f43 Player ID: jumpstart_video_1OKElaine Aradillas February 04, 2016 12:20 PM

In the Lifetime movie Manson’s Lost Girls, which airs Feb. 6, the story focuses on the days leading up to the gruesome murders of Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger and Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Parent and Leno and Rosemary La Bianca.“Before Manson it was like free love,” says the film’s director, Leslie Libman. “After Manson, hippies looked evil. It became ugly.”Susan Atkins California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation She was known as “Sexy Sadie” on Spahn Ranch, an abandoned movie set used as the group’s commune. Atkins was sentenced to death in prison, but the sentence was commuted to life in prison after the state changed its death penalty laws. She was denied parole 13 times before dying in prison from natural causes on Sept. 24, 2009, at age 61. Patricia Krenwinkel California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation She was convicted of seven counts of first-degree murder in 1971 and is currently the state’s longest serving female inmate. A spokesperson for the Department of Correction and Rehabilitation in California tells PEOPLE that Krenwinkel, now 68, has not had any recent infractions. Leslie Van Houten California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation A former homecoming princess, Van Houten was charged with two counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder. She was granted a retrial in 1976 because her lawyer disappeared during her initial trial. She was found guilty and began her sentence in 1978. Van Houten, 66, will appear in front of the parole board on April 14. Linda Kasabian After two failed marriages and the birth of her daughter Tayna, Kasabian joined Manson’s commune at Spahn Ranch in July 1969. During the Tate-La Bianca murders, Kasabian waited outside. The prosecutor called her a “star witness,” and was granted immunity in exchange for her testimony. At trial she told jurors Manson’s eomwn did “anything and everything” for him. Now 66, she reportedly changed her name and moved to the Pacific Northwest. Attempts to reach her were unsuccessful. Lynette Squeaky Fromme Lynette ""Squeaky"" Fromme Vernon Merritt III/Time Life Pictures/Getty While these four women were on trial and testifying, Fromme and other members of the Family camped outside and spouted their devotion to Manson at passers-by and the media. Fromme was never linked to the Tate-La Bianca murders, but she was eventually charged and convicted for the 1975 attempted assassination of President Gerald Ford. Given a life sentence, she was released on parole in 2009. She is 67 years old and her whereabouts are unknown. You May Like Celebrity Eve Reveals Janet Jackson Came to Her Aid After Someone Tried to Drug Her Drink at a Party Celebrity Did Kanye West's Ex Amber Rose Extend Sympathy to Khloé Kardashian Amid Cheating Allegations? Celebrity Everything We Know About Carrie Underwood's Accident, Recovery — and What's Next Crime Texas Murder Suspect Claims Dismembered College Student, 24, Actually Died During Sex Celebrity Jennifer Garner Posts Sweet Siblings Day Tribute to Her Sisters: 'I Am the Middle Garner Girl'Celebrity Tristan Thompson's Ex Jordan Craig Responds to Allegations He Cheated on Khloé Kardashian Read More Movies Anne Hathaway Jokes That She Only Married Adam Shulman Because She 'Couldn't Get Emily' Blunt TVStephen Fishbach's Survivor Blog: A Thrilling Merge Brings Strategy, Drama & Questionable Rapping Home Queer Eye for the Straight Guy 's Carson Kressley and Thom Filicia Are Returning to Bravo Crime8-Year-Old Girl Calls 911 After Allegedly Being Kidnapped by Carjacker Who Headed to Mexico Get your People daily dose Subscribe to the daily newsletter for the latest celebrity news. Sign up Now "


how do diatoms reproduce?

er. Under the right conditions, diatoms can reproduce very rapidly and a population of a small species can double each day. Diatoms normally reproduce by binary fission, where one ‘mother cell’ splits into two daughter cells. (Eureka 2002)WHERE DO THEY LIVE? Given that diatoms are photosynthetic algae, they are restricted to the euphotic zone during the productive phase of their live cycle. Therefore, they are highly sensitive to any environmental changes such as light availability, temperature, salinity etc. In general, diatoms prefer cold, nutrient rich waters.

"WHAT ARE DIATOMS? Diatoms are microscopic algae living in both fresh and salt water. They are unicellular organisms with heavily silica impregnated cell walls. Living diatoms are amongst the most abundant forms of plankton and represent an essential part of the food chain in the ocean. Once dead, their shells accumulate on the seabed and eventually form siliceous sediment deposits. (Eureka 2002)HOW DO THEY GROW AND REPRODUCE? Diatoms are almost all photosynthetic. Diatoms represent a large fraction of the marine biomass and thus are responsible for a large proportion of the total energy production of the oceans, possibly as much as half. The few diatoms that don’t photosynthesize live on dissolved nutrients from rich organic matt

Diatoms are most abundant under these conditions and therefore, large diatom biomasses are found in coastal areas and upwelling zones, particularly around Antarctica in the Southern Ocean. (Stoermer and Smol 1999)WHAT EATS THEM? Diatoms are important sources of food for the smallest planktonic animals, especially when concentrations of nutrients are fairly high. At certain times (for example, the well known ‘spring bloom’) they are probably the major source of new energy into the ocean ecosystem. It is possible that sinking diatoms are an important source of energy for deep ocean ecosystems. (Stoermer and Smol 1999)HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO SEA-ICE? Ice has an interesting and complex structure. Sea-ice consists of a mixture of ice crystals and salt channels (also known as brine channels) that form in small spaces between ice crystals. An ice-associated community has adapted to such variable conditions found in the ice matrix. In 1852, Sutherland was the first to describe life in Arctic sea-ice as ""minute vegetable forms of exquisite beauty.” The American trans-polar research (1994) demonstrated high biological activity in the ice as well as the water column. Unicelluar algae are the main primary producers in sea ice. More than 200 diatom species are known to grow in Arctic ice. Melosira arctica may grow within the brine channels, but also attaches to the bottom of ice floes (Bartsch 1989). Two thirds of sea-ice biota in floes from Weddell Sea consist of diatoms (Garrison et al. 1986). Some of the prominent sea-ice related diatom taxa are: Amphiprora spp. Chaetoceros socialis Chaetoceros gracile Chaetoceros simplex Chylindrotheca closterium Fragilariopsis curta Fragilariopsis cylindrus Fragilariopsis obliquecostata Fragilariopsis sublinearis Nitzschia lecointei Tropidoneis vanheurckii (Garrison et al. 1986; Gersonde 1986; Wilson et al. 1986; Burkle et al. 1987; Bartsch 1989; Tanimura et al. 1990; Kang et al. 1993; Palimisano & Garrison 1993; Gleitz et al. 1998)The oceanic silica cycle is very efficient at recycling the biogenic silica produced in the surface ocean, which results in less than 3% preservation in the sediment floor (Broecker 1982). Lightly silified taxa produced in the surface ocean tend to be dissolved more efficiently before reaching the seafloor. In order to quantify the abundance of various taxa reaching the seafloor and to establish diatoms as a sea-ice proxy, Gersonde et al. (2000) use a time-series of diatom flux in sediment traps placed in the Southern Ocean in conjunction with satellite sea-ice extent data. They find that Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Fragilariopsis curta are the most well preserved and often dominate the diatom assemblage in the sediment traps. These diatom taxa are restricted to very cold waters of <1 o C and have relatively thick silica shells. They also find that the siliceous hardparts of Chaetoceros are preserved. However, these remains are not easily determined to the spieces level and thus not well suited as a proxy. The general trend of increased F. cylindrus + F. curta seems to be correlated with winter sea-ice cover (as seen in figure to the left). Presence of Fragilariopsis obliquecostata seems to be correlated with summer sea-ice extent. Relative abundance of 3% ( F. cylindrus & F. curta) of the total assemblage is considered the threshold for presence of summer sea-ice and year round open water. Values of 1-3% represent maximum winter sea-ice extent. "


who excavated knossos

The Palace at Knossos was first extensively excavated by Sir Arthur Evans, beginning in 1900. in the earliest years of the 20th century. One of the pioneers of the field of archaeology, Evans had a marvelous imagination and a tremendous creative fire, and he used his skills to create what you can go and see today at Knossos in northern Crete.

The Palace of Minos at Knossos

"Science, Tech, Math ›Social Sciences The Palace of Minos at Knossos Archaeology of the Minotaur, Ariadne, and Daedalus Share Flipboard Email Print Throne Room, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ed Freeman / Getty Imagesby K. Kris Hirst Updated February 11, 2018The Palace of Minos at Knossos is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. Located on Kephala Hill on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Greece, Knossos palace was the political, social and cultural center of the Minoan culture during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Founded at least as early as 2400 BC, its power was greatly diminished, but not completely dissipated, by the eruption of Santorini about 1625 BC. What's perhaps more important, perhaps, is that the ruins of Knossos Palace are the cultural heart of the Greek myths Theseus fighting the Minotaur, Ariadne and her ball of string, Daedalus the architect and doomed Icarus of the wax wings; all reported by Greek and Roman sources but almost certainly much older. The earliest representation of Theseus fighting the minotaur is illustrated on an amphora from the Greek island of Tinos dated 670-660 BCPalaces of the Aegean Culture The Aegean culture known as Minoan is the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on the island of Crete during the second and third millennia BC. The city of Knossos was one of its main cities--and it contained its largest palace after the shattering earthquake that marks the beginning of the New Palace period in Greek archaeology, ca. 1700 BC. Palaces of the Minoan culture were likely not simply residences of a ruler, or even a ruler and his family, but rather held a public function, where others could enter and use (some of) the palace facilities where staged performances took place. The palace at Knossos, according to legend the palace of King Minos, was the largest of the Minoan palaces, and the longest-lived building of its type, remaining throughout the Middle and Late Bronze Ages as the focal point of the settlment. Knossos Chronology In the early 20th century, Knossos excavator Arthur Evans pegged the rise of Knossos to the Middle Minoan I period, or about 1900 BC; archaeological evidence since then has found the first public feature on Kephala Hill--a deliberately leveled rectangular plaza or court--was constructed as early as the Final Neolithic (ca 2400 BC, and the first building by Early Minoan I-IIA (ca 2200 BC). This chronology is based in part on that of John Younger's plain-jane Aegean chronology, which I highly recommend. Late Helladic (Final Palatial) 1470-1400, Greek take over of Crete Late Minoan/Late Helladic 1600-1470 BCMiddle Minoan (Neo-Palatial) 1700-1600 BC (Linear A, eruption of Santorini, ca 1625 BC)Middle Minoan (Proto-Palatial) 1900-1700 BC (peripheral courts established, heyday of the Minoan culture)Early Minoan (Pre-Palatial), 2200-1900 BC, court complex started by EM I-IIA including the first Court building Final Neolithic or Pre-Palatial 2600-2200 BC (first central courtyard of what would become the palace at Knossos begun in FN IV)The stratigraphy is difficult to parse because there were several major episodes of earth-moving and terrace building, so much so that earth moving must be considered a nearly constant process that began on Kephala hill at least as early as EM IIA, and probably starts with the very end of the Neolithic FN IV. Knossos Palace Construction and History The palace complex at Knossos was begun in the Pre Palatial period, perhaps as long ago as 2000 BC, and by 1900 BC, it was fairly close to its final form. That form is the same as other Minoan palaces such as Phaistos, Mallia and Zakros: a large single building with a central courtyard surrounding by a set of rooms for various purposes. The palace had perhaps as many as ten separate entrances: those on the north and west served as the main entry ways. Around 1600 BC, one theory goes, a tremendous earthquake shook the Aegean Sea, devastating Crete as well as the Mycenaean cities on the Greek mainland. Knossos' palace was destroyed; but the Minoan civilization rebuilt almost immediately on top of the ruins of the past, and indeed the culture reached its pinnacle only after the devastation. During the Neo-Palatial period [1700-1450 BC], the Palace of Minos covered nearly 22,000 square meters (~5.4 acres) and contained storage rooms, living quarters, religious areas, and banquet rooms. What appears today to be a jumble of rooms connected by narrow passageways may well have given rise to the myth of the Labyrinth; the structure itself was built of a complex of dressed masonry and clay-packed rubble, and then half-timbered. Columns were many and varied in the Minoan tradition, and the walls were vividly decorated with frescoes. Architectural Elements The palace at Knossos was renowned for its unique light emanating from its surfaces, the results of the liberal use of gypsum (selenite) from a local quarry as a building material and ornamental element. Evans' reconstruction used a grey cement, which made a huge difference to the way its seen. Restoration efforts are underway to remove the cement and restore the gypsum surface, but they have moved slowly, because removing the greyish cement mechanically is detrimental to the underlying gypsum. Laser removal has been attempted and may prove a reasonable answer. The main source of water at Knossos initially was at the spring of Mavrokolymbos, about 10 kilometers away from the palace and conveyed by way of a system of terracotta pipes. Six wells in the near vicinity of the palace served potable water beginning ca. 1900-1700 BC. A sewer system, which connected toilets flushed with rainwater to large (79x38 cm) drains, had secondary pipelines, lightwells and drains and in total exceeds 150 meters in length. It has also been suggested as the inspiration for the labyrinth myth. Ritual Artifacts of the Palace at Knossos The Temple Repositories are two large stone lined cists on the west side of the central court. They contained a variety of objects, that were placed as a shrine either in Middle Minoan IIIB or Late Minoan IA, following earthquake damage. Hatzaki (2009) argued that the pieces were not broken during the earthquake, but rather were ritually broken after the earthquake and ritually laid down. The artifacts in these repositories include faience objects, ivory objects, antlers, fish vertebrae, a snake goddess figurine, other figurines and figurine fragments, storage jars, gold foil, a rock crystal disk with petals and bronze. Four stone libation tables, three half-finished tables. The Town Mosaic plaques are a set of over 100 polychrome faience tiles which illustrate house facade), men, animals, trees and plants and maybe water. The pieces were found between in a fill deposit between an Old Palace period floor and an early Neopalatial period one. Evans thought they were originally pieces of inlay in a wooden chest, with a linked historical narrative--but there is no agreement about that in the scholarly community today. Excavation and Reconstruction

Investigations have been conducted at Knossos off and on since then, most recently by the Knossos Kephala Project (KPP) beginning in 2005. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guides to the Minoan Culture, and Royal Palaces, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Angelakis A, De Feo G, Laureano P, and Zourou A. 2013. Minoan and Etruscan Hydro-Technologies. Water 5 (3):972-987. Boileau M-C, and Whitley J. 2010. Patterns of Production and Consumption of Coarse to Semi-Fine Pottery at Early Iron Age Knossos. Annual of the British School at Athens 105:225-268. Grammatikakis G, Demadis KD, Melessanaki K, and Pouli P. 2015. Laser-assisted removal of dark cement crusts from mineral gypsum (selenite) architectural elements of peripheral monuments at Knossos. Studies in Conservation 60 (sup1): S3-S11. Hatzaki E. 2009. Structured Deposition as Ritual Action at Knossos. Hesperia Supplements 42:19-30. Hatzaki E. 2013. The end of an intermezzo at Knossos: ceramic wares, deposits, and architecture in a social context. In: Macdonald CF, and Knappett C, editors. Intermezzo: Intermediacy and Regeneration in Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete. London: The British School at Athens. p 37-45. Knappett C, Mathioudaki I, and Macdonald CF. 2013. Stratigraphy and ceramic typology in the Middle Mnoan III palace at Knossos. In: Macdonald CF, and Knappett C, editors. Intermezzo: Intermediacy and Regeneration in Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete. London: The British School at Athens. p 9-19. Momigliano N, Phillips L, Spataro M, Meeks N, and Meek A. 2014. A newly discovered Minoan faience plaque from the Knossos town mosaic in the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery: a technological insight. Annual of the British School at Athens 109:97-110. Nafplioti A. 2008. “Mycenaean” political domination of Knossos following the Late Minoan IB destructions on Crete: negative evidence from strontium isotope ratio analysis (87Sr/86Sr). Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (8):2307-2317. Nafplioti A. 2016. Eating in prosperity: First stable isotope evidence of diet from Palatial Knossos. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:42-52. Shaw MC. 2012. New light on the labyrinth fresco from the palace at Knossos. Annual of the British School at Athens 107:143-159. Schoep I. 2004. Assessing the role of architecture in conspicuous consumption in the Middle Minoan I-II periods. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23 (3):243-269. Shaw JW, and Lowe A. 2002. The ""Lost"" Portico at Knossos: The Central Court Revisited. American Journal of Archaeology 106 (4):513-523. Tomkins P. 2012. Behind the horison: Reconsidering the genesis and function of the 'First Palace' at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV-Middle Minoan IB). In: Schoep I, Tomkins P, and Driessen J, editors. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p 32-80.cite "


what are the crimes classified as economic corruption and financial crimes

Other financial and economic crimes for which various punishments are prescribed under the law include financial malpractices, aiding and abetting acts of terrorism, giving false information, possessing, retaining, using, concealing and converting the proceeds of a financial or economic crime, etc.

Bribery, Corruption, Economic and Financial Crimes Details Category: Legal Articles Published: 09 June 2014Tweet Legal Alert – June 2014 – Bribery, Corruption, Economic and Financial Crimes Bribery, Corruption, Economic and Financial Crimes INTRODUCTIONCorruption is generally described as any dishonest action or inaction, by any person, in any form of authority, to derive any form of illegitimate, illicit, immoral, incompatible or unethical advantage. As bribery, corruption, economic and final crimes remain a deterrent to human capital advancement, various global bodies and countries have enacted their anti-corruption, bribery, economic and financial crimes legislations. Some of these legislations will now be reviewed in the paragraphs following underneath. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTIONThe United Nations Convention Against Corruption is an internationally binding Treaty designed to promote, facilitate and support transnational cooperation, technical assistance and the exchange of information which prevents, detects and deters in a more efficient and effective manner, the international transfer of corrupt and illicitly acquired property. Signatories to this Treaty are obligated to, subject to their legal systems, develop and implement Anti-corruption Policies which promote the prevention of corruption, money laundering and the proper management of public affairs, public property, integrity, transparency and accountability. More than 140 member states of the United Nations have signed and ratified this Treaty and domesticated it in their statute books. AFRICAN CONVENTION ON PREVENTING AND COMBATING CORRUPTIONThe African Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (‘’the African Convention”) describes corruption to include the solicitation or acceptance, directly or indirectly, of anything of value in exchange for any act or omission in the course of, or in performance of any duty. Illicit enrichment and the diversion of state resources by an individual or group of individuals for purposes that is unrelated to the purpose for which those resources are intended, also amounts to criminal corruption. OECD CONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (‘’OECD’’) also has a Convention on combating the bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions. This Convention, like other similar anti-bribery conventions, seeks to enshrine effective measures which promptly deter, prevent, combat and criminalise the bribery of foreign public officials. Each party to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery is required to implement measures which make it a criminal offence under its Laws for any person to intentionally offer, promise or give any undue pecuniary or other advantage to a foreign public official for the purpose of such public official acting or refraining from acting, in order for some improper advantage to be obtained. Each Party to the OECD Convention on combating bribery is also enjoined to ensure by domesticated Legislation, that the bribery of a foreign public official is punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties which should include the deprivation of individual liberty and the extradition of suspected offenders to their home countries for prosecution and sentencing. US FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACTThe United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“US FCPA”) prohibits the giving or offering of anything of value to foreign government officials or their third party proxies for the improper purpose of influencing any decision to the benefit of the giver of the bribe, or to such other parties related to the giver of the bribe. Examples of “anything of value” include cash, gifts, travel, entertainment, transportation, free lodging, political or charitable donations, discounts, giving favourable employment or business opportunities, etc. Under the US FCPA, there is no minimum value as to what constitutes a bribe. UK BRIBERY ACTThe United Kingdom (“UK”) Bribery Act is broader in scope to the US FCPA, as the UK Bribery Act prohibits the giving of a bribe to any person, whether such a person is a government official or not, for the improper purpose of influencing any benefit to the giver of the bribe. Under the UK Bribery Act, both the bribe giver and the bribe receiver are subject to strict liability, which includes criminal prosecution and conviction. Corporations are compulsorily required to adopt and implement an anti-bribery policy. This is as the UK Bribery Act holds corporations subject to UK jurisdiction strictly responsible where the giving and the taking of a bribe is not prevented from occurring by corporations. NIGERIAN CORRUPT PRACTICES AND OTHER RELATED OFFENCES ACTIn Nigeria, the applicable law is the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act. The Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act describes corruption to include bribery, fraud and other similar dishonest offences. The Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act established the Anti-Corruption Commission with a charge to investigate any corrupt practice in the public sector of the economy, and recommend appropriate cases for prosecution by the office of the Attorney-General of the Federation. EXAMPLES OF CORRUPTION AND PUNISHMENTSAny person, who in the discharge of his or her duties asks for, gives, receives, procures, conspires or facilitates the obtaining of any property or benefit, in return for any favour, thing, omission or commission, commits an offence which on conviction attracts a seven (7) year term of imprisonment. It is also an offence for a Public Servant to acquire and hold, directly or indirectly, any private interest in any contract or agreement emanating from a public establishment. The punishment on conviction for this offence is also seven (7) years imprisonment. It is equally a criminal offence for any person to offer to a public servant any gratification as an inducement or reward for the public servant to perform, expedite, delay, hinder, prevent or abstain from performing any duty. The punishment for this offence is five (5) years imprisonment with hard labour. Where a public servant uses his or her office or position to confer any corrupt or unfair advantage on himself or on any third party, an offence is committed which on conviction carries a term of imprisonment of five (5) years without the option of a fine. FORFEITURE OF GRATIFICATIONIn addition to the term of imprisonment for bribery offences, the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act prescribes the forfeiture of the object of the gratification, and the payment of a fine that is not less than five (5) times the sum or the value of the subject matter gratification. DUTY TO REPORT BRIBERYAny public officer to whom any gratification is promised, offered or given; and any individual whom any gratification is solicited or obtained from; is statutorily required to report such bribery incident to the nearest office of the Anti-Corruption Commission or to a police officer. Any person who fails to make such a bribery incident report, without a reasonable excuse, is guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding One Hundred Thousand Naira (N100,000) or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding two (2) years; or to both the fine and the term of imprisonment. INDEPENDENT COUNSELWhere an allegation of corruption or bribery is made against the President or the Vice-President, or against any State Governor or Deputy Governor, the Chief Justice of Nigeria is required to, if reasonable cause is provided, appoint an Independent Legal Counsel to investigate the allegation and report his or her findings to the National Assembly in the case of the President or Vice-President, or to the relevant State House of Assembly in the case of a State Governor or Deputy Governor. MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL LIABILITY FOR BRIBERYThe provisions of the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act also apply to persons who though are not Nigerian citizens, enjoy permanent residence status in Nigeria, for corrupt and bribery offences committed inside and outside Nigeria. CORRUPTION AS AN ECONOMIC CRIMEThe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment, etc.) Act, 2004 describes an economic and financial crime to be the non-violent, criminal and illicit activity committed with the objective of gaining wealth illegally. Examples of economic and financial crimes include any form of bribery, corrupt practices, advance fee fraud, narcotics, drug trafficking, money laundering, embezzlement, illegal charge transfers, contract scams, credit card fraud, human trafficking, child labour, tax evasion, foreign exchange malpractices, theft of intellectual property, piracy, etc. The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (“EFCC”) is charged with the investigation of all economic and financial crimes in Nigeria. As part of its investigative responsibility, EFCC is enjoined to identify, trace, freeze, confiscate or seize proceeds derived from economic, financial and terrorist criminal activities. SPECIAL POWERS OF EFCCIn addition to the statutory authority to investigate economic and financial crimes, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (“EFCC”) is also empowered to conduct investigations into the assets of any individual where there is a mismatch between such an individual’s lifestyle and his or her sources of income. It is also the statutory responsibility of EFCC to co-ordinate the enforcement of all economic and financial crimes legislations among which are the Money Laundering Act, the Advance Fee Fraud and other Related Offences Act, the Failed Banks Act, the Banks and other Financial Institutions Act, etc. PUNISHMENT FOR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIMES

And some of the punishments for the above paragraph financial and economic crimes include terms of imprisonment, fines equivalent to one hundred per cent (100%) of the value of the proceeds of the financial or economic crime; or to both the term of imprisonment and the punitive fine. All the assets and properties derived or acquired from any economic or financial crime, including the international passports of the offenders, are liable to forfeiture or confiscation. Where such derived or acquired asset or property is in a foreign country, the asset or property shall be subject to any treaty or arrangement that Nigeria has with such a foreign country for the repatriation of the proceeds of any financial or economic crime. CONCLUSION. In practice, the Bribery, Corruption, Economic and Financial Crimes Laws are held more in disdain than in compliance. This is as a result of many reasons ranging from a continuing, overbearing, endemic bribery and corruption culture; an ill-equipped enforcement and judicial system; etc. The harmonisation of the various legislations and enforcement agencies – like EFCC, the Anti-Corruption Commission, the Police, etc. – will remove the current duplication of investigative powers and streamline enforcement resources. Following from the above comment is the observation that while the robustness or otherwise of bribery and corruption laws may not be comparable to those in the United Kingdom, or in the other OECD countries and in the United States, improvements in the enforcement of the current legislations with their harmonisation by parliament should improve enforcement. DISCLAIMER NOTICEThis is a free educational material which does not create a Client/Attorney relationship. Readers are advised to always seek professional legal advice to their specific situations from qualified Legal Practitioners. Questions, comments, criticisms, suggestions, new ideas, contributions, etc. are always welcomed. You can also visit our website www.oseroghoassociates.com for more legal materials. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTED. This material is protected by International Intellectual Property Laws and Regulations. This material can only be re-distributed for non-profit educational purposes only on the strict condition that our authorship is acknowledged, and the Disclaimer Notice is prominently displayed.< Prev Next >


how far is miami beach from homestead

s Distance, Gas Consumption and Emission Notes Distance from Miami Beach, FL to Homestead, FL is 43Miles or 69 Km. You can get this distance about 57 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 32 Miles or 51 Km, You can get this distance about 34 mins. A car with an average MPG will needs 1.99 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.

Distance Between Miami Beach, FL and Homestead, FLHow many miles? 43 Miles or 69 Km How much does it take? 57 mins Travel With Mile Distance Km Distance Duration Car 43 Mi 69 Km 57 mins Plane 32 Mi 51 Km 34 min

The estimated cost of gas to get between Miami Beach, FL and Homestead, FL is $4.52. During the route, an average car will release 38.99 pounds of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO 2 per mile. * Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG. * Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon. Most Searched About Miami Beach, FLCities Distance Miami Beach, FL to Orlando, FL 237 Miles Miami Beach, FL to Key West, FL 168 Miles Miami Beach, FL to Chicago, IL 1381 Miles Most Searched About Homestead, FLCities Distance Homestead, FL to Key West, FL 128 Miles Homestead, FL to Key Largo, FL 31 Miles Homestead, FL to Miami Beach, FL 43 Miles


what is usta

com The United States Tennis Association (USTA) is the national governing body for tennis in the United States. A not-for-profit organization with more than 700,000 members, it invests 100% of its proceeds to promote and develop the growth of tennis, from the grass-roots to the professional levels.

United States Tennis Association

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from USTA)navigation search""USTA"" redirects here. For other uses, see USTA (disambiguation). United States Tennis Association Sport Tennis Abbreviation (USTA)Founded 1881 [1]Affiliation date International Tennis Federation (ITF)Location White Plains, New York President Katrina Adams Secretary Gregory Metz Official websitewww .usta .

The association was created to standardize rules and regulations and to promote and develop the growth of tennis in the United States. The USTA runs the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center which hosts the US Open every year. The USTA has leagues in most places for adults skill levels between beginner and pro. The USTA also hosts tournaments across the country every weekend for club players or professionals. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Organization3 Geographical sections4 NTRP Ratings5 Programs6 Tournaments7 Presidents8 Awards8.1 Discontinued Awards9 See also10 References11 External links History [ edit]The USTA was previously known as the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) and was established in 1881 by a small group of tennis club members in New York City. In 1920 the word 'National' was dropped from the organization's name. [2] In 1975, the word ""Lawn"" was officially dropped from the name. [ citation needed]Organization [ edit]The USTA has 17 geographical sections with more than 700,000 individual members and 7,000 organizational members, and a professional staff. [1]Geographical sections [ edit]USTA Caribbean USTA Eastern USTA Florida USTA Hawaii Pacific USTA Intermountain USTA Mid-Atlantic USTA Middle States USTA Midwest USTA Missouri Valley USTA New England USTA Northern USTA Northern California USTA Pacific Northwest USTA Southern USTA Southern California USTA Southwest USTA Texas NTRP Ratings [ edit]The USTA (along with the USPTA) created the National Tennis Rating Program (NTRP) or more commonly NTRP ratings to place players into various skill levels. NTRP ratings range from the beginner 1.5 with .5 increments all the way up to 7.0 or world-class players. NTRP ratings are used in the leagues and tournaments to help provide more compatible matches. At the end of each calendar year, the USTA calculates and publishes everyone's year-end rating online ( http://tennislink.usta.com ). Ratings are calculated using a computer algorithm that adjusts ratings based on how actual outcomes compare to expected outcomes for each match. Expected outcomes are determined based on the difference between the ratings in hundredths of the players on the court. How many matches you've won and if it was a singles or doubles match is not a part of the calculation. New players or anyone with an expired NTRP rating go through the self-rate process to determine their entry point. Specific answers to a series of questions allow the computer to provide a suggested rating for players to start. Programs [ edit]The USTA hosts adult tournaments in most cities with populations over 150,000 people. Leagues for adults with ratings ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 are organized in the Spring and/or Fall. In most areas, the adult seasons consist of singles, doubles, and mixed doubles leagues in the Spring. Fewer cities have Fall leagues for singles and/or alternate league types such as ""combo"", ""mixed combo"", or ""tri-level"". In most states, there are between one and five tournaments each weekend. Adults with a 3.0 to 4.5 rating can usually play in these tournaments. Leagues include: 10 and under; Juniors; Adults 18-40; and Adults 40 or older. Anyone over 40 may request placement in the 18-40 league. Tournaments [ edit]US Open Cincinnati Masters New Haven Open at Yale U. S. Men's Clay Court Championships Boys' Junior National Tennis Championship – under-16 and under-18Pro Circuits Presidents [ edit]Name Presidency Robert Shaw Oliver 1881–1882James Dwight 1882–1884T. K. Fraser 1885–1886Richard Sears 1887–1888Joseph Clark 1889–1891Henry Slocum 1892–1893James Dwight 1894–1911Robert Wrenn 1912–1915George Adee 1916–1919Julian Myrick 1920–1922Dwight F. Davis 1923George Wightman 1924Jones W. Mersereau 1925–1927Samuel H. Colloml 1928–1929Louis Dailey 1930Louis J. Carruthers 1931–1932Henry S. Know 1933Walter Merrill Hall 1934–1936Holcombe Ward 1937–1947Lawrence Baker 1948–1950Russell B. Kingman 1951–1952James H. Bishop 1953–1955Renville H. Mc Mann 1956–1957Victor Denny 1958–1959George Barnes 1960–1961Edward A. Turville 1962–1963James B. Dickey 1964Martin Tressel 1965–1966Robert J. Kelleher 1967–1968Alastair Martin 1969–1970Robert B. Colwell 1971–1972Walter E. Elcock 1973–1974Stan Malless 1975–1976William E. Hester 1977–1978Joseph E. Carrico 1979–1980Marvin P. Richmond 1981–1982Hunter L. Delatour, Jr. 1983–1984J. Randolph Gregson 1985–1986Gordon D. Jorgensen 1987–1988David R. Markin 1989–1990Robert A. Cookson 1991–1992J. Howard Frazer 1993–1994Lester M. Snyder, Jr. 1995–1996Harry Marmion 1997–1998Julia Levering * 1999–2000Mervin Heller, Jr. 2001–2002Alan Schwartz 2003–2004Franklin Johnson 2005–2006Jane Brown Grimes 2007–2008Lucy S. Garvin 2009–2010Jon Vegosen 2011–2012David Haggerty 2013–2014Katrina Adams ** 2015–present* First female to be elected USTA president. ** First African-American and first former professional tennis player to be elected USTA president. Awards [ edit]Samuel Hardy Award - The International Tennis Hall of Fame annually presents the Samuel Hardy Award to a USTA volunteer in recognition of long and outstanding service to the sport of tennis. The recipient must exemplify those qualities of personal unselfishness and devotion to the game which have been an inspiration to others. The award is presented at the USTA Annual Meeting. The honorees are selected by a committee appointed by the chairman of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. [3]Tennis Educational Merit Awards for Men and Women - The International Tennis Hall of Fame annually presents the Tennis Educational Merit Awards for Men and Women to individuals who are citizens or residents of the United States. The awards are presented to a man and woman who have made notable contributions in the tennis educational field at the national level and have demonstrated leadership and creative skills in such areas as instruction, writing, organization and promotion of the game of tennis. The awards are presented at the USTA Annual Meeting. The selection of recipients is made by a committee appointed by the chairman of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. The award was initially created to honor and recognize services to the development of the game by Harry A. (Cap) Leighton, to whom the first honor was awarded posthumously in 1967. ITF Awards for Services to the Game (American Recipients) - This award is presented to persons who have rendered long and distinguished services to the game of tennis through their national tennis associations. Persons may be nominated by their national association or by the ITF Board of Directors. USTA Volunteer Service Award - The USTA Volunteer Service Award recognizes USTA volunteers for their years of national service to the association. Recognition awards are presented at the Annual Meeting to those volunteers achieving five years of service and for each five years of service thereafter. The association is proud to demonstrate its esteem and appreciation to an outstanding group of volunteers. Ralph W. Westcott USTA Family of the Year Award - This award was initiated in 1965 by Martin L. Tressel, President of the USTA, 1965–66, to emphasize the theme that “Tennis Is a Family Game.” The honor is awarded annually to the family who in recent years has done the most to promote amateur tennis, primarily on a volunteer basis. All members of the family should participate in some way, either as players or by offering their services in running programs or tournaments or in junior development activities. The selection of recipients is made by the USTA Awards Committee from nominations submitted by the 17 USTA sections. Ralph W. Westcott donated a large silver tray as the perpetual award. This trophy was given to him upon retiring as president of the Western Tennis Association and secretary of the USTA. The names of the recipients are engraved on this tray. The trophy is presented at the USTA Annual Meeting. Service Bowl Award - “To the Player Who Yearly Makes the Most Notable Contribution to the Sportsmanship, Fellowship, and Service of Tennis”—this inscription is engraved on the Service Bowl trophy donated by Mrs. Lyman H. B. Olmsted and a group of 30 New England women in 1940 to honor the example of Mrs. Hazel H. Wightman. The Service Bowl Award is an annual award that was limited to New England women tennis players for the first four years. Since 1944, it has been awarded on a nationwide basis, usually by the USTA President at a stadium court ceremony or an Executive Committee Meeting during the US Open. President’s Award - Established in 1999, the President’s Award annually honors an individual who has given unusual and extraordinary service to tennis and generally will be a person not considered for other USTA awards. Eve Kraft USTA Community Service Award - The USTA Community Service Award was established in 1974 to honor persons for outstanding field work in recreational tennis. It was renamed the Eve Kraft USTA Community Service Award in 2001. The award is given for significant contributions by individuals actively involved in tennis development through community tennis associations, parks and recreation departments, schools or community centers. USTA Adaptive Tennis Community Service Award - The USTA Tennis Special Populations Community Service Award was established in 2003 to recognize either an individual or a program that has demonstrated excellence, dedication and service related to tennis for special populations or those with disabilities. It was renamed the USTA Adaptive Tennis Community Service Award in 2006. For a program to qualify, it must have been in existence for a minimum of three consecutive years and be either a registered USTA Tennis Special Populations program or affiliated with one. For an individual to qualify, he or she must have worked with such a program for a minimum of three consecutive years. USTA CTA of the Year Award - The USTA CTA of the Year Award was established in 2002 to honor a CTA (Community Tennis Association) for outstanding service rendered in growing and developing the sport of tennis in its community. The award recipient is selected from 17 nominees, one from each of the USTA sections, by a panel of USTA Community Tennis Association Development Committee members. The award is presented each February at the Community Tennis Development Workshop. USTA NJTL of the Year Award - The USTA Tennis NJTL Chapter of the Year Award is designed to honor an outstanding USTA Tennis NJTL (National Junior Tennis League) chapter or chapters that have demonstrated continued excellence in recreational tennis. The award recipient or recipients are selected by a panel of USTA Tennis NJTL Committee members and the Community Outreach national staff. The award is presented each February at the Community Tennis Development Workshop. Seniors’ Service Award - A trophy for service to senior tennis is awarded each year to the person the USTA Adult/Senior Competition Committee deems most deserving of the respect and honor of all seniors. First awarded in 1958, it is awarded on the basis of the recipient’s willingness, cooperation and participation, either in play or organizational work for the betterment and furtherance of senior competition. Each year the winner’s name and the year are engraved on the trophy and a replica of the trophy is given to the winner. Super Senior Service Award - The Super Senior Service Award is given annually, since 1975, to the person who, in the opinion of the Super Senior Tennis Board of Directors, has made a notable contribution to the promotion of tennis for the 55-and-over USTA-recognized age divisions. This contribution can be made by a player, a tennis enthusiast, a tournament director or a non-player who has helped to promote tennis for the “young at heart.”Barbara Williams Leadership Award - The Barbara Williams Leadership Award was established in 2004 to honor Barbara Williams, a long-time USTA volunteer who gave of her time and energy to promote the sport of tennis. This award recognizes a female volunteer who, through her leadership and by her example, has encouraged and inspired others to become volunteers and assume leadership roles at the community, sectional and/or national levels of the United States Tennis Association. The selection of recipients is made by the USTA Awards Committee from nominations submitted by the 17 USTA sections. Brad Parks Award - The Brad Parks Award was established in 2002. It recognizes outstanding contributions to the game of wheelchair tennis and was named after Brad Parks, a pioneer of wheelchair tennis and the first wheelchair tournament champion, who has been instrumental in the development of wheelchair tennis around the world. The award is presented at the USTA Annual Meeting to an individual or group that has provided opportunities to wheelchair players through the development of programs that promote the growth of wheelchair tennis at the sectional or national level. The recipient may be involved through playing, coaching, sponsoring or promoting wheelchair tennis. Each annual recipient’s name will be added to the permanent trophy, which will be housed at the USTA National Tennis Center, and a replica will be given to the recipient. John T. Mc Govern Award - In 1949, John T. (Terry) Mc Govern presented a beautiful, gold-plated trophy for an annual award to that umpire or linesman who contributed most to the cause of tennis officiating during the previous year. In addition to the trophy, Mc Govern contributed gold-plated medals to be given annually for the permanent possession of the award recipient. Mc Govern was a well-known leader in amateur sports. He was legal advisor to the United States Olympic Committee for many years, a former president of the Cornell University Alumni Association and president of the Sandlot Baseball Association. Almost from the inception of the USTA Umpire Association, he was a devoted tennis linesman. The Mc Govern Committee selects the winner of the John T. Mc Govern Award. The committee consists of all previous recipients of the award. Jr. Mc Govern Award - With qualifying conditions similar to the John T. Mc Govern Award, the Jr. Mc Govern Award recognizes service and excellence by younger tennis officials. The award winner is presented with a perpetual trophy and receives a silver-plated medal for his or her permanent possession. The Mc Govern Committee selects the winner of the Jr. Mc Govern Award. The committee consists of all previous recipients of the John T. Mc Govern Award. Jack Stahr Award - Awarded since 1984, the Jack Stahr Award is presented annually to an umpire, age 21 or over, who in one of his or her first three years at the US Open, is recognized for hard work, professionalism, technical ability and cooperative attitude. It recognizes his/her outstanding work primarily as a line umpire. Nicholas E. Powel Award - Given each year to a sectional chair or line umpire, the Nicholas E. Powel Award recognizes the importance of officiating at the local level. 1990Bill Talbert Junior Sportsmanship Awards - The Bill Talbert Junior Sportsmanship Awards are presented each year by the Board of Directors of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Four recipients are selected by the USTA Awards Committee from nominations submitted by the 17 USTA sections. 1987USTA Girls’ 18 National Championship Sportsmanship Award - The USTA Girls’ 18 National Championship Sportsmanship Award is presented each year at the USTA Girls’ 18 National Championships to the girl who, in the opinion of the committee of judges, exemplifies outstanding sportsmanship, conduct and character. since 1982Dr. Allen B. Stowe Sportsmanship Award - In 1957, shortly after the death of Dr. Allen B. Stowe, longtime director of the National Junior and Boys’ Tennis Championships, a group of Kalamazoo, Mich., tennis enthusiasts sought to establish a fitting and lasting memorial to the former Kalamazoo College professor and tennis coach. The group contributed a sum of money for a trophy to be presented annually to the Junior Boys’ 18 player who, in the opinion of the National Junior and Boys’ Championships Committee, best combines the qualities of outstanding sportsmanship and outstanding tennis ability. The name and hometown of the recipient are inscribed on the trophy. Bobby Kaplan Sportsmanship Award - Presented annually at the USTA Boys’ 16 National Championships, the Bobby Kaplan Sportsmanship Award is awarded to that boy who best combines sportsmanship and outstanding tennis ability. The award was first presented by the Eastern Tennis Association in 1978 shortly after the death of Mr. Kaplan, a prominent teaching professional on Long Island who devoted his career to junior tennis. Maureen Connolly Brinker Outstanding Junior Girl Award - The Maureen Connolly Brinker Outstanding Junior Girl Award was approved in February 1969 at the USTA Annual Meeting. The award, created by the Maureen Connolly Brinker Tennis Foundation Inc., is presented each year at the USTA National Girls’ 18 Championships in San Jose, California, at the Almaden Valley Athletic Club. The award and the foundation were the dream of the late Maureen Connolly Brinker. This award is presented each year to the girl player considered by the committee to have had the most outstanding full-season performance. She must be exceptional in ability, sportsmanship and competitive spirit. The silver bowl, which is kept at the Almaden Valley Athletic Club, is inscribed with the name of each year’s winner. The recipient of the award receives a small engraved silver tray. Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award - The USTA Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award honors a Tennis On Campus programs/college club tennis team (s) for significant contributions made to the USTA Tennis On Campus program on their respective campus. Eligible applicants must be in good standing with their college or university and the USTA. The award (s) are distributed at the annual USTA National Campus Championships. Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award - The USTA Tennis On Campus Club of the Year Award honors a Tennis On Campus programs/college club tennis team (s) for significant contributions made to the USTA Tennis On Campus program on their respective campus. Eligible applicants must be in good standing with their college or university and the USTA. The award (s) are distributed at the annual USTA National Campus Championships. Member Organization of the Year Award - The Member Organization of the Year Award was instituted in 1981 to recognize the services rendered to the USTA by its member organizations. Selection is made on the basis of service to the tennis community, service to the organization’s members and service to the game of tennis. The program is decided on a two-tiered basis: 1) Each section selects its Member Organization of the Year. The selected organization shall receive an appropriate award emblematic of its selection. Once selected, that organization shall not be eligible for the sectional award for the following seven years. 2) Each section may nominate a candidate for the National Member Organization of the Year Award. Said nominee may be the sectional winner of that year or may be another organization of the section’s choice. A section may submit any candidate for as many years as it wishes. The National Member Organization of the Year Award winner is announced at the USTA Annual Meeting. Tennis Facility Award - The Tennis Facility Awards Program honors outstanding tennis facilities and encourages excellence in future construction and/or renovation. Facilities must be under the jurisdiction of: (1) a parks and recreation department, (2) an educational institution or (3) an industrial complex. All facilities are judged in one of four categories, depending upon the number of courts and spectators accommodated. Since 1981. Discontinued Awards [ edit]USTA Girls’ Sportsmanship Trophy Award - The USTA Girls’ Sportsmanship Trophy Award was presented annually at the close of the International Girls’ 18 Grass Court Championships to the player in the championship who, in the opinion of the committee of judges, most nearly approaches the ideal in sportsmanship, appearance, court manners and tactics. The trophy was first presented in 1936 by the late Mrs. Harrison Smith and was henceforth awarded annually. The trophy was a sterling silver plate. The name of the recipient of the award was engraved on the trophy every year and a small silver plate similar to the trophy in design and engraving was given to the recipient. The award was retired in 2004 and donated to the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Harry Fogleman Memorial Trophy - The Harry Fogleman Memorial Trophy was awarded each year at the USTA Boys’ 12 National Championships to the boy who, in the opinion of the Tournament Committee, exemplified outstanding sportsmanship, conduct, character and tennis ability. The award, a large pewter loving cup, was donated to the USTA by the 1973 Boys’ 12 National Championships Committee at the Knoxville Racquet Club, Knoxville, TN, in memory of Harry Fogleman. Mr. Fogleman was not only an outstanding tennis coach but served on various committees of the USTA devoted to Junior development. For several years he was Tournament Director of the 12 and 14 National Championships in Chattanooga, TN. Before his sudden death in December 1972, he was honored as the 1972 recipient of the Tennis Educational Foundation Merit Award given annually by the USTA. The trophy was displayed by the club which hosted the Boys’ 12 National Championships. The winner of the award was given a suitably inscribed pewter replica as a memento of his achievement. It was retired in 1989. Colonel James H. Bishop Award - The Colonel James H. Bishop Award was presented annually at a place and time determined by the USTA Junior Davis Cup Committee Chairman to that U. S. Junior Davis Cup squad member who, in the opinion of the chairman and the team captains, best exemplified the objectives of the Junior Davis Cup Program in regard to highest standards of character, conduct, sportsmanship, appearance, amateurism on and off the tennis court, and tennis accomplishment. The award, a sterling silver tray, was donated by Dorothy W. and Thomas E. Price to the USTA in memory of Colonel James H. Bishop—the founder of the Junior Davis Cup Program in 1937 (the forerunner of the Junior Wightman Cup Program in 1938) and a well-known and highly regarded friend of youth, educator, and tennis leader until his untimely death in 1961. The name of the recipient of the award was engraved on the tray and a suitably inscribed small silver replica was given to the recipient as a memento of the award. The last award in 1987 was to Patrick Mc Enroe. William M. Johnston Award - The William M. Johnston Trophy was awarded to that male player who, by character, sportsmanship, manners, spirit of cooperation and contribution to the growth of the game, ranks first in the opinion of the selection committee. Another basis for the award was the help a player renders not only to players in the recipient’s own class but also to a lesser class and to junior players as well. The award was the result of a suggestion by the late “Little Bill” Johnston, who gave one of his championship cups to the International Lawn Tennis Club of the United States to be used for this purpose. The name of the winner of the award was engraved on the trophy, and a small silver tray suitably inscribed was given to the recipient as a memento of the award. It was awarded from 1947 through 2006. Sarah Palfrey Danzig Award - The Sarah Palfrey Danzig Trophy was awarded to that female player who, by character, sportsmanship, manners, spirit of cooperation and contribution to the growth of the game, ranks first in the opinion of the selection committee. Another basis of the award was the help a player renders not only to players of her own class but also to players of a lesser class and to junior players. The award was the result of a suggestion by the late Mrs. Danzig that it was fitting and proper that there should be an award for women comparable to and with the same criteria as the William M. Johnston Award for men. To that end, she gave one of her national championship cups to the International Lawn Tennis Club of the United States to be used for this purpose. The name of the winner was engraved on the trophy, and a silver tray suitably inscribed was given to the recipient as a memento of the award. Awarded from 1986 through 2006. See also [ edit]Tennis portal American Tennis Association United States Professional Tennis Association History of tennis References [ edit]^ a b ""About The Organization"". Retrieved 2011-02-05.^ Warren Kimball. ""USTA name changes: All for good grammar"". USTA. Retrieved 15 April 2012.^ ""USTA Awards History"". USTA.2002 USTA Yearbook (page 431)External links [ edit]United States Tennis Association [ show]v t e Sports governing bodies of the United States [ show]v t e National members of the International Tennis Federation Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 133676859 LCCN: n79047582 ISNI: 0000 0001 1011 0746 GND: 5168232-1SUDOC: 157280098Categories: Tennis in the United States Sports governing bodies in the United States National members of the International Tennis Federation 1881 establishments in the United States "


composite object definition

In programming languages, composite objects are usually expressed by means of references from one object to another; depending on the language, such references may be known as attributes, fields, members or properties, and the resulting composition as composite type, storage record, structure, tuple, or a user-defined type (UDT).

Object composition

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (August 2010)In computer science, object composition (not to be confused with function composition) is a way to combine simple objects or data types into more complex ones. Compositions are a critical building block of many basic data structures, including the tagged union, the linked list, and the binary tree, as well as the object used in object-oriented programming. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Details2 UML notation3 Composite types in C4 Recursive composition5 Timeline of composition in various languages6 Aggregation6.1 Aggregation in COM7 Containment8 See also9 References10 External links Details [ edit]In a programming language, when objects are typed, types can often be divided into composite and noncomposite types, and composition can be regarded as a relationship between types: an object of a composite type (e.g. car) "" has an "" object of a simpler type (e.g. wheel ). Consider the relation of an automobile to its parts, specifically: the automobile has or is composed from objects including steering wheel, seat, gearbox and engine. This relation might be fixed in a computer program as a composition relation. However, the real world relation is softer and fuzzier. The engine in one automobile may be replaced by the engine from another automobile, meaning the relation is better described as an aggregation than a composition. Generally speaking, as time passes, what looks like compositions tend to turn into aggregations, and aggregations tend to turn into looser associations. Composition must be distinguished from subtyping, which is the process of adding detail to a general data type to create a more specific data type. For instance, cars may be a specific type of vehicle: car is a vehicle. Subtyping doesn't describe a relationship between different objects, but instead, says that objects of a type are simultaneously objects of another type.

Fields are given a unique name so that each one can be distinguished from the others. However, having such references doesn't necessarily mean that an object is a composite. It is only called composite, if the objects it refers to are really its parts, i.e. have no independent existence. For details, see the aggregation section below. UML notation [ edit]In UML, there are two ways of modelling composition: Composition and aggregation. Beware that in UML, composition has a more narrow meaning than in ordinary language: Composition is depicted as a filled diamond and a solid line. Composition is a kind of association where the composite object has sole responsibility for the disposition of the component parts. The relationship between the composite and the component is a strong “has a” relationship, as the composite object takes ownership of the component. This means the composite is responsible for the creation and destruction of the component parts. An object may only be part of one composite. If the composite object is destroyed, all the component parts must be destroyed. The part has no life of itself and cannot be transferred to another object. Composition enforces encapsulation as the component parts usually are members of the composite object. UML notation for a composition (upper) and an aggregation (lower) (Note that the examples show abstracted data models, disregarding the fact that in a real world carburetor ⇒ car association, the carburetor can be pulled from the car and will persist after the physical car is destroyed. )The more general form, aggregation, is depicted as an unfilled diamond and a solid line. Aggregation is a kind of association that specifies a whole/part relationship between the aggregate (whole) and component part. This relationship between the aggregate and component is a weak “has a” relationship, as the component may survive the aggregate object. The component object may be accessed through other objects without going through the aggregate object. The aggregate object does not take part in the lifecycle of the component object, meaning the component object may outlive the aggregate object. The state of the component object still forms part of the aggregate object. The C++ code below shows what the source code is likely to look like.// Compositionclass Car {private:// Car is the owner of carburetor.// carburetor is created when Car is created,// it is destroyed when Car is destroyed. Carburetor carburetor;};// Aggregationclass Pond {private:// Pond is not the owner of ducks,// it has references on other ducks managed somewhere elsestd :: vector < Duck *> ducks;};Composite types in C [ edit]This is an example of composition in C.struct Person {int age;char * name;enum { job_seeking, professional, non_professional, retired, student } employment;};In this example, the primitive types int, char *, and enum {job_seeking, professional, non_professional, retired, student} are combined to form the composite structure Person. Each Person structure then ""has an"" age, name, and an employment type. Recursive composition [ edit]Objects can be composited recursively with the use of recursive types or references. Consider a tree. Each node in a tree may be a branch or leaf; in other words, each node is a tree at the same time when it belongs to another tree. One implementation for the recursive composition is to let each object have references to others of the same type. In C, for example, a binary tree can be defined like:struct bintree {struct bintree * left, * right;// some data};If pointers left and right are valid, the node is thought to be a branch referring to each tree to which left and right point. If not, the node is a leaf. In this way, the recursion can be terminated. Another is to use a tagged union. For e.g. see tagged union. Timeline of composition in various languages [ edit]C calls a record a struct or structure; object-oriented languages such as Java, Smalltalk, and C++ often keep their records hidden inside objects ( class instances); languages in the ML family simply call them records. COBOL was the first widespread programming language to support records directly; [2] ALGOL 68 got it from COBOL and Pascal got it, more or less indirectly, from ALGOL 68. Common Lisp provides structures and classes (the latter via the Common Lisp Object System ).1959 – COBOL01 customer-record.03 customer-number pic 9 (8) comp.03 customer-name.05 given-names pic x (15).05 initial-2 pic x.05 surname pic x (15).03 customer-address.05 street.07 street-name pic x (15).09 house-number pic 999 comp.05 city pic x (10).05 country-code pic x (3).05 postcode pic x (8).03 amount-owing pic 9 (8) comp.1960 – ALGOL 60Arrays were the only composite data type in Algol 60.1964 – PL/Idcl 1 newtypet based (P); 2 (a, b, c) fixed bin (31), 2 (i, j, k) float, 2 r ptr; allocate newtypet;1968 – ALGOL 68int max = 99; mode newtypet = [0..9] [0..max]struct ( long real a, b, c, short int i, j, k, ref real r ); newtypet newarrayt = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, heap real := 7)For an example of all this, here is the traditional linked list declaration:mode node = union (real, int, compl, string), list = struct (node val, ref list next);Note that for ALGOL 68 only the newtype name appears to the left of the equality, and most notably the construction is made – and can be read – from left to right without regard to priorities.1970 – Pascaltypea = array [ 1 .. 10] of integer;b = recorda, b, c: real;i, j, k: integer;end;1972 – K&R C#define max 99struct newtypet {double a, b, c;float r;short i, j, k;} newarrayt [ 10] [ max + 1 ];1977 – FORTRAN 77Fortran 77 has arrays, but lacked any formal record/structure definitions. Typically compound structures were built up using EQUIVALENCE or COMMON statements: CHARACTER NAME * 32, ADDR * 32, PHONE * 16REAL OWINGCOMMON / CUST / NAME, ADDR, PHONE, OWING1983 – ADAtype Cust isrecord Name: Name_Type;Addr: Addr_Type;Phone: Phone_Type;Owing: Integer range 1.. 999999;end record;Ada 95 brought OOP concepts through tagged types (the equivalent of a C++ class), Ada 2012 added support for substitution verification through class-wide contracts.1983 – C++const int max = 99;class {public:double a, b, c;float & r;short i, j, k;} newtypet [ 10] [ max + 1 ];1991 – Pythonmax = 99class New Type T:def __init__ ( self ):self. a = self. b = self. c = 0self. i = self. j = self. k = 0.0# Initialise an example array of this class.newarrayt = [ [ New Type T () for i in range ( max + 1 )] for j in range ( 10 )]1992 – FORTRAN 90Arrays and strings were inherited from FORTRAN 77, and a new reserved word was introduced: typetype newtypetdouble precision a, b, cinteger * 2 i, j, k* No pointer type REF REAL Rend typetype ( newtypet) t ( 10, 100)FORTRAN 90 updated and included FORTRAN IV 's concept called NAMELIST. INTEGER :: jan = 1, feb = 2, mar = 3, apr = 4NAMELIST / week / jan, feb, mar, apr1994 – ANSI Common Lisp Common Lisp provides structures and the ANSI Common Lisp standard added CLOS classes. ( defclass some-class () ( ( f :type float) ( i :type integer) ( a :type ( array integer ( 10 )))))For more details about composition in C/C++, see Composite type. Aggregation [ edit]Aggregation differs from ordinary composition in that it does not imply ownership. In composition, when the owning object is destroyed, so are the contained objects. In aggregation, this is not necessarily true. For example, a university owns various departments (e.g., chemistry ), and each department has a number of professors. If the university closes, the departments will no longer exist, but the professors in those departments will continue to exist. Therefore, a University can be seen as a composition of departments, whereas departments have an aggregation of professors. In addition, a Professor could work in more than one department, but a department could not be part of more than one university. Composition is usually implemented such that an object contains another object. For example, in C++:class Professor;class Department {// Aggregation: vector of pointers to Professor objects living outside the Departmentstd :: vector < Professor *> members;};class University {std :: vector < Department > faculty;University () // constructor {// Composition: Departments exist as long as the University existsfaculty. push_back ( Department ( ""chemistry"" ));faculty. push_back ( Department ( ""physics"" ));faculty. push_back ( Department ( ""arts"" ));}};In aggregation, the object may only contain a reference or pointer to the object (and not have lifetime responsibility for it). Sometimes aggregation is referred to as composition when the distinction between ordinary composition and aggregation is unimportant. The above code would transform into the following UML Class diagram: Aggregation in COM [ edit]Aggregation in COMIn Microsoft's Component Object Model, aggregation means that an object exports, as if it were their owner, one or several interfaces of another object it owns. Formally, this is more similar to composition or encapsulation than aggregation. However, instead of implementing the exported interfaces by calling the interfaces of the owned object, the interfaces of the owned object themselves are exported. The owned object is responsible for assuring that methods of those interfaces inherited from IUnknown actually invoke the corresponding methods of the owner. This is to guarantee that the reference count of the owner is correct and all interfaces of the owner are accessible through the exported interface, while no other (private) interfaces of the owned object are accessible. [3]Containment [ edit]Main article: Containment (computer programming)Composition that is used to store several instances of the composited data type is referred to as containment. Examples of such containers are arrays, associative arrays, binary trees, and linked lists. In UML, containment is depicted with a multiplicity of 1 or 0.. n (depending on the issue of ownership), indicating that the data type is composed of an unknown number of instances of the composited data type. See also [ edit]C++ structure Composite type Composition over inheritance Delegation (programming)Has-a Implementation inheritance Inheritance semantics Law of Demeter Virtual inheritance References [ edit]^ Michelle Yaiser. ""Object-oriented programming concepts: Composition and aggregation"". Adobe. Retrieved 2015-03-11. Composition is about expressing relationships between objects. Think about the chair example. A chair has a Seat. A chair has a back. And a chair has a set of legs. The phrase ""has a"" implies a relationship where the chair owns, or at minimum, uses, another object. It is this ""has a"" relationship that is the basis for composition.^ Sebesta, Robert W. Concepts of Programming Languages (Third ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. p. 218. ISBN 0-8053-7133-8.^ ""Aggregation"". Platform SDK for Windows XP SP2. Microsoft. Retrieved 2007-11-04. External links [ edit]Association, Aggregation and Composition, accessed in February 2009Harald Störrle, UML2, Addison-Wesley, 2005Categories: Object (computer science) Unified Modeling Language "


can employer pay for individual health policy

In plain language, an employer is prohibited from either directly paying premiums for individual policies or reimbursing employees for individual premiums, in any manner. Fines in the amount of $100 per employees per day could be assessed against employers engaging in this kind of direct payment or reimbursement.

Can An Employer Pay For An Employeeâs Individual Health Insurance Policy?

Can An Employer Pay For An Employee’s Individual Health Insurance Policy? June 21, 2016 Encore Benefits Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), many of the distinctions between group (employer-sponsored) and individual health insurance coverage have disappeared. Both individual and small-group health insurance is now issued on a “guaranteed issue” basis — insurance companies cannot decline to issue a policy based on past or current health status, nor can they increase the premium amount for those reasons. All individual and small-employer plans will treat any condition regardless of whether it is pre-existing, and unless a plan is “grandmothered” (i.e., it has been in place since before the ACA became effective), maternity is fully covered on both individual and small-employer coverage. With so many of the former distinctions blending together, is it really important whether the coverage an employer pays for is a group benefit or is individually issued? Can’t an employer simply pay the premiums for an employee’s individual health plan? To the first questions, YES. To the second question, NO. An employer which sponsors any health benefit plan for its employees is subject to laws and regulations regarding uniform treatment of employees (in terms of employer contribution, eligibility waiting periods, etc.) and availability of continuation coverage to terminated or no-longer-eligible employees. An employer which directly pays its employees’ individual insurance premiums would be, in the eyes of the law, sponsoring a de facto group benefits plan while circumventing the legal safeguards which insurance companies build into their group benefit pan designs. The IRS has been very clear and forceful in a number of notices clarifying the requirements stemming from the ACA, including Notice 2015-17.

Of course, there is no law dictating how much an employer must pay any employee in wages, and nothing prevents a small employer without a benefits plan from increasing an employee’s wages to help compensate for the absence of a group benefits plan (although both the employer and the employee would miss out on the tax advantages available through a group benefits plan). However, an employer CANNOT obligate an employee to use any portion of paid wages for individual insurance coverage, nor can the employer make any portion of wage compensation contingent on individual coverage being in place; as far as the IRS is concerned, that would constitute the kind of direct reimbursement prohibited above. If you are an employer, Encore Benefits would be happy to discuss with you the costs, benefits, and liabilities of any compensation and benefit arrangement you may have or are considering. Nothing in this document should be construed as legal or financial advice. Share this: