what is td lte technology

In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution ( LTE) is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM / EDGE and UMTS / HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements.

LTE (telecommunication)

"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Time-Division Long-Term Evolution)navigation search""Long-term evolution"" redirects here. For the biological concept, see Evolution and E. coli long-term evolution experiment. Adoption of LTE technology Countries and regions with commercial LTE service Countries and regions with commercial LTE network deployment on-going or planned Countries and regions with LTE trial systems (pre-commitment)

[1] [2] The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced. The requirements were originally set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Advanced specification. However, due to marketing pressures and the significant advancements that Wi MAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU later decided that LTE together with the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. [3] The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced. [4] To differentiate LTE Advanced and Wi MAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as ""True 4G"". [5] [6]Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 History2.1 3GPP standard development timeline2.2 Carrier adoption timeline3 LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD3.1 History of LTE-TDD4 Features5 Voice calls5.1 Enhanced voice quality6 Frequency bands7 Patents8 See also9 References10 Further reading11 External links11.1 White papers and other technical information Overview [ edit]See also: List of LTE networks Telia -branded Samsung LTE modem HTC Thunder Bolt, the second commercially available LTE smartphone LTE stands for Long Term Evolution [7] and is a registered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for the wireless data communications technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards. However, other nations and companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around the turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP -based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum. LTE was first proposed in 2004 by Japan's NTT Do Co Mo, with studies on the standard officially commenced in 2005. [8] In May 2007, the LTE/ SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. [9] [10] The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by Telia Sonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world’s first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010 [11] [12] and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world’s first LTE smartphone starting on February 10, 2011 [13] [14] both offered by Metro PCS and HTC Thunder Bolt offered by Verizon starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially. [15] [16] In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011 offering the Sierra Wireless Air Card 313U USB mobile broadband modem, known as the ""LTE Rocket stick"" then followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and Samsung. [17] Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and Wi MAX, but major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and Metro PCS in the United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom / China Unicom in China) have announced instead they intend to migrate to LTE. The next version of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. [18] Services are expected to commence in 2013. [19] Additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. [20]The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and Qo S provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network. LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) designed to replace the GPRS Core Network, supports seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000. [21] The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example, each E-UTRA cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA [22] ). History [ edit]3GPP standard development timeline [ edit]In 2004, NTT Do Co Mo of Japan proposes LTE as the international standard. [23]In September 2006, Siemens Networks (today Nokia Networks) showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an HDTV video in the downlink and playing an interactive game in the uplink have been demonstrated. [24]In February 2007, Ericsson demonstrated for the first time in the world LTE with bit rates up to 144 Mbit/s [25]In September 2007, NTT docomo demonstrated LTE data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power level below 100 m W during the test. [26]In November 2007, Infineon presented the world’s first RF transceiver named SMARTi LTE supporting LTE functionality in a single-chip RF silicon processed in CMOS [27] [28]In early 2008, LTE test equipment began shipping from several vendors and, at the Mobile World Congress 2008 in Barcelona, Ericsson demonstrated the world’s first end-to-end mobile call enabled by LTE on a small handheld device. [29] Motorola demonstrated an LTE RAN standard compliant e Node B and LTE chipset at the same event. At the February 2008 Mobile World Congress : Motorola demonstrated how LTE can accelerate the delivery of personal media experience with HD video demo streaming, HD video blogging, Online gaming and Vo IP over LTE running a RAN standard compliant LTE network & LTE chipset. [30]Ericsson EMP (now ST-Ericsson) demonstrated the world’s first end-to-end LTE call on handheld [29] Ericsson demonstrated LTE FDD and TDD mode on the same base station platform. Freescale Semiconductor demonstrated streaming HD video with peak data rates of 96 Mbit/s downlink and 86 Mbit/s uplink. [31]NXP Semiconductors (now a part of ST-Ericsson) demonstrated a multi-mode LTE modem as the basis for a software-defined radio system for use in cellphones. [32]pico Chip and Mimoon demonstrated a base station reference design. This runs on a common hardware platform (multi-mode / software defined radio) with their Wi MAX architecture. [33]In April 2008, Motorola demonstrated the first EV-DO to LTE hand-off – handing over a streaming video from LTE to a commercial EV-DO network and back to LTE. [34]In April 2008, LG Electronics and Nortel demonstrated LTE data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h. [35]In November 2008, Motorola demonstrated industry first over-the-air LTE session in 700 MHz spectrum. [36]Researchers at Nokia Siemens Networks and Heinrich Hertz Institut have demonstrated LTE with 100 Mbit/s Uplink transfer speeds. [37]At the February 2009 Mobile World Congress : Infineon demonstrated a single-chip 65 nm CMOS RF transceiver providing 2G/3G/LTE functionality [38]Launch of ng Connect program, a multi-industry consortium founded by Alcatel-Lucent to identify and develop wireless broadband applications. [39]Motorola provided LTE drive tour on the streets of Barcelona to demonstrate LTE system performance in a real-life metropolitan RF environment [40]In July 2009, Nujira demonstrated efficiencies of more than 60% for an 880 MHz LTE Power Amplifier [41]In August 2009, Nortel and LG Electronics demonstrated the first successful handoff between CDMA and LTE networks in a standards-compliant manner [42]In August 2009, Alcatel-Lucent receives FCC certification for LTE base stations for the 700 MHz spectrum band. [43]In September 2009, Nokia Siemens Networks demonstrated world's first LTE call on standards-compliant commercial software. [44]In October 2009, Ericsson and Samsung demonstrated interoperability between the first ever commercial LTE device and the live network in Stockholm, Sweden. [45]In October 2009, Alcatel-Lucent 's Bell Labs, Deutsche Telekom Innovation Laboratories, the Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz Institut and antenna supplier Kathrein conducted live field tests of a technology called Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (Co MP) aimed at increasing the data transmission speeds of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 3G networks. [46]In November 2009, Alcatel-Lucent completed first live LTE call using 800 MHz spectrum band set aside as part of the European Digital Dividend (EDD). [47]In November 2009, Nokia Siemens Networks and LG completed first end-to-end interoperability testing of LTE. [48]On December 14, 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator Telia Sonera and its Norwegian brandname Net Com (Norway). Telia Sonera incorrectly branded the network ""4G"". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure with Single RAN technology created by Huawei (in Oslo) [49] and Ericsson (in Stockholm). Telia Sonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland. [50] Telia Sonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz (out of the maximum 20 MHz), and Single-Input and Single-Output transmission. The deployment should have provided a physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP goodput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm. [51]In December 2009, ST-Ericsson and Ericsson first to achieve LTE and HSPA mobility with a multimode device. [52]In January 2010, Alcatel-Lucent and LG complete a live handoff of an end-to-end data call between Long Term Evolution (LTE) and CDMA networks. [53]In February 2010, Nokia Siemens Networks and Movistar test the LTE in Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Spain, with both indoor and outdoor demonstrations. [54]In May 2010, Mobile Tele Systems (MTS) and Huawei showed an indoor LTE network at ""Sviaz-Expocomm 2010"" in Moscow, Russia. [55] MTS expects to start a trial LTE service in Moscow by the beginning of 2011. Earlier, MTS has received a license to build an LTE network in Uzbekistan, and intends to commence a test LTE network in Ukraine in partnership with Alcatel-Lucent. At the Shanghai Expo 2010 in May 2010, Motorola demonstrated a live LTE in conjunction with China Mobile. This included video streams and a drive test system using TD-LTE. [56]As of 12/10/2010, Direc TV has teamed up with Verizon Wireless for a test of high-speed Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless technology in a few homes in Pennsylvania, designed to deliver an integrated Internet and TV bundle. Verizon Wireless said it launched LTE wireless services (for data, no voice) in 38 markets where more than 110 million Americans live on Sunday, Dec. 5. [57]On May 6, 2011, Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel demonstrated 4G LTE for the first time in South Asia, achieving a data rate of 96 Mbit/s in Sri Lanka. [58]Carrier adoption timeline [ edit]Main article: List of LTE networks Most carriers supporting GSM or HSUPA networks can be expected to upgrade their networks to LTE at some stage. A complete list of commercial contracts can be found at: [59]August 2009: Telefónica selected six countries to field-test LTE in the succeeding months: Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany and the Czech Republic in Europe, and Brazil and Argentina in Latin America. [60]On November 24, 2009: Telecom Italia announced the first outdoor pre-commercial experimentation in the world, deployed in Torino and totally integrated into the 2G/3G network currently in service. [61]On December 14, 2009, the world's first publicly available LTE service was opened by Telia Sonera in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo. On May 28, 2010, Russian operator Scartel announced the launch of an LTE network in Kazan by the end of the 2010. [62]On October 6, 2010, Canadian provider Rogers Communications Inc announced that Ottawa, Canada's national capital, will be the site of LTE trials. Rogers said it will expand on this testing and move to a comprehensive technical trial of LTE on both low- and high-band frequencies across the Ottawa area. [63]On May 6, 2011, Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel successfully demonstrated 4G LTE for the first time in South Asia, achieving a data rate of 96 Mbit/s in Sri Lanka. [64]On May 7, 2011, Sri Lankan Mobile Operator Dialog Axiata PLC switched on the first pilot 4G LTE Network in South Asia with vendor partner Huawei and demonstrated a download data speed up to 127 Mbit/s. [65]On February 9, 2012, Telus Mobility launched their LTE service initial in metropolitan areas include Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, Kitchener, Waterloo, Hamilton, Guelph, Belleville, Ottawa, Montreal, Québec City, Halifax and Yellowknife. [66]Telus Mobility has announced that it will adopt LTE as its 4G wireless standard. [67]Cox Communications has its first tower for wireless LTE network build-out. [68] Wireless services launched in late 2009. The following is a list of top 10 countries/territories by 4G LTE coverage as measured by Open Signal.com in June 2017. [69]Country/Territory Penetration South Korea 96.38%Japan 93.48%Norway 86.96%United States 86.50%Hong Kong 86.41%Netherlands 86.06%Lithuania 85.06%Sweden 83.65%Hungary 83.59%Taiwan 83.02%For the complete list of all the countries/territories, see list of countries by 4G LTE penetration. LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD [ edit]Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex ( LTE-TDD ), also referred to as TDD LTE, is a 4G telecommunications technology and standard co-developed by an international coalition of companies, including China Mobile, Datang Telecom, Huawei, ZTE, Nokia Solutions and Networks, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ST-Ericsson. It is one of the two mobile data transmission technologies of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology standard, the other being Long-Term Evolution Frequency-Division Duplex ( LTE-FDD ). While some companies refer to LTE-TDD as ""TD-LTE"", there is no reference to that acronym anywhere in the 3GPP specifications. [70] [71] [72]There are two major differences between LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD: how data is uploaded and downloaded, and what frequency spectra the networks are deployed in. While LTE-FDD uses paired frequencies to upload and download data, [73] LTE-TDD uses a single frequency, alternating between uploading and downloading data through time. [74] [75] The ratio between uploads and downloads on a LTE-TDD network can be changed dynamically, depending on whether more data needs to be sent or received. [76] LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD also operate on different frequency bands, [77] with LTE-TDD working better at higher frequencies, and LTE-FDD working better at lower frequencies. [78] Frequencies used for LTE-TDD range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with several different bands being used. [79] The LTE-TDD spectrum is generally cheaper to access, and has less traffic. [77] Further, the bands for LTE-TDD overlap with those used for Wi MAX, which can easily be upgraded to support LTE-TDD. [77]Despite the differences in how the two types of LTE handle data transmission, LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD share 90 percent of their core technology, making it possible for the same chipsets and networks to use both versions of LTE. [77] [80] A number of companies produce dual-mode chips or mobile devices, including Samsung and Qualcomm, [81] [82] while operators China Mobile Hong Kong Company Limited and Hi3G Access have developed dual-mode networks in Hong Kong and Sweden, respectively. [83]History of LTE-TDD [ edit]The creation of LTE-TDD involved a coalition of international companies that worked to develop and test the technology. [84]China Mobile was an early proponent of LTE-TDD, [77] [85] along with other companies like Datang Telecom [84] and Huawei, which worked to deploy LTE-TDD networks, and later developed technology allowing LTE-TDD equipment to operate in white spaces —frequency spectra between broadcast TV stations. [71] [86] Intel also participated in the development, setting up a LTE-TDD interoperability lab with Huawei in China, [87] as well as ST-Ericsson, [77] Nokia, [77] and Nokia Siemens (now Nokia Solutions and Networks ), [71] which developed LTE-TDD base stations that increased capacity by 80 percent and coverage by 40 percent. [88] Qualcomm also participated, developing the world's first multi-mode chip, combining both LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD, along with HSPA and EV-DO. [82] Accelleran, a Belgian company, has also worked to build small cells for LTE-TDD networks. [89]Trials of LTE-TDD technology began as early as 2010, with Reliance Industries and Ericsson India conducting field tests of LTE-TDD in India, achieving 80 megabit-per second download speeds and 20 megabit-per-second upload speeds. [90] By 2011, China Mobile began trials of the technology in six cities. [71]Although initially seen as a technology utilized by only a few countries, including China and India, [91] by 2011 international interest in LTE-TDD had expanded, especially in Asia, in part due to LTE-TDD 's lower cost of deployment compared to LTE-FDD. [71] By the middle of that year, 26 networks around the world were conducting trials of the technology. [72] The Global LTE-TDD Initiative (GTI) was also started in 2011, with founding partners China Mobile, Bharti Airtel, Soft Bank Mobile, Vodafone, Clearwire, Aero2 and E-Plus. [92] In September 2011, Huawei announced it would partner with Polish mobile provider Aero2 to develop a combined LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD network in Poland, [93] and by April 2012, ZTE Corporation had worked to deploy trial or commercial LTE-TDD networks for 33 operators in 19 countries. [83] In late 2012, Qualcomm worked extensively to deploy a commercial LTE-TDD network in India, and partnered with Bharti Airtel and Huawei to develop the first multi-mode LTE-TDD smartphone for India. [82]In Japan, Soft Bank Mobile launched LTE-TDD services in February 2012 under the name Advanced e Xtended Global Platform (AXGP), and marketed as Soft Bank 4G ( ja ). The AXGP band was previously used for Willcom 's PHS service, and after PHS was discontinued in 2010 the PHS band was re-purposed for AXGP service. [94] [95]In the U. S., Clearwire planned to implement LTE-TDD, with chip-maker Qualcomm agreeing to support Clearwire's frequencies on its multi-mode LTE chipsets. [96] With Sprint's acquisition of Clearwire in 2013, [73] [97] the carrier began using these frequencies for LTE service on networks built by Samsung, Alcatel-Lucent, and Nokia. [98] [99]As of March 2013, 156 commercial 4G LTE networks existed, including 142 LTE-FDD networks and 14 LTE-TDD networks. [84] As of November 2013, the South Korean government planned to allow a fourth wireless carrier in 2014, which would provide LTE-TDD services, [75] and in December 2013, LTE-TDD licenses were granted to China's three mobile operators, allowing commercial deployment of 4G LTE services. [100]In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indicated that it had completed a series of tests of voice over LTE (Vo LTE) calls on China Mobile's TD-LTE network. [101] The next month, Nokia Solutions and Networks and Sprint announced that they had demonstrated throughput speeds of 2.6 gigabits per second using a LTE-TDD network, surpassing the previous record of 1.6 gigabits per second. [102]Features [ edit]See also: E-UTRAMuch of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are: Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on the user equipment category (with 4×4 antennas using 20 MHz of spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been defined from a voice centric class up to a high end terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth. Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms latency for small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower latencies for handover and connection setup time than with previous radio access technologies. Improved support for mobility, exemplified by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h (220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency band. [103]Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access for the downlink, Single-carrier FDMA for the uplink to conserve power. Support for both FDD and TDD communication systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same radio access technology. Support for all frequency bands currently used by IMT systems by ITU-R. Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide cells are standardized. ( W-CDMA has no option for other than 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems rolling-out in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated width of spectrum so would frequently already be in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdma One . )Support for cell sizes from tens of metres radius ( femto and picocells) up to 100 km (62 miles) radius macrocells. In the lower frequency bands to be used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the optimal cell size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance. In city and urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in EU) are used to support high speed mobile broadband. In this case, cell sizes may be 1 km (0.62 miles) or even less. Support of at least 200 active data clients in every 5 MHz cell. [104]Simplified architecture: The network side of E-UTRAN is composed only of e Node Bs. Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards (e.g., GSM / EDGE, UMTS and CDMA2000 ). Users can start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/ GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS or even 3GPP2 networks such as cdma One or CDMA2000. Packet-switched radio interface. Support for MBSFN ( multicast-broadcast single-frequency network ). This feature can deliver services such as Mobile TV using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor for DVB-H -based TV broadcast only LTE compatible devices receives LTE signal. Voice calls [ edit]cs dom LTE CSFB to GSM/UMTS network interconnects The LTE standard supports only packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call network. [105] Three different approaches sprang up: Voice over LTE (Vo LTE)Main article: Voice over LTECircuit-switched fallback (CSFB)In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain. When using this solution, operators just need to upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can provide services quickly. However, the disadvantage is longer call setup delay. Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE)In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the LTE mode providing data services and the circuit switched mode providing the voice service. This is a solution solely based on the handset, which does not have special requirements on the network and does not require the deployment of IMS either. The disadvantage of this solution is that the phone can become expensive with high power consumption. Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)Main article: SRVCCOne additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top content (OTT) services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice service. [106]Most major backers of LTE preferred and promoted Vo LTE from the beginning. The lack of software support in initial LTE devices as well as core network devices however led to a number of carriers promoting Vo LGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as an interim solution. [107] The idea was to use the same principles as GAN (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA or Unlicensed Mobile Access), which defines the protocols through which a mobile handset can perform voice calls over a customer's private Internet connection, usually over wireless LAN. Vo LGA however never gained much support, because Vo LTE ( IMS) promises much more flexible services, albeit at the cost of having to upgrade the entire voice call infrastructure. Vo LTE will also require Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in order to be able to smoothly perform a handover to a 3G network in case of poor LTE signal quality. [108]While the industry has seemingly standardized on Vo LTE for the future, the demand for voice calls today has led LTE carriers to introduce CSFB as a stopgap measure. When placing or receiving a voice call, LTE handsets will fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the call. Enhanced voice quality [ edit]To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-NB codec (narrow band), but the recommended speech codec for Vo LTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband, also known as HD Voice. This codec is mandated in 3GPP networks that support 16 k Hz sampling. [109]Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated ""Full-HD Voice"", an implementation of the AAC-ELD (Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE handsets. [110] Where previous cell phone voice codecs only supported frequencies up to 3.5 k Hz and upcoming wideband audio services branded as HD Voice up to 7 k Hz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth range from 20 Hz to 20 k Hz. For end-to-end Full-HD Voice calls to succeed however, both the caller and recipient's handsets as well as networks have to support the feature. [111]Frequency bands [ edit]See also: LTE frequency bands The LTE standard covers a range of many different bands, each of which is designated by both a frequency and a band number: North America – 600, 700, 850, 1700 ( AWS ), 1900, 2300 ( WCS ), 2500, 2600 MHz (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, 25, 26, 39, 30, 41, 66, 71)Latin America and Caribbean – 700, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2600 MHz (bands 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 17, 28)Europe – 450, 700, 800, 900, 1500, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600, 3500, 3700 MHz (bands 1, 3, 7, 8, 20, 22, 28, 31, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43) [112] [113]Asia – 450, 700, 800, 850, 900, 1500, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 18, 19, 21, 26, 21, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42) [114] [115]Africa – 700, 800, 850, 900, 1800, 2100, 2500, 2600 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 41)Ocenaia (incl. Australia [116] [117] and New Zealand [118]) – 700, 800, 850, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600 MHz (bands 1, 3, 7, 12, 20, 28, 40)As a result, phones from one country may not work in other countries. Users will need a multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally. Patents [ edit]According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute 's (ETSI) intellectual property rights (IPR) database, about 50 companies have declared, as of March 2012, holding essential patents covering the LTE standard. [119] The ETSI has made no investigation on the correctness of the declarations however, [119] so that ""any analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account more than ETSI declarations."" [120] Independent studies have found that about 3.3 to 5 percent of all revenues from handset manufacturers are spent on standard-essential patents. This is less than the combined published rates, due to reduced-rate licensing agreements, such as cross-licensing. [121] [122] [123]See also [ edit]List of devices with LTE4G-LTE filter Comparison of wireless data standards E-UTRA – the radio access network used in LTESimulation of LTE Networks Flat IP – flat IP architectures in mobile networks HSPA+ – an enhancement of the 3GPP HSPA standard LTE-ALTE-A Pro LTE-UQo S Class Identifier (QCI) – the mechanism used in LTE networks to allocate proper Quality of Service to bearer traffic System architecture evolution – the re-architecturing of core networks in LTEWi MAX – a competitor to LTENarrow Band Io T (NB-Io T)References [ edit]^ ""An Introduction to LTE"". 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 3, 2010.^ ""Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview"" (PDF). Motorola. Retrieved July 3, 2010.^ ""Newsroom • Press Release"". Itu.int. Retrieved 2012-10-28.^ ""ITU-R Confers IMT-Advanced (4G) Status to 3GPP LTE"" (Press release). 3GPP. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2012.^ pressinfo (2009-10-21). 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Further reading [ edit]Gautam Siwach, Dr. Amir Esmailpour ""LTE Security Potential Vulnerability and Algorithm Enhancements"", IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,"" IEEE CCECE, Toronto, Canada, May 2014Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld ""4G – LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband"", Academic Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-12-385489-6Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, ""LTE – The UMTS Long Term Evolution – From Theory to Practice"", Second Edition including Release 10 for LTE-Advanced, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-0-470-66025-6Chris Johnson, "" LTE in BULLETS "", Create Space, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4528-3464-1Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, Per Beming, ""3G Evolution – HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband"", 2nd edition, Academic Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-12-374538-5Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson, ""Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio And Cellular Technology"", Crc Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4200-7210-5F. Khan, ""LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband – Air Interface Technologies and Performance"", Cambridge University Press, 2009Mustafa Ergen, ""Mobile Broadband – Including Wi MAX and LTE"", Springer, NY, 2009H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, J. Karlsson, M. Meyer, S. Parkvall, J. Torsner, and M. Wahlqvist, ""Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution,"" IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp. 38–45E. Dahlman, H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, Y. Jading, J. Karlsson, M. Lundevall, and S. Parkvall, ""The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation,"" IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) 2006 Spring, Melbourne, Australia, May 2006K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and Wi MAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2Agilent Technologies, "" LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges "", John Wiley & Sons, 2009 ISBN 978-0-470-68261-6Sajal K. Das, John Wiley & Sons (April 2010): "" Mobile Handset Design "", ISBN 978-0-470-82467-2 . Sajal K. Das, John Wiley & Sons (April 2016): "" Mobile Terminal Receiver Design: LTE and LTE-Advanced "", ISBN 978-1-1191-0730-9 . Beaver, Paul, "" What is TD-LTE? "", RF&Microwave Designline, September 2011. Dan Forsberg, Günther Horn, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Valtteri Niemi, ""LTE Security"", Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2013, ISBN 978-1-118-35558-9Seung June Yi, Sung Duck Chun, Young Dae lee, Sung Jun Park, Sung Hoon Jung, ""Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced"", Wiley, 2012, ISBN 978-1-118-18853-8Guowang Miao, Jens Zander, Ki Won Sung, and Ben Slimane, ""Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks"", Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 1107143217External links [ edit]Find more about LTE (telecommunication) at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons LTE homepage from the 3GPP website LTE Frequently Asked Questions LTE Deployment Map A Simple Introduction to the LTE Downlink LTE-3GPP.info: online LTE messages decoder fully supporting Rel.14White papers and other technical information [ edit]LTE technology introduction [ permanent dead link]""Long-Term 3G Evolution – Radio Access"" by Dr. Stefan Parkvall at Ericsson Research""3GPP Long-Term Evolution / System Architecture Evolution: Overview"" by Ulrich Barth at Alcatel LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless Design and Measurement Challenges – ""LTE Security""Role of Crypto in Mobile Communications ""LTE Security""Dr. Maode Ma "" Security Investigation in 4G LTE Wireless Networks "", 2012. [dead]LTE Uplink Interference Modeling [ hide]v t e Cellular network standards List of mobile phone generations0G ( radio telephones)MTS MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD IMTS AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin B-Netz Altai AMR1G (1985)AMPS family AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-3, ANSI/TIA/EIA-553) N-AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-91) TACS ETACSOther NMT C-450 Hicap Mobitex Data TAC2G (1992)GSM / 3GPP family GSM CSD HSCSD3GPP2 familycdma One ( TIA/EIA/IS-95 and ANSI-J-STD 008)AMPS family D-AMPS ( IS-54 and IS-136)Other CDPD i DEN PDC PHS2G transitional (2.5G, 2.75G)GSM / 3GPP family GPRS EDGE/EGPRS (UWC-136/136HS/TDMA-EDGE)3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1X (TIA/EIA/IS-2000) CDMA2000 1X Advanced Other Wi DEN DECT3G (2003)3GPP family UMTSUTRA-FDD / W-CDMA UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMAUTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Release 0 (TIA/IS-856)3G transitional (3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)3GPP family HSPAHSDPA HSUPAHSPA+ LTE ( E-UTRA)3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Revision A (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) EV-DO Revision B (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) EV-DO Revision CIEEE family Mobile Wi MAXIEEE 802.16e Flash-OFDM i Burst IEEE 802.204G (2013) ( IMT Advanced)3GPP family LTE Advanced ( E-UTRA) LTE Advanced Pro (4.5G Pro/pre-5G/4.9G)IEEE family Wi MAX ( IEEE 802.16m )Wi Max 2.1 (LTE-TDD)5G (2020) ( IMT-2020) (Under development)LTE5G-NRRelated articles Cellular networks Mobile telephony History List of standards Comparison of standards Channel access methods Spectral efficiency comparison table Cellular frequencies ( Bands: GSM UMTSLTE) Mobile broadband NGMN Alliance MIMO Vo LTE [ show]v t e Wireless video and data distribution methods [ show]v t e Telecommunications [ show]v t e Internet access Categories: LTE (telecommunication) Wireless networking standards Japanese inventions Mobile technology Mobile telecommunications Mobile telecommunications standards Telecommunications "


what are atlas cedars

Blue Atlas Cedar is one of those fairly common plants that, more often than not, is used incorrectly. Somewhere along the line it got labeled as a tall, narrow plant that could be used in tight quarters. At this beautiful home a Blue Atlas Cedar was planted about 5′ from the foundation.

Blue Atlas Cedar â Give It Room To Growâ¦Or Else!

Blue Atlas Cedar – Give It Room To Grow…Or Else!Landscape & Construction Errors · Written by Roger35 Comments

Even at this plant’s young stage of growth, it’s already encroaching into the house. If you look-up Blue Atlas Cedar you’ll find that it matures in the neighborhood of 50 to 75′ high and 35 to 50′ wide (pic to the left). You see where I’m going with this, or should I say “where the tree is going”. Knowing these facts about the tree, here are the homeowner’s options: A) Transplant the tree sooner than later to a wide, open area, or B) Commission an experienced person in pruning to keep this plant as compact and “stunted” as possible for as long as possible. Maybe…just maybe the plant will be controlled enough in that space for 10 years or so. The logical solution is to transplant the Blue Atlas Cedar, but if you consider the cost of “professionally” moving a tree like this, the decision is not so clear. I’d estimate the move to be between $900 and $1200. Have you ever used Blue Atlas Cedar? If so, in a tight narrow space? Let us know what your experiences have been in the comments below. Be Sociable, Share!blue atlas cedar, evergreen tree, wrong plant - wrong spot35 Responses to “Blue Atlas Cedar – Give It Room To Grow…Or Else!”Keith Says: October 14, 2013 at 4:51 pm I own an 80 year old hoouse with a Blue Atlas Cedar planted about 9 feet from the north side of the house. It’s a beautiful tree that now towers over my home even after obviosly being topped more than 20 years ago. It’s a messt tree without a season going by that it doesn’t drop something. It starts around January when my male tree releases its pollen covering the roof and everything else Chartreuse. In the spring it loses the cones which may require 4 or 5 wheel barrow loads to be emptied from my 20′ x 25′ patio which is only partially under the tree. Needles start dropping in May. You can judge the temperature since the hotter it is, the faster the needles fall. I’ve got to get it removed but first I have to find the $2500 I was quoted to remove it. Roger Says: October 14, 2013 at 10:23 pm Hey Keith, Thanks for your comment. Although there are trees that are “cleaner” than others, they all seem to have seasonal “fallout” of some kind. My property is 80% covered by oaks – Red Oak (Quercus rubra) and White Oak (Quercus alba). Other than the winter, there are only about 10 weeks during the “outdoor living” months when those trees are not responsible for dropping something. I feel your pain. These experiences remind us to research plants well when making selections for our landscapes. I don’t know if you’ve gotten other estimates for removal; sometimes costs are lower in the winter/off-season too. Mike Says: November 19, 2013 at 10:17 am My 60 foot tall Atlas Cedar is 3 1/2 feet from my house. The droppings are annoying, but I’m more concerned with it blowing over. I think I have to bite bullet and pay to have it taken down. what do you think? Roger Says: November 19, 2013 at 12:47 pm Mike, It’s so funny because I have a Blue Atlas next to my house as well. I planted it about 20 years ago. It’s also about 3.5′ from the foundation, but stands about 30′ tall. Lately I’ve been contemplating removing it because it has gotten so big. For years I selectively pruned it back, but then started to let it go. I’m not so worried about it blowing over just yet. At this point I think the house itself is still offering some protection. I have no doubt that in the next few years I will remove it. Since yours is 60′ I think you should seriously consider taking it down. That tree has a lot of mass & weight over 60′ and because it’s only 3.5′ from the foundation it’s root system is not evenly developed around the tree. I hate to recommend that, but I do think it’s the right thing to do. Al Says: April 21, 2016 at 1:25 am Hi. Mine is only a few years old but appears to be growing rapidly. It’s probably 8 feet tall by now and is in a corner area only 4-5 feet from the house. I guess I should move it now? I am planning on selling the house but still.. At this small size with some help and helpful tips on how to do it I could still move it myself I think, no? I chose to put it there because there had been a runaway spruce there previously which completely obstructed the view from the dining room window to the driveway. The Blue Atlas Cedar from pics appears more “aire” so we could still see the driveway through the branches. I figured with diligent pruning over the years-using a tree company/ arborist it would be manageable. If I move it what other tree could I put in that corner to conceal the gutter (need at least 30 or so feet high) and aire enough to allow the visual to the driveway-something that will be green year-round? Thanks, Al Roger Says: April 21, 2016 at 9:15 am Al, That is one challenging set of criteria for a plant. I have a blue atlas alongside my house (4-5′ from foundation) for 30 years now, and it’s still working in that limited space. It does require some pruning every now and then, which is not easy because it is 30’+ tall. Clearly blue atlas cedar is too big a grower to be considered a permanent plant in these applications. But I think it does do the job for a reasonable amount of time. Frankly, I can’t think of many alternatives. Perhaps if you visit local nurseries in your area there may be a columnar, evergreen that they have. There are numerous, unique cultivars that are bred — and possibly one is available (in your area) that would also work. Re transplanting: It’s probably too late to risk transplanting (with the plant actively growing now). Early fall would be your next opportunity. Here’s an article I did on transplanting that may help. Christi Says: May 30, 2016 at 11:58 am Hello. I currently live in the Midwest, and adore the blue cedar trees here in my neighborhood! They are so pretty! My family is moving in a little over a month to the central Texas area; could I possibly get one to grow in that climate? I’d love to plant one in the new yard.. Roger Says: May 30, 2016 at 1:17 pm Christi, I would say yes. And although I live in the Northeast, I checked my plant reference books and Blue Atlas Cedar is hardy in zones 6 to 9. Central Texas appears to be in and around zone 7. It is fairly adaptive to different conditions, but I would make sure the area is well-drained. Wet soil would not be good. Terry G. Says: August 10, 2016 at 3:33 pm I planted a blue atlas cedar about 4-5 ft. from my foundation about 10 years ago. It had grown to over 20 ft. and was beautiful. We has some storms that blew off some gable vents and the only way to replace the vents was to cut the tree down so we did. I was contemplating this anyway because it was encroaching on my house….plus the yellow belly sap sucker drilled holes up and down the trunk. I think I’ll go back with a dwarf Hortsman cedar in the same spot —- slower growing and only reach about 20 ft. Roger Says: August 12, 2016 at 10:15 am Terry, Thanks for your comment. I was not familiar with Cedrus atlantica ‘Horstmann,’ a dwarf version of the standard Blue Atlas Cedar. I’m going to check with suppliers in our area. And if it’s available I’ll definitely use it. Rich Phillips Says: August 18, 2016 at 3:53 pm We have a blue atlas cedar planted about 4′ from the house. Does it have the potential to have its roots cause problems with the basement (crawl space) walls? Roger Says: August 19, 2016 at 12:53 pm Rich, I also have a blue atlas planted close to my house — been there now for 25 years. I keep it pruned so it stays within bounds. I’ve not had any issues with it’s roots impacting the building in any way. And I’ve seen quite a few similar situations on other properties. Of course I can’t say for certain that it will never be an issue. My blue atlas has never really “taken off”. The tree does have tremendous size potential, but perhaps the closeness to the house and the regimented prunings have kept it in-check. For me, if I ever noticed the tree threatening the building in any way, including getting unreasonably large, I’d remove it. Perhaps you could take a similar approach.shane Says: November 8, 2016 at 3:10 pm They cannot handle clay soils with average rain fall. Too much moisture. They will die. Austin, TXRoger Says: November 9, 2016 at 12:46 pm Shane, That makes perfect sense. Folks sometimes don’t consider soil type when planting and/or thinking of acceptable moisture levels. Thanks for your comment and making this point. Robert Gulley Says: November 16, 2016 at 2:19 pm Hey everyone! This thread has been helpful. I too have one of these trees planted just a couple feet away from my home. What makes me nervous is how close it is to my water line. Does anyone know anything about the root system of this tree? It’s a young, beatiful tree. I’d love to keep it where it is if it’s safe to do so! Thanks!Roger Says: November 16, 2016 at 11:14 pm Robert, As I’ve mentioned before I too have a blue atlas next to my house. And there is a water line from my well that goes right under the tree. But that water line is at least 42″ down from finished grade — a requirement (and smart move) here in the northeast. The root system is fibrous and relatively shallow on this plant, so I’m not too concerned. Do you know how deep your water line is? Jill Says: November 19, 2016 at 10:02 am We just had three blue atlas trees planted in our yard yesterday. Had plans to plant them grouped in triangle in middle of an area about 30′ x 20′, however our plans were curtailed because of the irrigation system that somehow zigs and zags back and forth across this area and the map we had didn’t come close to where the actual lines were located! ! I would like to wring that irrigation guy’s neck! Anyway, I had to choose a different place for them and decided to put them about 3′ away from the foundation. As I read this blog, I think I made a big boo-boo! Since they were just planted yesterday, I figure now would be the time to transplant them to a better place but would really like to keep them where they are now. My husband and I are in our early 70’s and I am selfishly thinking that we could keep the trees pruned nicely for at least 10-15 years and by then they could be someone else’s problem…not nice, I know! Advise please!Roger Says: November 20, 2016 at 11:50 am Jill, First off, I do think that even in 10-15 years those blue atlas will need to be pruned diligently if they’re to be contained within 3′ of the house. Are you able to do that — or can you find someone capable of doing that (correctly)? With regard to the sprinkler lines, are they the black poly plastic lines? If so, these are not too difficult to modify and adjust to go around your planting spots. We often do this on jobs. If you’re pretty handy this can be a DIY job. Otherwise, a sprinkler guy, or even an experienced landscaper can do this for you. Tim Says: November 24, 2016 at 6:57 pm I’ve seen them planted under a canopy of Oak trees , it looks really cool but I do wonder how things will look 10 or 15yrs later. How fast do the grow? Roger Says: November 25, 2016 at 6:11 pm Tim, For plant descriptions & details I’ll always reference Michael Dirr’s books, such as his Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. When I looked up Blue Atlas Cedar in his book, he states that the plant growth rate is: slow, but fast when young. My experience with Blue Atlas is similar to that. Jeffrey P Miller Says: January 6, 2017 at 2:25 pm I grew up in the Willamette Valley in Oregon and we had a huge Atlas Cedar tree growing about 15 feet from our house. The lower branches about 9 feet from the ground were big. I’d say about 30 inches diameter and I loved the bark and needles. My mother finally had it cut down after a big storm broke a large branch that nearly crushed her bedroom roof a few years ago. It would be nice to have trees like that down here in the Houston area, but I really think it’s too hot for them since it hardly ever gets colder than 40 degrees. Roger Says: January 7, 2017 at 9:02 pm Jeffrey, When researching plants, my “go-to” book is “ Manual of Woody Landscape Plants “. And in his book Michael Dirr classifies Blue Atlas Cedar as hardy in plant zones 6 to 9. Houston, Texas is zoned as 8 to 9 on the planting zone map. So it should be alright in your area. Even though, I would visit local garden centers and nurseries and ask. They’ll definitely be able to tell you how well Blue Atlas will do in the area. I bought a Blue Atlas and I am very disappointed . The large plant died 4 months ago. I love the plant and wondering if I should purchase another one. Very unhappy with the purchase. Says: April 2, 2017 at 9:00 am I am very disappointed with the purchase. Fell in love with the plant and made the purchase for my birthday, however the leaves began dropping and I believe the plant is dying . I paid roughly $98.00 . Considering making another purchase, Is there any way I can get the plant to survive. Need HELP !Roger Says: April 2, 2017 at 12:49 pm A Blue Atlas cedar dropping its needles does not always mean the plant is dead or dying. If you’re able to, I’d let the cedar be over the spring season and see if it pushes new growth. I’ve seen cedars rebud and come back nicely. If nothing shows through the spring, you’ll know it’s not recovering. Darla Says: April 30, 2017 at 5:05 pm I planted a Blue Atlas Cedar about 20′ from our house in hot dry West Texas about 28 yrs ago. Our winds (sometimes up to 60 mph, but frequently 20-30)keep trees stunted to about 40-50 ft but this tree planted with an Afghanistan pine and red oak is just stunning at that height. We are dry and our water is alkaline but this tree makes me feel I am in a forest. Woodpeckers have been a problem but only when they migrate. easily 35′ ft spread. Much loved addition to the neighborhood Roger Says: May 3, 2017 at 11:37 am Darla, Thanks for your comment. It’s interesting how the Blue Atlas adapted to your site conditions and became such a beautiful plant. The few larger ones I’ve seen (like yours) have amazed me. You’re lucky to have one to enjoy everyday!Donna Says: May 10, 2017 at 11:53 pm I planted 3 blue atlas cedars 11 years ago and planted them in the back of the yard. They were beautiful trees until this spring I noticed most of the needles have turned an orange color mixed with blue. We had a particularly cold and wet winter with 2 feet or more of snow lingering until it really began to warm up. They were all fine in the fall and the color looked good all winter. Am I losing these trees. There’s no evidence of holes in the trunk that I can see. I also have a small weeping blue atlas that did the same thing. Any comments would be appreciated. Roger Says: May 11, 2017 at 8:32 am Donna, I suspect it’s related to the weather — probably a circumstance of temperatures getting too low and other “extreme” conditions. In my experience with blue atlas it’s not unusual for them to be shocked and lose their needles due to “extreme” temperature/weather conditions. And in many of these situations they will recover and push new growth/needles as the season progresses. Boise, Idaho has a similar plant zone to where I am, i.e. zone 6. That is the top cold zone for blue atlas. When your temperature/weather conditions went beyond that the plants were shocked. This is likely the cause of their discoloration and needle drop. I’d be patient with them and see how they respond over the spring into summer. Donna Says: May 11, 2017 at 10:01 am Roger- Thank you for the information. It gives me hope that they may survive this!Dan Says: July 23, 2017 at 12:58 pm I have two blue atlas cedar trees in my front yard – each about 35′ tall with nice spreading canopies. Unfortunately, both have some dead branches. I’ve received a few quotes to have the, thinned with varied responses. One said that I should thin asap to prevent the termites in the dead branches from spreading. The other said I should wait until cooler temperatures because the dead branches are due to drought stress and carpenter beetles will enter through open wounds in the tree during the summer. I’m about 25 miles from the coast in Southern California so our summers are warm and dry. Can you help me decipher these conflicting messages? Roger Says: July 23, 2017 at 5:47 pm Dan, A certified arborist in your area would be best qualified to answer these questions. They would be familiar with particular insect problems in your area, including what could bother blue atlas cedar at a particular time of year — and then relate that to the pruning situation you have. Another idea would be to contact your local Cooperative Extension Service. Every county in every state has a Cooperative Extension Services office. Through your respective office you should be able to get information about your blue atlas cedar and the possible insect threats. Here’s a link to the webpage to find the Cooperative Extension Offices in your area. Michael T Says: August 26, 2017 at 9:08 am I want to plant a 5 ft tall blue atlas cedar next to my fence (1 ft away from it) along with Emerald Green Arborvitae to create a nice design and mixture of green and blue colors. The nursery I am buying it from is saying it’s totally fine since I will prune the cedar later on. Please advise if it’s doable. Thabks!! !Roger Says: September 2, 2017 at 11:06 am Michael, With regard to the the Emerald Green Arborvitae, appreciate the mature size of the plant (particularly the width, approx. 5′). You don’t want to have to prune or shear this plant because it’s too close to another plant, fence or building. A major part to its long-term health and beauty relies on having enough room to develop. With regard to the Blue Atlas, while it’s true you can selectively prune the plant to force it into a particular design situation, there are limits. One foot away from the fence is very close, so clearly you’re anticipating (ultimately) not having branches on the backside. I’d have to see the situation to comment further, but with diligent pruning I think you can make a go of it.annie Says: September 19, 2017 at 5:39 pmhello,i’m writing just to give a little information about blue atlas cedars in the southwest. I am a landscaper in Santa Fe, NM. The elevation is between 6700 and 7200, depending where you are in town. Our planting zones also vary a bit (5 – 6) depending on elevation and whether you are planting in a small courtyard with a lot of heat in summer radiating off of adobe walls. One condo complex where I work has 4 blue atlas cedars and 3 weeping blue atlas cedars. They all love it here and do very well despite cold winters and hot summers. The weeping blue atlas cedars do very well when planted next to a wall. They stay narrow (depth-wise) with light pruning. Three of the blue atlas cedars on the other hand are quite large and require more aggressive pruning to fit into the small spaces where they were planted 20 years ago. One of the blue atlas cedars is planted in a 30″x30″ container. It has stayed quite narrow because of limited root growth I assume and needs only light pruning. Our hottest months are July and August and all of the blue cedars slough off needles then. Thanks for the interesting article and comment thread!Roger Says: September 21, 2017 at 9:55 pm Annie, Thanks for sharing your experiences and observations of blue atlas cedars in your area of NM. So interesting to hear about the behavior of the same plant in different parts of the country (and the world for that matter). You mention the one being in a 30×30″ container. Isn’t it remarkable how some woody plants adapt, what can be for many years, to “container living”? Leave a Reply Name (required)Mail (will not be published) (required)Website Notify me of followup comments via e-mail