who is huitzilopochtli

In the Aztec religion, Huitzilopochtli ( Classical Nahuatl: Huītzilōpōchtli [wiːt͡siloːˈpoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi], modern Nahuatl pronunciation ( help · info)) is a Mesoamerican deity of war, sun, human sacrifice and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan.

Huitzilopochtli

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search See also: Human sacrifice in Aztec culture Huitzilopochtli, as depicted in the Codex Borbonicus.

He was also the national god of the Mexicas, also known as Aztecs, of Tenochtitlan. Many in the pantheon of deities of the Aztecs were inclined to have a fondness for a particular aspect of warfare. However, Huitzilopochtli was known as the primary god of war in ancient Mexico. [1] Since he was the patron god of the Mexica, he was credited with both the victories and defeats that the Mexica people had on the battlefield. The people had to make sacrifices to him to protect the Aztec from infinite night. [2] He wielded Xiuhcoatl as a weapon, associating him with fire. As noted by the Spaniards during the discovery and conquest of Mexico, human sacrifice was common in worship ceremonies, which took place frequently and in numerous temples throughout the region, and when performed they typically sacrificed multiple victims per day at a given temple. [3]Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 Origin stories3 History4 The Templo Mayor5 The Coyolxauhqui stone6 Mythology7 Origins of Tenochtitlan8 Iconography9 Calendar10 See also11 Notes12 References13 External links Etymology [ edit]The name literally means something like ""Hummingbird ('s) South"" or ""Hummingbird ('s) Left"", yet it has commonly been translated as ""Southern hummingbird"" [4] or ""left-handed hummingbird"". Despite the popularity of these later interpretations, Huitzilopochtli's name most probably does not mean ""left-handed/southern hummingbird"" considering that the Classical Nahuatl huītzilin (""hummingbird"") is the modifier of ōpōchtli (""left-hand side"") in this compound rather than the reverse; [5] there continues to be much disagreement as to the full meaning of this name. [6]In the tlaxotecuyotl, a hymn sung in reverence to Huitzilopotchtli, he is referred to as: the Dart-Hurler, the divine hurler, and a terror to the Mixteca. [7]Origin stories [ edit]Huitzilopochtli in human form in the Codex Telleriano-Remensis There is a handful of origin mythologies describing the deity’s beginnings. One story tells of the cosmic creation and Huitzilopochtli’s role. According to this legend, he was the smallest son of four—his parents being the creator couple Tonacatecutli and Tonacacihuatl while his brothers were Quetzalcoatl and the 2 Tezcatlipocas. His mother and father instructed both him and Quetzalcoatl to bring order to the world. And so, together they made fire, the first male and female humans, created the Earth, and made a sun. [8]Another origin story tells of a fierce goddess, Coatlicue, being impregnated as she was sweeping by a ball of feathers on Mount Coatepec (""Serpent Hill""; near Tula, Hidalgo ). [9] [10] [11] Her other children, who were already fully grown, were the four hundred male Centzonuitznaua and the female deity Coyolxauhqui. These children, angered by the manner by which their mother became impregnated, conspired to kill her. [12] Huitzilopochtli burst forth from his mother’s womb in full armor and fully grown. He attacked his older brothers and sister, defending his mother by beheading his sister and casting her body from the mountain top. He also chased after his brothers, who fled from him and became scattered all over the sky. [13]Huitzilopochtli is seen as the sun in mythology, while his many male siblings are perceived as the stars and his sister as the moon. In the Aztec worldview, this is the reason why the Sun is constantly chasing the Moon and stars. It is also why it was so important to provide tribute and thus sustenance for Huitzilopochtli, and thus the sun. [14] If Huitzilopochtli did not have enough strength to battle his siblings, they would destroy their mother and thus the world. History [ edit]Huitzilopochtli, as depicted in the Codex Telleriano-Remensis Huitzilopochtli was the patron god of the Mexica tribe. Originally he was of little importance to the Nahuas, but after the rise of the Aztecs, Tlacaelel reformed their religion and put Huitzilopochtli at the same level as Quetzalcoatl, Tlaloc, and Tezcatlipoca, making him a solar god. Through this, Huitzilopochtli replaced Nanahuatzin, the solar god from the Nahua legend. Huitzilopochtli was said to be in a constant struggle with the darkness and required nourishment in the form of sacrifices to ensure the sun would survive the cycle of 52 years, which was the basis of many Mesoamerican myths. While popular accounts claim it was necessary to have a daily sacrifice, [ citation needed] sacrifices were only done on festive days. [ citation needed] There were 18 especially holy festive days, and only one of them was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli. This celebration day, known as Toxcatl, [15] falls within the fifteenth month of the Mexican calendar. During the festival, captives and slaves were brought forth and slain ceremoniously. [16]Every 52 years, the Nahuas feared the world would end as the other four creations of their legends had. Under Tlacaelel, Aztecs believed that they could give strength to Huitzilopochtli with human blood and thereby postpone the end of the world, at least for another 52 years. [ citation needed]War was an important source of both human and material tribute. Human tribute was used for sacrificial purposes because human blood was believed to be extremely important, and thus powerful. According to Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli needed blood as sustenance in order to continue to keep his sister and many brothers at bay as he chased them through the sky. In the book El Calendario Mexica y la Cronografia by Rafael Tena and published by the National Institute of Anthropology and History of Mexico, the author gives the last day of the Nahuatl month Panquetzaliztli as the date of the celebration of the rebirth of the Lord Huitzilopochtli on top of Coatepec (Snake Hill); December 9 in the Julian calendar or December 19 in the Gregorian calendar with the variant of December 18 in leap years. The Templo Mayor [ edit]The most important and powerful structure in Tenochtitlan is the templo mayor. Its importance as the sacred center is reflected in the fact that it was enlarged frontally eleven times during the two hundred years of its existence. [17] The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the rain god. 16th century Dominican Friar Diego Durán wrote, ""These two gods were always meant to be together, since they were considered companions of equal power."" [18] The Templo Mayor actually consisted of a pyramidal platform, on top of which were twin temples. The South one was Huitzilopochtli's, and the North one was Tlaloc's. That these two deities were on opposite sides of the Great Temple is very representative of the Aztec dichotomy that the deities represent. Tlaloc, as the rain god, represented fertility and growth, while Huitzilopochtli, as the sun god, represented war and sacrifice. [19]The Coyolxauhqui stone [ edit]The Coyolxauhqui stone was found directly at the base of the stairway leading up to Huitzilopochtli's temple. On both sides of the stairway’s base were two large grinning serpent heads. The image is clear. The Templo Mayor is the image of Coatepec or Serpent Mountain where the divine battle took place. Just as Huitzilopochtli triumphed at the top of the mountain, while his sister was dismembered and fell to pieces below, so Huitzilopochtli's temple and icon sat triumphantly at the top of the Templo Mayor while the carving of the dismembered goddess lay far below. [20] This drama of sacrificial dismemberment was vividly repeated in some of the offerings found around the Coyolxauhqui stone in which the decapitated skulls of young women were placed. This suggestion is that there was a ritual reenactment of the myth at the dedication of the stone sometime in the latter part of the fifteenth century. [21]Mythology [ edit]According to Miguel León-Portilla, in this new vision from Tlacaelel, the warriors that died in battle and women who died in childbirth would go to serve Huitzilopochtli in his palace (in the south, or left). [22] From a description in the Florentine Codex, Huitzilopochtli was so bright that the warrior souls had to use their shields to protect their eyes. They could only see the god through the arrow holes in their shields, so it was the bravest warrior who could see him best. Warriors were transformed into hummingbirds upon death and went to join Huitzilopochtli. [23]As the precise studies of Johanna Broda have shown, the creation myth consisted of “several layers of symbolism, ranging from a purely historical explanation to one in terms of cosmovision and possible astronomical content.” [24] At one level, Huitzilopochtli’s birth and victorious battle against the four hundred children represent the character of the solar region of the Aztecs in that the daily sunrise was viewed as a celestial war against the moon (Coyolxauhqui) and the stars (centzon huitznahua). [25] Another version of the myth, found in the historical chronicles of Diego Duran and Alvarado Tezozomoc, tells the story with strong historical allusion and portrays two Aztec factions in ferocious battle. The leader of one group, Huitzilopochtli, defeats the warriors of a woman leader, Coyolxauh, and tears open their breasts and eats their hearts. [26] Both versions tell of the origin of human sacrifice at the sacred place, Coatepec, during the rise of the Aztec nation and at the foundation of Tenochtitlan. [27]Origins of Tenochtitlan [ edit]The Aztec emperor Chimalpopoca in Huitzilopochtli costume, from the Codex Xolotl There are several legends and myths of Huitzilopochtli. According to the Aubin Codex, the Aztecs originally came from a place called Aztlán. They lived under the ruling of a powerful elite called the "" Azteca Chicomoztoca "". Huitzilopochtli ordered them to abandon Aztlán and find a new home. He also ordered them never to call themselves Aztec; instead they should be called ""Mexica."" [28] Huitzilopochtli guided them through the journey. For a time, Huitzilopochtli left them in the charge of his sister, Malinalxochitl, who, according to legend, founded Malinalco, but the Aztecs resented her ruling and called back Huitzilopochtli. He put his sister to sleep and ordered the Aztecs to leave the place. When she woke up and realized she was alone, she became angry and desired revenge. She gave birth to a son called Copil. When he grew up, he confronted Huitzilopochtli, who had to kill him. Huitzilopochtli then took his heart and threw it in the middle of Lake Texcoco. Many years later, Huitzilopochtli ordered the Aztecs to search for Copil's heart and build their city over it. The sign would be an eagle perched on a cactus, eating a precious serpent, and the place would become their permanent home. [29] After much traveling, they arrived at the area which would eventually be Tenochtitlan on an island in the Lago Texcoco of the Valley of Mexico. Iconography [ edit]In art and iconography, Huitzilopochtli could be represented either as a hummingbird or as an anthropomorphic figure with just the feathers of such on his head and left leg, a black face, and holding a scepter shaped like a snake and a mirror. In the great temple his statue was decorated with cloth, feathers, gold, and jewels, and was hidden behind a curtain to give it more reverence and veneration. Another variation lists him having a face that was marked with yellow and blue stripes and he carries around the fire serpent Xiuhcoatl with him. [30] According to legend, the statue was supposed to be destroyed by the soldier Gil González de Benavides, but it was rescued by a man called Tlatolatl. The statue appeared some years later during an investigation by Bishop Zummáraga in the 1530s, only to be lost again. There is speculation that the statue still exists in a cave somewhere in the Anahuac Valley. He always had a blue-green hummingbird helmet in any of the depictions found. In fact, his hummingbird helmet was the one item that consistently defined him as Huitzilopochtli, the sun god, in artistic renderings. [31]Calendar [ edit]An imaginative European depiction of an Aztec shrine. The idol of Huitzilopochtli is seated in the background. (1602)Diego Durán described the festivities for Huitzilopochtli. Panquetzaliztli (7 December to 26 December) was the Aztec month dedicated to Huitzilopochtli. People decorated their homes and trees with paper flags; there were ritual races, processions, dances, songs, prayers, and finally human sacrifices. This was one of the more important Aztec festivals, and the people prepared for the whole month. They fasted or ate very little; a statue of the god was made with amaranth (huautli) seeds and honey, and at the end of the month, it was cut into small pieces so everybody could eat a little piece of the god. After the Spanish conquest, cultivation of amaranth was outlawed, while some of the festivities were subsumed into the Christmas celebration. [ citation needed]According to the Ramírez Codex, in Tenochtitlan approximately sixty prisoners were sacrificed at the festivities. Sacrifices were reported to be made in other Aztec cities, including Tlatelolco, Xochimilco, and Texcoco, but the number is unknown, and no currently available archeological findings confirm this. For the reconsecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, dedicated to Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed about 20,400 prisoners over the course of four days. While accepted by some scholars, this claim also has been considered Aztec propaganda. There were 19 altars in the city of Tenochtitlan. See also [ edit]Tlacaelel History of Mexico City Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Coatlicue Tenochtitlan Notes [ edit]^ Diaz de Castillo, Bernal. The True History of the Conquest of New Spain. p. 206. Diaz says that upon hearing of Cortezes’ victory over the Cholullans he immediately ordered a number of Indians to be sacrificed to the his warrior god Huitzilopochtli.^ Read, Kay Almere (2000). Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193.^ Diaz de Castillo, Bernal. The True History of the Conquest of New Spain.^ aunque el término ha sido traducido habitualmente como 'colibrí zurdo' o 'colibrí del sur', existe desacuerdo entorno al significado ya que el ōpōchtli 'parte izquierda' es el modificado y no el modificador por estar a la derecha, por lo que la traducción literal sería 'parte izquierda de colibrí', ver por ejemplo, F. Karttunen (1983), p. 91^ In Nahuatl, as in English, compound nouns are composed of a head preceded by modifying nominals, and thus Huītzilōpōchtli does not mean ""Hummingbird of the South/Left"" any more than the English word ""hummingbird"" means ""humming of the bird"".^ Karttunen, Frances (1992). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-8061-2421-0.^ Brinton, Daniel (1890). Rig Veda Americanus. Philadelphia. p. 16.^ Read, Kay Almere (2000). Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193.^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 216.^ Durán, Fray Diego (October 1994) [1581]. The History of the Indies of New Spain. Translated by Heyden, Doris. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 584. ISBN 978-0806126494. Retrieved August 12, 2016.^ Jordan, David K. (January 23, 2016). ""Readings in Classical Nahuatl: The Murders of Coatlicue and Coyolxauhqui"". UCSD. Retrieved August 12, 2016.^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 217.^ Read, Kay Almere (2000). Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193.^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 217.^ Read, Kay Almere (2000). Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 194.^ Brinton, Daniel (1890). Rig Veda Americanus. Philadelphia. p. 18.^ Carrasco, David (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of the Empire. Boulder, Colorado: The University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 0226094871.^ Diego Durán, Book of Gods and Rites^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 221.^ Carrasco, David (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of the Empire. Boulder, Colorado: The University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 0226094871.^ Carrasco, David (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of the Empire. Boulder, Colorado: University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 0226094871.^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 211.^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 204.^ Broda, Johanna (2001). Cosmovision, Ritual E Identidad de Los Pueblos Indigenas de Mexico. Fondo de Cultura Economica USA. ISBN 9789681661786.^ Carrasco, David (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of the Empire. Boulder, Colorado: University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 0226094871.^ de San Anton Munon Chimalpahin, Don Domingo (1997). Codex Chimalpahin, Volume 2: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahua Altepetl in Central Mexico. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806129501.^ Carrasco, David (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of the Empire. Boulder, Colorado: The University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 0226094871.^ Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 187.^ Read, Kay Almere (2000). Mesoamerican Mythologies: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193.^ ""Who Are the Deities of War and Battle?"". About.com Religion & Spirituality. Retrieved 2017-02-11.^ Read, Key Almere (2000). Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 195. References [ edit]Andrews, J. Richard (2003). Introduction to Classical Nahuatl (revised ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3452-6. OCLC 50090230. Boone, Elizabeth Hill (1989). Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 79 part 2. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-792-0. OCLC 20141678. Brinton, Daniel G., ed. (1890). Rig Veda Americanus. Sacred Songs of the Ancient Mexicans, with a Gloss in Nahuatl ( Project Gutenberg EBook #14993, online reproduction). Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, No. VIII (in English and Nāhuatl). Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton. OCLC 6979651.de San Anton Munon Chimalpahin, Don Domingo (1997). Codex Chimalpahin, Volume 2: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahua Altepetl in Central Mexico. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2950-1. Broda, Johanna (2001). Cosmovision, Ritual E Identidad de Los Pueblos Indigenas de Mexico. Fondo de Cultura Economica USA. ISBN 978-968-16-6178-6. Carrasco, David (1982). Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-09487-1. OCLC 0226094871. Coe, Michael D.; Rex Koontz (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28755-2. OCLC 2008901003. Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1963) [1632]. The Conquest of New Spain. Penguin Classics. J. M. Cohen (trans.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044123-9. OCLC 162351797. Elzey, Wayne (1991) “A Hill on a Land Surrounded by Water: An Aztec Story of Origin and Destiny” History of Religions 31 (2): 105-149Klein, Cecelia, F. (2008). “A New Interpretation of the Aztec Statue Called Coatlicue, ""Snakes-Her-Skirt""” Ethnohistory 55 (2)Miller, Mary; Karl Taube (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05068-6. OCLC 27667317. Quiñones Keber, Eloise (1995). Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript. Michel Besson (illus.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76901-6. OCLC 29600936. Read, Kay Almere (1998). Time and Sacrifice in the Aztec Cosmos. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33400-4. OCLC 37909790. Read, Kay Almere; Jason J. González (2002). Handbook of Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514909-2. OCLC 77857686. Sahagún, Bernardino de (1950–82) [ca. 1540–85]. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. in 12. vols. I-XII. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España ed.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-082-X. OCLC 276351. Spence, Lewis (1913). The Myths of Mexico and Peru (online reproduction ed.). London: G. G. Harrap and Co. OCLC 710093. Retrieved 2008-05-14. Taube, Karl A. (1993). Aztec and Maya Myths (4th University of Texas printing ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-78130-X. OCLC 29124568. Wimmer, Alexis (2006). ""Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique"" (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon) (in French and Nāhuatl). External links [ edit]The Gods and Goddesses of the Aztecs Short description and an image [ hide]v t e Aztec religion and mythology Primordials Ometeotl ( Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl) or Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl Creator gods Huitzilopochtli Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Tlaloc Xipe Totec Deities Lords of the Night Centeotl Chalchiuhtlicue Mictlantecuhtli Piltzintecuhtli Tepeyollotl Tezcatlipoca Tlaloc Tlazolteotl Xiuhtecuhtli Lords of the Day Centeotl Chalchiuhtlicue Citlalicue Mictecacihuatl Mictlantecuhtli Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Tlaloc Tlaltecuhtli Tlazolteotl Tonatiuh Xiuhtecuhtli Patrons of War Huitzilopochtli Mixcoatl Tlaloc Xiuhtecuhtli Patrons of Travellers Tlazolteotl Tonatiuh Xolotl Yacatecuhtli Zacatzontli Matron goddesses Chimalma Coatlicue Others Atlacoya Centeotl Chalchiuhtlicue Chicomecoatl (Centeotl) Chimalma Cihuacoatl Cipactonal Citlalicue Coatlicue Coyolxauhqui Ehecatl Huehuecoyotl Itzpapalotl Itzpapalotlcihuatl Itzpapalotltotec Itztlacoliuhqui Ixtlilton Macuiltochtli Mayahuel Metztli Mictecacihuatl Mictlantecuhtli Mixcoatl Opochtli Oxomoco Patecatl Piltzintecuhtli Temazcalteci (Toci)Tepeyollotl Tezcatzoncatl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Tlalcihuatl Tlaltecuhtli Tlazolteotl Tlilhua Toltecatl Tonatiuh Xantico Xiuhtecuhtli Xochipilli Xochiquetzal Xolotl Zacatzontli Groups Ahuiateteo Centzon Mimixcoa Centzon Huitznahuac Centzon Totochtin Cinteteo Cihuateteo Tianquiztli Tzitzimitl Places Aztlán Chicomoztoc Mictlan Tamoanchan Thirteen Heavens Tlalocan Tlillan-Tlapallan Tollan Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 80622610 GND: 136243533Categories: Aztec gods Solar gods War gods Death gods Sky and weather gods "


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Children's author Dav Pilkey's work includes the Captain Underpants and Ricky Ricotta series.

Dav Pilkey

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who is ralph marston

s Main Areas: Daily Motivation and Inspiration Best Sellers: Living the Wonder of It All, The Daily Motivator To Go Career Focus: Author Ralph Marston is author and publisher of The Daily Motivator, one of the web's most popular and enduring destinations for original positive motivation and inspiration. Since 1996, Ralph has published a new, original, positive message every Monday through Saturday without missing a single publication day (the archive of more than 5,000 messages is available on The Daily Motivator website).

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In his prime, Hulk Hogan was 6 ft 5 in tall & weighed in at 302 lb.

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on The mountain yellow-legged frog (MYLF), a member of the true frog family Ranidae, consists of two species. The southern mountain yellow-legged frog ( Rana muscosa) is endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada and the Transverse Ranges, while the Sierra Nevada mountain yellow-legged frog ( R. sierrae) is native to the northern and central Sierra Nevada.

Description

CDFW contacts: Jim Erdman, Dawne Emery Description The mountain yellow-legged frog is a moderate-sized (approximately 40 to 80 millimeters (mm) [1.5 to 3.25 inches] snout-vent length) ranid frog. As is common with ranid frogs, females average slightly larger than males, and males have a swollen, darkened thumb base. Adult coloration is highly variable, with a dorsal pattern ranging from discrete dark spots that can be few and large, to smaller and more numerous spots with a mixture of sizes and shapes. Irregular lichen-like patches, or a poorly defined reticulum, may also be present. The dorsal coloration is usually a mix of brown and yellow, but often with gray, red, or green-brown; some individuals may be a dark brown with little pattern. Dorsolateral folds are present, but not usually prominent. The venter and undersurfaces of the hind limbs are yellow, with ranges in hue from pale lemon yellow to an intense sun yellow. The throat is white or yellow, sometimes with a mottling of dark pigment. This frog lacks vocal sacs, and the tympanum is smoother and the toe tips darker than those of the foothill-yellow legged frog ( Rana boylii ), with which it may be confused. The mountain yellow-legged frog produces an odiferous secretion when disturbed. The larvae (tadpoles) of this species are generally mottled brown in dorsal coloration with a golden tint and a faintly-yellow venter. They range to 72 mm (2.8 inches) in total length. There are a maximum of 7 labial tooth rows (2-3 upper and 4 lower). Larvae often take 2 to 4 years or more to reach metamorphosis. Taxonomy Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Ranidae Genus: Rana Species: R. sierrae R. muscosa Distributi

MYLF distribution (PDF) is generally restricted to mid- to high-elevation aquatic habitat, with most extant populations occurring on national park and national forest lands. The mountain yellow-legged frog was once extremely abundant in aquatic ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada (Grinnell and Storer 1924, Storer 1925, Zweifel 1955). It was distributed nearly continuously in high elevation water bodies in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and Nevada, from southern Plumas County to southern Tulare County (Jennings and Hayes 1994), at elevations mostly above 1,820 meters (6,000 feet). The historic range of the Sierra Nevada mountain yellow-legged frog encompasses 10 National Forests (Lassen, Plumas, Tahoe, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, Eldorado, Stanislaus, Toiyabe, Inyo, Sierra and Sequoia) and 3 National Parks (Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings Canyon). Since about 1970, mountain yellow-legged frog numbers and populations have undergone a precipitous decline throughout the Sierra Nevada (Sherman and Morton 1993, Jennings and Hayes 1994, Bradford et al. 1994a, Jennings 1996, Drost and Fellers 1996, Matthews and Knapp 1999, Knapp and Matthews 2000). Further declines continue to be documented. Mountain yellow-legged frogs have disappeared from between 70 and 90 percent of their historic localities (Center for Biological Diversity and Pacific Rivers Council 2000). Remaining populations are widely scattered and consist of few breeding adults (Center for Biological Diversity and Pacific Rivers Council 2000). Numerous factors, separately and in combination, have contributed to the species' decline. Introduction of non-native fishes, pesticides, ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, acidification from atmospheric deposition, nitrate deposition, livestock grazing, recreational activities, and drought have all been identified as potential factors impacting this species and its habitat. Habitat and Life History Mountain yellow-legged frogs in the Sierra Nevada live in high mountain lakes, ponds, tarns, and streams--largely in areas that were glaciated as recently as 10,000 years ago. Alpine lakes used by mountain yellow-legged frogs usually have open shorelines, margins that are grassy or muddy and have a depth greater than 2.5 meters (greater than 8.2 feet). Adults are typically found sitting on rocks along the shoreline, usually where there is little or no vegetation. Larvae are often distributed in the warm water shallow areas along the shoreline during the daytime. Mountain yellow-legged frogs also use stream habitats, especially in the northern part of their range. Breeding habitat consists of ponds, lakes and streams that do not dry out in summer, are deep enough to prevent freezing to the bottom in winter, and do not contain fish. MYLF tadpoles take two to four years to metamorphose into juvenile frogs, depending on water temperature. In the Sierra Nevada, adult frogs apparently hibernate during the coldest winter months. Larvae and adults generally overwinter under ice and have been found to overwinter up to 9 months in the bottoms of lakes. Mountain yellow-legged frogs emerge from overwintering sites immediately following snowmelt. Adults sometimes travel over snow to reach preferred breeding sites early in the season. Breeding activity begins early in the spring and can range from April at lower elevations to June and July in higher elevations. Oviposition typically occurs in the shallow water of ponds or fast flowing inlet streams. The egg masses are normally attached to rocks, gravel, under banks, or to vegetation. Clutch size varies from 15 to 350 eggs per egg mass and egg hatching times range from 18 to 21 days. The time required to develop from fertilization to metamorphosis is believed to vary between 1 and 3.5 years. The time required to reach reproductive maturity is believed to vary between 3 and 4 years after metamorphosis. Adults tend to move between selected breeding, feeding, and overwintering habitats during the course of the year. Adult mountain yellow-legged frogs are thought to feed preferentially upon terrestrial insects and adult stages of aquatic insects while on the shore and in shallow water. Larvae graze on algae and diatoms along rocky bottoms in streams, lakes, and ponds. Conservation efforts: High Mountain Lakes Project California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System


can celiac disease cause excessive sweating

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Celiac Disease And Hyperhidrosis

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what are the duplicated strands of dna called

What is the duplication of strands of DNA called? This is known as the set of biochemical processes [performed by Dna polymerases] that perform Dna Replication. Answ

Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Biology Genetics What are duplicated strands of DNA called? Flag What are duplicated strands of DNA called? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. During Prophase I, DNA is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. Meiosis begins when a cell's chromosomes are duplicated by a round of DNA replication. The strand holding the DNA is the homologs and has an exact copy know as a sister chromatid.5 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No What is the duplication of DNA called? Replication Rasheedhanji 29 Contributions The duplication of DNA is called? I'm pretty sure you would just call it DNA replication. Neodarwinian 16,472 Contributions The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the strand.? The anti-sense strand. Duplication of DNA strands? S Phase Acid36 1,822 Contributions What is it called when a cell duplicates its DNA? DNA replication Rephardy 18 Contributions Each strand of a duplicated DNA molecule is called a?chromatid Kalprajmore 6 Contributions What is duplication of dna called? Replication The duplication of a cell's DNA is called? Replication The process by which DNA is duplicated is called?replication What do scientists call duplication of DNA? Cloning. Betaclamp 22,524 Contributions What are DNA split strands called? These are called Single Stranded Dna or ss Dna. What is the process of making 2 duplicate strands of DNA called? Replication Betaclamp 22,524 Contributions Answered In Biology

ered In Biology When cell chromosomes become visible what are the duplicated strands of dna called? Daughter Chromosomes Betaclamp 22,524 Contributions Answered In Biology When a DNA strand makes another DNA strand what is it called? It is called Dna replication. Gp.9425478931745 25 Contributions Answered In Science What are the duplicated strands of DNA called?m RNAAnswered In Uncategorized What is DNA called after duplication? Chromosomes


how many time zones are in the world?

. By convention, the 24 main timezones on Earth compute their localtime as an offset from UTC, each timezone boundary being ostensibly 15 degrees east or west of the preceding one. The reference point for UTC is the Greenwich Meridian (the Prime Meridian), which has a longitude of 0°.

LOADING19:25:43Tokyo, JapanMondayApril 9, 2018Â© 24TimeZones.com

"Planning meetings worldwide? Announce event time with 24timezones Get a FREE online clock for your website or blog!New! Time converter - easy way to compare time between different timezones About World Clock & Map Global Timezone Map displays current time and daylight in any place around the world right now. World Time Clock & Map is an indispensable utility for everyone who deals with people abroad or anybody who is keen on knowing what time is it further than locally. This advanced application is very helpful for travelers who need to know time difference around the world and want to be aware of world timezones they are traveling to, as well as for businesses which are located in international timezones and want to connect with their partners and customers. Map also gives answer to questions: where is it daylight, night or midnight right now? Just click on “Settings” button on the top-right of the map and discover how you can customize the map yourself! New features like the ability to add more clocks and set alarms were added recently and general usability was improved. Furthermore, we have developed brand-new HTML Clocks for Europe, Australia, Canada and United States, making usage even more easy!More About World Time Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the basis for modern civil time. Since January 1, 1972, it has been defined to follow International Atomic Time (TAI) with an exact offset of an integer number of seconds, changing only when a leap second is added to keep clocks synchronized with the rotation of the Earth. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railroads in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace ""Greenwich Mean Time"" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT - in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms ""GMT"" and ""Greenwich Mean Time"" are sometimes used informally to refer to UTC. Tokyo London Berlin New York World Timezone

s Earth is split up into a number of timezones. Most timezones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention compute their localtime as an offset from UTC or GMT.

In many locations these offsets vary twice yearly due to DST transitions. A timezone is a region on Earth, more or less bounded by lines of longitude, that has a uniform, legally mandated standard time, usually referred to as the localtime

Localtime is UTC plus the current timezone offset for the location in question. A corresponding one hour decrease relative to UTC occurs every 15° heading westward from the western boundary of the UTC timezone, up to the International Date Line. Daylight Saving Time DST also known as ""summer time"" is the practice of temporarily advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour near the start of spring and are adjusted backward in autumn. In a typical case where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 localtime, in spring the clock jumps forward from 02:00 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from 02:00 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 either forward to 03:00:00.0 or backward to 01:00:00.0. In this example, a location observing UTC+2 during standard time is at UTC+3 during DST; conversely, a location at UTC−5 during standard time is at UTC−4 during DST. Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. International Clock Sydney Shanghai Johannesburg Brasilia "


what are sensitive periods for brain development

Many researchers now agree that the word ‘critical’ is not always appropriate. It is better to talk of of ‘sensitive periods’ atleast when looking at cognitive development and emotional development. It is felt that the term sensitive period offers a better account of human development than the strict and rigid notion of a critical period.

Critical and Sensitive periods in Child Development By Priyanka Padhy | Sep 9, 2013This article deals with a debate that helps us reflect on the degree to which early childhood experiences can mould individuals... The concept of critical period and sensitive period has emerged from the study of Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology which studies the adaptive or survival value of species typical behavior and its evolutionary history. Konrad Lorenz, a European ethologist observed the behavior patterns that promote survival. The best known of these is Imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds, such as ducklings, that ensures that the young babies will stay close to the mother and be fed and protected from danger. This imprinting behavior takes place during the first few hours after birth. If the mother duck is not present during this time, but an object resembling her important features is, young ducklings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to a major concept that is applied in child development: the ‘critical period’. It refers to a limited time span during which the child is biologically ready to acquire certain adaptive behaviours but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment. It is a time period during which the child is maturationally ( biologically) ready to acquire a skill. If the child has favourable experiences during this period, development will progress well. However, if there are unfavourable experiences and poor environmental stimulation, development will suffer. The concept of critical period also suggests that the damage done because of unfavourable experiences may be irreversible. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out if complex cognitive and social behaviours must be learned during certain time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during their early years such as in case of feral children, will their intelligence suffer? If language is not learned during early childhood, is the child’s capacity to acquire it reduced?

A sensitive period is a time that is best for certain capacities to develop because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. However, its boundaries are less well defined than those of a critical period. Research indicates the existence of critical periods or sensitive periods in the various areas of development. While in certain areas such as physical development, the concept of critical period holds true, in other areas such as emotional development and language development, the concept of sensitive period may be more suitable. For example, normal visual experience is ‘critical’ within the first few months of life for the vision processing part of the brain to develop properly. If the child is not exposed to light and other visual stimuli, brain development for centres of sight may not happen properly. Similarly, the first trimester of pregnancy is a critical period of prenatal development. It is during this time that organ formation, cell differentiation and tissue specialization is taking place. Exposure to harmful environmental factors called ‘teratogens’ ( e.g pollution, infections, drugs, poisonous substances etc) during the first trimester can cause major developmental defects. The concept of sensitive period is more applicable to language development and social and emotional development. Earlier, it was thought that the early years were a critical period for language development i.e the child was biologically ready at this time to acquire language skills. It was essential to give language exposure to a child if language was to be developed properly. If he/she was not given the right environmental support to develop, such as the case of feral children, the damage done would be irreversible. Later research however showed that an early impoverished environment led to a decreased ability to learn language skills but not zero ability. (Mukunda, K. V, pg. 92) It is certainly easier to learn language at that age but is also possible to learn language in later years, although with more effort. Therefore, the term sensitive period is perhaps better suited. Similarly, many researchers claimed that the first six months of life are crucial for emotional and social development and for the development of attachment. Children who are not give warm nurturance during this time will have greater emotional difficulties such as being fearful, distressed and avoiding contact with other people. If the neglect continues, they may find it difficult to form stable relationships later in life. This concept was also modified later in the favour of sensitive period when researchers said although the first six months are crucial for attachment, children can recover from the absence of attachment figures and can form strong attachment relationships if they are given a loving and nurturing environment, even beyond the first six months. Researchers found that children in orphanages adopted before the age of one year were better emotionally adjusted than those adopted later. However, if warm nurturance was given to children adopted even later than a year, early deprivation could be compensated for to a large extent. This debate over whether early childhood is a critical period for child development with strict boundaries and irreversible effects or whether it is a sensitive period when children are more responsive to stimulations is a crucial one. The debate helps us reflect on the degree to which early childhood experiences can mould individuals. It also sheds light on possible pathways of development in the face of early deprivation and neglect. References: Berk, L. (2003) Child Development, sixth edition. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Bornstein, M. H. (1989). Sensitive periods in development: Structural characteristics and causal interpretations. Psychological Bulletin. 105, 179-197. Mukunda, K. V. (2009) What did you ask at school today? A handbook on child learning. Harper Collins.0 likes Log in or register to post comments14559 registered users6098 resources


is vilazodone a ssri

e? Vilazodone is an antidepressant in a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ). Vilazodone is used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD). Vilazodone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Vilazodone

"Could you or a loved one be experiencing depression? Vilazodone Generic Name: vilazodone (vil AZ oh done) Brand Name: Viibryd, Viibryd Starter Medically reviewed: March 8, 2017Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions Pregnancy Warnings More Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Support Group Q & AWhat is vilazodon

Slideshow Depression Symptoms To Watch For Important Information You should not use vilazodone if you are being treated with methylene blue injection. Do not use this medicine if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days, such as isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline, or tranylcypromine. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking an antidepressant. Stay alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor. Vilazodone is not approved for use in children. Before taking this medicine You should not use vilazodone if you are being treated with methylene blue injection. Do not use vilazodone if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days. A dangerous drug interaction could occur. MAO inhibitors include isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine, and others. After you stop taking vilazodone, you must wait at least 14 days before you start taking an MAOI. Some medicines can interact with vilazodone and cause a serious condition called serotonin syndrome. Be sure your doctor knows about all other medicines you use. Ask your doctor before making any changes in how or when you take your medications. To make sure vilazodone is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have:liver or kidney disease;a bleeding or blood clotting disorder;narrow-angle glaucoma;seizures or epilepsy;bipolar disorder ( manic depression );a history of drug abuse or suicidal thoughts; orif you drink alcohol. Some young people have thoughts about suicide when first taking an antidepressant. Your doctor should check your progress at regular visits. Your family or other caregivers should also be alert to changes in your mood or symptoms. Taking an SSRI antidepressant during pregnancy may cause serious lung problems or other complications in the baby. However, you may have a relapse of depression if you stop taking your antidepressant. Tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant. Do not start or stop taking this medicine during pregnancy without your doctor's advice. It is not known whether vilazodone passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Do not give this medicine to anyone under 18 years old without medical advice. Vilazodone is not approved for use in children. How should I take vilazodone? Follow all directions on your prescription label. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Vilazodone works best if you take it with food. It may take several weeks or months before your symptoms improve. Keep using the medication as directed and tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse. Do not stop using vilazodone suddenly, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor how to safely stop using vilazodone. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. What happens if I miss a dose? Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of vilazodone can be fatal. What should I avoid while taking vilazodone? Drinking alcohol with this medicine can cause side effects. Ask your doctor before taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for pain, arthritis, fever, or swelling. This includes aspirin, ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin ), naproxen ( Aleve ), celecoxib ( Celebrex ), diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam, and others. Using an NSAID with vilazodone may cause you to bruise or bleed easily. This medication may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert. Vilazodone side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: skin rash or hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your doctor, such as: mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, or if you feel impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically), more depressed, or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself. Call your doctor at once if you have:a seizure (convulsions);blurred vision, tunnel vision, eye pain or swelling, or seeing halos around lights;easy bruising, unusual bleeding (nose, mouth, vagina, or rectum), blood in your urine or stools, purple or red pinpoint spots under your skin;racing thoughts, unusual risk-taking behavior, decreased inhibitions, feelings of extreme happiness or sadness; orhigh levels of serotonin in the body-- agitation, hallucinations, fever, fast heart rate, overactive reflexes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fainting; orlow levels of sodium in the body-- headache, confusion, slurred speech, severe weakness, loss of coordination, feeling unsteady. Common side effects may include:vision changes;diarrhea, mild nausea; orsleep problems ( insomnia ). This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. See also: Side effects (in more detail)Vilazodone dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Depression: Initial dose: 10 mg orally once a day for 7 days, followed by 20 mg orally once a day for an additional 7 days Maintenance dose: 40 mg orally once a day Comment: This drug should be taken with food. Use: Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD)What other drugs will affect vilazodone? Taking vilazodone with other drugs that make you sleepy or slow your breathing can cause dangerous side effects or death. Ask your doctor before taking a sleeping pill, narcotic pain medicine, prescription cough medicine, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety, depression, or seizures. Many drugs can interact with vilazodone. Not all possible interactions are listed here. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any you start or stop using, especially:any other antidepressant;a diuretic or ""water pill"";mephenytoin;St. John's wort;a blood thinner-- warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven;medicine to treat anxiety, mood disorders, thought disorders, or mental illness-- amitriptyline, buspirone, desipramine, lithium, nortriptyline, and many others;medicine to treat ADHD or narcolepsy -- Adderall, Concerta, Ritalin, Vyvanse, Zenzedi, and others;migraine headache medicine-- rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and others; ornarcotic pain medicine-- fentanyl, tramadol. This list is not complete and many other drugs can interact with vilazodone. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Give a list of all your medicines to any healthcare provider who treats you. Next → Side Effects Add to My Med List More about vilazodone Side Effects During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding Dosage Information Drug Interactions Support Group En Español615 Reviews – Add your own review/rating Drug class: miscellaneous antidepressants Consumer resources Vilazodone Vilazodone (Advanced Reading)Other brands: Viibryd Professional resources Vilazodone Hydrochloride (AHFS Monograph)Vilazodone (Wolters Kluwer)Related treatment guides Anxiety Depression Major Depressive Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Where can I get more information? Your pharmacist can provide more information about vilazodone. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed. Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. Copyright 1996-2018 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 5.01. "


weather in greek isles may

Events: Easter in the Greek Islands is one of the biggest celebrations of the year. However, bear in mind that they do not follow the western calendar for Easter celebrations so, Easter celebrations might shift each year. Weather in Greek Islands in May Average temperature in Greek Islands in May: 12°C to 24°C (54°F to 75°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in May: 17°C (63°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in May: 10mm to 50mm (0.4in to 2in)Notes: This is a great month for budget holidays in Greece as the weather is good and the prices are relatively low. It is the most opportune time to go hiking in Greece, or adventure through the islands, because the weather is not too hot, but still warm.

Weather in the Greek Islands

Weather in the Greek Islands The Greek Archipelago accounts for nearly half of Greece’s 16,000 kilometres (9942 miles) of coastline, islands filled with holiday resorts by quaint villages. The Mediterranean climate of Greece prevails over these islands, characterised by a hot, dry summer and a mild, but wet winter.

Home to many of Europe’s Blue Flag Beaches (water sports locations), the waters are clear and safe, and the island ports are so close to one another that island hopping is easy. Spring is an unpredictable time of year, but it is typically cool, lows of 6°C (43°F), and wet in the early days. By mid May however, expect 24°C (75°F) heat, little rain and sunshine. It's best to go to Greece at the end of spring for good weather. Find many European holiday makers, especially the Brits, cruising the Greek Islands in summer. This is the place to be for dry, sunny days with temperatures from 16°C to 29°C (61°F to 84°F), and some scorchers in the low 40s (over 104°F). Early autumn is still warm and dry in the low 20s (68°F). Stay for a month or two, however, and it will be cool with heavy showers, up to 170mm (6.69in) monthly. By wintertime the days are dark, cool and wet, but it is still warmer than most European countries as, in the heart of winter, it rarely drops below 6°C. There is often a dry spot on some island during the winter, and island hopping is relatively easy, but plan in advance because the rain and lack of tourism does affect the frequency of ferries. When is the best time to go to the Greek Islands? These islands are the destinations for summer holidays in Greece. The biggest problem in summer is finding a spot on the beach among the bustling crowds, even the peak season prices are reasonable when compared to other European destinations. Alternatively, travel in May, June or September for less crowded beaches and summer weather at lower prices. These months may even be preferable to summer, because it can get uncomfortably hot in peak season. Another alternative is to visit in the winter. Granted, it is wet, but this is the only time of year when the food, the festivals and even the people are all Greek. What to pack for a holiday in the Greek Islands The best mantra is ‘keep it light and simple’. T-shirts and a few pairs of shorts, preferably some shorts that double as swimwear, light cotton dresses and skirts, sunglasses, hats and sunscreen are all one needs for most of the year. Take two pairs of shoes, one open and one closed, such as a pair of sandals and breathable trainers or open toed flat heel walking shoes. Comfortable walking shoes are advisable for treks. For the cool and wet months, carry a light raincoat, a warm jersey or two, and some synthetic trousers that dry easily. Add a few long sleeved shirts and light tops for some extra warmth. While typically casual in their approach to dress, the Greeks require modesty at monasteries, certain ceremonies and sacred places, and some nightclubs and events require formal wear, so pack something smart as well. Weather in Greek Islands in January Average temperature in Greek Islands in January: 5°C to 16°C (43°F to 61°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in January: 15°C (59°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in January: 60mm to 140mm (2.4in to 5.5in)Events: New Year’s Day is the feast day of St Basil, so enjoy more festivities after a good New Year’s Eve party. Religious celebrations in Greece are often more festive than sombre, so enjoy the Epiphany Festival and holy days, including celebrations of Saint Adonis, Saint Athanasios and Saint Crisostomo . Weather in Greek Islands in February Average temperature in Greek Islands in February: 6°C to 16°C (43°F to 61°F) Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in February: 15°C (59°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in February: 40mm to 140mm (1.6in to 5.5in)Events: This is carnival season in Greece and from mid-February to the end of March there will be many Mardi Gras style festivals happening across the islands. There are a number of religious festivals local to specific islands and don’t forget to take a special islands cruise on Valentine’s Day. Weather in Greek Islands in March Average temperature in Greek Islands in March: 6°C to 17°C (43°F to 63°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in March: 15°C (59°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in March: 40mm to 90mm (1.6in to 3.6in)Events: The Greek National Anniversary celebrates the Greeks Victory over the Turks and this is the equivalent of Independence Day in the US, so expect massive celebrations. Weather in Greek Islands in April Average temperature in Greek Islands in April: 8°C to 20°C (46°F to 68°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in April: 15°C (59°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in April: 20mm to 80mm (0.8in to 3.1in)Notes: Some locals might be visiting family during this time, so be aware that accommodation might be full in some places.

Events: Rhodes hosts a grand Medieval Festival toward the end of May, as well as a floral festival for those who wish to enjoy the spring blooms. Weather in Greek Islands in June Average temperature in Greek Islands in June: 16°C to 28°C (61°F to 82°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in June: 21°C (70°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in June: 10mm to 20mm (0.4in to 0.8in)Events: The Athens Epidaurus Festival has celebrated music, art and theatre for over five decades in the most spectacular locations in this ancient city, a great place to experience the cultural arts of the world and Greece this summer. The Rockwave Festival is a more modern pop festival with the best international artists and rock musicians entertaining the summer crowds. Weather in Greek Islands in July Average temperature in Greek Islands in July: 18°C to 29°C (64°F to 84°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in July: 23°C (73°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in July: 10mm to 20mm (0.4in to 0.8in)Notes: July has the highest temperatures in the Greek Islands and is peak season. Events: The Festival of the Aegean attracts excellent musicians, dancers and actors from dozens of countries in order to celebrate the performing arts. Upper Koufunisi hosts the annual Up Festival on the beach and it is free. Weather in Greek Islands in August Average temperature in Greek Islands in August: 18°C to 29°C (64°F to 84°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in August: 24°C (75°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in August: 10mm to 30mm (0.4in to 1.2in)Notes: August has the highest temperatures in the Greek Islands and is peak season. Events: August is the month for classical culture and art in Greece, starting with the International Classical Musical Festival of the Cyclades in Syros. The Naxos Festival and the Megaro Gyzi Festival feature two similar events that showcase the best music, theatre and art in Greece, with some lectures and seminars for festival goers. Weather in Greek Islands in September Average temperature in Greek Islands in September: 16°C to 24°C (61°F to 75°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in September: 23°C (73°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in September: 10mm to 40mm (0.4in to 1.6in)Events: The Sani Festival is a well renowned arts festival in Greece and the Aegina Festiki Festival is a food and music celebration for all ages. Weather in Greek Islands in October Average temperature in Greek Islands in October: 11°C to 21°C (52°F to 70°F)Average s ea Temperature in Greek Islands in October: 22°C (72°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in October: 30mm to 170mm (1.2in to 6.7in)Events: The Dimitria Festival at the port town of Thessaloniki is great for island hoppers wishing to experience authentic Greek arts and culture on the mainland, just a short boat ride away. Weather in Greek Islands in November Average temperature in Greek Islands in November: 9°C to 20°C (48°F to 68°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in November: 19°C (66°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in November: 70mm to 170mm (2.8in to 6.7in)Events: The International Film Festival at the port of Thessaloniki is only a boat ride away from many of the islands, attracting over 50,000 people annually. Weather in Greek Islands in December Average temperature in Greek Islands in December: 6°C to 17°C (43°F to 63°F)Average sea Temperature in Greek Islands in December: 16°C (61°F)Average rainfall in Greek Islands in December: 60mm to 175mm (2.4in to 6.9in)Notes: This is the rainy season in the Greek Islands and December is the wettest month of the year. Events: Christmas celebrations in Greece will begin in early December and there will be many festivals and events in the Greek Islands. Related Content: Weather in Greece in August Weather in Greece in September Weather in Greece in October Weather in Greece in July Weather in Greece in June Weather in Greece in May Weather in Greece in April Weather in Greece Login to post comments


what is actifed used for

Actifed is a registered trademark for a combination antihistamine and nasal decongestant medication used for cold and allergy symptoms. Developed in 1958 by Burroughs Wellcome & Company (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline ), [1] the product was later acquired by Pfizer, and was most recently sold by Johnson & Johnson.

Actifed

"For the virus, see Actifed (computer virus).

In the U. S., the formula was changed in 2006 due to a change in the legal environment; at the same time, distribution of the product was limited to certain stores. The United States Food and Drug Administration, FDA, lists Actifed as discontinued. Contents [ hide ]1 2006 U. S. formula change2 Apollo missions3 References4 External links2006 U. S. formula change [ edit]The original formula for Actifed contained pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 60 mg as the nasal decongestant and triprolidine hydrochloride 2.5 mg as the antihistamine. However, in response to widespread laws requiring products containing pseudoephedrine to be kept behind the pharmacy counter, Pfizer changed Actifed's U. S. formula in late 2006 to contain chlorpheniramine maleate 4 mg as the antihistamine and phenylephrine HCl 10 mg as the nasal decongestant. [2] Many users of the old formula have complained that the new formula is not as effective at relieving their symptoms. Other brands available behind the counter that use the old formula include Genac and Aprodine. The American pharmacy chain Walgreens produced a house-brand version of Actifed, Wal-Act, which used the original pseudoephedrine/triprolidine formula. [3]In the UK, Germany, Italy, and Thailand the formulation remained unchanged. The product is available Over-the-counter as a pack of 12 tablets produced by Mc Neil. Each tablet contains Triprolidine hydrochloride 2.5 mg and Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 60 mg. In Germany, the product is marketed under the registered trademark Rhino PRONT. Apollo missions [ edit]Actifed was included in the standard medical kit aboard the United States Apollo missions, and was used during Apollo 7 and Apollo 12 when crew members developed head cold symptoms. [4] When Actifed was made available over-the-counter, former astronauts from the Apollo missions appeared in commercials promoting the product. [5]References [ edit]^ Our history - About Glaxo Smith Kline^ ""FAQ"". pfizerch.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007.^ ""Walgreens Wal-Act Cold & Allergy Medicine Tablets"".^ SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo, NASA^ You Tube video of astronauts' advertisement External links [ edit]More information on drugs.com FDA information on Actifed "


what dna molecules bond with each other

tionin dna molecules nucleotides bond together according to the nitrogenous bases. whitch of the following correctly describes how nitrogenous bases bond together. A. purines bond to other purines B. purines bond to pyrimidines. C.purines and pyrimidines can bond with themselves and each other. D. pyrimidines bond to pyrimidines.

dna molecules nucleotides bond

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weather in dresden august

The highest daily average low temperature is 59°F on July 31. For reference, on August 5, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in Dresden typically range from 59°F to 77°F, while on January 20, the coldest day of the year, they range from 29°F to 38°F.

Average Weather in July in Dresden Germany Daily low temperatures increase by 2°F, from 57°F to 59°F, rarely falling below 51°F or exceeding 66°F.

Average High and Low Temperature in July The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures. The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average temperatures for the quarter of the year centered on July. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day. Average Hourly Temperature in July The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands: frigid < 15°F < freezing < 32°F < very cold < 45°F < cold < 55°F < cool < 65°F < comfortable < 75°F < warm < 85°F < hot < 95°F < sweltering. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight. Coquitlam, Canada (5,051 miles away) and Boone, North Carolina, United States (4,544 miles) are the far-away foreign places with temperatures most similar to Dresden ( view comparison ). Clouds The month of July in Dresden experiences essentially constant cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy remaining about 46% throughout the month. The clearest day of the month is July 22, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 55% of the time. For reference, on December 26, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 70%, while on August 9, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 55%. Cloud Cover Categories in July The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds: clear < 20% < mostly clear < 40% < partly cloudy < 60% < mostly cloudy < 80% < overcast. Precipitation A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In Dresden, the chance of a wet day over the course of July is essentially constant, remaining around 32% throughout. For reference, the year's highest daily chance of a wet day is 33% on June 12, and its lowest chance is 20% on April 10. Probability of Precipitation in July The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day). Rainfall To show variation within the month and not just the monthly total, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day. The average sliding 31-day rainfall during July in Dresden is essentially constant, remaining about 2.6 inches throughout, and rarely exceeding 5.2 inches or falling below 0.9 inches. The highest average 31-day accumulation is 2.7 inches on July 20. Average Monthly Rainfall in July The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average liquid-equivalent snowfall. Sun Over the course of July in Dresden, the length of the day is rapidly decreasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day decreases by 1 hour, 5 minutes, implying an average daily decrease of 2 minutes, 9 seconds, and weekly decrease of 15 minutes, 5 seconds. The shortest day of the month is July 31, with 15 hours, 24 minutes of daylight and the longest day is July 1, with 16 hours, 28 minutes of daylight. Hours of Daylight and Twilight in July The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night. The earliest sunrise of the month in Dresden is 4:54 AM on July 1 and the latest sunrise is 34 minutes later at 5:29 AM on July 31. The latest sunset is 9:22 PM on July 1 and the earliest sunset is 30 minutes earlier at 8:52 PM on July 31. Daylight saving time is observed in Dresden during 2017, but it neither starts nor ends during July, so the entire month is in daylight saving time. For reference, on June 21, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 4:50 AM and sets 16 hours, 34 minutes later, at 9:23 PM, while on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 8:06 AM and sets 7 hours, 54 minutes later, at 4:00 PM. Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in July The solar day over the course of July. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray. Humidity We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night. The chance that a given day will be muggy in Dresden is essentially constant during July, remaining around 2% throughout. The highest chance of a muggy day during July is 2% on July 26. For reference, on July 26, the muggiest day of the year, there are muggy conditions 2% of the time, while on January 1, the least muggy day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time. Humidity Comfort Levels in July The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point: dry < 55°F < comfortable < 60°F < humid < 65°F < muggy < 70°F < oppressive < 75°F < miserable. Wind This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The average hourly wind speed in Dresden is gradually decreasing during July, decreasing from 8.8 miles per hour to 8.2 miles per hour over the course of the month. For reference, on January 17, the windiest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 12.3 miles per hour, while on August 8, the calmest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 8.0 miles per hour. Average Wind Speed in July The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The hourly average wind direction in Dresden throughout July is predominantly from the west, with a peak proportion of 52% on July 7. Wind Direction in July The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions (north, east, south, and west), excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest). Growing Season Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere). The growing season in Dresden typically lasts for 6.7 months ( 203 days ), from around April 12 to around November 1, rarely starting before March 22 or after May 1, and rarely ending before October 11 or after November 29. The month of July in Dresden is reliably fully within the growing season. Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in July The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands: frigid < 15°F < freezing < 32°F < very cold < 45°F < cold < 55°F < cool < 65°F < comfortable < 75°F < warm < 85°F < hot < 95°F < sweltering. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season. Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F. The average accumulated growing degree days in Dresden are rapidly increasing during July, increasing by 515°F, from 835°F to 1,350°F, over the course of the month. Growing Degree Days in July The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of July, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. Solar Energy This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in Dresden is essentially constant during July, remaining within 0.2 k Wh of 6.1 k Wh throughout. Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in July The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. Topography For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Dresden are 51.051 deg latitude, 13.738 deg longitude, and 390 ft elevation. The topography within 2 miles of Dresden contains only modest variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 243 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 390 feet. Within 10 miles contains only modest variations in elevation ( 1,227 feet ). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation ( 3,156 feet ). The area within 2 miles of Dresden is covered by artificial surfaces ( 93% ), within 10 miles by cropland ( 44%) and artificial surfaces ( 29% ), and within 50 miles by cropland ( 49%) and trees ( 32% ). Data Sources This report illustrates the typical weather in Dresden year round, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016. Temperature and Dew Point There are 4 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Dresden. For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Dresden according to the International Standard Atmosphere, and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations. The estimated value at Dresden is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Dresden and a given station. The stations contributing to this reconstruction are: Dresden Airport (88%, 9 kilometers, north); Liberec (4.9%, 95 kilometers, east); Karlovy Vary Airport (3.6%, 111 kilometers, southwest); and Prague Václav Havel Airport (3.9%, 112 kilometers, south). Other Data All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon and Planets, by Jean Meeus. All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis. This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid. Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the Geo Names Geographical Database. Time zones for aiports and weather stations are provided by Ask Geo.com. Maps are © Esri, with data from National Geographic, Esri, De Lorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and i PC. Disclaimer The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site. We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands. We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.


what does a common cold remedies do

s. A cold remedy used in many cultures, taking in warm liquids, such as chicken soup, tea or warm apple juice, might be soothing and might ease congestion by increasing mucus flow. Add moisture to the air. A cool-mist vaporizer or humidifier can add moisture to your home, which might help loosen congestion.

Cold remedies: What works, what doesn't, what can't hurt There's no cure for the common cold. But what about cold remedies that claim to make you feel better faster? Find out what's effective — and what's not. By Mayo Clinic Staff Cold remedies are almost as common as the common cold, but are they effective? Nothing can cure a cold, but there are some remedies that might help ease your symptoms and keep you from feeling so miserable. Here's a look at some common cold remedies and what's known about them. Cold remedies that work

If you catch a cold, you can expect to be sick for one to two weeks. That doesn't mean you have to be miserable. Besides getting enough rest, these remedies might help you feel better: Stay hydrated. Water, juice, clear broth or warm lemon water with honey helps loosen congestion and prevents dehydration.

Avoid alcohol, coffee and caffeinated sodas, which can make dehydration worse. Rest. Your body needs to heal. Soothe a sore throat. A saltwater gargle — 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon salt dissolved in an 8-ounce glass of warm water — can temporarily relieve a sore or scratchy throat. Children younger than 6 years are unlikely to be able to gargle properly. You can also try ice chips, sore throat sprays, lozenges or hard candy. Use caution when giving lozenges or hard candy to children because they can choke on them. Don't give lozenges or hard candy to children younger than 6 years. Combat stuffiness. Over-the-counter saline nasal drops and sprays can help relieve stuffiness and congestion. In infants, experts recommend putting several saline drops into one nostril, then gently suctioning that nostril with a bulb syringe. To do this, squeeze the bulb, gently place the syringe tip in the nostril about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to 12 millimeters) and slowly release the bulb. Saline nasal sprays may be used in older children. Relieve pain.

For children 6 months or younger, give only acetaminophen. For children older than 6 months, give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Ask your child's doctor for the correct dose for your child's age and weight. Adults can take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin.

Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Though aspirin is approved for use in children older than age 3, children and teenagers recovering from chickenpox or flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. This is because aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, in such children. Sip warm liquid

Change the water daily, and clean the unit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Try over-the-counter (OTC) cold and cough medications. For adults and children older than age 5, OTC decongestants, antihistamines and pain relievers might offer some symptom relief. However, they won't prevent a cold or shorten its duration, and most have some side effects. Experts agree that these shouldn't be given to younger children. Overuse and misuse of these medications can cause serious damage. Talk with your child's doctor before giving any medications. Take medications only as directed. Some cold remedies contain multiple ingredients, such as a decongestant plus a pain reliever, so read the labels of cold medications you take to make sure you're not taking too much of any medication. Cold remedies that don't work The list of ineffective cold remedies is long. Some of the more common ones that don't work include: Antibiotics. These attack bacteria, but they're no help against cold viruses. Avoid asking your doctor for antibiotics for a cold or using old antibiotics you have on hand. You won't get well any faster, and inappropriate use of antibiotics contributes to the serious and growing problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Over-the-counter cold and cough medications in young children. OTC cold and cough medications may cause serious and even life-threatening side effects in children. Talk with your child's doctor before giving any medications. Cold remedies with conflicting evidence In spite of ongoing studies, the scientific jury is still out on some popular cold remedies, such as vitamin C and echinacea. Here's an update on some common alternative remedies: Vitamin C. It appears that for the most part taking vitamin C won't help the average person prevent colds. However, taking vitamin C before the onset of cold symptoms may shorten the duration of symptoms. Vitamin C may provide benefit for people at high risk of colds due to frequent exposure — for example, children who attend group child care during the winter. Echinacea. Study results on whether echinacea prevents or shortens colds are mixed. Some studies show no benefit. Others show some reduction in the severity and duration of cold symptoms when taken in the early stages of a cold. Different types of echinacea used in different studies may have contributed to the differing results. Echinacea seems to be most effective if you take it when you notice cold symptoms and continue it for seven to 10 days. It appears to be safe for healthy adults, but it can interact with many drugs. Check with your doctor before taking echinacea or any other supplement. Zinc. There's been a lot of talk about taking zinc for colds ever since a 1984 study showed that zinc supplements kept people from getting as sick. Since then, research has turned up mixed results about zinc and colds. Some studies show that zinc lozenges or syrup reduce the length of a cold by one day, especially when taken within 24 hours of the first signs and symptoms of a cold. Zinc also has potentially harmful side effects. Talk to your doctor before considering the use of zinc to prevent or reduce the length of colds. Take care of yourself Although usually minor, colds can make you feel miserable. It's tempting to try the latest remedy, but the best thing you can do is take care of yourself. Rest, drink fluids and keep the air around you moist. Remember to wash your hands frequently. Share Tweet March 14, 2018References See more In-depth Products and Services Book: The Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide See also Avoid rebound nasal congestion Breast-feeding and medications Can chicken soup cure a cold? Chicken soup: Can it treat a cold? Cold and flu viruses: How long can they live outside the body? Cold or allergy: Which is it? Cold symptoms: Does drinking milk increase phlegm? Show More